PT J
AU Sefton, L
   Timmer, JR
   Zhang, Y
   Béranger, F
   Cline, TW
AF Sefton, L
   Timmer, JR
   Zhang, Y
   Béranger, F
   Cline, TW
TI An extracellular activator of the Drosophila JAK/STAT pathway is a sex-determination signal element
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID melanogaster; transcription; encodes; protein; kinase; genes; acts
AB Metazoans use diverse and rapidly evolving mechanisms to determine sex. In Drosophila melanogaster an X-chromosome-counting mechanism determines the sex of an individual by regulating the master switch gene, Sex-lethal (Sxl)(1). The X-chromosome dose is communicated to Sxl by a set of X-linked signal elements (XSEs), which activate transcription of Sxl through its 'establishment' promoter, Sxl(Pe). Here we describe a new XSE called sisterlessC (sisC) whose mode of action differs from that of previously characterized XSEs, all of which encode transcription factors that activate Sxl(Pe) directly. In contrast, sisC encodes a secreted ligand for the Drosophila Janus kinase (JAK) and 'signal transducer and activator of transcription' (STAT) signal transduction pathway and is allelic to outstretched (os, also called unpaired). We conclude that sisC works indirectly on Sxl through this signalling pathway because mutations in sisC or in the genes encoding Drosophila JAK or STAT reduce expression of Sxl(Pe) similarly. The involvement of os in sex determination confirms that secreted ligands can function in cell-autonomous processes. Unlike sex signals for other organisms, sisC has acquired its sex-specific function while maintaining non-sex-specific roles in development, a characteristic that it shares with all other Drosophila XSEs2.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Cline, TW (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 401 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 18
TC 64
Z9 82
U1 2
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 970
EP 973
DI 10.1038/35016119
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700056
PM 10879541
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hahnloser, RHR
   Sarpeshkar, R
   Mahowald, MA
   Douglas, RJ
   Seung, HS
AF Hahnloser, RHR
   Sarpeshkar, R
   Mahowald, MA
   Douglas, RJ
   Seung, HS
TI Digital selection and analogue amplification coexist in a cortex-inspired silicon circuit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-cortex; networks; orientation; attention; dynamics; neurons; fields; model
AB Digital circuits such as the flip-flop use feedback to achieve multistability and nonlinearity to restore signals to logical levels, for example 0 and 1. Analogue feedback circuits are generally designed to operate linearly, so that signals are over a range, and the response is unique. By contrast, the response of cortical circuits to sensory stimulation can be both multistable and graded(1-4). We propose that the neocortex combines digital selection of an active set of neurons with analogue response by dynamically varying the positive feedback inherent in its recurrent connections. Strong positive feedback causes differential instabilities that drive the selection of a set of active neurons under the constraints embedded in the synaptic weights. Once selected, the active neurons generate weaker, stable feedback that provides analogue amplification of the input. Here we present our model of cortical processing as an electronic circuit that emulates this hybrid operation, and so is able to perform computations that are similar to stimulus selection, gain modulation and spatiotemporal pattern generation in the neocortex.
C1 Univ Zurich, ETHZ, Inst Neuroinformat, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 University of Zurich; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; AT&T; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Hahnloser, RHR (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, ETHZ, Inst Neuroinformat, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 27
TC 939
Z9 1112
U1 1
U2 81
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 947
EP 951
DI 10.1038/35016072
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700050
PM 10879535
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parkhill, J
   Achtman, M
   James, KD
   Bentley, SD
   Churcher, C
   Klee, SR
   Morelli, G
   Basham, D
   Brown, D
   Chillingworth, T
   Davies, RM
   Davis, P
   Devlin, K
   Feltwell, T
   Hamlin, N
   Holroyd, S
   Jagels, K
   Leather, S
   Moule, S
   Mungall, K
   Quail, MA
   Rajandream, MA
   Rutherford, KM
   Simmonds, M
   Skelton, J
   Whitehead, S
   Spratt, BG
   Barrell, BG
AF Parkhill, J
   Achtman, M
   James, KD
   Bentley, SD
   Churcher, C
   Klee, SR
   Morelli, G
   Basham, D
   Brown, D
   Chillingworth, T
   Davies, RM
   Davis, P
   Devlin, K
   Feltwell, T
   Hamlin, N
   Holroyd, S
   Jagels, K
   Leather, S
   Moule, S
   Mungall, K
   Quail, MA
   Rajandream, MA
   Rutherford, KM
   Simmonds, M
   Skelton, J
   Whitehead, S
   Spratt, BG
   Barrell, BG
TI Complete DNA sequence of a serogroup A strain of Neisseria meningitidis Z2491
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pilin antigenic variation; outer-membrane protein; molecular characterization; variable expression; gonorrhoeae; gene; recombination; identification; transformation; biosynthesis
AB Neisseria meningitidis causes bacterial meningitis and is therefore responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in both the developed and the developing world. Meningococci are opportunistic pathogens that colonize the nasopharynges and oropharynges of asymptomatic carriers. For reasons that are still mostly unknown, they occasionally gain access to the blood, and subsequently to the cerebrospinal fluid, to cause septicaemia and meningitis. N. meningitidis strains are divided into a number of serogroups on the basis of the immunochemistry of their capsular polysaccharides; serogroup A strains are responsible for major epidemics and pandemics of meningococcal disease, and therefore most of the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. Here we have determined the complete genome sequence of a serogroup A strain of Neisseria meningitidis, Z2491 (ref. 1). The sequence is 2,184,406 base pairs in length, with an overall G+C content of 51.8%, and contains 2,121 predicted coding sequences. The most notable feature of the genome is the presence of many hundreds of repetitive elements, ranging from short repeats, positioned either singly or in large multiple arrays, to insertion sequences and gene duplications of one kilobase or more. Many of these repeats appear to be involved in genome fluidity and antigenic variation in this important human pathogen.
C1 Sanger Ctr, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Wellcome Trust Ctr Epidemiol Infect Dis, Oxford OX1 3FY, England.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Max Planck Society; University of Oxford
RP Parkhill, J (corresponding author), Sanger Ctr, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
NR 30
TC 582
Z9 1238
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 502
EP 506
DI 10.1038/35006655
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700050
PM 10761919
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yan, YF
   Pennycook, SJ
AF Yan, YF
   Pennycook, SJ
TI Alloys -: Atomic structure of the quasicrystal Al72Ni20Co8
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tilings
C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory
RP Yan, YF (corresponding author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA.
NR 6
TC 21
Z9 25
U1 1
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 266
EP 267
DI 10.1038/35002251
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700038
PM 10659836
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hanfland, M
   Syassen, K
   Christensen, NE
   Novikov, DL
AF Hanfland, M
   Syassen, K
   Christensen, NE
   Novikov, DL
TI New high-pressure phases of lithium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; crystal-structure; transitions; compression; equation; rubidium; cesium; state; gpa
AB Lithium is considered a 'simple' metal because, under ordinary conditions of pressure and temperature, the motion of conduction electrons is only weakly perturbed by interactions with the cubic lattice of atomic cores. It was recently predicted(1) that at pressures below 100 GPa, dense Li may undergo several structural transitions, possibly leading to a 'paired-atom' phase with low symmetry and near-insulating properties. Here we report synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements that confirm that Li undergoes pronounced structural changes under pressure. Near 39 GPa, the element transforms from a high-pressure face-centred-cubic phase, through an intermediate rhombohedral modification, to a cubic polymorph with 16 atoms per unit cell. This cubic phase has not been observed previously in any element; unusually, its calculated electronic density of states exhibits a pronounced semimetal-like minimum near the Fermi energy. We present total-energy calculations that provide theoretical support for the observed phase transition sequence. Our calculations indicate a large stability range of the 16-atom cubic phase relative to various other crystal structures tested here.
C1 Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
   Aarhus Univ, Inst Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Arthur D Little Inc, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); Aarhus University
RP Syassen, K (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, Heisenbergstr 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
EM syassen@servix.mpi-stuttgard.mpg.de
NR 29
TC 354
Z9 387
U1 0
U2 120
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 174
EP 178
DI 10.1038/35041515
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400037
PM 11089965
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schier, AF
   Shen, MM
AF Schier, AF
   Shen, MM
TI Nodal signalling in vertebrate development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID left-right asymmetry; mesoderm induction; xenopus embryos; mouse embryo; spemanns organizer; truncated activin; floor plate; zebrafish; gastrulation; expression
AB Communication between cells during early embryogenesis establishes the basic organization of the vertebrate body plan. Recent work suggests that a signalling pathway centering on Nodal, a transforming growth factor P-related signal, is responsible for many of the events that configure the vertebrate embryo. The activity of Nodal signals is regulated extracellularly by EGF-CFC cofactors and antagonists of the Lefty and Cerberus families of proteins, allowing precise control of mesoderm and endoderm formation, the positioning of the anterior-posterior axis, neural patterning and left-right axis specification.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Skirball Inst Biomol Med,Dev Genet Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Ctr Adv Biotechnol & Med, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Pediat, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 New York University; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences
RP Schier, AF (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Skirball Inst Biomol Med,Dev Genet Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM schier@saturn.med.nyu.edu; mshen@cabm.rutgers.edu
NR 71
TC 428
Z9 514
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 385
EP 389
DI 10.1038/35000126
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100038
PM 10667782
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, TJ
   Pepitone, ME
   Christensen, SE
   Cooke, BM
   Huberman, AD
   Breedlove, NJ
   Breedlove, TJ
   Jordan, CL
   Breedlove, SM
AF Williams, TJ
   Pepitone, ME
   Christensen, SE
   Cooke, BM
   Huberman, AD
   Breedlove, NJ
   Breedlove, TJ
   Jordan, CL
   Breedlove, SM
TI Finger-length ratios and sexual orientation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Psychol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Grad Grp Neurosci Endocrinol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Williams, TJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Psychol, 3210 Tolman Hall,MC 1650, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 14
TC 336
Z9 392
U1 2
U2 94
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 455
EP 456
DI 10.1038/35006555
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700034
PM 10761903
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schiellerup, H
   Lambert, RD
   Prestvik, T
   Robins, B
   McBride, JS
   Larsenk, RB
AF Schiellerup, H
   Lambert, RD
   Prestvik, T
   Robins, B
   McBride, JS
   Larsenk, RB
TI Re-Os isotopic evidence for a lower crustal origin of massif-type anorthosites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sw norway; proterozoic anorthosites; rogaland; constraints; evolution; complex; magma; pb; nd; petrogenesis
AB Massif-type anorthosites are large igneous complexes of Proterozoic age. They are almost monomineralic, representing vast accumulations of plagioclase with subordinate pyroxene or olivine and Fe-Ti oxides-the 930-Myr-old Rogaland anorthosite province in southwest Norway(1) represents one of the youngest known expressions of such magmatism. The source of the magma and geodynamic setting of massif-type anorthosites remain longstanding controversies in Precambrian geology, with no consensus existing as to the nature of the parental magmas or whether these magmas primarily originate in the Earth's mantle or crust. At present, massif-type anorthosites are believed to have crystallized from either crustally contaminated mantle-derived melts that have fractionated olivine and pyroxenes at depth(2) or primary aluminous gabbroic to jotunitic melts derived from the lower continental crust(3). Here we report rhenium and osmium isotopic data from the Rogaland anorthosite province that strongly support a lower crustal source for the parental magmas. There is no evidence of significantly older crust in southwest Scandinavia and models invoking crustal contamination of mantle-derived magmas fail to account for the isotopic data from the Rogaland province. Initial osmium and neodymium isotopic values testify to the melting of marc source rocks in the lower crust with an age of 1,400-1,550 Myr.
C1 Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Geol & Mineral Resources Engn, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
   Monash Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3800, Australia.
   Univ Bergen, Dept Geol, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
   Geol Survey Norway, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
C3 Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU); Monash University; University of Bergen; Geological Survey of Norway
RP Schiellerup, H (corresponding author), Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Geol & Mineral Resources Engn, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
NR 29
TC 62
Z9 69
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 781
EP 784
DI 10.1038/35015546
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600047
PM 10866196
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maritan, A
   Micheletti, C
   Trovato, A
   Banavar, JR
AF Maritan, A
   Micheletti, C
   Trovato, A
   Banavar, JR
TI Optimal shapes of compact strings
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID secondary structure; knots; geometry
AB Optimal geometrical arrangements, such as the stacking of atoms, are of relevance in diverse disciplines(1-5). A classic problem is the determination of the optimal arrangement of spheres in three dimensions in order to achieve the highest packing fraction; only recently has it been proved(1,2) that the answer for infinite systems is a face-centred-cubic lattice. This simply stated problem has had a profound impact in many areas(3-5), ranging from the crystallization and melting of atomic systems, to optimal packing of objects and the sub-division of space. Here we study an analogous problem-that of determining the optimal shapes of closely packed compact strings. This problem is a mathematical idealization of situations commonly encountered in biology, chemistry and physics, involving the optimal structure of folded polymeric chains. We rnd that, in cases where boundary effects(6) are not dominant, helices with a particular pitch-radius ratio are selected. Interestingly, the same geometry is observed in helices in naturally occurring proteins.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Ctr Phys Mat, Davey Lab 104, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Scuola Int Super Studi Avanzati, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
   Ist Nazl Fis Mat, Trieste, Italy.
   Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Trieste, Italy.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA); University of Padua; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP)
RP Banavar, JR (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM jayanth@phys.psu.edu
NR 20
TC 250
Z9 261
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 287
EP 290
DI 10.1038/35018538
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900044
PM 10917526
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keller, RA
   Fisk, MR
   White, WM
AF Keller, RA
   Fisk, MR
   White, WM
TI Isotopic evidence for Late Cretaceous plume-ridge interaction at the Hawaiian hotspot
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mantle plume; trace-element; north pacific; evolution; geochemistry; constraints; volcano; origin; system; lavas
AB When a mantle plume interacts with a mid-ocean ridge, both are noticeably affected. The mid-ocean ridge can display anomalously shallow bathymetry, excess volcanism, thickened crust, asymmetric sea-floor spreading and a plume component in the composition of the ridge basalts(1-4). The hotspot-related volcanism can be drawn closer to the ridge, and its geochemical composition can also be affected(3,5-7). Here we present Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic analyses of samples from the next-to-oldest seamount in the Hawaiian hotspot track, the Detroit seamount at 51 degrees N, which show that, 81 Myr ago, the Hawaiian hotspot produced volcanism with an isotopic signature indistinguishable from mid-ocean ridge basalt. This composition is unprecedented in the known volcanism from the Hawaiian hotspot, but is consistent with the interpretation from plate reconstructions(8) that the hotspot was located close to a mid-ocean ridge about 80 Myr ago. As the rising mantle plume encountered the hot, low-viscosity asthenosphere and hot, thin lithosphere near the spreading centre, it appears to have entrained enough of the isotopically depleted upper mantle to overwhelm the chemical characteristics of the plume itself. The Hawaiian hotspot thus joins the growing list of hotspots that have interacted with a rift early in their history.
C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Oregon State University; Cornell University
RP Keller, RA (corresponding author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
NR 28
TC 70
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 673
EP 676
DI 10.1038/35015057
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800043
PM 10864321
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lounis, B
   Moerner, WE
AF Lounis, B
   Moerner, WE
TI Single photons on demand from a single molecule at room temperature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID turnstile device; p-terphenyl; fluorescence; generation; cavity; spectroscopy; statistics; terrylene; surface; system
AB The generation of non-classical states of light(1) is of fundamental scientific and technological interest. For example, `squeezed' states(2) enable measurements to be performed at lower noise levels than possible using classical light. Deterministic (or triggered) single-photon sources exhibit non-classical behaviour in that they emit, with a high degree of certainty, just one photon at a user-specified time. (In contrast, a classical source such as an attenuated pulsed laser emits photons according to Poisson statistics.) A deterministic source of single photons could rnd applications in quantum information processing(3), quantum cryptography(4) and certain quantum computation problems(5). Here we realize a controllable source of single photons using optical pumping of a single molecule in a solid. Triggered single photons are produced at a high rate, whereas the probability of simultaneous emission of two photons is nearly zero-a useful property for secure quantum cryptography. Our approach is characterized by simplicity, room temperature operation and improved performance compared to other triggered sources of single photons.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Bordeaux 1, Ctr Phys Mol Opt & Hertzienne, F-33405 Talence, France.
C3 Stanford University; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Bordeaux
RP Moerner, WE (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 28
TC 712
Z9 804
U1 2
U2 224
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 491
EP 493
DI 10.1038/35035032
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400043
PM 11028995
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hellemans, A
AF Hellemans, A
TI Through the looking glass
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID penning trap; antihydrogen; antiprotons; electron
NR 11
TC 7
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 556
EP 558
DI 10.1038/35020740
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800012
PM 10949272
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, A
   Walker, N
   Bronson, R
   Kaghad, M
   Oosterwegel, M
   Bonnin, J
   Vagner, C
   Bonnet, H
   Dikkes, P
   Sharpe, A
   McKeon, F
   Caput, D
AF Yang, A
   Walker, N
   Bronson, R
   Kaghad, M
   Oosterwegel, M
   Bonnin, J
   Vagner, C
   Bonnet, H
   Dikkes, P
   Sharpe, A
   McKeon, F
   Caput, D
TI p73-deficient mice have neurological, pheromonal and inflammatory defects but lack spontaneous tumours
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dentate gyrus; p53; reeler; receptors; mammals; mouse; organization; family; cells; death
AB p73 (ref. 1) has high homology with the tumour suppressor p53 (refs 2-4), as well as with p63, a gene implicated in the maintenance of epithelial stem cells(5-7). Despite the localization of the p73 gene to chromosome 1p36.3, a region of frequent aberration in a wide range of human cancers(1), and the ability of p73 to transactivate p53 target genes(1), it is unclear whether p73 functions as a tumour suppressor. Here we show that mice functionally deficient for all p73 isoforms exhibit profound defects, including hippocampal dysgenesis, hydrocephalus, chronic infections and inflammation, as well as abnormalities in pheromone sensory pathways. In contrast to p53-deficient mice, however, those lacking p73 show no increased susceptibility to spontaneous tumorigenesis. We report the mechanistic basis of the hippocampal dysgenesis and the loss of pheromone responses, and show that new,potentially dominant-negative, p73 variants are the predominant expression products of this gene hi developing and adult tissues. Our data suggest that there is a marked divergence in the physiological functions of the p53 family members, and reveal unique roles for p73 in neurogenesis, sensory pathways and homeostatic control.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Sanofi Rech, F-31676 Labege, France.
   Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
   Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Div Immunol Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Dept Neurol, Div Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Sanofi-Aventis; Sanofi France; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Tufts University; Tufts University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital
RP McKeon, F (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM fmckeon@hms.harvard.edu; daniel.caput@wanadoo.fr
NR 30
TC 857
Z9 1005
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 99
EP 103
DI 10.1038/35003607
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100054
PM 10716451
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schwab, K
   Henriksen, EA
   Worlock, JM
   Roukes, ML
AF Schwab, K
   Henriksen, EA
   Worlock, JM
   Roukes, ML
TI Measurement of the quantum of thermal conductance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mesoscopic systems; point contacts; wires; transport; temperatures; scattering; limits; films; modes
AB The physics of mesoscopic electronic systems has been explored for more than 15 years. Mesoscopic phenomena in transport processes occur when the wavelength or the coherence length of the carriers becomes comparable to, or larger than, the sample dimensions. One striking result in this domain is the quantization of electrical conduction, observed in a quasi-one-dimensional constriction formed between reservoirs of two-dimensional electron gas(1,2). The conductance of this system is determined by the number of participating quantum states or 'channels' within the constriction; in the ideal case, each spin-degenerate channel contributes a quantized unit of 2e(2)/h to the electrical conductance. It has been speculated that similar behaviour should be observable for thermal transport(3,4) in mesoscopic phonon systems. But experiments attempted in this regime have so far yielded inconclusive results(5-9). Here we report the observation of a quantized limiting value for the thermal conductance, G(th), in suspended insulating nanostructures at very low temperatures. The behaviour we observe is consistent with predictions(10,11) for phonon transport in a ballistic, one-dimensional channel: at low temperatures, Gth approaches a maximum value of g(0) = pi(2)k(B)(2) T=3h, the universal quantum of thermal conductance.
C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Roukes, ML (corresponding author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 30
TC 833
Z9 941
U1 0
U2 205
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 974
EP 977
DI 10.1038/35010065
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000049
PM 10801121
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tamai, K
   Semenov, M
   Kato, Y
   Spokony, R
   Liu, CM
   Katsuyama, Y
   Hess, F
   Saint-Jeannet, JP
   He, X
AF Tamai, K
   Semenov, M
   Kato, Y
   Spokony, R
   Liu, CM
   Katsuyama, Y
   Hess, F
   Saint-Jeannet, JP
   He, X
TI LDL-receptor-related proteins in Wnt signal transduction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural crest; molecular-cloning; axis formation; beta-catenin; wingless; family; pathway; member; requirements; induction
AB The Wnt family of secreted signalling molecules are essential in embryo development and tumour formation(1). The Frizzled (Fz) family of serpentine receptors function as Wnt receptors(2-10), but how Fz proteins transduce signalling is not understood. In Drosophila, arrow phenocopies the wingless (DWnt-1) phenotype(11), and encodes a transmembrane protein(11) that is homologous to two members of the mammalian low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-related protein (LRP) family, LRP5 and LRP6 (refs 12-15). Here we report that LRP6 functions as a co-receptor for Wnt signal transduction. In Xenopus embryos, LRP6 activated Wnt-Fz signalling, and induced Wnt responsive genes, dorsal axis duplication and neural crest formation. An LRP6 mutant lacking the carboxyl intracellular domain blocked signalling by Wnt or Wnt-Fz, but not by Dishevelled or beta-catenin, and inhibited neural crest development. The extracellular domain of LRP6 bound Wnt-1 and associated with Fz in a Wnt-dependent manner. Our results indicate that LRP6 may be a component of the Wnt receptor complex.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Dept Neurol,Div Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, Dept Anim Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Merck Res Labs, Dept Human Genet, West Point, PA 19486 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; University of Pennsylvania; Merck & Company
RP He, X (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Dept Neurol,Div Neurosci, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM he_x@hub.tch.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 1125
Z9 1436
U1 1
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 530
EP 535
DI 10.1038/35035117
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400055
PM 11029007
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Philpotts, AR
   Dickson, LD
AF Philpotts, AR
   Dickson, LD
TI The formation of plagioclase chains during convective transfer in basaltic magma
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID model; flow
AB The basaltic rock in the lower part of the thick Holyoke lava flow in Connecticut and Massachusetts has been shown to have a remarkable texture, with crystals of feldspar linked together in a continuous three-dimensional network of chains(1). Heating experiments have revealed that this network persists to temperatures where the rock is 75% liquid(2), and therefore the network was interpreted to have formed at an early stage of crystallization and to have played an important role in the compaction of crystal mush in the lower part of the flow(3,4). Despite the texture's importance to our understanding of how such basalt flows form, the origin of the texture has remained uncertain(1-3). Here we show that, although the network is present in the lower third of the flow, it was actually formed in the upper solidification front and was transported down in plumes of dense crystal mush. Convection of this type has been postulated for intrusive magma chambers, but corroborative field evidence has been equivocal, especially in lava lakes and flows. Preservation of the roof-generated texture in the lower part of a thick flood-basalt flow therefore constitutes important evidence for the role of convection in the solidification and differentiation of a simple magma sheet.
C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Geol & Geophys, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
C3 University of Connecticut
RP Philpotts, AR (corresponding author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Geol & Geophys, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
NR 11
TC 63
Z9 68
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 59
EP 61
DI 10.1038/35017542
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200042
PM 10894539
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, CK
   Burns, ME
   He, W
   Wensel, TG
   Baylor, DA
   Simon, MI
AF Chen, CK
   Burns, ME
   He, W
   Wensel, TG
   Baylor, DA
   Simon, MI
TI Slowed recovery of rod photoresponse in mice lacking the GTPase accelerating protein RGS9-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photoreceptor g-protein; cgmp phosphodiesterase; target enzyme; gamma-subunit; retinal rods; transducin; phototransduction; deactivation; activation; expression
AB Timely deactivation of the alpha-subunit of the rod G-protein transducin (G alpha t) is essential for the temporal resolution of rod vision(1). Regulators of G-protein signalling (RGS) proteins accelerate hydrolysis of GTP by the alpha-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins(2-4) in vitro. Several retinal RGS proteins can act in vitro as GTPase accelerating proteins (GAP) for G alpha t(5-8). Recent reconstitution experiments indicate that one of these, RGS9-1, may account for much of the G alpha t GAP activity in rod outer segments (ROS)(8,9). Here we report that ROS membranes from mice lacking RGS9-1 hydrolyse GTP more slowly than ROS membranes from control mice. The G beta 5-L protein that forms a complex with RGS9-1 (ref. 10) was absent from RGS9(-/-) retinas, although G beta 5-L messenger RNA was still present. The flash responses of RGS9(-/-) rods rose normally, but recovered much more slowly than normal. We conclude that RGS9-1, probably in a complex with G beta 5-L, is essential for acceleration of hydrolysis of GTP by G alpha t and for normal recovery of the photoresponse.
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Stanford University; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Simon, MI (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 30
TC 325
Z9 384
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 557
EP 560
DI 10.1038/35000601
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300053
PM 10676965
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chicurel, M
AF Chicurel, M
TI Slimebusters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pseudomonas-aeruginosa biofilm; escherichia-coli; bacterial biofilms; motility
NR 23
TC 42
Z9 80
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 284
EP 286
DI 10.1038/35042737
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000011
PM 11099013
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rosenberg, ES
   Altfeld, M
   Poon, SH
   Phillips, MN
   Wilkes, BM
   Eldridge, RL
   Robbins, GK
   D'Aquila, RT
   Goulder, PJR
   Walker, BD
AF Rosenberg, ES
   Altfeld, M
   Poon, SH
   Phillips, MN
   Wilkes, BM
   Eldridge, RL
   Robbins, GK
   D'Aquila, RT
   Goulder, PJR
   Walker, BD
TI Immune control of HIV-1 after early treatment of acute infection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; cytotoxic t-lymphocyte; active antiretroviral therapy; cell responses; discontinuation; resistance; effector; viremia; mice
AB Virus-specific T-helper cells are considered critical for the control of chronic viral infections(1,2). Successful treatment of acute HIV-1 infection leads to augmentation of these responses(3-5), but whether this enhances immune control has not been determined. We administered one or two supervised treatment interruptions to eight subjects with treated acute infection, with the plan to restart therapy if viral load exceeded 5,000 copies of HIV-1 RNA per millilitre of plasma (the level at which therapy has been typically recommended) for three consecutive weeks, or 50,000 RNA copies per ml at one time. Here we show that, despite rebound in viraemia, all subjects were able to achieve at least a transient steady state off therapy with viral load below 5,000 RNA copies per ml. At present, five out of eight subjects remain off therapy with viral loads of less than 500 RNA copies per ml plasma after a median 6.5 months (range 5-8.7 months). We observed increased virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and maintained T-helper-cell responses in all. Our data indicate that functional immune responses can be augmented in a chronic viral infection, and provide rationale for immunotherapy in HIV-1 infection.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Partners AIDS Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Walker, BD (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Partners AIDS Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM bwalker@helix.mgh.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 815
Z9 891
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 523
EP 526
DI 10.1038/35035103
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400053
PM 11029005
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Akoulitchev, S
   Chuikov, S
   Reinberg, D
AF Akoulitchev, S
   Chuikov, S
   Reinberg, D
TI TFIIH is negatively regulated by cdk8-containing mediator complexes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; transcriptional activation; kinase-activity; phosphorylation; cdk7; ctd; srb; e1a; cak
AB The mammalian cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (cdk8)(1) gene has been linked with a subset of acute lymphoblastic leukaemias(2), and its corresponding protein has been functionally implicated in regulation of transcription(3,4). Mammalian cdk8 and cyclin C, and their respective yeast homologues, Srb10 and Srb11, are components of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex(5,6) where they function as a protein kinase that phosphorylates the carboxyterminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (ref. 7). The yeast SRB10 and SRB11 genes have been implicated in the negative regulation of transcription(8). The cdk8/cyclin C protein complex is also found in a number of mammalian Mediator-like protein complexes(3,5,9-12), which repress activated transcription independently of the CTD in vitro(9,10). Here we show that cdk8/cyclin C can regulate transcription by targeting the cdk7/cyclin H subunits of the general transcription initiation factor IIH (TFIIH). cdk8 phosphorylates mammalian cyclin H in the vicinity of its functionally unique amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal alpha-helical domains(13). This phosphorylation represses both the ability of TFIIH to activate transcription and its CTD kinase activity. In addition, mimicking cdk8 phosphorylation of cyclin H in vivo has a dominant-negative effect on cell growth. Our results link the Mediator complex and the basal transcription machinery by a regulatory pathway involving two cyclin-dependent kinases. This pathway appears to be unique to higher organisms.
C1 Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem, Div Nucl Acids Enzymol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences
RP Reinberg, D (corresponding author), Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem, Div Nucl Acids Enzymol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM reinbedf@umdnj.edu
NR 29
TC 311
Z9 395
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 102
EP 106
DI 10.1038/35024111
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000051
PM 10993082
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cooper, VS
   Lenski, RE
AF Cooper, VS
   Lenski, RE
TI The population genetics of ecological specialization in evolving Escherichia coli populations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genomic mutation-rate; deleterious mutations; evolutionary-theory; adaptation; fitness; senescence
AB When organisms adapt genetically to one environment, they may lose fitness in other environments(1-4). Two distinct population genetic processes can produce ecological specialization-mutation accumulation and antagonistic pleiotropy(5-8). In mutation accumulation, mutations become fixed by genetic drift in genes that are not maintained by selection; adaptation to one environment and loss of adaptation to another are caused by different mutations. Antagonistic pleiotropy arises from trade-offs, such that the same mutations that are beneficial in one environment are detrimental in another. In general, it is difficult to distinguish between these processes(5-8). We analysed the decay of unused catabolic functions in 12 lines of Escherichia coli propagated on glucose for 20,000 generations(9,10). During that time, several lines evolved high mutation rates(11). If mutation accumulation is important, their unused functions should decay more than the other lines, but no significant difference was observed. Moreover, most catabolic losses occurred early in the experiment when beneficial mutations were being rapidly fixed, a pattern predicted by antagonistic pleiotropy. Thus, antagonistic pleiotropy appears more important than mutation accumulation for the decay of unused catabolic functions in these populations.
C1 Michigan State Univ, Ctr Microbial Ecol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
C3 Michigan State University
RP Cooper, VS (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Ctr Microbial Ecol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
EM cooperva@msu.edu
NR 24
TC 393
Z9 477
U1 3
U2 99
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 736
EP 739
DI 10.1038/35037572
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900040
PM 11048718
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ledwell, JR
   Montgomery, ET
   Polzin, KL
   St Laurent, LC
   Schmitt, RW
   Toole, JM
AF Ledwell, JR
   Montgomery, ET
   Polzin, KL
   St Laurent, LC
   Schmitt, RW
   Toole, JM
TI Evidence for enhanced mixing over rough topography in the abyssal ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dissipation; tracer
AB The overturning circulation of the ocean plays an important role in modulating the Earth's climate. But whereas the mechanisms for the vertical transport of water into the deep ocean-deep water formation at high latitudes-and horizontal transport in ocean currents have been largely identified, it is not dear how the compensating vertical transport of water from the depths to the surface is accomplished. Turbulent mixing across surfaces of constant density is the only viable mechanism for reducing the density of the water and enabling it to rise. However, measurements of the internal wave field, the main source of energy for mixing, and of turbulent dissipation rates, have typically implied diffusivities across surfaces of equal density of only similar to 0.1 cm(2) s(-1) too small to account for the return flow. Here we report measurements of tracer dispersion and turbulent energy dissipation in the Brazil basin that reveal diffusivities of 2-4 cm(2) s(-1) at a depth of 500 m above abyssal hills on the flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and approximately 10 cm(2) s(-1) nearer the bottom. This amount of mixing, probably driven by breaking internal waves that are generated by tidal currents flowing over the rough bathymetry, may be large enough to dose the buoyancy budget for the Brazil basin and suggests a mechanism for closing the global overturning circulation.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Ledwell, JR (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
NR 17
TC 524
Z9 597
U1 4
U2 111
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 179
EP 182
DI 10.1038/35003164
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300050
PM 10646599
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hammond, SM
   Bernstein, E
   Beach, D
   Hannon, GJ
AF Hammond, SM
   Bernstein, E
   Beach, D
   Hannon, GJ
TI An RNA-directed nuclease mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing in Drosophila cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna; expression; plants; virus
AB In a diverse group of organisms that includes Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, planaria, hydra, trypanosomes, fungi and plants, the introduction of double-stranded RNAs inhibits gene expression in a sequence-specific manner(1-7). These responses, called RNA interference or post-transcriptional gene silencing, may provide anti-viral defence, modulate transposition or regulate gene expression(1,6,8-10). We have taken a biochemical approach towards elucidating the mechanisms underlying this genetic phenomenon. Here we show that 'loss-of-function' phenotypes can be created in cultured Drosophila cells by transfection with specific double-stranded RNAs. This coincides with a marked reduction in the level of cognate cellular messenger RNAs. Extracts of transfected cells contain a nuclease activity that specifically degrades exogenous transcripts homologous to transfected double-stranded RNA. This enzyme contains an essential RNA component. After partial purification, the sequence-specific nuclease co-fractionates with a discrete, similar to 25-nucleotide RNA species which may confer specificity to the enzyme through homology to the substrate mRNAs.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Genet Inc, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Grad Program Genet, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   UCL, Wolfson Inst Biol Sci, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; University of London; University College London
RP Hannon, GJ (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM hannon@cshl.org
NR 23
TC 2323
Z9 3347
U1 8
U2 281
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 293
EP 296
DI 10.1038/35005107
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200051
PM 10749213
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wehrli, M
   Dougan, ST
   Caldwell, K
   O'Keefe, L
   Schwartz, S
   Vaizel-Ohayon, D
   Schejter, E
   Tomlinson, A
   DiNardo, S
AF Wehrli, M
   Dougan, ST
   Caldwell, K
   O'Keefe, L
   Schwartz, S
   Vaizel-Ohayon, D
   Schejter, E
   Tomlinson, A
   DiNardo, S
TI Arrow encodes an LDL-receptor-related protein essential for Wingless signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-range action; signaling pathways; morphogen gradient; molecular-cloning; drosophila leg; polarity; family; expression; pattern; member
AB The Wnt family of secreted molecules functions in cell-fate determination and morphogenesis during development in both vertebrates and invertebrates (reviewed in ref. 1). Drosophila Wingless is a founding member of this family, and many components of its signal transduction cascade have been identified, including the Frizzled class of receptor. But the mechanism by which the Wingless signal is received and transduced across the membrane is not completely understood. Here we describe a gene that is necessary for all Wingless signalling events in Drosophila. We show that arrow gene function is essential in cells receiving Wingless input and that it acts upstream of Dishevelled. arrow encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein, indicating that it may be part of a receptor complex with Frizzled class proteins. Arrow is a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)receptor-related protein (LRP), strikingly homologous to murine and human LRP5 and LRP6. Thus, our data suggests a new and conserved function for this LRP subfamily in Wingless/Wnt signal reception.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Columbia University; Rockefeller University; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP DiNardo, S (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, BRB 2 Room 1223,421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM045747] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 714
Z9 921
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 527
EP 530
DI 10.1038/35035110
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400054
PM 11029006
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Park, H
   Park, J
   Lim, AKL
   Anderson, EH
   Alivisatos, AP
   McEuen, PL
AF Park, H
   Park, J
   Lim, AKL
   Anderson, EH
   Alivisatos, AP
   McEuen, PL
TI Nanomechanical oscillations in a single-C60 transistor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon nanotubes; c-60; nanocrystals; spectroscopy; microscopy; molecule; wires
AB The motion of electrons through quantum dots is strongly modified by single-electron charging and the quantization of energy levels(1,2). Much effort has been directed towards extending studies of electron transport to chemical nanostructures, including molecules(3-8), nanocrystals(9-13) and nanotubes(14-17). Here we report the fabrication of single-molecule transistors based on individual C-60 molecules connected to gold electrodes. We perform transport measurements that provide evidence for a coupling between the centre-of-mass motion of the C-60 molecules and single-electron hopping(18)-a conduction mechanism that has not been observed previously in quantum dot studies. The coupling is manifest as quantized nano-mechanical oscillations of the C-60 molecule against the gold surface, with a frequency of about 1.2 THz. This value is in good agreement with a simple theoretical estimate based on van der Waals and electrostatic interactions between C-60 molecules and gold electrodes.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP McEuen, PL (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 26
TC 1651
Z9 1813
U1 10
U2 337
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 57
EP 60
DI 10.1038/35024031
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000038
PM 10993069
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dalton, R
AF Dalton, R
TI Chasing the dragons - Stunning fossils from Liaoning province have created a boom for Chinese palaeontologists and local farmers alike.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yixian formation; dinosaur; bird
NR 11
TC 9
Z9 12
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 930
EP 932
DI 10.1038/35023182
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200011
PM 10984026
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Capaldi, EA
   Smith, AD
   Osborne, JL
   Fahrbach, SE
   Farris, SM
   Reynolds, DR
   Edwards, AS
   Martin, A
   Robinson, GE
   Poppy, GM
   Riley, JR
AF Capaldi, EA
   Smith, AD
   Osborne, JL
   Fahrbach, SE
   Farris, SM
   Reynolds, DR
   Edwards, AS
   Martin, A
   Robinson, GE
   Poppy, GM
   Riley, JR
TI Ontogeny of orientation flight in the honeybee revealed by harmonic radar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bees
AB Cognitive ethology focuses on the study of animals under natural conditions to reveal ecologically adapted modes of learning. But biologists can more easily study what an animal learns than how it learns. For example, honeybees take repeated 'orientation' flights before becoming foragers at about three weeks of age(1). These flights are a prerequisite for successful homing.(2) Little is known(2,3) about these flights because orienting bees rapidly fly out of the range of human observation. Using harmonic radar, we show for the first time a striking ontogeny to honeybee orientation flights. With increased experience, bees hold trip duration constant but fly faster, so later trips cover a larger area than earlier trips. In addition, each flight is typically restricted to a narrow sector around the hive. Orientation flights provide honeybees with repeated opportunities to view the hive and landscape features from different viewpoints, suggesting that bees learn the local landscape in a progressive fashion. We also show that these changes in orientation flight are related to the number of previous flights taken instead of chronological age, suggesting a learning process adapted to changes in weather conditions, flower availability and the needs of bee colonies.
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Entomol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Greenwich, Nat Resources Inst, Radar Entomol Unit, Malvern WR14 1LL, Worcs, England.
   IACR Rothamsted, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Greenwich; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Rothamsted Research
RP Capaldi, EA (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Entomol, 320 Morrill Hall,505 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
EM ecapaldi@life.uiuc.edu
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/E/C/00004179] Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/E/C/00004179] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 15
TC 268
Z9 299
U1 1
U2 119
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 537
EP 540
DI 10.1038/35000564
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300048
PM 10676960
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU O'Brien, CM
   Fox, CJ
   Planque, B
   Casey, J
AF O'Brien, CM
   Fox, CJ
   Planque, B
   Casey, J
TI Fisheries - Climate variability and North Sea cod
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Ctr Environm Fisheries & Aquaculture Sci, Lowestoft Lab, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, Suffolk, England.
C3 Centre for Environment Fisheries & Aquaculture Science
RP O'Brien, CM (corresponding author), Ctr Environm Fisheries & Aquaculture Sci, Lowestoft Lab, Pakefield Rd, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, Suffolk, England.
NR 6
TC 232
Z9 248
U1 0
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 142
EP 142
DI 10.1038/35004654
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900035
PM 10724155
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ghez, AM
   Morris, M
   Becklin, EE
   Tanner, A
   Kremenek, T
AF Ghez, AM
   Morris, M
   Becklin, EE
   Tanner, A
   Kremenek, T
TI The accelerations of stars orbiting the Milky Way's central black hole
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sagittarius-a-asterisk; galactic-center; proper-motion; galaxy; telescope; distance; nuclei; radio
AB Recent measurements(1-4) of the velocities of stars near the centre of the Milky Way have provided the strongest evidence for the presence of a supermassive black hole in a galaxy(5), but the observational uncertainties poorly constrain many of the black hole's properties. Determining the accelerations of stars in their orbits around the centre provides much more precise information about the position and mass of the black hole. Here we report measurements of the accelerations of three stars located similar to 0.005 pc (projected on the sky) from the central radio source Sagittarius A(star) (Sgr A(star)); these accelerations are comparable to those experienced by the Earth as it orbits the Sun. These data increase the inferred minimum mass density in the central region of the Galaxy by an order of magnitude relative to previous results, and localize the dark mass to within 0.05 +/- 0.04 arcsec of the nominal position of Sgr A(star). In addition, the orbital period of one of the observed stars could be as short as 15 years, allowing us the opportunity in the near future to observe an entire period.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Ghez, AM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 22
TC 333
Z9 361
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 349
EP 351
DI 10.1038/35030032
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700038
PM 11014184
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nakanishi-Matsui, M
   Zheng, YW
   Sulciner, DJ
   Weiss, EJ
   Ludeman, MJ
   Coughlin, SR
AF Nakanishi-Matsui, M
   Zheng, YW
   Sulciner, DJ
   Weiss, EJ
   Ludeman, MJ
   Coughlin, SR
TI PAR3 is a cofactor for PAR4 activation by thrombin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor activation; specificity; cleavage; cloning
AB Identification of the mechanisms by which the coagulation protease thrombin activates platelets is critical for understanding haemostasis and thrombosis. Thrombin activates cells at least in part by cleaving protease-activated G-protein-coupled receptors (PARs)(1). PAR3 and PAR4 are thrombin receptors expressed in mouse platelets(2,3). Inhibition of thrombin binding to mPAR3 (ref. 4) and knockout of the mPAR3 gene 3 inhibited mouse platelet activation at low but not high concentrations of thrombin. Thus PAR3 is important for thrombin signalling in mouse platelets. Expression of human PAR3 in heterologous expression systems reliably resulted in responsiveness to thrombin(2). Curiously, despite its importance for the activation of mouse platelets by thrombin 3,4, mouse PAR3 (mPAR3) did not lead to thrombin signalling even when overexpressed. We now report that mPAR3 and mPAR4 interact in a novel way: mPAR3 does not itself mediate transmembrane signalling but instead functions as a cofactor for the cleavage and activation of mPAR4 by thrombin. This establishes a paradigm for cofactor-assisted PAR activation and for a G-protein-coupled receptor's acting as an accessory molecule to present ligand to another receptor.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Cardiovasc Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Daiichi Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Cellular & Mol Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Coughlin, SR (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Cardiovasc Res Inst, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 25
TC 463
Z9 544
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 609
EP +
DI 10.1038/35007085
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100055
PM 10766244
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van den Akker, F
   Zhang, XL
   Miyagi, M
   Huo, XW
   Misono, KS
   Yee, VC
AF van den Akker, F
   Zhang, XL
   Miyagi, M
   Huo, XW
   Misono, KS
   Yee, VC
TI Structure of the dimerized hormone-binding domain of a guanylyl-cyclase-coupled receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natriuretic-peptide receptor; directed mutational analysis; site; protein; identification; location; insights
AB The atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) hormone is secreted by the heart in response to an increase in blood pressure. ANP exhibits several potent anti-hypertensive actions in the kidney, adrenal gland and vascular system. These actions are induced by hormone binding extracellularly to the ANPreceptor(1), thereby activating its intracellular guanylyl cyclase domain for the production of cyclic GMP(2). Here we present the crystal structure of the glycosylated dimerized hormone-binding domain of the ANP receptor at 2.0-Angstrom resolution. The monomer comprises two interconnected subdomains, each encompassing a central beta-sheet flanked by alpha-helices, and exhibits the type I periplasmic binding protein fold. Dimerization is mediated by the juxtaposition of four parallel helices, arranged two by two, which brings the two protruding carboxy termini into close relative proximity. From affinity labelling and mutagenesis studies, the ANP-binding site maps to the side of the dimer crevice and extends to near the dimer interface. A conserved chloride-binding site is located in the membrane distal domain, and we found that hormone binding is chloride dependent. These studies suggest mechanisms for hormone activation and the allostery of the ANP receptor.
C1 Cleveland Clin Fdn, Lerner Res Inst, Struct Biol Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
   Cleveland Clin Fdn, Lerner Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
   Cleveland Clin Fdn, Lerner Res Inst, Dept Mol Cardiol, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
C3 Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland Clinic Foundation
RP Yee, VC (corresponding author), Cleveland Clin Fdn, Lerner Res Inst, Struct Biol Ctr, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
EM misonok@ccf.org; yeev@ccf.org
NR 31
TC 139
Z9 154
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 101
EP 104
DI 10.1038/35017602
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200054
PM 10894551
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schön, JH
   Kloc, C
   Bucher, E
   Batiogg, B
AF Schön, JH
   Kloc, C
   Bucher, E
   Batiogg, B
TI RETRACTED: Efficient organic photovoltaic diodes based on doped pentacene (Retracted article. See vol 422 pg 93 2003)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID solar-cells; thin-film; transistors; heterojunctions; semiconductors; vapor
AB Recent work on solar cells based on interpenetrating polymer networks(1-3) and solid-state dye-sensitized devices' shows that efficient solar-energy conversion is possible using organic materials. Further, it has been demonstrated that the performance of photovoltaic devices based on small molecules can be effectively enhanced by doping the organic material with electron-accepting molecules'. But as inorganic solar cells show much higher efficiencies, well above 15 per cent, the practical utility of organic-based cells will require their fabrication by lower-rest techniques, ideally on flexible substrates. Here we demonstrate efficiency enhancement by molecular doping in Schottky-type photovoltaic diodes based on pentacene-an organic semiconductor that has received much attention as a promising material for organic thin-film transistors(6-8), but relatively little attention for use in photovoltaic devices(9,10). The incorporation of the dopant improves the internal quantum efficiency by more than five orders of magnitude and yields an external energy conversion efficiency as high as 2.4 per cent for a standard solar spectrum. Thin-film devices based on doped pentacene therefore appear promising for the production of efficient 'plastic' solar cells.
C1 Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Univ Konstanz, Fac Phys, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
C3 AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; University of Konstanz
RP Schön, JH (corresponding author), Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
EM hendrik@lucent.com
NR 21
TC 173
Z9 191
U1 1
U2 107
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 408
EP 410
DI 10.1038/35000172
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100044
PM 10667788
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Naeem, S
   Hahn, DR
   Schuurman, G
AF Naeem, S
   Hahn, DR
   Schuurman, G
TI Producer-decomposer co-dependency influences biodiversity effects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ecosystem processes; plant; diversity; nitrogen; productivity; biomass; carbon
AB Producers, such as plants and algae, acquire nutrients from inorganic sources that are supplied primarily by decomposers whereas decomposers, mostly fungi and bacteria, acquire carbon from organic sources that are supplied primarily by producers. This producer-decomposer co-dependency is important in governing ecosystem processes(1-4), which implies that the impacts of declining biodiversity on ecosystem functioning(5-7) should be strongly infuenced by this process. Here we show, by simultaneously manipulating producer (green algal) and decomposer (heterotrophic bacterial) diversity in freshwater microcosms, that algal biomass production varies considerably among microcosms (0.0-0.67 mg ml(-1)), but that neither algal nor bacterial diversity by itself can explain this variation. Instead, production is a joint function of both algal and bacterial diversity. Furthermore, the range in algal production in microscosms in which bacterial diversity was manipulated was nearly double (1.82 times) that of microcosms in which bacterial diversity was not manipulated. Measures of organic carbon use by bacteria in these microcosms indicate that carbon usage is the mechanism responsible for these results. Because both producer(8) and microbial diversity(9) respond to disturbance and habitat modification, the main causes of biodiversity loss(8), these results suggest that ecosystem response to changing biodiversity is likely to be more complex than other studies(5-7) have shown.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Naeem, S (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Zool, 24 Kincaid Hall,Boc 351800, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 30
TC 187
Z9 221
U1 0
U2 128
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 762
EP 764
DI 10.1038/35001568
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100050
PM 10693803
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Riebesell, U
   Zondervan, I
   Rost, B
   Tortell, PD
   Zeebe, RE
   Morel, FMM
AF Riebesell, U
   Zondervan, I
   Rost, B
   Tortell, PD
   Zeebe, RE
   Morel, FMM
TI Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID total carbon-dioxide; emiliania-huxleyi; calcium-carbonate; coccolithophore; seawater; system; growth; ocean
AB The formation of calcareous skeletons by marine planktonic organisms and their subsequent sinking to depth generates a continuous rain of calcium carbonate to the deep ocean and underlying sediments(1). This is important in regulating marine carbon cycling and ocean-atmosphere CO2 exchange(2). The present rise in atmospheric CO2 levels(3) causes significant changes in surface ocean pH and carbonate chemistry(4). Such changes have been shown to slow down calcification in corals and coralline macroalgae(5,6), but the majority of marine calcification occurs in planktonic organisms. Here we report reduced calcite production at increased CO2 concentrations in monospecific cultures of two dominant marine calcifying phytoplankton species, the coccolithophorids Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica. This was accompanied by an increased proportion of malformed coccoliths and incomplete coccospheres. Diminished calcification led to a reduction in the ratio of calcite precipitation to organic matter production. Similar results were obtained in incubations of natural plankton assemblages from the north Pacific ocean when exposed to experimentally elevated CO2 levels. We suggest that the progressive increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations may therefore slow down the production of calcium carbonate in the surface ocean. As the process of calcification releases CO2 to the atmosphere, the response observed here could potentially act as a negative feedback on atmospheric CO2 levels.
C1 Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; Princeton University; Princeton University; Columbia University
RP Riebesell, U (corresponding author), Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, POB 120161, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany.
NR 28
TC 1074
Z9 1257
U1 5
U2 592
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 364
EP 367
DI 10.1038/35030078
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700043
PM 11014189
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taga, A
   Nordström, L
   James, P
   Johansson, B
   Eriksson, O
AF Taga, A
   Nordström, L
   James, P
   Johansson, B
   Eriksson, O
TI Non-collinear states in magnetic sensors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetoresistance; exchange
AB Certain materials have an electrical conductivity that is extremely sensitive to an applied magnetic field; this phenomenon, termed 'giant magnetoresistance'(1-3), can be used in sensor applications. Typically, such a device comprises several ferromagnetic layers, separated by non-magnetic spacer layer(s)-a so-called 'super-lattice' geometry(1-3). In the absence of a magnetic field, the ferromagnetic layers may be magnetized in opposite directions by interlayer exchange coupling, while an applied external magnetic field causes the magnetization directions to become parallel. Because the resistivity depends on the magnetization direction, an applied field that changes the magnetic configuration may be detected simply by measuring the change in resistance. In order to detect weak fields, the energy difference between different magnetization directions should be small; this is usually achieved by using many non-magnetic atomic spacer layers. Here we show, using first-principles theory, that materials combinations such as Fe/V/Co multilayers can produce a non-collinear magnetic state in which the magnetization direction between Fe and Co layers differs by about 90 degrees. This state is energetically almost degenerate with the collinear magnetic states, even though the number of non-magnetic vanadium spacer layers is quite small.
C1 Univ Uppsala, Dept Phys, Condensed Matter Theory Grp, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 Uppsala University
RP Johansson, B (corresponding author), Univ Uppsala, Dept Phys, Condensed Matter Theory Grp, Box 530, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
NR 5
TC 26
Z9 26
U1 1
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 280
EP 282
DI 10.1038/35018528
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900042
PM 10917524
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Westerfeld, S
AF Westerfeld, S
TI All is not lost
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 241
EP 241
DI 10.1038/35018654
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900026
PM 10917508
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Catteruccia, F
   Nolan, T
   Loukeris, TG
   Blass, C
   Savakis, C
   Kafatos, FC
   Crisanti, A
AF Catteruccia, F
   Nolan, T
   Loukeris, TG
   Blass, C
   Savakis, C
   Kafatos, FC
   Crisanti, A
TI Stable germline transformation of the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID green fluorescent protein; yellow-fever mosquito; transposable element; aedes-aegypti; gene; expression; gambiae; marker
AB Anopheline mosquito species are obligatory vectors for human malaria, an infectious disease that affects hundreds of millions of people living in tropical and subtropical countries. The lack of a suitable gene transfer technology for these mosquitoes has hampered the molecular genetic analysis of their physiology, including the molecular interactions between the vector and the malaria parasite. Here we show that a transposon, based on the Minos element(1) and bearing exogenous DNA, can integrate efficiently and stably into the germ line of the human malaria vector Anopheles stephensi, through a transposase-mediated process.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Fdn Res & Technol Hellas, Res Ctr Crete, Inst Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
C3 Imperial College London; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas (FORTH)
RP Crisanti, A (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Imperial Coll Rd, London SW7 2AZ, England.
NR 14
TC 308
Z9 377
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 959
EP 962
DI 10.1038/35016096
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700053
PM 10879538
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fayrer-Hosken, RA
   Grobler, D
   Van Altena, JJ
   Bertschinger, HJ
   Kirkpatrick, JF
AF Fayrer-Hosken, RA
   Grobler, D
   Van Altena, JJ
   Bertschinger, HJ
   Kirkpatrick, JF
TI Immunocontraception of African elephants - A humane method to control elephant populations without behavioural side effects.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID porcine zona-pellucida
C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   Kruger Natl Pk, ZA-1350 Skukuza, South Africa.
   Univ Pretoria, Dept Theriogenol, ZA-0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa.
   ZooMontana, Billings, MT 59106 USA.
C3 University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; University of Pretoria
RP Fayrer-Hosken, RA (corresponding author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
NR 5
TC 97
Z9 120
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 149
EP 149
DI 10.1038/35025136
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000032
PM 11001042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Premkumar, LS
   Ahern, GP
AF Premkumar, LS
   Ahern, GP
TI Induction of vanilloid receptor channel activity by protein kinase C
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID root ganglion neurons; sensory neurons; capsaicin receptor; peptide release; in-vitro; bradykinin; activation; heat; currents; sensitization
AB Capsaicin or vanilloid receptors (VRs) participate in the sensation of thermal and inflammatory pain(1-3). The cloned (VR1) and native VRs are non-selective cation channels directly activated by harmful heat, extracellular protons and vanilloid compounds(4-8). However, considerable attention has been focused on identifying other signalling pathways in VR activation; it is known that VR1 is also expressed in non-sensory tissue(1,9) and may mediate inflammatory rather than acute thermal pain(3). Here we show that activation of protein kinase C (PKC) induces VR1 channel activity at room temperature in the absence of any other agonist. We also observed this effect in native VRs from sensory neurons, and phorbol esters induced a vanilloid-sensitive Ca2+ rise in these cells. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory peptide, bradykinin, and the putative endogenous ligand, anandamide, respectively induced and enhanced VR activity, in a PKC-dependent manner. These results suggest that PKC may link a range of stimuli to the activation of VRs.
C1 So Illinois Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Springfield, IL 62702 USA.
C3 Southern Illinois University System; Southern Illinois University
RP Premkumar, LS (corresponding author), So Illinois Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Springfield, IL 62702 USA.
NR 27
TC 665
Z9 754
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 985
EP 990
DI 10.1038/35050121
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100053
PM 11140687
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, XH
   Ranganathan, V
   Weisman, DS
   Heine, WF
   Ciccone, DN
   O'Neill, TB
   Crick, KE
   Pierce, KA
   Lane, WS
   Rathbum, G
   Livingston, DM
   Weaver, DT
AF Wu, XH
   Ranganathan, V
   Weisman, DS
   Heine, WF
   Ciccone, DN
   O'Neill, TB
   Crick, KE
   Pierce, KA
   Lane, WS
   Rathbum, G
   Livingston, DM
   Weaver, DT
TI ATM phosphorylation of Nijmegen breakage syndrome protein is required in a DNA damage response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ataxia-telangiectasia; ionizing-radiation; brca1; complex; kinase; repair; heterozygotes; association; linkage; rad51
AB Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is characterized by extreme radiation sensitivity, chromosomal instability and cancer(1). The phenotypes are similar to those of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) disease, where there is a deficiency in a protein kinase that is activated by DNA damage, indicating that the Nbs and Atm proteins may participate in common pathways. Here we report that Nbs is specifically phosphorylated in response to g-radiation, ultraviolet light and exposure to hydroxyurea. Phosphorylation of Nbs mediated by g-radiation, but not that induced by hydroxyurea or ultraviolet light, was markedly reduced in ATM cells. In vivo, Nbs was phosphorylated on many serine residues, of which S343, S397 and S615 were phosphorylated by Atm in vitro. At least two of these sites were underphosphorylated in ATM cells. Inactivation of these serines by mutation partially abrogated Atm-dependent phosphorylation. Reconstituting NBS cells with a mutant form of Nbs that cannot be phosphorylated at selected, ATM-dependent serine residues led to a specific reduction in clonogenic survival after g-radiation. Thus, phosphorylation of Nbs by Atm is critical for certain responses of human cells to DNA damage.
C1 Ctr Blood Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet & Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Harvard Microchem Facil, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University
RP Livingston, DM (corresponding author), Ctr Blood Res, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA294646] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 373
Z9 423
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 477
EP 482
DI 10.1038/35013089
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000053
PM 10839545
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pelaz, S
   Ditta, GS
   Baumann, E
   Wisman, E
   Yanofsky, MF
AF Pelaz, S
   Ditta, GS
   Baumann, E
   Wisman, E
   Yanofsky, MF
TI B and C floral organ identity functions require SEPALLATA MADS-box genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeotic gene; flower development; antirrhinum-majus; arabidopsis; transcription; family; expression; pistillata; deficiens; proteins
AB Abnormal flowers have been recognized for thousands of years, but only in the past decade have the mysteries of flower development begun to unfold. Among these mysteries is the differentiation of four distinct organ types (sepals, petals, stamens and carpels), each of which may be a modified leaf(1). A landmark accomplishment in plant developmental biology is the ABC model of flower organ identity(2,3). This simple model provides a conceptual framework for explaining how the individual and combined activities of the ABC genes produce the four organ types of the typical eudicot flower. Here we show that the activities of the B and C organ-identity genes require the activities of three closely related and functionally redundant MADS-box genes, SEPALLATA1/2/3 (SEP1/2/3). Triple mutant Arabidopsis plants lacking the activity of all three SEP genes produce flowers in which all organs develop as sepals. Thus SEP1/2/3 are a class of organ-identity genes that is required for development of petals, stamens and carpels.
C1 Sect Cell & Dev Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Zuchtungsforsch, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Yanofsky, MF (corresponding author), Sect Cell & Dev Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 30
TC 1199
Z9 1447
U1 6
U2 342
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 200
EP 203
DI 10.1038/35012103
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100055
PM 10821278
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Simpson, AJG
   Reinach, FC
   Arruda, P
   Abreu, FA
   Acencio, M
   Alvarenga, R
   Alves, LMC
   Araya, JE
   Baia, GS
   Baptista, CS
   Barros, MH
   Bonaccorsi, ED
   Bordin, S
   Bové, JM
   Briones, MRS
   Bueno, MRP
   Camargo, AA
   Camargo, LEA
   Carraro, DM
   Carrer, H
   Colauto, NB
   Colombo, C
   Costa, FF
   Costa, MCR
   Costa-Neto, CM
   Coutinho, LL
   Cristofani, M
   Dias-Neto, E
   Docena, C
   El-Dorry, H
   Facincani, AP
   Ferreira, AJS
   Ferreira, VCA
   Ferro, JA
   Fraga, JS
   Franca, SC
   Franco, MC
   Frohme, M
   Furlan, LR
   Garnier, M
   Goldman, GH
   Goldman, MHS
   Gomes, SL
   Gruber, A
   Ho, PL
   Hoheisel, JD
   Junqueira, ML
   Kemper, EL
   Kitajima, JP
   Krieger, JE
   Kuramae, EE
   Laigret, F
   Lambais, MR
   Leite, LCC
   Lemos, EGM
   Lemos, MVF
   Lopes, SA
   Lopes, CR
   Machado, JA
   Machado, MA
   Madeira, AMBN
   Madeira, HMF
   Marino, CL
   Marques, MV
   Martins, EAL
   Martins, EMF
   Matsukuma, AY
   Menck, CFM
   Miracca, EC
   Miyaki, CY
   Monteiro-Vitorello, CB
   Moon, DH
   Nagai, MA
   Nascimento, ALTO
   Netto, LES
   Nhani, A Jr
   Nobrega, FG
   Nunes, LR
   Oliveira, MA
   de Oliveira, MC
   de Oliveira, RC
   Palmieri, DA
   Paris, A
   Peixoto, BR
   Pereira, GAG
   Pereira, HA Jr
   Pesquero, JB
   Quaggio, RB
   Roberto, PG
   Rodrigues, V
   Rosa, AJD
   de Rosa, VE Jr
   de Sá, RG
   Santelli, RV
   Sawasaki, HE
   da Silva, ACR
   da Silva, AM
   da Silva, FR
   Silva, WA Jr
   da Silveira, JF
   Silvestri, MLZ
   Siqueira, WJ
   de Souza, AA
   de Souza, AP
   Terenzi, MF
   Truffi, D
   Tsai, SM
   Tsuhako, MH
   Vallada, H
   Van Sluys, MA
   Verjovski-Almeida, S
   Vettore, AL
   Zago, MA
   Zatz, M
   Meidanis, J
   Setubal, JC
AF Simpson, AJG
   Reinach, FC
   Arruda, P
   Abreu, FA
   Acencio, M
   Alvarenga, R
   Alves, LMC
   Araya, JE
   Baia, GS
   Baptista, CS
   Barros, MH
   Bonaccorsi, ED
   Bordin, S
   Bové, JM
   Briones, MRS
   Bueno, MRP
   Camargo, AA
   Camargo, LEA
   Carraro, DM
   Carrer, H
   Colauto, NB
   Colombo, C
   Costa, FF
   Costa, MCR
   Costa-Neto, CM
   Coutinho, LL
   Cristofani, M
   Dias-Neto, E
   Docena, C
   El-Dorry, H
   Facincani, AP
   Ferreira, AJS
   Ferreira, VCA
   Ferro, JA
   Fraga, JS
   Franca, SC
   Franco, MC
   Frohme, M
   Furlan, LR
   Garnier, M
   Goldman, GH
   Goldman, MHS
   Gomes, SL
   Gruber, A
   Ho, PL
   Hoheisel, JD
   Junqueira, ML
   Kemper, EL
   Kitajima, JP
   Krieger, JE
   Kuramae, EE
   Laigret, F
   Lambais, MR
   Leite, LCC
   Lemos, EGM
   Lemos, MVF
   Lopes, SA
   Lopes, CR
   Machado, JA
   Machado, MA
   Madeira, AMBN
   Madeira, HMF
   Marino, CL
   Marques, MV
   Martins, EAL
   Martins, EMF
   Matsukuma, AY
   Menck, CFM
   Miracca, EC
   Miyaki, CY
   Monteiro-Vitorello, CB
   Moon, DH
   Nagai, MA
   Nascimento, ALTO
   Netto, LES
   Nhani, A Jr
   Nobrega, FG
   Nunes, LR
   Oliveira, MA
   de Oliveira, MC
   de Oliveira, RC
   Palmieri, DA
   Paris, A
   Peixoto, BR
   Pereira, GAG
   Pereira, HA Jr
   Pesquero, JB
   Quaggio, RB
   Roberto, PG
   Rodrigues, V
   Rosa, AJD
   de Rosa, VE Jr
   de Sá, RG
   Santelli, RV
   Sawasaki, HE
   da Silva, ACR
   da Silva, AM
   da Silva, FR
   Silva, WA Jr
   da Silveira, JF
   Silvestri, MLZ
   Siqueira, WJ
   de Souza, AA
   de Souza, AP
   Terenzi, MF
   Truffi, D
   Tsai, SM
   Tsuhako, MH
   Vallada, H
   Van Sluys, MA
   Verjovski-Almeida, S
   Vettore, AL
   Zago, MA
   Zatz, M
   Meidanis, J
   Setubal, JC
TI The genome sequence of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID citrus variegated chlorosis; virulence factors; sweet orange; haemophilus-influenzae; dichelobacter-nodosus; limited bacterium; escherichia-coli; rtx toxins; identification; secretion
AB Xylella fastidiosa is a fastidious, xylem-limited bacterium that causes a range of economically important plant diseases. Here we report the complete genome sequence of X. fastidiosa clone 9a5c, which causes citrus variegated chlorosis-a serious disease of orange trees. The genome comprises a 52.7% GC-rich 2,679,305-base-pair (bp) circular chromosome and two plasmids of 51,158 bp and 1,285 bp. We can assign putative functions to 47% of the 2,904 predicted coding regions. Efficient metabolic functions are predicted, with sugars as the principal energy and carbon source, supporting existence in the nutrient-poor xylem sap. The mechanisms associated with pathogenicity and virulence involve toxins, antibiotics and ion sequestration systems, as well as bacterium-bacterium and bacterium-host interactions mediated by a range of proteins. Orthologues of some of these proteins have only been identified in animal and human pathogens; their presence in X. fastidiosa indicates that the molecular basis for bacterial pathogenicity is both conserved and independent of host. At least 83 genes are bacteriophage-derived and include virulence-associated genes from other bacteria, providing direct evidence of phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer.
C1 Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Computacao, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
   Inst Ludwig Pesquisa Canc, BR-01509010 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Quim, Dept Bioquim, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Estadual Campinas, Ctr Biol Mol & Engn Genet, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med Vet & Zootecnia, Dept Patol, Mol Biol Lab, BR-05508000 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Radiol, Disciplina Oncol, BR-01296903 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet Jaboticabal, Dept Tecnol, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, BR-04023062 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Dept Microbiol, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Estadual Campinas, Fac Ciencias Med, Hemoctr, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
   INRA, F-33883 Vilenave Dornon, France.
   Univ Bordeaux 2, Biol Cellulaire & Mol Lab, F-33883 Vilenave Dornon, France.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biociencias, Dept Biol, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Escola Super Agr Luiz de Queiroz, BR-13418900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Genet, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
   Inst Agron Campinas, Ctr Genet Biol Mol & Fitoquim, BR-13001970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med Ribeirao Preto, Dept Clin Med, BR-14049900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Biofis, BR-04023062 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Inst Agron Campinas, Ctr Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, BR-13490970 Cordeiropolis, SP, Brazil.
   Inst Biol, Lab Bioquim Fitopatol, BR-04014002 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Inst Biol, Lab Imunol, BR-04014002 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Ribeirao Preto, Dept Biotecnol Plantas Med, BR-14096380 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Ctr Energia Nucl Agr, BR-13400970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
   Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Med Vet & Zootecnia, Dept Melhoramento & Nutr, BR-18600000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Ciencias Farmaceut Ribeirao Preto, Dept Ciencias Farmaceut, BR-14040903 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Filosofia Ciencias & Letras Ribeirao Pret, Dept Biol, BR-14040901 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
   Inst Butantan, Ctr Biotecnol, BR-05503900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Inst Coracao, Lab Genet & Cardiol Mol LIM 13, BR-05403000 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agron, Dept Prod Vegetal, BR-18603970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet Jaboticabal, Dept Biol Aplicada Agropecuaria, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
   Hosp Canc AC Camargo, BR-01509010 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Mogi das Cruzes, Nucleo Integrado Biotecnol, BR-08780911 Mogi Das Cruzes, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Biol, Dept Genet & Evolucao, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biociencias, Dept Bot, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med Ribeirao Preto, Dept Parasitol Microbiol & Imunol, BR-14049900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Inst Psiquiatria, Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05403010 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Vale Paraiba, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil.
C3 Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade Estadual Paulista; Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP); Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; INRAE; Universite de Bordeaux; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade Estadual Paulista; Instituto Agronomico de Campinas (IAC); Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP); Instituto Agronomico de Campinas (IAC); Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade de Ribeirao Preto; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Universidade Estadual Paulista; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Instituto Butantan; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade Estadual Paulista; Universidade Estadual Paulista; A.C.Camargo Cancer Center; Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade do Vale do Paraiba
RP Setubal, JC (corresponding author), Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Computacao, Caixa Postal 6176, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
EM setubal@ic.unicamp.br
NR 50
TC 698
Z9 1321
U1 4
U2 283
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 151
EP 157
DI 10.1038/35018003
PG 11
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100037
PM 10910347
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Torquato, S
AF Torquato, S
TI Glass transition - Hard knock for thermodynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID systems
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Torquato, S (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 10
TC 57
Z9 70
U1 0
U2 75
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 521
EP +
DI 10.1038/35014711
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500031
PM 10850697
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ju, BG
   Jeong, S
   Bae, E
   Hyun, S
   Carroll, SB
   Yim, J
   Kim, J
AF Ju, BG
   Jeong, S
   Bae, E
   Hyun, S
   Carroll, SB
   Yim, J
   Kim, J
TI Fringe forms a complex with Notch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila wing development; dorsal-ventral boundary; dorsoventral boundary; signal-transduction; expression; activation; receptor; serrate; growth; delta
AB The Fringe protein of Drosophila and its vertebrate homologues function in boundary determination during pattern formation(1-9). Fringe has been proposed to inhibit Serrate-Notch signalling but to potentiate Delta-Notch signalling(10). Here we show that Fringe and Notch form a complex through both the Lin-Notch repeats and the epidermal growth factor repeats 22-36 (EGF22-36) of Notch when they are co-expressed. The Abruptex(59b) (Ax(59b)) and Ax(M1) mutations, which are caused by missense mutations in EGF repeats 24 and 25, respectively, abolish the Fringe-Notch interaction through EGF22-36, whereas the l(1)N-B mutation in the third Lin-Notch repeat of Notch abolishes the interaction through Lin-Notch repeats. Ax mutations also greatly affect the Notch response to ectopic Fringe in vivo. Results from in vitro protein mixing experiments and subcellular colocalization experiments indicate that the Fringe-Notch complex may form before their secretion. These findings explain how Fringe acts cell-autonomously to modulate the ligand preference of Notch and why the Fringe-Notch relationship is conserved between phyla and in the development of very diverse structures.
C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Natl Creat Res Initiat Ctr Genet Reprogramming, Inst Mol Biol & Genet, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
   Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Mol Biol Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Biol Sci, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
C3 Seoul National University (SNU); University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST)
RP Kim, J (corresponding author), Seoul Natl Univ, Natl Creat Res Initiat Ctr Genet Reprogramming, Inst Mol Biol & Genet, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
NR 29
TC 60
Z9 70
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 191
EP 195
DI 10.1038/35012090
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100053
PM 10821276
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stephens, BB
   Keeling, RF
AF Stephens, BB
   Keeling, RF
TI The influence of Antarctic sea ice on glacial-interglacial CO2 variations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric co2; southern-ocean; water; preservation; temperature; circulation; cadmium
AB Ice-core measurements indicate that atmospheric CO2 concentrations during glacial periods were consistently about 80 parts per million lower than during interglacial periods(1). Previous explanations for this observation(2-9) have typically had difficulty accounting for either the estimated glacial O-2 concentrations in the deep sea, C-13/C-12 ratios in Antarctic surface waters, or the depth of calcite saturation; also lacking is an explanation for the strong link between atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic air temperature(1). There is growing evidence that the amount of deep water upwelling at low latitudes is significantly overestimated in most ocean general circulation models(10,11) and simpler box models previously used to investigate this problem. Here we use a box model with deep-water upwelling confined to south of 55 degrees S to investigate the glacial-interglacial linkages between Antarctic air temperature and atmospheric CO2 variations. We suggest that low glacial atmospheric CO2 levels might result from reduced deep-water ventilation associated with either year-round Antarctic sea-ice coverage, or wintertime coverage combined with ice-induced stratification during the summer. The model presented here reproduces 67 parts per million of the observed glacial-interglacial CO2 difference, as a result of reduced air-sea gas exchange in the Antarctic region, and is generally consistent with the additional observational constraints.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP Stephens, BB (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
NR 30
TC 396
Z9 443
U1 0
U2 88
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 171
EP 174
DI 10.1038/35004556
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900047
PM 10724166
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grzybowski, BA
   Stone, HA
   Whitesides, GM
AF Grzybowski, BA
   Stone, HA
   Whitesides, GM
TI Dynamic self-assembly of magnetized, millimetre-sized objects rotating at a liquid-air interface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colloidal crystals; vortices; patterns; systems; flow
AB Spontaneous pattern formation by self-assembly is of long-standing(1-3) and continuing interest(4,5) not only for its aesthetic appeal(6,7), but also for its fundamental(8-18) and technological relevance(19). So far, the study of self-organization processes has mainly focused on static structures, but dynamic systems(20-22) - those that develop order only when dissipating energy - are of particular interest for studying complex behaviour(23,24). Here we describe the formation of dynamic patterns of millimetre-sized magnetic disks at a liquid-air interface, subject to a magnetic field produced by a rotating permanent magnet. The disks spin around their axes with angular frequency equal to that of the magnet, and are attracted towards its axis of rotation while repelling each other. This repulsive hydrodynamic interaction is due to fluid motion associated with spinning; the interplay between attractive and repulsive interactions leads to the formation of patterns exhibiting various types of ordering, some of which are entirely new. This versatile system should lead to a better understanding of dynamic self-assembly, while providing a test-bed for stability theories of interacting point vortices(25-28) and vortex patches(29).
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Whitesides, GM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM gwhitesides@gmwgroup.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 466
Z9 541
U1 0
U2 240
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1033
EP 1036
DI 10.1038/35016528
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700039
PM 10890439
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lundberg, P
   Ranta, E
   Kaitala, V
   Jonzén, N
AF Lundberg, P
   Ranta, E
   Kaitala, V
   Jonzén, N
TI Biodiversity -: Coexistence and resource competition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID exclusion
C1 Univ Lund, Dept Theoret Ecol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
   Univ Helsinki, Dept Ecol & Systemat, Div Populat Biol, Integrat Ecol Unit, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, Jyvaskyla 40351, Finland.
C3 Lund University; University of Helsinki; University of Jyvaskyla
RP Lundberg, P (corresponding author), Univ Lund, Dept Theoret Ecol, Ecol Bldg, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
NR 13
TC 10
Z9 12
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 694
EP 694
DI 10.1038/35037672
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900029
PM 11048708
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weaver, JC
   Vaughan, TE
   Astumian, RD
AF Weaver, JC
   Vaughan, TE
   Astumian, RD
TI Biological sensing of small field differences by magnetically sensitive chemical reactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID behavioral evidence; migratory bird; magnetoreception; orientation; vertebrate; mechanism; animals
AB There is evidence that animals can detect small changes in the Earth's magnetic field by two distinct mechanisms, one using the mineral magnetite as the primary sensor and one using magnetically sensitive chemical reactions(1-14). Magnetite responds by physically twisting(2,15), or even reorienting the whole organism in the case of some bacteria(16), but the magnetic dipoles of individual molecules are too small to respond in the same way. Here we assess whether reactions whose rates are affected by the orientation of reactants in magnetic fields could form the basis of a biological compass. We use a general model, incorporating biological components and design criteria, to calculate realistic constraints for such a compass. This model compares a chemical signal produced owing to magnetic field effects with stochastic noise and with changes due to physiological temperature variation(17). Our analysis shows that a chemically based biological compass is feasible with its size, for any given detection limit, being dependent on the magnetic sensitivity of the rate constant of the chemical reaction.
C1 MIT, Harvard Mit Div Hlth Sci & Technol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Surg, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Weaver, JC (corresponding author), MIT, Harvard Mit Div Hlth Sci & Technol, Rm 16-319, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 22
TC 80
Z9 94
U1 3
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 707
EP 709
DI 10.1038/35015128
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800053
PM 10864331
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sharples, JM
   Meharg, AA
   Chambers, SM
   Cairney, JWG
AF Sharples, JM
   Meharg, AA
   Chambers, SM
   Cairney, JWG
TI Evolution - Symbiotic solution to arsenic contamination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphate-uptake system; resistance; tolerance; plants
C1 Univ Western Sydney, Sch Sci, Mycorrhiza Res Grp, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia.
   Inst Terr Ecol, Huntingdon PE17 2LS, England.
C3 Western Sydney University; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH)
RP Sharples, JM (corresponding author), Univ Western Sydney, Sch Sci, Mycorrhiza Res Grp, POB 10, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia.
NR 8
TC 110
Z9 143
U1 0
U2 55
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 951
EP 952
DI 10.1038/35010193
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000042
PM 10801114
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barber, VA
   Juday, GP
   Finney, BP
AF Barber, VA
   Juday, GP
   Finney, BP
TI Reduced growth of Alaskan white spruce in the twentieth century from temperature-induced drought stress
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tree-ring widths; high-latitudes; atmospheric co2; north-america; boreal forest; climate; carbon; density; record; wood
AB The extension of growing season at high northern latitudes seems increasingly clear from satellite observations of vegetation extent and duration(1,2). This extension is also thought to explain the observed increase in amplitude of seasonal variations in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Increased plant respiration and photosynthesis both correlate well with increases in temperature this century and are therefore the most probable link between the vegetation and CO2 observations(3). From these observations(1,2), it has been suggested that increases in temperature have stimulated carbon uptake in high latitudes(1,2) and for the boreal forest system as a whole(4). Here we present multi-proxy tree-ring data (ring width, maximum late-wood density and carbon-isotope composition) from 20 productive stands of white spruce in the interior of Alaska. The tree-ring records show a strong and consistent relationship over the past 90 years and indicate that, in contrast with earlier predictions, radial growth has decreased with increasing temperature. Our data show that temperature-induced drought stress has disproportionately affected the most rapidly growing white spruce, suggesting that, under recent climate warming, drought may have been an important factor limiting carbon uptake in a large portion of the North American boreal forest. If this limitation in growth due to drought stress is sustained, the future capacity of northern latitudes to sequester carbon may be less than currently expected.
C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
   Univ Alaska, Dept Forest Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
C3 University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks; University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks
RP Barber, VA (corresponding author), Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
EM barber@ims.uaf.edu
NR 30
TC 816
Z9 965
U1 8
U2 378
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 668
EP 673
DI 10.1038/35015049
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800042
PM 10864320
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jupp, T
   Schultz, A
AF Jupp, T
   Schultz, A
TI A thermodynamic explanation for black smoker temperatures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrothermal systems; water substance; transport-property; viscosity; equation; state; convection; evolution; pressure; models
AB There is a remarkable difference between the maximum temperature of black smoker effluent (350 degrees C-400 degrees C) and the temperature of the solidifying magma which heats it (similar to 1,200 degrees C)(1-3). It has been suspected(4) for some time that the nonlinear thermodynamic properties of water(5) might be responsible for this discrepancy. Here, we translate this hypothesis into a physical model, by examining the internal temperature structure of convection cells in a porous medium. We demonstrate that, at pressures appropriate to seafloor crust, plumes of pure water form naturally at similar to 400 degrees C for any heat source with temperature greater than similar to 500 degrees C. Higher temperatures are confined to a boundary layer at the base of the convection cell, where the flow is horizontal. The phenomenon is explained analytically using the thermodynamic properties of water, and is illustrated by numerical simulations. Our model predicts the existence of the high-temperature 'reaction zone' found in ophiolites" and suggests that vent temperatures will remain steady as magma chambers solidify and cool(7).
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Inst Theoret Geophys, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Jupp, T (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Inst Theoret Geophys, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
NR 27
TC 102
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 880
EP 883
DI 10.1038/35002552
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200053
PM 10706282
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ellis, W
AF Ellis, W
TI At the zoo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 295
EP 295
DI 10.1038/35042645
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000022
PM 11099021
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thier, P
   Dicke, PW
   Haas, R
   Barash, S
AF Thier, P
   Dicke, PW
   Haas, R
   Barash, S
TI Encoding of movement time by populations of cerebellar Purkinje cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccadic eye-movements; fastigial nucleus; oculomotor vermis; neurons; macaque; patterns; lesions; primate; monkey; region
AB One of the earliest computational principles attributed to the cerebellum was the measurement of time(1). This idea was originally suggested on anatomical grounds, and was taken up again to explain some of the deficits in cerebellar patients(2,3). The contribution of the cerebellum to eye movements, in contrast, has traditionally been discussed in the context of motor learning(4-7). This view has received support from the loss of saccade adaptation, one of the key examples of motor learning, following lesions of the posterior cerebellar vermis(8-11). However, the relationship between the properties of saccade-related vermal Purkinje cells and the behavioural deficits that follow lesions is unclear. Here we report results from single-unit recording experiments on monkeys that reconcile the seemingly unrelated concepts of timing and motor learning. We report that, unlike individual Purkinje cells, the population response of larger groups of Purkinje cells gives a precise temporal signature of saccade onset and offset. Thus a vermal population response may help to determine saccade duration. Modifying the time course of the population response by changing the weights of the contributing individual Purkinje cells, discharging at different times relative to the saccade, would directly translate into changes in saccade amplitude.
C1 Univ Tubingen, Dept Cognit Neurol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Neurobiol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Thier, P (corresponding author), Univ Tubingen, Dept Cognit Neurol, Hoppe Seyler Str 3, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
EM thier@uni-tuebingen.de
NR 29
TC 127
Z9 141
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 72
EP 76
DI 10.1038/35011062
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600053
PM 10811220
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Standen, N
AF Standen, N
TI Cardiovascular biology - Tuning channels for blood pressure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Cell Physiol & Pharmacol, Leicester LE1 9HN, Leics, England.
C3 University of Leicester
RP Standen, N (corresponding author), Univ Leicester, Dept Cell Physiol & Pharmacol, POB 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, Leics, England.
NR 7
TC 4
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 845
EP 848
DI 10.1038/35038185
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900030
PM 11057648
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steinmetz, PN
   Roy, A
   Fitzgerald, PJ
   Hsiao, SS
   Johnson, KO
   Niebur, E
AF Steinmetz, PN
   Roy, A
   Fitzgerald, PJ
   Hsiao, SS
   Johnson, KO
   Niebur, E
TI Attention modulates synchronized neuronal firing in primate somatosensory cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cortical activity; monkeys; oscillations; patterns
AB A potentially powerful information processing strategy in the brain is to take advantage of the;temporal structure of neuronal spike trains. An increase in synchrony within the neural representation of an object or location increases the efficacy of that neural representation at the next synaptic stage in the brain; thus, increasing synchrony is a candidate for the neural correlate of attentional selection(1). We investigated the synchronous firing of pairs of neurons in the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) of three monkeys trained to switch attention between a visual task and a tactile discrimination task. We found that most neuron pairs in SII cortex fired synchronously and, furthermore, that the degree of synchrony was affected by the monkey's attentional state. In the monkey performing the most difficult task, 35% of neuron pairs that fired synchronously changed their degree of synchrony when the monkey switched attention between the tactile and visual tasks. Synchrony increased in 80% and decreased in 20% of neuron pairs affected by attention.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Zanvyl Krieger Mind Brain Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP Niebur, E (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Zanvyl Krieger Mind Brain Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
EM niebur@jhu.edu
NR 25
TC 582
Z9 671
U1 2
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 187
EP 190
DI 10.1038/35004588
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900052
PM 10724171
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Katz, HE
   Lovinger, AJ
   Johnson, J
   Kloc, C
   Siegrist, T
   Li, W
   Lin, YY
   Dodabalapur, A
AF Katz, HE
   Lovinger, AJ
   Johnson, J
   Kloc, C
   Siegrist, T
   Li, W
   Lin, YY
   Dodabalapur, A
TI A soluble and air-stable organic semiconductor with high electron mobility
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin-film transistors; circuits; crystal; growth
AB Electronic devices based on organic semiconductors offer an attractive alternative to conventional inorganic devices due to potentially lower costs, simpler packaging and compatibility with flexible substrates(1,2). As is the case for silicon-based microelectronics, the use of complementary logic elements-requiring n- and p-type semiconductors whose majority charge carriers are electrons and holes, respectively-is expected to be crucial to achieving low-power, high-speed performance. Similarly, the electron-segregating domains of photovoltaic assemblies require both n- and p-type semiconductors(3-5). Stable organic p-type semiconductors are known(6), but practically useful n-type semiconductor materials have proved difficult to develop, reflecting the unfavourable electrochemical properties of known, electron-demanding polymers(7). Although high electron mobilities have been obtained for organic materials, these values are usually obtained for single crystals at low temperatures, whereas practically useful field-effect transistors (FETs) will have to be made of polycrystalline films that remain functional at room temperature. A few organic n-type semiconductors that can be used in FETs are known, but these suffer from low electron mobility, poor stability in air and/or demanding processing conditions(8-10). Here we report a crystallographically engineered naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide derivative that allows us to fabricate solution-cast n-channel FETs with promising performance at ambient conditions. By integrating our n-channel FETs with solution-deposited p-channel FETs, we are able to produce a complementary inverter circuit whose active layers are deposited entirely from the liquid phase. We expect that other complementary circuit designs(11) can be realized by this approach as well.
C1 Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T
RP Katz, HE (corresponding author), Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 19
TC 1024
Z9 1150
U1 8
U2 523
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 478
EP 481
DI 10.1038/35006603
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700042
PM 10761911
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bohossian, HB
   Skaletsky, H
   Page, DC
AF Bohossian, HB
   Skaletsky, H
   Page, DC
TI Unexpectedly similar rates of nucleotide substitution found in male and female hominids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID male-driven evolution; mutation-rate; dna-sequences; x-chromosome; intron sequences; recombination; transposition; regions
AB In 1947, it was suggested that, in humans, the mutation rate is dramatically higher in the male germ line than in the female germ line(1). This hypothesis has been supported by the observation that, among primates, Y-linked genes evolved more rapidly than homologous X-linked genes(2-6). Based on these evolutionary studies, the ratio (alpha(m)) of male to female mutation rates in primates was estimated to be about 5. However, selection could have skewed sequence evolution in introns and exons(7-10). In addition, some of the X-Y gene pairs studied lie within chromosomal regions with substantially divergent nucleotide sequences(7,11,12). Here we directly compare human X and Y sequences within a large region with no known genes. Here the two chromosomes are 99% identical, and X-Y divergence began only three or four million years ago, during hominid evolution(13-15). In apes, homologous sequences exist only on the X chromosome. We sequenced and compared 38.6 kb of this region from human X, human Y, chimpanzee X and gorilla X chromosomes. We calculated alpha(m) to be 1.7 (95% confidence interval 1.15-2.87), significantly lower than previous estimates in primates. We infer that, in humans and their immediate ancestors, male and female mutation rates were far more similar than previously supposed.
C1 MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Whitehead Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Page, DC (corresponding author), MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Whitehead Inst, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
NR 30
TC 72
Z9 82
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 622
EP 625
DI 10.1038/35020557
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800046
PM 10949301
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bachmaier, K
   Krawczyk, C
   Kozieradzki, I
   Kong, YY
   Sasaki, T
   Oliveira-dos-Santos, A
   Mariathasan, S
   Bouchard, D
   Wakeham, A
   Itie, A
   Le, J
   Ohashi, PS
   Sarosi, I
   Nishina, H
   Lipkowitz, S
   Penninger, JM
AF Bachmaier, K
   Krawczyk, C
   Kozieradzki, I
   Kong, YY
   Sasaki, T
   Oliveira-dos-Santos, A
   Mariathasan, S
   Bouchard, D
   Wakeham, A
   Itie, A
   Le, J
   Ohashi, PS
   Sarosi, I
   Nishina, H
   Lipkowitz, S
   Penninger, JM
TI Negative regulation of lymphocyte activation and autoimmunity by the molecular adaptor Cbl-b
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell receptor; protein; mice; protooncogene; tolerance; antigens; kinase; tissue; binds; vav
AB The signalling thresholds of antigen receptors and co-stimulatory receptors determine immunity or tolerance to self molecules(1). Changes in co-stimulatory pathways can lead to enhanced activation of lymphocytes and autoimmunity, or the induction of clonal anergy(2). The molecular mechanisms that maintain immunotolerance in vivo and integrate co-stimulatory signals with antigen receptor signals in T and B lymphocytes are poorly understood. Members of the Cbl/Sli family of molecular adaptors function downstream from growth factor and antigen receptors(3-5). Here we show that gene-targeted mice lacking the adaptor Cbl-b develop spontaneous autoimmunity characterized by auto-antibody production, infiltration of activated T and B lymphocytes into multiple organs, and parenchymal damage. Resting cbl-b(-/-) lymphocytes hyperproliferate upon antigen receptor stimulation, and cbl-b(-/-) T cells display specific: hyperproduction of the T-celI growth factor interleukin-2, hut not interferon-gamma or tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Mutation of Cbl-b uncouples T-cell proliferation, interleukin-2 production and phosphorylation of the GDP/GTP exchange factor Vav1 from the requirement for CD28 costimulation. Cbl-b is thus a key regulator of activation thresholds in mature lymphocytes and immunological tolerance and autoimmunity.
C1 Univ Toronto, Amgen Inst, Ontario Canc Inst, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Amgen Inst, Ontario Canc Inst, Dept Immunol, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Ontario Canc Inst, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Ontario Canc Inst, Dept Immunol, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Amgen Inc, Dept Pathol, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA.
   NCI, Med Branch, Dept Genet, Naval Hosp, Bethesda, MD 20889 USA.
C3 University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; Amgen; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Penninger, JM (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Amgen Inst, Ontario Canc Inst, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
FU National Cancer Institute [ZIASC007263] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 23
TC 567
Z9 701
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 211
EP 216
DI 10.1038/35003228
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300059
PM 10646608
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bianchi, E
   Denti, S
   Granata, A
   Bossi, G
   Geginat, J
   Villa, A
   Rogge, L
   Pardi, R
AF Bianchi, E
   Denti, S
   Granata, A
   Bossi, G
   Geginat, J
   Villa, A
   Rogge, L
   Pardi, R
TI Integrin LFA-1 interacts with the transcriptional co-activator JAB1 to modulate AP-1 activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complex; kinase; cytoskeletal; requires; subunit; signals
AB Integrin adhesion receptors transduce signals that control complex cell functions which require the regulation of gene expression, such as proliferation, differentiation and survival(1). Their intracellular domain has no catalytic function, indicating that interaction with other transducing molecules is crucial for integrin-mediated signalling. Here we have identified a protein that interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of the beta 2 subunit of the alpha L/beta 2 integrin LFA-1. This protein is JAB1 (Jun activation domain-binding protein 1), a coactivator of the c-Jun transcription factor(2). We found that JAB1 is present both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm of cells and that a fraction of JAB1 colocalizes with LFA-1 at the cell membrane. LFA-1 engagement is followed by an increase of the nuclear pool of JAB1, paralleled by enhanced binding of c-Jun-containing AP-1 complexes to their DNA consensus site and increased transactivation of an AP-1-dependent promoter. We suggest that signalling through the LFA-1 integrin may affect c-Jun-driven transcription by regulating JAB1 nuclear localization. This represents a new pathway for integrin-dependent modulation of gene expression.
C1 San Raffaele Sci Inst, DIBIT, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Oxford, Sir William Dunn Sch Pathol, Oxford OX1 3RE, England.
   Univ Milan Bicocca, Fac Med, MIA, I-20052 Monza, Italy.
   Roche Milano Ric, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Vita Salute San Raffaele, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Milano-Bicocca; Roche Holding; Roche Holding Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University
RP Bianchi, E (corresponding author), San Raffaele Sci Inst, DIBIT, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
FU Telethon [E.0492] Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 185
Z9 209
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 617
EP +
DI 10.1038/35007098
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100057
PM 10766246
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, YM
   Xu, M
   Lai, MT
   Huang, Q
   Castro, JL
   DiMuzio-Mower, J
   Harrison, T
   Lellis, C
   Nadin, JL
   Neduvelil, JG
   Register, RB
   Sardana, MK
   Shearman, MS
   Smith, AL
   Shi, XP
   Yin, KC
   Shafer, JA
   Gardell, SJ
AF Li, YM
   Xu, M
   Lai, MT
   Huang, Q
   Castro, JL
   DiMuzio-Mower, J
   Harrison, T
   Lellis, C
   Nadin, JL
   Neduvelil, JG
   Register, RB
   Sardana, MK
   Shearman, MS
   Smith, AL
   Shi, XP
   Yin, KC
   Shafer, JA
   Gardell, SJ
TI Photoactivated γ-secretase inhibitors directed to the active site covalently label presenilin 1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID familial alzheimers-disease; amyloid precursor protein; in-vivo; cell biology; endoproteolysis; mutations; peptides; gene
AB Cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the beta- and gamma-secretases generates the amino and carboxy termini, respectively, of the A beta amyloidogenic peptides A beta 40 and A beta 42-the major constituents of the amyloid plaques in the brain parenchyma of Alzheimer's disease patients(1). There is evidence that the polytopic membrane-spanning proteins, presenilin 1 and 2 (PS1 and PS2), are important determinants of gamma-secretase activity: mutations in PS1 and PS2 that are associated with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease(2,3) increase the production of A beta 42 (refs 4-6), the more amyloidogenic peptide; gamma-secretase activity is reduced in neuronal cultures derived from PS1-deficient mouse embryos(7); and directed mutagenesis of two conserved aspartates in transmembrane segments of PS1 inactivates the ability of gamma-secretase to catalyse processing of APP within its transmembrane domain(8). It is unknown, however, whether PS1 (which has little or no homology to any known aspartyl protease) is itself a transmembrane aspartyl protease or a gamma-secretase cofactor, or helps to colocalize gamma-secretase and APP. Here we report photoaffinity labelling of PS1 (and PS2) by potent gamma-secretase inhibitors that were designed to function as transition state analogue inhibitors directed to the active site of an aspartyl protease. This observation indicates that PS1 (and PS2) may contain the active site of gamma-secretase. Interestingly, the intact, single-chain form of wild-type PS1 is not labelled by an active-site-directed photoaffinity probe, suggesting that intact wild-type PS1 may be an aspartyl protease zymogen.
C1 Merck Res Labs, Dept Biol Chem, West Point, PA 19486 USA.
   Merck Sharp & Dohme Res Labs, Neurosci Res Ctr, Harlow CM20 2QR, Essex, England.
C3 Merck & Company; Merck & Company; Merck & Company United Kingdom
RP Li, YM (corresponding author), Merck Res Labs, Dept Biol Chem, West Point, PA 19486 USA.
EM yueming_li@merck.com; steve_gardell@merck.com
NR 23
TC 851
Z9 974
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 689
EP 694
DI 10.1038/35015085
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800048
PM 10864326
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lacoste, V
   Mauclère, P
   Dubreuil, G
   Lewis, J
   Georges-Courbot, MC
   Gessain, A
AF Lacoste, V
   Mauclère, P
   Dubreuil, G
   Lewis, J
   Georges-Courbot, MC
   Gessain, A
TI Virology -: KSHV-like herpesviruses in chimps and gorillas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sarcoma-associated herpesvirus; kaposis-sarcoma; identification
C1 Inst Pasteur, Dept SIDA & Retrovirus, Unite Oncol Virale, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Ctr Pasteur Cameroun, Yaounde, Cameroon.
   Ctr Int Rech Med, Franceville, Gabon.
   Int Zoo Vet Grp, Keighley BD21 1AG, W Yorkshire, England.
C3 Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre Pasteur du Cameroun; International Zoo Veterinary Group (UK)
RP Lacoste, V (corresponding author), Inst Pasteur, Dept SIDA & Retrovirus, Unite Oncol Virale, 25-28 Rue Dr Roux, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
NR 11
TC 69
Z9 80
U1 1
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 151
EP 152
DI 10.1038/35025145
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000036
PM 11001045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bruhn, D
   Groebner, N
   Kohlstedt, DL
AF Bruhn, D
   Groebner, N
   Kohlstedt, DL
TI An interconnected network of core-forming melts produced by shear deformation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID siderophile elements; high-pressure; earth; mantle; differentiation; constraints; equilibrium; olivine
AB The formation mechanism of terrestrial planetary cores is still poorly understood, and has been the subject of numerous experimental studies(1-3). Several mechanisms have been proposed by which metal-mainly iron with some nickel-could have been extracted from a silicate mantle to form the core. Most recent models involve gravitational sinking of molten metal or metal sulphide through a partially or fully molten mantle(4,5) that is often referred to as a 'magma ocean'. Alternative models invoke percolation of molten metal along an interconnected network (that is, porous flow) through a solid silicate matrix(6,7). But experimental studies performed at high pressures(1-3) have shown that, under hydrostatic conditions, these melts do not form an interconnected network, leading to the widespread assumption that formation of metallic cores requires a magma ocean. In contrast, here we present experiments which demonstrate that shear deformation to large strains can interconnect a significant fraction of initially isolated pockets of metal and metal sulphide melts in a solid matrix of polycrystalline olivine. Therefore, in a dynamic (nonhydrostatic) environment, percolation remains a viable mechanism for the segregation and migration of core-forming melts in a solid silicate mantle.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Bruhn, D (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
NR 27
TC 88
Z9 95
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 883
EP 886
DI 10.1038/35002558
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200054
PM 10706283
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lipson, H
   Pollack, JB
AF Lipson, H
   Pollack, JB
TI Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution
AB Biological life is in control of its own means of reproduction, which generally involves complex, autocatalysing chemical reactions. But this autonomy of design and manufacture has not yet been realized artificially(1). Robots are still laboriously designed and constructed by teams of human engineers, usually at considerable expense. Few robots are available because these costs must be absorbed through mass production, which is justified only for toys, weapons and industrial systems such as automatic teller machines. Here we report the results of a combined computational and experimental approach in which simple electromechanical systems are evolved through simulations from basic building blocks (bars, actuators and artificial neurons); the 'fittest' machines (defined by their locomotive ability) are then fabricated robotically using rapid manufacturing technology. We thus achieve autonomy of design and construction using evolution in a 'limited universe' physical simulation(2,3) coupled to automatic fabrication.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Volen Ctr Complex Syst, Dept Comp Sci, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
C3 Brandeis University
RP Lipson, H (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Volen Ctr Complex Syst, Dept Comp Sci, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
NR 30
TC 569
Z9 659
U1 0
U2 126
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 974
EP 978
DI 10.1038/35023115
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200039
PM 10984047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Radajewski, S
   Ineson, P
   Parekh, NR
   Murrell, JC
AF Radajewski, S
   Ineson, P
   Parekh, NR
   Murrell, JC
TI Stable-isotope probing as a tool in microbial ecology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacteria; populations; soil
AB Microorganisms are responsible for driving the biogeochemical cycling of elements on Earth. Despite their importance and vast diversity(1), the taxonomic identity of the microorganisms involved in any specific process has usually been confined to that small fraction of the microbiota that has been isolated and cultivated. The recent coupling of molecular biological methods with stable-isotope abundance in biomarkers has provided a cultivation-independent means of linking the identity of bacteria with their function in the environment(2,3). Here we show that C-13-DNA, produced during the growth of metabolically distinct microbial groups on a C-13-enriched carbon source, can be resolved from C-12- DNA by density-gradient centrifugation. DNA isolated from the target group of microorganisms can be characterized taxonomically and functionally by gene probing and sequence analysis. Application of this technique to investigate methanol-utilizing microorganisms in soil demonstrated the involvement of members of two phylogenetically distinct groups of eubacteria; the alpha-proteobacterial and Acidobacterium lineages. Stable-isotope probing thus offers a powerful new technique for identifying microorganisms that are actively involved in specific metabolic processes under conditions which approach those occurring in situ.
C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Sci Biol, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
   Inst Terr Ecol, Merlewood Res Stn, Grange Sands LA11 6JU, Cumbria, England.
C3 University of Warwick; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH)
RP Murrell, JC (corresponding author), Univ Warwick, Dept Sci Biol, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
NR 26
TC 908
Z9 1102
U1 14
U2 748
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 646
EP 649
DI 10.1038/35001054
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200050
PM 10688198
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Toyoshima, C
   Nakasako, M
   Nomura, H
   Ogawa, H
AF Toyoshima, C
   Nakasako, M
   Nomura, H
   Ogawa, H
TI Crystal structure of the calcium pump of sarcoplasmic reticulum at 2.6 Å resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ca2+ transport atpase; nucleotide-binding; active-site; l-2-haloacid dehalogenase; functional consequences; skeletal-muscle; ca2+-atpase; ca-2+-atpase; domain; mechanism
AB Calcium ATPase is a member of the P-type ATPases that transport ions across the membrane against a concentration gradient. Here we have solved the crystal structure of the calcium ATPase of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA1a) at 2.6 Angstrom resolution with two calcium ions bound in the transmembrane domain, which comprises ten alpha-helices. The two calcium ions are located side by side and are surrounded by four transmembrane helices, two of which are unwound for efficient coordination geometry. The cytoplasmic region consists of three well separated domains, with the phosphorylation site in the central catalytic domain and the adenosine-binding site on another domain. The phosphorylation domain has the same fold as haloacid dehalogenase. Comparison with a low-resolution electron density map of the enzyme in the absence of calcium and with biochemical data suggests that large domain movements take place during active transport.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
   Inst Phys & Chem Res, Harima Inst, Hyogo 6795143, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, PRESTO, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; RIKEN; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Toyoshima, C (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
EM ct@iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 50
TC 1605
Z9 1801
U1 6
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 647
EP 655
DI 10.1038/35015017
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800037
PM 10864315
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Richardson, C
   Jasin, M
AF Richardson, C
   Jasin, M
TI Frequent chromosomal translocations induced by DNA double-strand breaks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homologous recombination; repair; cells; ends; chromatids; mechanism; neoplasia; damage; model; site
AB The faithful repair of DNA damage such as chromosomal double-strand breaks (DSBs) is crucial for genomic integrity. Aberrant repair of these lesions can result in chromosomal rearrangements, including translocations, which are associated with numerous tumours(1,2). Models predict that some translocations arise from DSB-induced recombination in differentiating lymphoid cell types(3-5) or from aberrant repair of DNA damage induced by irradiation or other agents(6-8); however, a genetic system to study the aetiology of these events has been lacking. Here we use a mouse embryonic stem cell system to examine the role of DNA damage on the formation of translocations. We rnd that two DSBs, each on different chromosomes, are sufficient to promote frequent reciprocal translocations. The results are in striking contrast with interchromosomal repair of a single DSB in an analogous system in which translocations are not recovered. Thus, while interchromosomal DNA repair does not result in genome instability per se, the presence of two DSBs in a single cell can alter the spectrum of repair products that are recovered.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cell Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Grad Sch Med Sci, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Cornell University
RP Jasin, M (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cell Biol Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM m-jasin@ski.mskcc.org
NR 29
TC 428
Z9 513
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 697
EP 700
DI 10.1038/35015097
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800050
PM 10864328
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chiang, YPJ
   Kole, HK
   Brown, K
   Naramura, M
   Fukuhara, S
   Hu, RJ
   Jang, IK
   Gutkind, JS
   Shevach, E
   Gu, H
AF Chiang, YPJ
   Kole, HK
   Brown, K
   Naramura, M
   Fukuhara, S
   Hu, RJ
   Jang, IK
   Gutkind, JS
   Shevach, E
   Gu, H
TI Cbl-b regulates the CD28 dependence of T-cell activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor transgenic mice; signal-transduction; c-cbl; antigen receptors; deficient mice; vav; protooncogene; thymocytes; responses; product
AB Whereas co-stimulation of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) and CD28 triggers T-cell activation, stimulation of the TCR alone may result in an anergic state or T-cell deletion, both possible mechanisms of tolerance induction(1,2), Here we show that T cells that are deficient in the adaptor molecule Cbl-b, (ref. 3) do not require CD28 engagement for interleukin-2 production, and that the Cbl-b-null mutation (Cbl-b(-/-)) fully res;tores T-cell-dependent antibody responses in CD28(-/-) mice. The main TCR signalling pathways, such as tyrosine kinases Zap-70 and Lck, Ras/mitogen-activated kinases, phospholipase C gamma-1 and Ca2+ mobilization, were not affected in Cbl-b(-/-) T cells. In contrast, the activation of Vav, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1/Rho/CDC42, was significantly enhanced. Our findings indicate that Cbl-b may influence the CD28 dependence of T-cell activation by selectively suppressing TCR-mediated Vav activation, Mice deficient in Cbl-b are highly susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, suggesting that the dysregulation of signalling pathways modulated by Cbl-b may also contribute to human autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
C1 NIAID, Immunol Lab, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852 USA.
   NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIDCR, Oral & Pharyngeal Canc Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
RP Gu, H (corresponding author), NIAID, Immunol Lab, NIH, 12441 Parklawn Dr, Rockville, MD 20852 USA.
NR 26
TC 508
Z9 597
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 216
EP 220
DI 10.1038/35003235
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300060
PM 10646609
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pende, M
   Kozma, SC
   Jaquet, M
   Oorschot, V
   Burcelin, R
   Le Marchand-Brustel, Y
   Klumperman, J
   Thorens, B
   Thomas, G
AF Pende, M
   Kozma, SC
   Jaquet, M
   Oorschot, V
   Burcelin, R
   Le Marchand-Brustel, Y
   Klumperman, J
   Thorens, B
   Thomas, G
TI Hypoinsulinaemia, glucose intolerance and diminished β-cell size in S6K1-deficient mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID p70 s6 kinase; insulin-receptor; young-rat; disruption; resistance; secretion; growth; gene; malnutrition; mechanism
AB Insulin controls glucose homeostasis by regulating glucose use in peripheral tissues, and its own production and secretion in pancreatic beta cells(1-3). These responses are largely mediated downstream of the insulin receptor substrates, IRS-1 and IRS-2 (refs 4-8), through distinct signalling pathways. Although a number of effectors of these pathways have been identified, their roles in mediating glucose homeostasis are poorly defined(9). Here we show that mice deficient for S6 kinase 1, an effector of the phosphatidylinositide-3-OH kinase signalling pathway(9), are hypoinsulinaemic and glucose intolerant. Whereas insulin resistance is not observed in isolated muscle, such mice exhibit a sharp reduction in glucose-induced insulin secretion and in pancreatic insulin content. This is not due to a lesion in glucose sensing or insulin production, but to a reduction in pancreatic endocrine mass, which is accounted for by a selective decrease in beta -cell size. The observed phenotype closely parallels those of preclinical type 2 diabetes mellitus, in which malnutrition-induced hypoinsulinaemia predisposes individuals to glucose intolerance(10-12).
C1 Friedrich Miescher Inst, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
   Univ Lausanne, Inst Pharmacol & Toxicol, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Univ Utrecht, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Res Inst Biomembranes, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Fac Med, INSERM, E 99 11, F-06107 Nice, France.
C3 Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research; University of Lausanne; Utrecht University; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Cote d'Azur
RP Thomas, G (corresponding author), Friedrich Miescher Inst, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
EM gthomas@fmi.ch
NR 32
TC 387
Z9 454
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 994
EP 997
DI 10.1038/35050135
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100055
PM 11140689
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gavrilets, S
AF Gavrilets, S
TI Rapid evolution of reproductive barriers driven by sexual conflict
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interspecific pollen competition; selection; speciation; rearrangements; polymorphism; chase
AB A growing amount of experimental data indicates extremely rapid evolution of traits and proteins related to fertilization in many diverging taxa(1-3). These data come from studies of sperm or pollen competition between closely related species(3-6), and from molecular studies of fertilization proteins(2,7-10). The positive selection for evolutionary novelty that appears to be acting on fertilization systems seems paradoxical because successful reproduction requires the close matching of female and male traits. It has been suggested(11-13) that perpetual coevolution between the sexes can result from sexual conflict in mating. Sexual conflict occurs when characteristics that enhance the reproductive success of one sex reduce the fitness of the other sex(14). Numerous examples of sexual conflict resulting from sensory exploitation, polyspermy and the cost of mating have been discussed in detail(1-3,14,15). The potential for coevolution due to such conflict has been evaluated experimentally(15,16). Here I develop a simple mathematical model describing coevolutionary dynamics of male and female traits involved in reproduction. The model shows that continual change in such traits at a constant speed is expected whenever females (or eggs) experience fitness loss from having too many compatible males (or sperms). The plausibility of runaway coevolution increases with increasing population size. Rapid evolution of reproductive barriers driven by sexual conflict may explain increased speciation rates after colonization of new habitats ('adaptive radiation') and high species richness in resource-rich environments.
C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
   Univ Tennessee, Dept Math, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
C3 University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville
RP Gavrilets, S (corresponding author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
EM sergey@tiem.utk.edu
NR 30
TC 436
Z9 513
U1 0
U2 133
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 886
EP 889
DI 10.1038/35002564
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200055
PM 10706284
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU di Bernardo, D
   Murray, A
AF di Bernardo, D
   Murray, A
TI Medical physics - Explaining the T-wave shape in the ECG
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID repolarization; model
C1 Newcastle Univ, Freeman Hosp, Dept Reg Med Phys, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE7 7DN, Tyne & Wear, England.
C3 Newcastle Freeman Hospital; Newcastle University - UK
RP di Bernardo, D (corresponding author), Newcastle Univ, Freeman Hosp, Dept Reg Med Phys, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE7 7DN, Tyne & Wear, England.
NR 12
TC 42
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 40
EP 40
DI 10.1038/47409
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400034
PM 10638744
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sobol, RW
   Prasad, R
   Evenski, A
   Baker, A
   Yang, XP
   Horton, JK
   Wilson, SH
AF Sobol, RW
   Prasad, R
   Evenski, A
   Baker, A
   Yang, XP
   Horton, JK
   Wilson, SH
TI The lyase activity of the DNA repair protein β-polymerase protects from DNA-damage-induced cytotoxicity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID base-excision-repair; 5'-terminal deoxyribose-phosphate; deoxyribophosphodiesterase drpase activity; escherichia-coli; site; cells; identification; residues; contains; release
AB Small DNA lesions such as oxidized or alkylated bases are repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathway(1). BER includes removal of the damaged base by a lesion-specific DNA glycosylase, strand scission by apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease, DNA resynthesis and ligation(2). BER may be further subdivided into DNA beta-polymerase (beta-pol)-dependent single-nucleotide repair and beta-pol-dependent or -independent long patch repair subpathways(3-6). Two important enzymatic steps in mammalian single-nucleotide BER are contributed by beta-pol: DNA resynthesis of the repair patch and lyase removal of 5'-deoxyribose phosphate (dRP)(2). Fibroblasts from beta-pol null mice are hypersensitive to monofunctional DNA-methylating agents, resulting in increases in chromosomal damage, apoptosis and necrotic cell death(3,7). Here we show that only the dRP lyase activity of beta-pol is required to reverse methylating agent hypersensitivity in beta-pol null cells. These results indicate that removal of the dRP group is a pivotal step in BER in vivo. Persistence of the dRP moiety in DNA results in the hypersensitivity phenotype of beta-pol null cells and may signal downstream events such as apoptosis and necrotic cell death.
C1 NIEHS, Struct Biol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
RP Wilson, SH (corresponding author), NIEHS, Struct Biol Lab, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
EM wilson5@niehs.nih.gov
FU National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [ZIAES050159] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 27
TC 302
Z9 352
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 807
EP 810
DI 10.1038/35015598
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600055
PM 10866204
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Newman, DK
   Kolter, R
AF Newman, DK
   Kolter, R
TI A role for excreted quinones in extracellular electron transfer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shewanella-putrefaciens mr-1; c-type cytochrome; geobacter-sulfurreducens; humic substances; reduction; bacteria; acceptors; fe(iii); iron; manganese(iv)
AB Respiratory processes in bacteria are remarkable because of their ability to use a variety of compounds, including insoluble minerals, as terminal electron acceptors(1). Although much is known about microbial electron transport to soluble electron acceptors, little is understood about electron transport to insoluble compounds such as ferric oxides(2,3). In anaerobic environments, humic substances can serve as electron acceptors and also as electron shuttles to ferric oxides(4-6). To explore this process, we identified mutants in Shewanella putrefaciens that are unable to respire on humic substances. Here we show that these mutants contain disruptions in a gene that is involved in the biosynthesis of menaquinone. During growth, the wild type releases a menaquinone-related redox-active small molecule into the medium that complements the mutants. This finding raises the possibility that electron transfer to a variety of oxidants, including poorly soluble minerals, may be mediated by microbially excreted quinones that have yet to be identified.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Newman, DK (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 25
TC 729
Z9 900
U1 5
U2 526
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 94
EP 97
DI 10.1038/35011098
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600058
PM 10811225
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pei, ZM
   Murata, Y
   Benning, G
   Thomine, S
   Klüsener, B
   Allen, GJ
   Grill, E
   Schroeder, JI
AF Pei, ZM
   Murata, Y
   Benning, G
   Thomine, S
   Klüsener, B
   Allen, GJ
   Grill, E
   Schroeder, JI
TI Calcium channels activated by hydrogen peroxide mediate abscisic acid signalling in guard cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID induced stomatal closure; cytosolic-free calcium; cytoplasmic calcium; plasma-membrane; commelina-communis; anion channels; ca-2+; transduction; elicitors; increases
AB Drought is a major threat to agricultural production. Plants synthesize the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) in response to drought, triggering a signalling cascade in guard cells that results in stomatal closure, thus reducing water loss(1). ABA triggers an increase in cytosolic calcium in guard cells ([Ca2+](cyt))(2-6) that has been proposed to include Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane(3,5,7-9). However, direct recordings of Ca2+ currents have been limited(3) and the upstream activation mechanisms of plasma membrane Ca2+ channels remain unknown. Here we report activation of Ca2+-permeable channels in the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis guard cells by hydrogen peroxide. The H2O2-activated Ca2+ channels mediate both influx of Ca2+ in protoplasts and increases in [Ca2+](cyt) in intact guard cells. ABA induces the production of H2O2 in guard cells. If H2O2 production is blocked, ABA-induced closure of stomata is inhibited. Moreover, activation of Ca2+ channels by H2O2 and ABA- and H2O2-induced stomatal closing are disrupted in the recessive ABA-insensitive mutant gca2. These data indicate that ABA-induced H2O2 production and the H2O2-activated Ca2+ channels are important mechanisms for ABA-induced stomatal closing.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol Cell & Dev Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Mol Genet, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Bot, D-85350 Freising, Germany.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Technical University of Munich
RP Schroeder, JI (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol Cell & Dev Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 31
TC 1704
Z9 2028
U1 14
U2 536
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 731
EP 734
DI 10.1038/35021067
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700045
PM 10963598
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Choi, SB
   Wang, CL
   Muench, DG
   Ozawa, K
   Franceschi, VR
   Wu, YJ
   Okita, TW
AF Choi, SB
   Wang, CL
   Muench, DG
   Ozawa, K
   Franceschi, VR
   Wu, YJ
   Okita, TW
TI Messenger RNA targeting of rice seed storage proteins to specific ER subdomains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; endosperm; cells; localization
AB Rice seeds, a rich reserve of starch and protein, are a major food source in many countries. Unlike the seeds of other plants, which typically accumulate one major type of storage protein, rice seeds use two major classes, prolamines and globulin-like glutelins. Both storage proteins are synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and translocated to the ER lumen, but are then sorted into separate intracellular compartments(1,2). Prolamines are retained in the ER lumen as protein bodies whereas glutelins are transported and stored in protein storage vacuoles. Mechanisms responsible for the retention of prolamines within the ER lumen and their assembly into intracisternal inclusion granules are unknown, but the involvement of RNA localization has been suggested(3). Here we show that the storage protein RNAs are localized to distinct ER membranes and that prolamine RNAs are targeted to the prolamine protein bodies by a mechanism based on RNA signal(s), a process that also requires a translation initiation codon. Our results indicate that the ER may be composed of subdomains that specialize in the synthesis of proteins directed to different compartments of the plant endomembrane system.
C1 Washington State Univ, Inst Biol Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
   Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
   Natl Inst Agrobiol Resources, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan.
C3 Washington State University; Washington State University; University of Calgary; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences - Japan
RP Okita, TW (corresponding author), Washington State Univ, Inst Biol Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
NR 15
TC 150
Z9 167
U1 1
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 765
EP 767
DI 10.1038/35037633
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900048
PM 11048726
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stutzmann, N
   Tervoort, TA
   Bastiaansen, K
   Smith, P
AF Stutzmann, N
   Tervoort, TA
   Bastiaansen, K
   Smith, P
TI Patterning of polymer-supported metal films by microcutting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID centimeter
AB The ability to micropattern materials is of great importance for manufacturing advanced electronic, optical and mechanical devices ranging from displays to biosensors(1-6). For this purpose a variety of methods have been developed, including X-ray, electron-beam and photo-lithography(7,8), microcontact printing(9), embossing(10,11), micromoulding(8,12) and cold welding(13). But these techniques are often of restricted applicability, involve a multitude of elaborate and cumbersome processing steps, or require aggressive chemistry. Here we describe a simple and versatile way to create well resolved metallic structures on polymer substrates, which is based on solid-state embossing of metal-coated polymer films. Ductility of both the metal layer and the polymer substrate permits the metal to be cut into surprisingly regular, micrometre-size structures. We illustrate the method by preparing patterned electrically conducting structures, highly efficient infrared polarizers and polarization-dependent colour filters.
C1 ETH Zentrum, Dept Mat, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Eindhoven Univ Technol, Eindhoven Polymer Labs, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Eindhoven University of Technology
RP Tervoort, TA (corresponding author), ETH Zentrum, Dept Mat, UNO-C15, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM tervoort@ifp.mat.ethz.ch
NR 27
TC 69
Z9 80
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 613
EP 616
DI 10.1038/35036545
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800042
PM 11034206
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kerssemakers, JWJ
   van der Molen, SJ
   Koeman, NJ
   Günther, R
   Griessen, R
AF Kerssemakers, JWJ
   van der Molen, SJ
   Koeman, NJ
   Günther, R
   Griessen, R
TI Pixel switching of epitaxial Pd/YHx/CaF2 switchable mirrors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical-transmission; hydride mirrors; films; yttrium; spectroscopy; transition; hydrogen
AB Exposure of rare-earth films to hydrogen can induce a metal-insulator transition, accompanied by pronounced optical changes. This 'switchable mirror' effect(1) has received considerable attention from theoretical(2-4), experimental(5) and technological(6) points of view. Most systems use polycrystalline films, but the synthesis of yttrium-based epitaxial switchable mirrors(7) has also been reported. The latter form an extended self-organized ridge network during initial hydrogen loading(7), which results in the creation of micrometre-sized triangular domains. Here we observe homogeneous and essentially independent optical switching of individual domains in epitaxial switchable mirrors during hydrogen absorption. The optical switching is accompanied by topographical changes as the domains sequentially expand and contract; the ridges block lateral hydrogen diffusion and serve as a microscopic lubricant for the domain oscillations. We observe the correlated changes in topology and optical properties using in situ atomic force and optical microscopy. Single-domain phase switching is not observed in polycrystalline films, which are optically homogeneous(8). The ability to generate a tunable, dense pattern of switchable pixels is of technological relevance for solid-state displays based on switchable mirrors.
C1 Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Sci, Div Phys & Astron, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP Günther, R (corresponding author), Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Sci, Div Phys & Astron, Boelelaan 1081, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
NR 19
TC 68
Z9 69
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 489
EP 491
DI 10.1038/35020024
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000038
PM 10952304
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, YJ
   Aerne, BL
   Smithers, L
   Haddon, C
   Ish-Horowicz, D
   Lewis, J
AF Jiang, YJ
   Aerne, BL
   Smithers, L
   Haddon, C
   Ish-Horowicz, D
   Lewis, J
TI Notch signalling and the synchronization of the somite segmentation clock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lunatic-fringe; vertebrate segmentation; danio-rerio; zebrafish; expression; gene; mesoderm; mouse; homolog; differentiation
AB In vertebrates with mutations in the Notch cell-cell communication pathway, segmentation fails: the boundaries demarcating somites, the segments of the embryonic body axis, are absent or irregular(1-8). This phenotype has prompted many investigations, but the role of Notch signalling in somitogenesis remains mysterious(1,9-12). Somite patterning is thought to be governed by a "clock-and-wavefront" mechanism(13) : a biochemical oscillator (the segmentation clock) operates in the cells of the presomitic mesoderm, the immature tissue from which the somites are sequentially produced, and a wavefront of maturation sweeps back through this tissue, arresting oscillation and initiating somite differentiation(14,15). Cells arrested in different phases of their cycle express different genes, defining the spatially periodic pattern of somites and controlling the physical process of segmentation(1,16-19). Notch signalling, one might think, must be necessary for oscillation, or to organize subsequent events that create the somite boundaries. Here we analyse a set of zebrafish mutants and arrive at a different interpretation: the essential function of Notch signalling in somite segmentation is to keep the oscillations of neighbouring presomitic mesoderm cells synchronized.
C1 Imperial Canc Res Fund, Vertebrate Dev Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
   Imperial Canc Res Fund, Dev Genet Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
C3 Cancer Research UK; Cancer Research UK
RP Lewis, J (corresponding author), Imperial Canc Res Fund, Vertebrate Dev Lab, 44 Lincolns Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, England.
EM j.lewis@icrf.icnet.uk
NR 30
TC 458
Z9 526
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 475
EP 479
DI 10.1038/35044091
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800049
PM 11100729
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Obmolova, G
   Ban, C
   Hsieh, P
   Yang, W
AF Obmolova, G
   Ban, C
   Hsieh, P
   Yang, W
TI Crystal structures of mismatch repair protein MutS and its complex with a substrate DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; replication fidelity; mutator phenotypes; thermus-aquaticus; atp-binding; recognition; mutations; recombination; hydrolysis; subunit
AB DNA mismatch repair is critical for increasing replication fidelity in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. MutS protein, a member of the ABC ATPase superfamily, recognizes mispaired and unpaired bases in duplex DNA and initiates mismatch repair. Mutations in human MutS genes cause a predisposition to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer as well as sporadic tumours. Here we report the crystal structures of a MutS protein and a complex of MutS with a heteroduplex DNA containing an unpaired base. The structures reveal the general architecture of members of the MutS family, an induced-fit mechanism of recognition between four domains of a MutS dimer and a heteroduplex kinked at the mismatch, a composite ATPase active site composed of residues from both MutS subunits, and a transmitter region connecting the mismatch-binding and ATPase domains. The crystal structures also provide a molecular framework for understanding hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer mutations and for postulating testable roles of MutS.
C1 NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIDDKD, Genet & Biochem Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
RP Yang, W (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM Wei.Yang@nih.gov
FU National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [ZIADK036119] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 47
TC 549
Z9 644
U1 0
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 703
EP 710
DI 10.1038/35037509
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900032
PM 11048710
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vilan, A
   Shanzer, A
   Cahen, D
AF Vilan, A
   Shanzer, A
   Cahen, D
TI Molecular control over Au/GaAs diodes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acid derivatives; adsorption; devices; gaas
AB The use of molecules to control electron transport is an interesting possibility, not least because of the anticipated role of molecules in future electronic devices(1). But physical implementations using discrete molecules are neither conceptually(2,3) simple nor technically straightforward (difficulties arise in connecting the molecules to the macroscopic environment). But the use of molecules in electronic devices is not limited to single molecules, molecular wires or bulk material. Here we demonstrate that molecules can control the electrical characteristics of conventional metal-semiconductor junctions, apparently without the need for electrons to be transferred onto and through the molecules. We modify diodes by adsorbing small molecules onto single crystals of n-type GaAs semiconductor. Gold contacts were deposited onto the modified surface, using a 'soft' method to avoid damaging the molecules(4). By using a series of multifunctional molecules whose dipole is varied systematically, we produce diodes with an effective barrier height that is tuned by the molecule's dipole moment. These barrier heights correlate well with the change in work function of the GaAs surface after molecular modification. This behaviour is consistent with that of unmodified metal-semiconductor diodes, in which the barrier height can depend on the metal's work function.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Mat & Interfaces, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Organ Chem, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Cahen, D (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Mat & Interfaces, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM david.cahen@weizmann.ac.il
NR 32
TC 321
Z9 387
U1 0
U2 81
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 166
EP 168
DI 10.1038/35004539
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900045
PM 10724164
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gardner, TS
   Collins, JJ
AF Gardner, TS
   Collins, JJ
TI Gene regulation - Neutralizing noise in gene networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; expression
C1 Cellicon Biotechnol, San Diego, CA 92130 USA.
   Boston Univ, Ctr Biodynam, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Boston University; Boston University
RP Gardner, TS (corresponding author), Cellicon Biotechnol, 12670 Torrey Bluff Dr,Suite 257, San Diego, CA 92130 USA.
NR 9
TC 27
Z9 32
U1 2
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 520
EP 521
DI 10.1038/35014708
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500030
PM 10850696
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Freitas-Junior, LH
   Bottius, E
   Pirrit, LA
   Deitsch, KW
   Scheidig, C
   Guinet, F
   Nehrbass, U
   Wellems, TE
   Scherf, A
AF Freitas-Junior, LH
   Bottius, E
   Pirrit, LA
   Deitsch, KW
   Scheidig, C
   Guinet, F
   Nehrbass, U
   Wellems, TE
   Scherf, A
TI Frequent ectopic recombination of virulence factor genes in telomeric chromosome clusters of P-falciparum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID parasite plasmodium-falciparum; antigenic variation; infected erythrocytes; acquired-immunity; cerebral malaria; adherence; surface; transcription; expression; phenotypes
AB Persistent and recurrent infections by Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites result from the ability of the parasite to undergo antigenic variation and evade host immune attack(1,2). P. falciparum parasites generate high levels of variability in gene families that comprise virulence determinants of cytoadherence and antigenic variation(3-7), such as the var genes. These genes encode the major variable parasite protein (PfEMP-1), and are expressed in a mutually exclusive manner at the surface of the erythrocyte infected by P. falciparum(8-12). Here we identify a mechanism by which var gene sequences undergo recombination at frequencies much higher than those expected from homologous crossover events alone(13). These recombination events occur between sub-telomeric regions of heterologous chromosomes, which associate in clusters near the nuclear periphery in asexual blood-stage parasites or in bouquet-like configurations near one pole of the elongated nuclei in sexual parasite forms. We propose that the alignment of var genes in heterologous chromosomes facilitates gene conversion and promotes the diversity of antigenic and adhesive phenotypes. The association of virulence factors with a specific nuclear subcompartment may also have implications for variation during mitotic recombination in asexual blood stages.
C1 Inst Pasteur, Unite Biol Interact Hote Parasite, CNRS, URA 1960, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Inst Pasteur, Lab Biol Cellulaire Noyau, CNRS, URA 1773, F-75724 Paris, France.
   NIAID, Parasit Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Scherf, A (corresponding author), Inst Pasteur, Unite Biol Interact Hote Parasite, CNRS, URA 1960, 25 Rue Dr Roux, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [ZIAAI000483] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 32
TC 411
Z9 473
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6807
BP 1018
EP 1022
DI 10.1038/35039531
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 366XX
UT WOS:000090032500047
PM 11069183
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bohn, LM
   Gainetdinov, RR
   Lin, FT
   Lefkowitz, RJ
   Caron, MG
AF Bohn, LM
   Gainetdinov, RR
   Lin, FT
   Lefkowitz, RJ
   Caron, MG
TI μ-Opioid receptor desensitization by β-arrestin-2 determines morphine tolerance but not dependence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID knockout mice; opiate dependence; induced analgesia; adenylyl cyclase; cell-membranes; binding; protein; activation; withdrawal; addiction
AB Morphine is a powerful pain reliever, but also a potent inducer of tolerance and dependence. The development of opiate tolerance occurs on continued use of the drug such that the amount of drug required to elicit pain relief must be increased to compensate for diminished responsiveness(1-3). In many systems, decreased responsiveness to agonists has been correlated with the desensitization of G-protein-coupled receptors. In vitro evidence indicates that this process involves phosphorylation of G-protein-coupled receptors and subsequent binding of regulatory proteins called beta -arrestins(4,5). Using a knockout mouse lacking beta -arrestin-2 (beta arr2(-/-)), we have assessed the contribution of desensitization of the mu -opioid receptor to the development of morphine antinociceptive tolerance and the subsequent onset of physical dependence. Here we show that in mice lacking beta -arrestin-2, desensitization of the mu -opioid receptor does not occur after chronic morphine treatment, and that these animals fail to develop antinociceptive tolerance. However, the deletion of beta -arrestin-2 does not prevent the chronic morphine-induced upregulation of adenylyl cyclase activity, a cellular marker of dependence, and the mutant mice still become physically dependent on the drug.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst Labs, Dept Cell Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst Labs, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst Labs, Dept Biochem, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University; Duke University
RP Lefkowitz, RJ (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst Labs, Dept Cell Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
FU NIDA NIH HHS [F32 DA006023] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 780
Z9 937
U1 1
U2 74
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 720
EP 723
DI 10.1038/35047086
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200049
PM 11130073
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhu, YY
   Chen, HR
   Fan, JH
   Wang, YY
   Li, Y
   Chen, JB
   Fan, JX
   Yang, SS
   Hu, LP
   Leung, H
   Mew, TW
   Teng, PS
   Wang, ZH
   Mundt, CC
AF Zhu, YY
   Chen, HR
   Fan, JH
   Wang, YY
   Li, Y
   Chen, JB
   Fan, JX
   Yang, SS
   Hu, LP
   Leung, H
   Mew, TW
   Teng, PS
   Wang, ZH
   Mundt, CC
TI Genetic diversity and disease control in rice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID green-revolution; resistance; mixtures; pathogen; spread
AB Crop heterogeneity is a possible solution to the vulnerability of monocultured crops to disease(1-3). Both theory(4) and observation(2,3) indicate that genetic heterogeneity provides greater disease suppression when used over large areas, though experimental data are lacking. Here we report a unique cooperation among farmers, researchers and extension personnel in Yunnan Province, China-genetically diversified rice crops were planted in all the rice fields in five townships in 1998 and ten townships in 1999. Control plots of monocultured crops allowed us to calculate the effect of diversity on the severity of rice blast, the major disease of rice(5). Disease-susceptible rice varieties planted in mixtures with resistant varieties had 89% greater yield and blast was 94% less severe than when they were grown in monoculture. The experiment was so successful that fungicidal sprays were no longer applied by the end of the two-year programme. Our results support the view that intraspecific crop diversification provides an ecological approach to disease control that can be highly effective over a large area and contribute to the sustainability of crop production.
C1 Int Rice Res Inst, Div Entomol & Plant Pathol, Makati City 1271, Philippines.
   Yunnan Agr Univ, Phytopathol Lab Yunnan Prov, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, Peoples R China.
   Honghe Prefecture Plant Protect Stn Yunnan Prov, Kaiyuan 661400, Peoples R China.
   Jianshui Cty Plant Protect Stn Yunnan Prov, Jianshui 654300, Peoples R China.
   Shiping Cty Plant Protect Stn Yunnan Prov, Shiping 662200, Peoples R China.
   Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
C3 CGIAR; International Rice Research Institute (IRRI); Yunnan Agricultural University; Oregon State University
RP Mundt, CC (corresponding author), Int Rice Res Inst, Div Entomol & Plant Pathol, MCPO Box 3127, Makati City 1271, Philippines.
NR 29
TC 1035
Z9 1498
U1 13
U2 757
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 718
EP 722
DI 10.1038/35021046
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700042
PM 10963595
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yean, SL
   Wuenschell, G
   Termini, J
   Lin, RJ
AF Yean, SL
   Wuenschell, G
   Termini, J
   Lin, RJ
TI Metal-ion coordination by U6 small nuclear RNA contributes to catalysis in the spliceosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pre-messenger-rna; tertiary interaction; phosphorothioate interference; hammerhead ribozyme; site; snrna; stereochemistry; polymerase; links
AB Introns are removed from nuclear messenger RNA precursors through two sequential phospho-transesterification reactions in a dynamic RNA-protein complex called the spliceosome(1,2). But whether splicing is catalysed by small nuclear RNAs3,4 in the spliceosome is unresolved. As the spliceosome is a metalloenzyme(5-7), it is important to determine whether snRNAs coordinate catalytic metals. Here we show that yeast U6 snRNA coordinates a metal ion that is required for the catalytic activity of the spliceosome. With Mg2+, U6 snRNA with a sulphur substitution for the pro-R-P or pro-S-P non-bridging phosphoryl oxygen of nucleotide U-80 reconstitutes a fully assembled yet catalytically inactive spliceosome. Adding a thiophilic ion such as Mn2+ allows the first transesterification reaction to occur in the U6/sU(80)(S-P)- but not the U6/sU80 (R-P)-reconstituted spliceosome. Mg2+ competitively inhibits the Mn2+-rescued reaction, indicating that the metal-binding site at U6/U-80 exists in the wild-type spliceosome and that the site changes its metal requirement for activity in the S-P spliceosome. Thus, U6 snRNA contributes to pre-messenger RNA splicing through metal-ion coordination, which is consistent with RNA catalysis by the spliceosome.
C1 City Hope Natl Med Ctr, Beckman Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, Duarte, CA 91010 USA.
C3 City of Hope; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
RP Lin, RJ (corresponding author), City Hope Natl Med Ctr, Beckman Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, Duarte, CA 91010 USA.
EM rlin@coh.org
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM040639] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 205
Z9 265
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 881
EP 884
DI 10.1038/35048617
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300056
PM 11130730
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gold, JI
   Shadlen, MN
AF Gold, JI
   Shadlen, MN
TI Representation of a perceptual decision in developing oculomotor commands
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccadic eye-movements; superior colliculus; psychophysical performance; visual-motion; neurons; responses; monkey; computation; stimulation; discharge
AB Behaviour often depends on the ability to make categorical judgements about sensory information acquired over time. Such judgements require a comparison of the evidence favouring the alternatives(1-4), but how the brain forms these comparisons is unknown. Here we show that in a visual discrimination task, the accumulating balance of sensory evidence favouring one interpretation over another is evident in the neural circuits that generate the behavioural response. We trained monkeys to make a direction judgement about dynamic random-dot motion(5) and to indicate their judgement with an eye movement to a visual target We interrupted motion viewing with electrical microstimulation of the frontal eye field and analysed the resulting, evoked eye movements for evidence of ongoing activity associated with the oculomotor response(6-10). Evoked eye movements deviated in the direction of the monkey's judgement. The magnitude of the deviation depended on motion strength and viewing time. The oculomotor signals responsible for these deviations reflected the accumulated motion information that informed the monkey's choices on the discrimination task. Thus, for this task, decision formation and motor preparation appear to share a common level of neural organization.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Reg Primate Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Shadlen, MN (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 30
TC 449
Z9 576
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 390
EP 394
DI 10.1038/35006062
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000051
PM 10746726
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zebrowski, G
AF Zebrowski, G
TI The holdouts - The contrarians of physics get strung out in Chicago.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 775
EP 775
DI 10.1038/35048640
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300022
PM 11130699
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lowell, BB
   Spiegelman, BM
AF Lowell, BB
   Spiegelman, BM
TI Towards a molecular understanding of adaptive thermogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brown adipose-tissue; mitochondrial uncoupling protein; resting energy-expenditure; thyroid-hormone; metabolic-rate; body-weight; oxidative-phosphorylation; targeted disruption; gene-expression; transgenic mice
AB Obesity results when energy In lake exceeds energy expenditure. Naturally occurring genetic mutations, as well as ablative lesions, have shown that the brain regulates both aspects of energy balance and that abnormalities in energy expenditure contribute to the development of obesity. Energy can be expended by performing work or producing heat (thermogenesis). Adaptive thermogenesis, or the regulated production of heat, is influenced by environmental temperature and diet. Mitochondria, the organelles that convert food to carbon dioxide, water and ATP are fundamental in mediating effects on energy dissipation. Recently there have been significant advances in understanding the molecular regulation of energy expenditure in mitochondria and the mechanisms of transcriptional control of mitochondrial genes. Here we explore these developments in relation to classical physiological views of adaptive thermogenesis.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
RP Lowell, BB (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM blowell@caregroup.harvard.edu; bruce_spiegelman@dfci.harvard.edu
NR 93
TC 1344
Z9 1510
U1 5
U2 211
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 652
EP 660
DI 10.1038/35007527
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100065
PM 10766252
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Allen, MR
   Stott, PA
   Mitchell, JFB
   Schnur, R
   Delworth, TL
AF Allen, MR
   Stott, PA
   Mitchell, JFB
   Schnur, R
   Delworth, TL
TI Quantifying the uncertainty in forecasts of anthropogenic climate change
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID general-circulation model; fingerprint method; sulfate aerosols; greenhouse-gas; atmosphere; attribution; surface; record; gcm
AB Forecasts of climate change are inevitably uncertain. It is therefore essential to quantify the risk of significant departures from the predicted response to a given emission scenario. Previous analyses of this risk have been based either on expert opinion(1), perturbation analysis of simplified climate models(2-5) or the comparison of predictions from general circulation models(6). Recent observed changes that appear to be attributable to human influence(7-12) provide a powerful constraint on the uncertainties in multi-decadal forecasts. Here we assess the range of warming rates over the coming 50 years that are consistent with the observed near-surface temperature record as well as with the overall patterns of response predicted by several general circulation models. We expect global mean temperatures in the decade 2036-46 to be 1-2.5 K warmer than in pre-industrial times under a 'business as usual' emission scenario. This range is relatively robust to errors in the models' climate sensitivity, rate of oceanic heat uptake or global response to sulphate aerosols as long as these errors are persistent over time. Substantial changes in the current balance of greenhouse warming and sulphate aerosol cooling would, however, increase the uncertainty. Unlike 50-year warming rates, the final equilibrium warming after the atmospheric composition stabilizes remains very uncertain, despite the evidence provided by the emerging signal.
C1 Rutherford Appleton Lab, Space Sci & Technol Dept, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
   Meteorol Off, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Bracknell RG12 2SZ, Berks, England.
   Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
   NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre; Max Planck Society; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Allen, MR (corresponding author), Rutherford Appleton Lab, Space Sci & Technol Dept, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
NR 32
TC 322
Z9 361
U1 0
U2 118
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 617
EP 620
DI 10.1038/35036559
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800043
PM 11034207
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Delhase, M
   Li, NX
   Karin, M
AF Delhase, M
   Li, NX
   Karin, M
TI Signalling pathways - Kinase regulation in inflammatory response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; cell-death; activation; phosphorylation; subunit; alpha
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Lab Gene Regulat & Signal Transduct, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Delhase, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Lab Gene Regulat & Signal Transduct, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 12
TC 111
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 367
EP 368
DI 10.1038/35019154
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800032
PM 10935625
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI Mahoney centre set to tackle brain cancer head on
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 546
EP 546
DI 10.1038/35020204
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000054
PM 10952320
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bader, B
   Kuhn, K
   Owen, DJ
   Waldmann, H
   Wittinghofer, A
   Kuhlmann, J
AF Bader, B
   Kuhn, K
   Owen, DJ
   Waldmann, H
   Wittinghofer, A
   Kuhlmann, J
TI Bioorganic synthesis of lipid-modified proteins for the study of signal transduction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ras lipopeptides; binding-site; prenylation; vesicles; expression; membranes; p21(ras); domain; ester
AB Biological membranes define the boundaries of the cellular compartments in higher eukaryotes and are active in many processes such as signal transduction and vesicular transport. Although post-translational lipid modification of numerous proteins in signal transduction is crucial for biological function(1), analysis of protein-protein interactions has mainly focused on recombinant proteins in solution under defined in vitro conditions. Here we present a new strategy for the synthesis of such lipid-modified proteins. It involves the bacterial expression of a carboxy-terminally truncated non-lipidated protein, the chemical synthesis of differently lipidated peptides representing the C terminus of the proteins, and their covalent coupling. Our technique is demonstrated using Ras constructs, which exhibit properties very similar to fully processed Ras, but can be produced in high yields and are open for selective modifications. These constructs are operative in biophysical and cellular assay systems, showing specific recognition of effecters by Ras lipoproteins inserted into the membrane surface of biosensors and transforming activity of oncogenic variants aft er microinjection into cultured cells.
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
   Univ Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Dortmund University of Technology
RP Waldmann, H (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, Otto Hahn Str 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
NR 21
TC 139
Z9 156
U1 1
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 223
EP 226
DI 10.1038/35003249
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300062
PM 10646611
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xue, YQ
   Sherman, DH
AF Xue, YQ
   Sherman, DH
TI Alternative modular polyketide synthase expression controls macrolactone structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID streptomyces-venezuelae; biosynthesis; acid
AB Modular polyketide synthases are giant multifunctional enzymes that catalyse the condensation of small carboxylic acids such as acetate and propionate into structurally diverse polyketides that possess a spectrum of biological activities(1,2). In a modular polyketide synthase, an enzymatic domain catalyses a specific reaction, and three to six enzymatic domains involved in a condensation-processing cycle are organized into a module(3). A fundamental aspect of a modular polyketide synthase is that its module arrangement linearly specifies the structure of its polyketide product(3). Here we report a natural example in which alternative expression of the pikromycin polyketide synthase results in the generation of two macrolactone structures. Expression of the full-length modular polyketide synthase PikAIV in Streptomyces venezuelae generates the 11-membered ring macrolactone narbonolide, whereas expression of the amino-terminal truncated form of PikAIV leads to 'skipping' of the final condensation cycle in polyketide biosynthesis to generate the 12-membered ring macrolactone 10-deoxymethynolide. Our findings provide insight into the structure and function of modular polyketide synthases, as well as a new set of tools to generate structural diversity in polyketide natural products.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Microbiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Biol Proc Technol Inst, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Sherman, DH (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Microbiol, Box 196,1460 Mayo Mem Bldg, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
NR 21
TC 97
Z9 110
U1 1
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 571
EP 575
DI 10.1038/35000624
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300057
PM 10676969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hill, EW
   Jobling, MA
   Bradley, DG
AF Hill, EW
   Jobling, MA
   Bradley, DG
TI Y-chromosome variation and Irish origins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Trinity Coll, Dept Genet, Dublin 2, Ireland.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Genet, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
C3 Trinity College Dublin; University of Leicester
RP Hill, EW (corresponding author), Trinity Coll, Dept Genet, Dublin 2, Ireland.
FU Wellcome Trust [057559] Funding Source: Medline
NR 6
TC 97
Z9 103
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 351
EP 352
DI 10.1038/35006158
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000036
PM 10746711
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yudkovsky, N
   Ranish, JA
   Hahn, S
AF Yudkovsky, N
   Ranish, JA
   Hahn, S
TI A transcription reinitiation intermediate that is stabilized by activator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; tata-binding protein; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; factor tfiia; in-vitro; recruitment; holoenzyme; initiation; yeast; promoter
AB High levels of gene transcription by RNA polymerase II depend on high rates of transcription initiation and reinitiation. Initiation requires recruitment of the complete transcription machinery to a promoter, a process facilitated by activators and chromatin remodelling factors. Reinitiation probably occurs through a different pathway(1). After initiation, a subset of the transcription machinery remains at the promoter, forming a platform for assembly of a second transcription complex(2-4). Here we describe the isolation of a reinitiation intermediate that includes transcription factors TFIID, TFIIA, TFIIH, TFIIE and Mediator. This intermediate can act as a scaffold for formation of a functional reinitiation complex. Formation of this scaffold is dependent on ATP and TFIIH. The scaffold is stabilized in the presence of the activator Gal4-VP16, but not Gal4-AH, suggesting a new role for some activators and Mediator in promoting high levels of transcription.
C1 Univ Washington, Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Basic Sci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Univ Washington, Mol & Cellular Biol Program, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Hahn, S (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Basic Sci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
NR 27
TC 305
Z9 402
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 225
EP 229
DI 10.1038/35041603
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400051
PM 11089979
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Howard, AD
   Wang, RP
   Pong, SS
   Mellin, TN
   Strack, A
   Guan, XM
   Zeng, ZZ
   Williams, DL
   Feighner, SD
   Nunes, CN
   Murphy, B
   Stair, JN
   Yu, H
   Jiang, QP
   Clements, MK
   Tan, CP
   McKee, KK
   Hreniuk, DL
   McDonald, TP
   Lynch, KR
   Evans, JF
   Austin, CP
   Caskey, CT
   Van der Ploeg, LHT
   Liu, QY
AF Howard, AD
   Wang, RP
   Pong, SS
   Mellin, TN
   Strack, A
   Guan, XM
   Zeng, ZZ
   Williams, DL
   Feighner, SD
   Nunes, CN
   Murphy, B
   Stair, JN
   Yu, H
   Jiang, QP
   Clements, MK
   Tan, CP
   McKee, KK
   Hreniuk, DL
   McDonald, TP
   Lynch, KR
   Evans, JF
   Austin, CP
   Caskey, CT
   Van der Ploeg, LHT
   Liu, QY
TI Identification of receptors for neuromedin U and its role in feeding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID porcine spinal-cord; rat; purification; expression; u-25; gene
AB Neuromedin U (NMU) is a neuropeptide with potent activity on smooth muscle which was isolated first from porcine spinal cord and later from other species(1-8). It is widely distributed in the gut and central nervous system(9,10). Peripheral activities of NMU include stimulation of smooth muscle(1), increase of blood pressure(1), alteration of ion transport in the gut(11), control of local blood flow(12,13) and regulation of adrenocortical function(14). An NMU receptor has not been molecularly identified. Here we show that the previously described orphan G-protein-coupled receptor FM-3 (ref. 15) and a newly discovered one (FM-4) are cognate receptors for NMU. FM-3, designated NMU1R, is abundantly expressed in peripheral tissues whereas FM-4, designated NMU2R, is expressed in specific regions of the brain. NMU is expressed in the ventromedial hypothalamus in the rat brain, and its level is significantly reduced following fasting. Intracerebroventricular administration of NMU markedly suppresses food intake in rats. These findings provide a molecular basis for the biochemical activities of NMU and may indicate that NMU is involved in the central control of feeding.
C1 Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd, Dept Pharmacol, W Point, PA 19486 USA.
   Merck Res Labs, Dept Metab Disorders, Rahway, NJ 07065 USA.
   Merck Res Labs, Dept Anim Pharmacol, Rahway, NJ 07065 USA.
   Merck Res Labs, W Point, PA 19486 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
C3 Merck & Company; Merck & Company; Merck & Company; Merck & Company; University of Virginia
RP Liu, QY (corresponding author), Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd, Dept Pharmacol, Wp26-265, W Point, PA 19486 USA.
NR 27
TC 359
Z9 402
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 70
EP 74
DI 10.1038/35017610
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200046
PM 10894543
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bull, ID
   Parekh, NR
   Hall, GH
   Ineson, P
   Evershed, RP
AF Bull, ID
   Parekh, NR
   Hall, GH
   Ineson, P
   Evershed, RP
TI Detection and classification of atmospheric methane oxidizing bacteria in soil
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fatty-acids; ch4; gas; microorganisms; oxidation; sediments
AB Well-drained non-agricultural soils mediate the oxidation of methane directly from the atmosphere, contributing 5 to 10% towards the global methane sink(1,2). Studies of methane oxidation kinetics in soil infer the activity of two methanotrophic populations: one that is only active at high methane concentrations (low affinity) and another that tolerates atmospheric levels of methane (high affinity). The activity of the latter has not been demonstrated by cultured laboratory strains of methanotrophs, leaving the microbiology of methane oxidation at atmospheric concentrations unclear(3,4). Here we describe a new pulse-chase experiment using long-term enrichment with (CH4)-C-12 followed by shortterm exposure to (CH4)-C-13 to isotopically label methanotrophs in a soil from a temperate forest. Analysis of labelled phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) provided unambiguous evidence of methane assimilation at true atmospheric concentrations (1.8-3.6 p.p.m.v.). High proportions of C-13-labelled C-18 fatty acids and the co-occurrence of a labelled, branched C-17 fatty acid indicated that a new methanotroph, similar at the PLFA level to known type II methanotrophs, was the predominant soil micro-organism responsible for atmospheric methane oxidation.
C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England.
   Inst Terr Ecol, Merlewood Res Stn, Grange Sands LA11 6JU, Cumbria, England.
   Inst Freshwater Ecol, Ambleside LA22 0LP, Cumbria, England.
   Univ York, Dept Biol, York YO10 5YW, N Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Bristol; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); University of York - UK
RP Evershed, RP (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Cantocks Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England.
NR 19
TC 193
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 141
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 175
EP 178
DI 10.1038/35012061
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100048
PM 10821271
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berl, V
   Huc, I
   Khoury, RG
   Krische, MJ
   Lehn, JM
AF Berl, V
   Huc, I
   Khoury, RG
   Krische, MJ
   Lehn, JM
TI Interconversion of single and double helices formed from synthetic molecular strands
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gramicidin-a; oligomers; oligoanthranilamides; complexes; family; motifs
AB Synthetic single-helical conformations are quite common, but the formation of double helices based on recognition between the two constituent strands is relatively rare. Known examples include duplex formation through base-pair-specific hydrogen bonding and stacking, as found in nucleic acids and their analogues, and polypeptides composed of amino acids with alternating L and D configurations(1,2). Some synthetic polymers(3) and self-assembled fibres(4) have double-helical winding induced by van der Waals interactions. A third mode of non-covalent interaction, coordination of organic ligands to metal ions(5-7), can give rise to double, triple and quadruple helices, although in this case the assembly is driven by the coordination geometry of the metal and the structure of the ligands, rather than by direct inter-strand complementarity. Here we describe a family of oligomeric molecules with bent conformations, which exhibit dynamic exchange between single and double molecular helices in solution, through spiral sliding of the synthetic oligomer strands. The bent conformations leading to the helical shape of the molecules result from intramolecular hydrogen bonding within 2'-pyridyl-2-pyridinecarboxamide units(8-12), with extensive intermolecular aromatic stacking stabilizing the double-stranded helices that form through dimerization.
C1 Univ Strasbourg 1, ISIS, Lab Chim Supramol, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
   Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Inst Nanotechnol, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
   ENSCPB, Inst Europeen Chim & Biol, F-33402 Talence, France.
C3 Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
RP Huc, I (corresponding author), Univ Strasbourg 1, ISIS, Lab Chim Supramol, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
NR 20
TC 648
Z9 680
U1 5
U2 228
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 720
EP 723
DI 10.1038/35037545
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900035
PM 11048713
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, PC
   Malin, MC
   Edgett, KS
   Carr, MH
   Hartmann, WK
   Ingersoll, AP
   James, PB
   Soderblom, LA
   Veverka, J
   Sullivan, R
AF Thomas, PC
   Malin, MC
   Edgett, KS
   Carr, MH
   Hartmann, WK
   Ingersoll, AP
   James, PB
   Soderblom, LA
   Veverka, J
   Sullivan, R
TI North-south geological differences between the residual polar caps on Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID viking; region; deposits
AB Polar processes can be sensitive indicators of global climate, and the geological features associated with polar ice caps can therefore indicate evolution of climate with time. The polar regions on Mars have distinctive morphologic and climatologic features: thick layered deposits, seasonal CO2 frost caps extending to mid latitudes, and near-polar residual frost deposits that survive the summer(1,2). The relationship of the seasonal and residual frost caps to the layered deposits has been poorly constrained(3,4), mainly by the limited spatial resolution of the available data. In particular, it has not been known if the residual caps represent simple thin frost cover or substantial geologic features. Here we show that the residual cap on the south pole is a distinct geologic unit with striking collapse and erosional topography; this is very different from the residual cap on the north pole, which grades into the underlying layered materials. These findings indicate that the differences between the caps are substantial (rather than reflecting short-lived differences in frost cover), and so support the idea of long-term asymmetry in the polar climates of Mars.
C1 Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA.
   Univ Toledo, Dept Phys & Astron, Toledo, OH 43606 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
C3 Cornell University; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; California Institute of Technology; University System of Ohio; University of Toledo; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Thomas, PC (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
NR 24
TC 101
Z9 117
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 161
EP 164
DI 10.1038/35004528
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900043
PM 10724162
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aldhous, P
AF Aldhous, P
TI Stem cells - Panacea, or Pandora's box?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brain; marrow; blood
NR 10
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 897
EP 898
DI 10.1038/35050241
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100012
PM 11140649
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marlar, RA
   Leonard, BL
   Billman, BR
   Lambert, PM
   Marlar, JE
AF Marlar, RA
   Leonard, BL
   Billman, BR
   Lambert, PM
   Marlar, JE
TI Biochemical evidence of cannibalism at a prehistoric Puebloan site in southwestern Colorado
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The existence of cannibalism is one of the most controversial issues in the archaeology of the American Southwest. Disarticulated, cut-marked and heat-altered human remains from nonburial contexts at prehistoric Puebloan (Anasazi) archaeological sites in the Four Corners region of the American Southwest have been interpreted by some scholars as evidence of cannibalism(1). Osteological studies indicate that many of the disarticulated bodies found at these sites were processed in a manner consistent with food preparation(2). Opponents of this interpretation point out that non-cannibalistic practices such as secondary interment, corpse mutilation and ritualized witch executions might account for the assemblages(3-7). Osteological evidence alone does not document the actual ingestion of human flesh. Here we show consumption of human flesh did occur as demonstrated in preserved human waste containing identifiable human tissue remains from a site with osteological evidence of cannibalism.
C1 Univ Colorado, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
   Colorado Archaeol Soc, Denver, CO 80250 USA.
   Soil Syst Inc, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Anthropol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Utah State Univ, Dept Sociol Social Work & Anthropol, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Utah System of Higher Education; Utah State University
RP Marlar, RA (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
EM marlarr@den-res.org
NR 23
TC 83
Z9 94
U1 2
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 74
EP 78
DI 10.1038/35024064
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000044
PM 10993075
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elderfield, H
AF Elderfield, H
TI Global change - A world in transition.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Elderfield, H (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
NR 6
TC 5
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 851
EP 852
DI 10.1038/35038196
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900033
PM 11057651
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Altamirano, MM
   Blackburn, JM
   Aguayo, C
   Fersht, AR
AF Altamirano, MM
   Blackburn, JM
   Aguayo, C
   Fersht, AR
TI RETRACTED: Directed evolution of new catalytic activity using the α/β-barrel scaffold (Retracted article. See vol 417, pg 468, 2002)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase; indoleglycerol-phosphate synthase; in-vitro recombination; muconate lactonizing enzyme; beta-sheet barrels; escherichia-coli; molecular evolution; bifunctional enzyme; tryptophan biosynthesis; mandelate racemase
AB In biological systems, enzymes catalyse the efficient synthesis of complex molecules under benign conditions, but widespread industrial use of these biocatalysts depends crucially on the development of new enzymes with useful catalytic functions. The evolution of enzymes in biological systems often involves the acquisition of new catalytic or binding properties by an existing protein scaffold. Here we mimic this strategy using the most common fold in enzymes, the alpha/beta-barrel, as the scaffold. By combining an existing binding site for structural elements of phosphoribosylanthranilate with a catalytic template required for isomerase activity, we are able to evolve phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase activity from the scaffold of indole-3-glycerolphosphate synthase, We find that targeting the catalytic template for in vitro mutagenesis and recombination, followed by in vivo selection, results in a new phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase that has catalytic properties similar to those of the natural enzyme, with an even higher specificity constant. Our demonstration of divergent evolution and the widespread occurrence of the alpha/beta-barrel suggest that this scaffold may be a fold of choice for the directed evolution of new biocatalysts.
C1 Cambridge Ctr Prot Engn, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Chem Lab, MRC Ctr, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Fac Med, Dept Bioquim, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
C3 University of Cambridge; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; University of Cambridge; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
RP Fersht, AR (corresponding author), Cambridge Ctr Prot Engn, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM arf10@cam.ac.uk
NR 42
TC 148
Z9 172
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 617
EP 622
DI 10.1038/35001001
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200041
PM 10688189
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stith, JE
AF Stith, JE
TI When I was your age - The more things change ...
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 23
EP 23
DI 10.1038/35024172
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000021
PM 10993053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Porter, EA
   Wang, XF
   Lee, HS
   Weisblum, B
   Gellman, SH
AF Porter, EA
   Wang, XF
   Lee, HS
   Weisblum, B
   Gellman, SH
TI Antibiotics -: Non-haemolytic β-amino-acid oligomers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID peptides
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Pharmacol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Porter, EA (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, 1101 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
NR 14
TC 649
Z9 764
U1 1
U2 99
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 565
EP 565
DI 10.1038/35007145
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100041
PM 10766230
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Waltereit, P
   Brandt, O
   Trampert, A
   Grahn, HT
   Menniger, J
   Ramsteiner, M
   Reiche, M
   Ploog, KH
AF Waltereit, P
   Brandt, O
   Trampert, A
   Grahn, HT
   Menniger, J
   Ramsteiner, M
   Reiche, M
   Ploog, KH
TI Nitride semiconductors free of electrostatic fields for efficient white light-emitting diodes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-beam epitaxy; quantum-wells; macroscopic polarization; gan; growth; blue
AB Compact solid-state lamps based on light-emitting diodes (LEDs)(1,2) are of current technological interest as an alternative to conventional light bulbs. The brightest LEDs available so far emit red light and exhibit higher luminous efficiency than fluorescent lamps. If this luminous efficiency could be transferred to white LEDs, power consumption would be dramatically reduced, with great economic and ecological consequences. But the luminous efficiency of existing white LEDs is still very low, owing to the presence of electrostatic fields within the active layers(3). These fields are generated by the spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization along the [0001] axis of hexagonal group-III nitrides-the commonly used materials for light generation(4-6). Unfortunately, as this crystallographic orientation corresponds to the natural growth direction of these materials deposited on currently available substrates(7). Here we demonstrate that the epitaxial growth of GaN/(Al,Ga)N on tetragonal LiAlO(2) in a non-polar direction allows the fabrication of structures free of electrostatic fields, resulting in an improved quantum efficiency. We expect that this approach will pave the way towards highly efficient white LEDs.
C1 Paul Drude Inst Festkorperelekt, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Leibniz Association; Paul Drude Institute for Solid State Electronics
RP Waltereit, P (corresponding author), Paul Drude Inst Festkorperelekt, Hausvogteipl 5-7, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
EM walter@pdi-berlin.de
NR 23
TC 1707
Z9 2052
U1 3
U2 540
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 865
EP 868
DI 10.1038/35022529
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600036
PM 10972282
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pellegrini, L
   Burke, DF
   von Delft, F
   Mulloy, B
   Blundell, TL
AF Pellegrini, L
   Burke, DF
   von Delft, F
   Mulloy, B
   Blundell, TL
TI Crystal structure of fibroblast growth factor receptor ectodomain bound to ligand and heparin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding domain; fgf; identification; dimerization; mitogenesis; activation; sulfate; nmr
AB Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a large family of structurally related proteins with a wide range of physiological and pathological activities(1). Signal transduction requires association of FGF with its receptor tyrosine kinase (FGFR)(2) and heparan sulphate proteoglycan in a specific complex on the cell surface. Direct involvement of the heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide in the molecular association between FGF and its receptor is essential for biological activity(3-5). Although crystal structures of binary complexes of FGF-heparin(6,7) and FGF-FGFR(8,9) have been described, the molecular architecture of the FGF signalling complex has not been elucidated. Here we report the crystal structure of the FGFR2 ectodomain in a dimeric form that is induced by simultaneous binding to FGF1 and a heparin decasaccharide. The complex is assembled around a central heparin molecule linking two FGF1 ligands into a dimer that bridges between two receptor chains. The asymmetric heparin binding involves contacts with both FGF1 molecules but only one receptor chain. The structure of the FGF1-FGFR2-heparin ternary complex provides a structural basis for the essential role of heparan sulphate in FGF signalling.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Cambridge CB2 1GA, England.
   Natl Inst Biol Stand & Controls, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Herts, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; National Institute for Biological Standards & Control
RP Pellegrini, L (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, 80 Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1GA, England.
NR 30
TC 617
Z9 771
U1 1
U2 71
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6807
BP 1029
EP 1034
DI 10.1038/35039551
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 366XX
UT WOS:000090032500050
PM 11069186
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spence, K
AF Spence, K
TI Ancient Egyptian chronology and the astronomical orientation of pyramids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The ancient Egyptian pyramids at Giza have never been accurately dated, although we know that they were built approximately around the middle of the third millennium BC. The chronologies of this period have been reconstructed from surviving lists of kings and the lengths of their reigns, but the lists are rare, seldom complete and contain known inconsistencies and errors. As a result, the existing chronologies for that period (the Old Kingdom) can be considered accurate only to about +/- 100 years, a figure that radiocarbon dating cannot at present improve. Here I use trends in the orientation of Old Kingdom pyramids to demonstrate that the Egyptians aligned them to north by using the simultaneous transit of two circumpolar stars. Modelling the precession of these stars yields a date for the start of construction of the Great Pyramid that is accurate to +/- 5 yr, thereby providing an anchor for the Old Kingdom chronologies.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Fac Oriental Studies, Cambridge CB3 9DA, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Spence, K (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Fac Oriental Studies, Sidgwick Ave, Cambridge CB3 9DA, England.
NR 17
TC 65
Z9 76
U1 2
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 320
EP 324
DI 10.1038/35042510
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000035
PM 11099032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Laval, B
   Cady, SL
   Pollack, JC
   McKay, CP
   Bird, JS
   Grotzinger, JP
   Ford, DC
   Bohm, HR
AF Laval, B
   Cady, SL
   Pollack, JC
   McKay, CP
   Bird, JS
   Grotzinger, JP
   Ford, DC
   Bohm, HR
TI Modern freshwater microbialite analogues for ancient dendritic reef structures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lake water; precipitation; algae
AB Microbialites are organosedimentary structures that can be constructed by a variety of metabolically distinct taxa(1). Consequently, microbialite structures abound in the fossil record, although the exact nature of the biogeochemical processes that produced them is often unknown(2). One such class of ancient calcareous structures(3-5), Epiphyton and Girvanella, appear in great abundance during the Early Cambrian. Together with Archeocyathids, stromatolites and thrombolites, they formed major Cambrian reef belts. To a large extent, Middle to Late Cambrian reefs are similar to Precambrian reefs(6), with the exception that the latter, including terminal Proterozoic reefs(7), do not contain Epiphyton or Girvanella. Here we report the discovery in Pavilion Lake, British Columbia, Canada, of a distinctive assemblage of freshwater calcite microbialites, some of which display microstructures similar to the fabrics displayed by Epiphyton and Girvanella. The morphologies of the modern microbialites vary with depth, and dendritic microstructures of the deep water (>30 m) mounds indicate that they may be modern analogues for the ancient calcareous structures. These microbialites thus provide an opportunity to study the biogeochemical interactions that produce fabrics similar to those of some enigmatic Early Cambrian reef structures.
C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Sch Engn Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
   Portland State Univ, Dept Geol, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Forest Sci, Nelson Forest Reg, Nelson, BC V1L 4C6, Canada.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   McMaster Univ, Hamilton, ON L8S 4KL, Canada.
C3 Simon Fraser University; Portland State University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); McMaster University
RP Cady, SL (corresponding author), Simon Fraser Univ, Sch Engn Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
NR 22
TC 119
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 626
EP 629
DI 10.1038/35036579
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800046
PM 11034210
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Gastel, R
   Somfai, E
   van Saarloos, W
   Frenken, JWM
AF van Gastel, R
   Somfai, E
   van Saarloos, W
   Frenken, JWM
TI A giant atomic slide-puzzle - Atoms crammed tightly together in metal crystal surfaces are surprisingly mobile.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stepped cu(100) surface; mobility
C1 Leiden Univ, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Leiden Univ, Inst Lorentz, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
C3 Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University
RP van Gastel, R (corresponding author), Leiden Univ, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, POB 9504, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
NR 4
TC 59
Z9 64
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 665
EP 665
DI 10.1038/35047156
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200031
PM 11130057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boyd, PW
   Watson, AJ
   Law, CS
   Abraham, ER
   Trull, T
   Murdoch, R
   Bakker, DCE
   Bowie, AR
   Buesseler, KO
   Chang, H
   Charette, M
   Croot, P
   Downing, K
   Frew, R
   Gall, M
   Hadfield, M
   Hall, J
   Harvey, M
   Jameson, G
   LaRoche, J
   Liddicoat, M
   Ling, R
   Maldonado, MT
   McKay, RM
   Nodder, S
   Pickmere, S
   Pridmore, R
   Rintoul, S
   Safi, K
   Sutton, P
   Strzepek, R
   Tanneberger, K
   Turner, S
   Waite, A
   Zeldis, J
AF Boyd, PW
   Watson, AJ
   Law, CS
   Abraham, ER
   Trull, T
   Murdoch, R
   Bakker, DCE
   Bowie, AR
   Buesseler, KO
   Chang, H
   Charette, M
   Croot, P
   Downing, K
   Frew, R
   Gall, M
   Hadfield, M
   Hall, J
   Harvey, M
   Jameson, G
   LaRoche, J
   Liddicoat, M
   Ling, R
   Maldonado, MT
   McKay, RM
   Nodder, S
   Pickmere, S
   Pridmore, R
   Rintoul, S
   Safi, K
   Sutton, P
   Strzepek, R
   Tanneberger, K
   Turner, S
   Waite, A
   Zeldis, J
TI A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID equatorial pacific-ocean; sub-arctic pacific; antarctic circumpolar current; marine-phytoplankton; sulfur-hexafluoride; atmospheric co2; new-zealand; carbon; light; limitation
AB Changes in iron supply to oceanic plankton are thought to have a significant effect on concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide by altering rates of carbon sequestration, a theory known as the `iron hypothesis'. For this reason, it is important to understand the response of pelagic biota to increased iron supply. Here we report the results of a mesoscale iron fertilization experiment in the polar Southern Ocean, where the potential to sequester iron-elevated algal carbon is probably greatest. Increased iron supply led to elevated phytoplankton biomass and rates of photosynthesis in surface waters, causing a large drawdown of carbon dioxide and macronutrients, and elevated dimethyl sulphide levels after 13 days. This drawdown was mostly due to the proliferation of diatom stocks. But downward export of biogenic carbon was not increased. Moreover, satellite observations of this massive bloom 30 days later, suggest that a sufficient proportion of the added iron was retained in surface waters. Our findings demonstrate that iron supply controls phytoplankton growth and community composition during summer in these polar Southern Ocean waters, but the fate of algal carbon remains unknown and depends on the interplay between the processes controlling export, remineralisation and timescales of water mass subduction.
C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England.
   Natl Inst Water & Atmosphere, Wellington, New Zealand.
   Univ Tasmania, Antarctic Cooperat Res Ctr, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   Univ Plymouth, Dept Environm Sci, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem MS25, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Netherlands Inst Sea Res, Dept Marine Chem & Geol, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands.
   Univ Otago, Dept Chem, Dunedin, New Zealand.
   Natl Inst Water & Atmosphere, Christchurch, New Zealand.
   Natl Inst Water & Atmosphere, Hamilton, New Zealand.
   Univ Kiel, Inst Meereskunde, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
   McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H2T 2V8, Canada.
   Bowling Green State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA.
   CSIRO, Div Marine Res, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Oceanog, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ Western Australia, Dept Environm Engn, Ctr Water Res, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia.
C3 University of East Anglia; Plymouth Marine Laboratory; Earth Sciences New Zealand; National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) - New Zealand; University of Tasmania; University of Plymouth; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ); University of Otago; Earth Sciences New Zealand; National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) - New Zealand; Earth Sciences New Zealand; National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) - New Zealand; University of Kiel; McGill University; University System of Ohio; Bowling Green State University; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia; University of Western Australia
RP Boyd, PW (corresponding author), Univ Otago, Dept Chem, Natl Inst Water & Atmosphere, Ctr Chem & Phys Oceanog, POB 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
NR 54
TC 1277
Z9 1486
U1 7
U2 755
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 695
EP 702
DI 10.1038/35037500
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900031
PM 11048709
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harrington, J
   Palethorpe, S
   Watson, CI
AF Harrington, J
   Palethorpe, S
   Watson, CI
TI Does the Queen speak the Queen's English? Elizabeth II's traditional pronunciation has been influenced by modern trends.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Macquarie Univ, Macquarie Ctr Cognit Sci, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
   Macquarie Univ, Speech Hearing & Language Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
C3 Macquarie University; Macquarie University
RP Harrington, J (corresponding author), Macquarie Univ, Macquarie Ctr Cognit Sci, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
EM jmh@shlrc.mq.edu.au
NR 12
TC 119
Z9 143
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 927
EP 928
DI 10.1038/35050160
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100034
PM 11140668
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blanchoin, L
   Amann, KJ
   Higgs, HN
   Marchand, JB
   Kaiser, DA
   Pollard, TD
AF Blanchoin, L
   Amann, KJ
   Higgs, HN
   Marchand, JB
   Kaiser, DA
   Pollard, TD
TI Direct observation of dendritic actin filament networks nucleated by Arp2/3 complex and WASP/Scar proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID capping protein; acanthamoeba-castellanii; f-actin; polymerization; profilin; purification; phosphate; mechanism; dynamics; agarose
AB Most nucleated cells crawl about by extending a pseudopod that is driven by the polymerization of actin filaments in the cytoplasm behind the leading edge of the plasma membrane(1,2). These actin filaments are linked into a network by Y-branches, with the pointed end of each filament attached to the side of another filament and the rapidly growing barbed end facing forward(3). Because Arp2/3 complex nucleates actin polymerization and links the pointed end to the side of another filament in vitro, a dendritic nucleation model has been proposed 4 in which Arp2/3 complex initiates filaments from the sides of older filaments. Here we report, by using a light microscopy assay, many new features of the mechanism. Branching occurs during, rather than after, nucleation by Arp2/3 complex activated by the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) or Scar protein; capping protein and profilin act synergistically with Arp2/3 complex to favour branched nucleation; phosphate release from aged actin filaments favours dissociation of Arp2/3 complex from the pointed ends of filaments; and branches created by Arp2/3 complex are relatively rigid. These properties result in the automatic assembly of the branched actin network after activation by proteins of the WASP/ Scar family and favour the selective disassembly of proximal regions of the network.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Struct Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
RP Pollard, TD (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Struct Biol Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 28
TC 439
Z9 556
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 1007
EP 1011
DI 10.1038/35010008
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000059
PM 10801131
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuhn, JR
   Armstrong, JD
   Bush, RI
   Scherrer, P
AF Kuhn, JR
   Armstrong, JD
   Bush, RI
   Scherrer, P
TI Rossby waves on the Sun as revealed by solar 'hills'
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rotating star; oscillations; supergranulation; modes
AB It is a long-standing puzzle that the Sun's photosphere-its visible surface-rotates differentially, with the equatorial regions rotating faster than the poles. It has been suggested(1) that waves analogous to terrestrial Rossby waves, and known as r-mode oscillations, could explain the Sun's differential rotation: Rossby waves are seen(2) in the oceans as large-scale (hundreds of kilometres) variations of sea-surface height (5-cm-high waves), which propagate slowly either east or west (they could take tens of years to cross the Pacific Ocean). Calculations show that the solar r-mode oscillations have properties that should be strongly constrained by differential rotation(3). Here we report the detection of 100-m-high 'hills' in the photosphere, spaced uniformly over the Sun's surface with a spacing of (8.7 +/- 0.6) x 10(4) km. If convection under the photosphere is organized by the r-modes, the observed corrugated photosphere is a probable surface manifestation of these solar oscillations.
C1 Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Stanford Univ, HEPL 4085, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; Stanford University
RP Kuhn, JR (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, 2680 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
NR 14
TC 50
Z9 53
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 544
EP 546
DI 10.1038/35014530
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500042
PM 10850707
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cyranoski, D
AF Cyranoski, D
TI Swimming against the tide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single myosin molecule; muscle-contraction; actin filament; light-chain; complex; domain; steps; head
NR 13
TC 13
Z9 14
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 764
EP 766
DI 10.1038/35048748
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300012
PM 11130692
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schubert, G
   Russell, CT
   Moore, WB
AF Schubert, G
   Russell, CT
   Moore, WB
TI Geophysics - Timing of the Martian dynamo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermal evolution; magnetic-field
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Schubert, G (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 12
TC 85
Z9 97
U1 2
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 666
EP 667
DI 10.1038/35047163
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200033
PM 11130059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, X
   Kind, R
   Priestley, K
   Sobolev, SV
   Tilmann, F
   Yuan, X
   Weber, M
AF Li, X
   Kind, R
   Priestley, K
   Sobolev, SV
   Tilmann, F
   Yuan, X
   Weber, M
TI Mapping the Hawaiian plume conduit with converted seismic waves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID upper-mantle; volcanism; velocity; origin; melt; lithosphere; tomography; hotspot; water; tibet
AB The volcanic edifice of the Hawaiian islands and seamounts, as well as the surrounding area of shallow sea floor known as the Hawaiian swell, are believed to result from the passage of the oceanic lithosphere over a mantle hotspot(1-3). Although geochemical and gravity observations indicate the existence of a mantle thermal plume beneath Hawaii(4-6), no direct seismic evidence for such a plume in the upper mantle has yet been found. Here we present an analysis of compressional-to-shear (P-to-S) converted seismic phases, recorded on seismograph stations on the Hawaiian islands, that indicate a zone of very low shear-wave velocity (< 4 km s(-1)) starting at 130-140 km depth beneath the central part of the island of Hawaii and extending deeper into the upper mantle. We also find that the upper-mantle transition zone (410-660 km depth) appears to be thinned by up to 40-50 km to the south-southwest of the island of Hawaii. We interpret these observations as localized effects of the Hawaiian plume conduit in the asthenosphere and mantle transition zone with excess temperature of similar to 300 degrees C. Large variations in the transition-zone thickness suggest a lower-mantle origin of the Hawaiian plume similar to the Iceland plume(7), but our results indicate a 100 degrees C higher temperature for the Hawaiian plume.
C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Free Univ Berlin, FR Geophys, D-12249 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Cambridge, Bullard Labs, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, England.
   Univ Potsdam, Inst Geowissensch, D-14415 Potsdam, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences; Free University of Berlin; University of Cambridge; University of Potsdam
RP Kind, R (corresponding author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
NR 30
TC 145
Z9 164
U1 1
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 938
EP 941
DI 10.1038/35016054
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700047
PM 10879532
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Friedman, JR
   Patel, V
   Chen, W
   Tolpygo, SK
   Lukens, JE
AF Friedman, JR
   Patel, V
   Chen, W
   Tolpygo, SK
   Lukens, JE
TI Quantum superposition of distinct macroscopic states
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetization; temperature; molecules
AB In 1935, Schrodinger(1) attempted to demonstrate the limitations of quantum mechanics using a thought experiment in which a cat is put in a quantum superposition of alive and dead states. The idea remained an academic curiosity until the 1980s when it was proposed(2-4) that, under suitable conditions, a macroscopic object with many microscopic degrees of freedom could behave quantum mechanically, provided that it was sufficiently decoupled from its environment. Although much progress has been made in demonstrating the macroscopic quantum behaviour of various systems such as superconductors(5-9), nanoscale magnets(10-12), laser-cooled trapped ions(13), photons in a microwave cavity(14) and C-60 molecules(15), there has been no experimental demonstration of a quantum superposition of truly macroscopically distinct states. Here we present experimental evidence that a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) can be put into a superposition of two magnetic-flux states: one corresponding to a few microamperes of current flowing clockwise, the other corresponding to the same amount of current flowing anticlockwise.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Friedman, JR (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
NR 18
TC 981
Z9 1171
U1 3
U2 163
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 43
EP 46
DI 10.1038/35017505
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200036
PM 10894533
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamashita, J
   Itoh, H
   Hirashima, M
   Ogawa, M
   Nishikawa, S
   Yurugi, T
   Naito, M
   Nakao, K
   Nishikawa, S
AF Yamashita, J
   Itoh, H
   Hirashima, M
   Ogawa, M
   Nishikawa, S
   Yurugi, T
   Naito, M
   Nakao, K
   Nishikawa, S
TI Flk1-positive cells derived from embryonic stem cells serve as vascular progenitors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endothelial growth-factor; blood-vessel formation; smooth-muscle cells; pdgf-b; hematopoietic lineages; mesodermal cells; in-vitro; receptor; beta; vasculogenesis
AB Interaction between endothelial cells and mural cells (pericytes and vascular smooth muscle) is essential for vascular development and maintenance(1-4). Endothelial cells arise from Flk1-expressing (Flk1(+)) mesoderm cells(5), whereas mural cells are believed to derive from mesoderm, neural crest or epicardial cells and migrate to form the vessel wall(6-8). Difficulty in preparing pure populations of these lineages has hampered dissection of the mechanisms underlying vascular formation. Here we show that Flk1(+) cells derived from embryonic stem cells can differentiate into both endothelial and mural cells and can reproduce the vascular organization process. Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes endothelial cell differentiation, whereas mural cells are induced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB. Vascular cells derived from Flk1(+) cells can organize into vessel-like structures consisting of endothelial tubes supported by mural cells in three-dimensional culture. Injection of Flk1(+) cells into chick embryos showed that they can incorporate as endothelial and mural cells and contribute to the developing vasculature in vivo. Our findings indicate that Flk1(+) cells can act as `vascular progenitor cells' to form mature vessels and thus offer potential for tissue engineering of the vascular system.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Med & Clin Sci, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068509, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068509, Japan.
   Niigata Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol 2, Niigata 9518510, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University; Kyoto University; Niigata University
RP Yamashita, J (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Med & Clin Sci, Sakyo Ku, 54 Shogoin Kawahara Cho, Kyoto 6068509, Japan.
NR 30
TC 1059
Z9 1277
U1 1
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 92
EP 96
DI 10.1038/35040568
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400058
PM 11081514
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bauer, J
   Chen, KH
   Hiltbunner, A
   Wehrli, E
   Eugster, M
   Schnell, D
   Kessler, F
AF Bauer, J
   Chen, KH
   Hiltbunner, A
   Wehrli, E
   Eugster, M
   Schnell, D
   Kessler, F
TI The major protein import receptor of plastids is essential for chloroplast biogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inner envelope membrane; arabidopsis; component; apparatus; machinery; insertion; identification; translocation; expression; nuclear
AB Light triggers the developmental programme in plants that leads to the production of photosynthetically active chloroplasts from non-photosynthetic proplastids(1). During this chloroplast biogenesis, the photosynthetic apparatus is rapidly assembled, mostly from nuclear-encoded imported proteins(2-4), which are synthesized in the cytosol as precursors with cleavable amino-terminal targeting sequences called transit sequences. Protein translocon complexes at the outer (Toc complex)(5-7) and inner (Tic complex)(6,8,9) envelope membranes recognize these transit sequences, leading to the precursors being imported. The Toc complex in the pea consists of three major components, Toc75, Toc34 and Toc159 (formerly termed ToC86)(6,7,10,11). Toc159, Which is an integral membrane GTPase(12), functions as a transit-sequence recepto(5-7,13). Here we show that Arabidopsis thaliana Toc159 (atToc159) is essential for the biogenesis of chloroplasts. In an Arabidopsis mutant (ppi2) that lacks atToc159, photosynthetic proteins that are normally abundant are transcriptionally repressed, and are found in much smaller amounts in the plastids, although ppi2 does not affect either the expression or the import of less abundant non-photosynthetic plastid proteins. These findings indicate that atToc159 is required for the quantitative import of photosynthetic proteins. Two proteins that are related to atToc159 (atToc120 and atToc132) probably help to maintain basal protein import in ppi2, and so constitute components of alternative, atToc159-independent import pathways.
C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Plant Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA.
   Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Biochem, Lab Electronmicroscopy 1, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University Newark; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Schnell, D (corresponding author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Plant Sci, Univ Str 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 27
TC 313
Z9 380
U1 4
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 203
EP 207
DI 10.1038/35003214
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300057
PM 10646606
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barton, RA
   Harvey, PH
AF Barton, RA
   Harvey, PH
TI Mosaic evolution of brain structure in mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primates; insectivores; amygdala; volumes; nuclei
AB The mammalian brain comprises a number of functionally distinct systems. It might therefore be expected that natural selection on particular behavioural capacities would have caused size changes selectively, in the systems mediating those capacities(1-3). It has been claimed, however, that developmental constraints limited such mosaic evolution, causing co-ordinated size change among individual brain components(3). Here we analyse comparative data to demonstrate that mosaic change has been an important factor in brain structure evolution. First, the neocortex shows about a fivefold difference in volume between primates and insectivores even after accounting for its scaling relationship with the rest of the brain. Second, brain structures with major anatomical and functional links evolved together independently of evolutionary change in other structures. This is true at the level of both basic brain subdivisions and more fine-grained functional systems. Hence, brain evolution in these groups involved complex relationships among individual brain components.
C1 Univ Durham, Dept Anthropol, Evolutionary Anthropol Res Grp, Durham DH1 3HN, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 Durham University; University of Oxford
RP Barton, RA (corresponding author), Univ Durham, Dept Anthropol, Evolutionary Anthropol Res Grp, Durham DH1 3HN, England.
NR 23
TC 572
Z9 651
U1 2
U2 153
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1055
EP 1058
DI 10.1038/35016580
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700046
PM 10890446
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, XP
   Bjorkman, O
   Shih, C
   Grossman, AR
   Rosenquist, M
   Jansson, S
   Niyogi, KK
AF Li, XP
   Bjorkman, O
   Shih, C
   Grossman, AR
   Rosenquist, M
   Jansson, S
   Niyogi, KK
TI A pigment-binding protein essential for regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photosystem-ii; energy-dissipation; xanthophyll cycle; chlorophyll fluorescence; violaxanthin deepoxidation; chlorina mutants; antenna proteins; higher-plants; green plants; s protein
AB Photosynthetic light harvesting in plants is regulated in response to changes in incident light intensity. Absorption of light that exceeds a plant's capacity for fixation of CO2 results in thermal dissipation of excitation energy in the pigment antenna of photosystem II by a poorly understood mechanism. This regulatory process, termed nonphotochemical quenching, maintains the balance between dissipation and utilization of light energy to minimize generation of oxidizing molecules, thereby protecting the plant against photo-oxidative damage. To identify specific proteins that are involved in nonphotochemical quenching, we have isolated mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana that cannot dissipate excess absorbed light energy. Here we show that the gene encoding PsbS, an intrinsic chlorophyll-binding protein of photosystem II, is necessary for nonphotochemical quenching but not for efficient light harvesting and photosynthesis, These results indicate that PsbS may be the site for nonphotochemical quenching, a finding that has implications for the functional evolution of pigment-binding proteins.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Sci, Dept Plant Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Umea Univ, Dept Plant Physiol, Umea Plant Sci Ctr, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Carnegie Institution for Science; Umea University
RP Niyogi, KK (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM niyogi@nature.berkeley.edu
NR 47
TC 1273
Z9 1423
U1 3
U2 366
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 391
EP 395
DI 10.1038/35000131
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100039
PM 10667783
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cox, MM
   Goodman, MF
   Kreuzer, KN
   Sherratt, DJ
   Sandler, SJ
   Marians, KJ
AF Cox, MM
   Goodman, MF
   Kreuzer, KN
   Sherratt, DJ
   Sandler, SJ
   Marians, KJ
TI The importance of repairing stalled replication forks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strand-break repair; induced dna-replication; escherichia-coli; homologous recombination; reca protein; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; genetic-recombination; sos response; pria; bacteriophage-t4
AB The bacterial SOS response to unusual levels of DNA damage has been recognized and studied for several decades. Pathways for re-establishing inactivated replication forks under normal growth conditions have received far less attention. In bacteria growing aerobically in the absence of SOS-inducing conditions, many replication forks encounter DNA damage, leading to inactivation. The pathways for fork reactivation involve the homologous recombination systems, are nonmutagenic, and integrate almost every aspect of DNA metabolism. On a frequency-of-use basis, these pathways represent the main function of bacterial DNA recombination systems, as well as the main function of a number of other enzymatic systems that are associated with replication and site-specific recombination.
C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Biochem, Div Mol Genet, Oxford OX1 3QU, England.
   Univ Massachusetts, Dept Microbiol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 University of Southern California; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Southern California; Duke University; University of Oxford; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Goodman, MF (corresponding author), Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R37 GM034557] Funding Source: Medline
NR 62
TC 881
Z9 1030
U1 3
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 37
EP 41
DI 10.1038/35003501
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100037
PM 10716434
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moody, DB
   Ulrichs, T
   Mühlecker, W
   Young, DC
   Gurcha, SS
   Grant, E
   Rosat, JP
   Brenner, MB
   Costello, CE
   Besra, GS
   Porcelli, SA
AF Moody, DB
   Ulrichs, T
   Mühlecker, W
   Young, DC
   Gurcha, SS
   Grant, E
   Rosat, JP
   Brenner, MB
   Costello, CE
   Besra, GS
   Porcelli, SA
TI CD1c-mediated T-cell recognition of isoprenoid glycolipids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lipoglycan antigens; biosynthesis; dolichol; cd1; lipoarabinomannan; identification; requirements; lymphocytes; metabolism; restricts
AB The discovery of the CD1 antigen presentation pathway has expanded the spectrum of T-cell antigens to include lipids(1-4), but the range of natural lipid antigens and functions of CD1-restricted T cells in vivo remain poorly understood. Here we show that the T-cell antigen receptor and the CD1c protein mediate recognition of an evolutionarily conserved family of isoprenoid glycolipids whose members include essential components of protein glycosylation and cell-wall synthesis pathways. A CD1c-restricted, mycobacteria-specific T-cell line recognized two previously unknown mycobacterial hexosyl-1-phosphoisoprenoids and structurally related mannosyl-beta 1-phosphodolichols. Responses to mannosyl-b1-phosphodolichols were common among CD1c-restricted T-cell lines and peripheral blood T lymphocytes of human subjects recently infected with M. tuberculosis, but were not seen in naive control subjects. These results define a new class of broadly distributed lipid antigens presented by the CD1 system during infection in vivo and suggest an immune mechanism for recognition of senescent or transformed cells that are known to have altered dolichol lipids.
C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Rheumatol Immunol & Allergy, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, Tyne & Wear, England.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Boston University; Newcastle University - UK
RP Moody, DB (corresponding author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Rheumatol Immunol & Allergy, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 383
Z9 432
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 884
EP 888
DI 10.1038/35009119
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000048
PM 10786796
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vanag, VK
   Yang, LF
   Dolnik, M
   Zhabotinsky, AM
   Epstein, IR
AF Vanag, VK
   Yang, LF
   Dolnik, M
   Zhabotinsky, AM
   Epstein, IR
TI Oscillatory cluster patterns in a homogeneous chemical system with global feedback
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chaotic neurons; standing waves; spiral waves; evolution; dynamics; media
AB Oscillatory clusters are sets of domains in which nearly all elements in a given domain oscillate with the same amplitude and phase(1-4). They play an important role in understanding coupled neuron systems(5-8). In the simplest case, a system consists of two clusters that oscillate in antiphase and can each occupy multiple fixed spatial domains. Examples of cluster behaviour in extended chemical systems are rare, but have been shown to resemble standing waves(9-13), except that they lack a characteristic wavelength. Here we report the observation of so-called 'localized clusters'-periodic antiphase oscillations in one part of the medium, while the remainder appears uniform-in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction-diffusion system with photochemical global feedback. We also observe standing clusters with fixed spatial domains that oscillate periodically in time and occupy the entire medium, and irregular clusters with no periodicity in either space or time, with standing clusters transforming into irregular clusters and then into localized clusters as the strength of the global negative feedback is gradually increased. By incorporating the effects of global feedback into a model of the reaction, we are able to simulate successfully the experimental data.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Dept Chem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Volen Ctr Complex Syst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
C3 Brandeis University; Brandeis University
RP Zhabotinsky, AM (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Dept Chem, MS 015, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
NR 27
TC 274
Z9 294
U1 0
U2 64
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 389
EP 391
DI 10.1038/35019038
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800041
PM 10935631
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yau, ST
   Vekilov, PG
AF Yau, ST
   Vekilov, PG
TI Quasi-planar nucleus structure in apoferritin crystallization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atomic-force-microscopy; macromolecular systems; crystal nucleation; light-scattering; human-h; protein; growth; work; size
AB First-order phase transitions of matter, such as condensation and crystallization, proceed through the formation and subsequent growth of 'critical nuclei' of the new phase. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the formation of these critical nuclei depend on their structure, which is often assumed to be a compact, three-dimensional arrangement of the constituent molecules or atoms(5,6). Recent molecular dynamics simulations have predicted compact nucleus structures for matter made up of building blocks with a spherical interaction field(7,8), whereas strongly anisotropic, dipolar molecules may form nuclei consisting of single chains of molecules(9). Here we show, using direct atomic force microscopy observations, that the near-critical-size clusters formed during the crystallization of apoferritin, a quasi-spherical protein, and which are representative of the critical nucleus of this system, consist of planar arrays of one or two monomolecular layers that contain 5-10 rods of up to 7 molecules each. We rnd that these clusters contain between 20 and 50 molecules each, and that the arrangement of the constituent molecules is identical to that found in apoferritin crystals. We anticipate that similarly unexpected critical nucleus structures may be quite common, particularly with anisotropic molecules, suggesting that advanced nucleation theories should treat the critical nucleus structure as a variable.
C1 Univ Alabama, Ctr Micrograv & Mat Res, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Chem, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Huntsville; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Huntsville
RP Vekilov, PG (corresponding author), Univ Alabama, Ctr Micrograv & Mat Res, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA.
NR 34
TC 235
Z9 265
U1 2
U2 79
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 494
EP 497
DI 10.1038/35020035
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000040
PM 10952306
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Amelino-Camelia, G
AF Amelino-Camelia, G
TI Quantum theory's last challenge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cosmic-ray; gravity; invariance; violation; tests; cpt
C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
C3 Sapienza University Rome
RP Amelino-Camelia, G (corresponding author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
EM amelino@roma1.infn.it
NR 22
TC 81
Z9 81
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 661
EP 664
DI 10.1038/35047210
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200030
PM 11130056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hofmann, HA
   Stevenson, PA
AF Hofmann, HA
   Stevenson, PA
TI Flight restores fight in crickets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Leipzig, Inst Zool, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
C3 Leipzig University
RP Hofmann, HA (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Psychol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 11
TC 92
Z9 104
U1 3
U2 134
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 613
EP 613
DI 10.1038/35001137
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200037
PM 10688185
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bochtler, M
   Hartmann, C
   Song, HK
   Bourenkov, GP
   Bartunik, HD
   Huber, R
AF Bochtler, M
   Hartmann, C
   Song, HK
   Bourenkov, GP
   Bartunik, HD
   Huber, R
TI The structures of HsIU and ATP-dependent protease HsIU-HsIV
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; crystal-structure; ubiquitin system; 20s proteasome; p-loop; degradation; proteins; binding; chaperones; resolution
AB The degradation of cytoplasmic proteins is an ATP-dependent process'. Substrates are targeted to a single soluble protease, the 26S proteasome(2,3), in eukaryotes and to a number of unrelated proteases in prokaryotes(4,5). A surprising Link emerged with the discovery of the ATP-dependent protease HslVU (heat shock locus VU)(6-8) in Escherichia coli. Its protease component HsIV shares similar to 20% sequence similarity(6) and a conserved fold(9) with 20S proteasome beta-subunits. HslU is a member of the Hsp100 (Clp) family of ATPases. Here we report the crystal structures of free HslU and an 820,000 relative molecular mass complex of HslU and HslV-the first structure of a complete set of components of an ATP-dependent protease. HslV and HslU display sixfold symmetry, ruling out mechanisms of protease activation that require a symmetry mismatch between the two components. Instead, there is conformational flexibility and domain motion in HslU and a localized order-disorder transition in HslV. Individual subunits of HslU contain two globular domains in relative orientations that correlate with nucleotide bound and unbound states. They are surprisingly similar to their counterparts in N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein(10,11), the prototype of an AAA-ATPase. A third, mostly a-helical domain in HslU mediates the contact with HslV and may be the structural equivalent of the amino-terminal domains in proteasomal AAA-ATPases.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biochem, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
   Max Planck Gesell, Arbeitsgrp Strukturelle Mol Biol, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
RP Bochtler, M (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biochem, Klopferspitz 18A, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
EM bochtler@bio-chem.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 371
Z9 428
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 800
EP 805
DI 10.1038/35001629
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100059
PM 10693812
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schöck, F
   Reischl, J
   Wimmer, E
   Taubert, H
   Purnell, BA
   Jäckle, H
AF Schöck, F
   Reischl, J
   Wimmer, E
   Taubert, H
   Purnell, BA
   Jäckle, H
TI Phenotypic suppression of empty spiracles is prevented by buttonhead
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila head development; functional hierarchy; segment identity; human sp1; gene; expression; complex; embryo
AB Unlike the trunk segments, the anterior head segments of Drosophila are formed in the absence of pair-rule(1,2) and HOX-cluster gene(3) expression, by the activities of the gap-like genes orthodenticle (otd), empty spiracles (ems) and buttonhead (btd)(4,5). The products of these genes are transcription factors(6,7), but only EMS has a HOX-like homeodomain(8,9). Indeed, ems can confer identity to trunk segments(10) when other HOX-cluster gene activities are absent(3,11). In trunk segments of wild-type embryos, however, ems activity is prevented by phenotypic suppression(10), in which more posterior HOX-cluster genes inactivate the more anterior without affecting transcription or translation(12). ems is suppressed by all other Hox-cluster genes and so is placed at the bottom of their hierarchy(10). Here we show that misexpression of EMS in the head transforms segment identity in a btd-dependent manner, that misexpression of BTD in the trunk causes ems-dependent structures to develop, and that EMS and BTD interact in vitro. The data indicate that this interaction may allow ems to escape from the bottom of the HOX-cluster gene hierarchy and cause a dominant switch of homeotic prevalence in the anterior-posterior direction.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Abt Mol Entwicklungsbiol, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   Univ Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl Genet, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Bayreuth
RP Jäckle, H (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Abt Mol Entwicklungsbiol, Fassberg 11, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
NR 27
TC 27
Z9 32
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 351
EP 354
DI 10.1038/35012620
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700048
PM 10830964
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thoroughman, KA
   Shadmehr, R
AF Thoroughman, KA
   Shadmehr, R
TI Learning of action through adaptive combination of motor primitives
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reaching movements; arm; representation; direction; dynamics; model
AB Understanding how the brain constructs movements remains a fundamental challenge in neuroscience. The brain may control complex movements through flexible combination of motor primitives(1), where each primitive is an element of computation in the sensorimotor map that transforms desired limb trajectories into motor commands. Theoretical studies have shown that a system's ability to learn action depends on the shape of its primitives(2). Using a time-series analysis of error patterns, here we show that humans learn the dynamics of reaching movements through a flexible combination of primitives that have gaussian-like tuning functions encoding hand velocity. The wide tuning of the inferred primitives predicts limitations on the brain's ability to represent viscous dynamics. We find close agreement between the predicted limitations and the subjects' adaptation to new force fields. The mathematical properties of the derived primitives resemble the tuning curves of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. The activity of these cells may encode primitives that underlie the learning of dynamics.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP Shadmehr, R (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Volen Ctr Complex Syst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM007057] Funding Source: Medline; NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS037422] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 728
Z9 882
U1 2
U2 70
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 742
EP 747
DI 10.1038/35037588
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900042
PM 11048720
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mueth, DM
   Debregeas, GF
   Karczmar, GS
   Eng, PJ
   Nagel, SR
   Jaeger, HM
AF Mueth, DM
   Debregeas, GF
   Karczmar, GS
   Eng, PJ
   Nagel, SR
   Jaeger, HM
TI Signatures of granular microstructure in dense shear flows
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic-resonance; couette experiment; convection; transition; thickness; model; bands
AB Granular materials and ordinary fluids react differently to shear stresses. Rather than deforming uniformly, materials such as dry sand or cohesionless powders develop shear bands(1-5)-narrow zones of large relative particle motion, with essentially rigid adjacent regions. Because shear bands mark areas of flow, material failure and energy dissipation, they are important in many industrial, civil engineering and geophysical processes(6). They are also relevant to lubricating fluids confined to ultrathin molecular layers(7). However, detailed three-dimensional information on motion within a shear band, including the degree of particle rotation and interparticle slip, is lacking. Similarly, very little is known about how the microstructure of individual grains affects movement in densely packed material(5). Here we combine magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray tomography and high-speed-video particle tracking to obtain the local steady-state particle velocity, rotation and packing density for shear flow in a three-dimensional Couette geometry. We find that key characteristics of the granular microstructure determine the shape of the velocity profile.
C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Radiol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Ctr Adv Radiat Sources, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Jaeger, HM (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 22
TC 363
Z9 403
U1 2
U2 150
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 385
EP 389
DI 10.1038/35019032
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800040
PM 10935630
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mäkinen, JTT
   Bertaux, JL
   Laakso, H
   Pulkkinen, T
   Summanen, T
   Kyrölä, E
   Schmidt, W
   Quemerais, E
   Lallement, R
AF Mäkinen, JTT
   Bertaux, JL
   Laakso, H
   Pulkkinen, T
   Summanen, T
   Kyrölä, E
   Schmidt, W
   Quemerais, E
   Lallement, R
TI Discovery of a comet by its Lyman-α emission
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID swan; soho
AB Several searches for near-Earth objects have recently been initiated, as a result of increased awareness of the hazard of impacts on the Earth. These programs mainly search for asteroids, so amateur astronomers can still contribute to the discovery of comets, especially out of the orbital plane of the Solar System. An ideal way to search for comets would be to use a spaceborne instrument capable of imaging the whole sky on a daily basis in a systematic and repeatable way. Such an instrument already exists on the solar observatory SOHO; it operates at the Lyman-alpha wavelength of neutral hydrogen, which is the main component of the emission cloud of a comet. Here we report the discovery, using archival data from this satellite, of a hitherto unnoticed comet which reached a perihelion of 1.546 a.u. on 26 June 1997. We derive the water production rate of the comet as a function of time and rnd that it increases after perihelion, like that of comet Halley.
C1 Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland.
   CNRS, Serv Aeron, F-91371 Verrieres Buisson, France.
C3 Finnish Meteorological Institute; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Mäkinen, JTT (corresponding author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, POB 503, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland.
NR 10
TC 11
Z9 12
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 321
EP 322
DI 10.1038/35012526
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700038
PM 10830954
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kitov, PI
   Sadowska, JM
   Mulvey, G
   Armstrong, GD
   Ling, H
   Pannu, NS
   Read, RJ
   Bundle, DR
AF Kitov, PI
   Sadowska, JM
   Mulvey, G
   Armstrong, GD
   Ling, H
   Pannu, NS
   Read, RJ
   Bundle, DR
TI Shiga-like toxins are neutralized by tailored multivalent carbohydrate ligands
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hemolytic-uremic syndrome; escherichia-coli; receptor; binding; identification; pathogenesis; glycosides; type-1; mice
AB The diseases caused by Shiga and cholera toxins account for the loss of millions of lives each year(1). Both belong to the clinically significant subset of bacterial AB(5) toxins consisting of an enzymatically active A subunit that gains entry to susceptible mammalian cells after oligosaccharide recognition by the B-5 homopentamer(2,3), Therapies might target the obligatory oligosaccharide-toxin recognition event(4), but the low intrinsic affinity of carbohydrate-protein interactions hampers the development of low-molecular-weight inhibitors(5). The toxins circumvent low affinity by binding simultaneously to five or more cell-surface carbohydrates(6), Here we demonstrate the use of the crystal structure of the B-5 subunit Of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shiga-like toxin I (SLT-I) in complex with an analogue of its carbohydrate receptor(6) to design an oligovalent, water-soluble carbohydrate ligand (named STARFISH), with subnanomolar inhibitory activity. The in vitro inhibitory activity is 1-10-million-fold higher than that of univalent ligands and is by far the highest molar activity of any inhibitor yet reported for Shiga-like toxins I and II. Crystallography of the STARFISH/Shiga-like toxin I complex explains this activity. Two trisaccharide receptors at the tips of each of five spacer arms simultaneously engage all five B subunits of two toxin molecules.
C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Chem, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Biochem, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
   Univ Cambridge, Cambridge Inst Med Res, Dept Haematol, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
C3 University of Alberta; University of Alberta; University of Alberta; University of Cambridge
RP Bundle, DR (corresponding author), Univ Alberta, Dept Chem, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada.
NR 30
TC 764
Z9 867
U1 1
U2 114
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 669
EP 672
DI 10.1038/35001095
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200057
PM 10688205
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Donnelly, CA
AF Donnelly, CA
TI Likely size of the French BSE epidemic - Epidemiological analysis helps in evaluating the potential risks of eating French beef.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmission dynamics; cattle
C1 Imperial Coll Sch Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, London W2 1PG, England.
C3 Imperial College London
RP Donnelly, CA (corresponding author), Imperial Coll Sch Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, St Marys Campus,Norfolk Pl, London W2 1PG, England.
NR 9
TC 33
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 787
EP 788
DI 10.1038/35048666
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300030
PM 11130705
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cirac, JI
   Zoller, P
AF Cirac, JI
   Zoller, P
TI A scalable quantum computer with ions in an array of microtraps
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trapped ions; computation; universal; cavity; gates; logic
AB Quantum computers require the storage of quantum information in a set of two-level systems (called qubits), the processing of this information using quantum gates and a means of final readout(1). So far, only a few systems have been identified as potentially viable quantum computer models-accurate quantum control of the coherent evolution is required in order to realize gate operations, while at the same time decoherence must be avoided. Examples include quantum optical systems (such as those utilizing trapped ions(2-9) or neutral atoms(10-12), cavity quantum electrodynamics(13-15) and nuclear magnetic resonance(16,17)) and solid state systems (using nuclear spins(1,18), quantum dots(19) and Josephson junctions(20)). The most advanced candidates are the quantum optical and nuclear magnetic resonance systems, and we expect that they will allow quantum computing with about ten qubits within the next few years. This is still far from the numbers required for useful applications: for example, the factorization of a 200-digit number requires about 3,500 qubits(21), rising to 100,000 if error correction(22) is implemented. Scalability of proposed quantum computer architectures to many qubits is thus of central importance. Here we propose a model for an ion trap quantum computer that combines scalability (a feature usually associated with solid state proposals) with the advantages of quantum optical systems (in particular, quantum control and long decoherence times).
C1 Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
C3 University of Innsbruck
RP Zoller, P (corresponding author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
EM peter.zoller@uibk.ac.at
NR 25
TC 476
Z9 521
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 579
EP 581
DI 10.1038/35007021
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100046
PM 10766235
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Altshuler, D
   Pollara, VJ
   Cowles, CR
   Van Etten, WJ
   Baldwin, J
   Linton, L
   Lander, ES
AF Altshuler, D
   Pollara, VJ
   Cowles, CR
   Van Etten, WJ
   Baldwin, J
   Linton, L
   Lander, ES
TI An SNP map of the human genome generated by reduced representation shotgun sequencing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-nucleotide polymorphisms; candidate genes; identification; diversity; discovery
AB Most genomic variation is attributable to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which therefore offer the highest resolution for tracking disease genes and population history(1-3). It has been proposed that a dense map of 30,000-500,000 SNPs can be used to scan the human genome for haplotypes associated with common diseases(4-6). Here we describe a simple but powerful method, called reduced representation shotgun (RRS) sequencing, for creating SNP maps. RRS re-samples specific subsets of the genome from several individuals, and compares the resulting sequences using a highly accurate SNP detection algorithm. The method can be extended by alignment to available genome sequence, increasing the yield of SNPs and providing map positions. These methods are being used by The SNP Consortium, an international collaboration of academic centres, pharmaceutical companies and a private foundation, to discover and release at least 300,000 human SNPs. We have discovered 47,172 human SNPs by RRS, and in total the Consortium has identified 148,459 SNPs. More broadly, RRS facilitates the rapid, inexpensive construction of SNP maps in biomedically and agriculturally important species. SNPs discovered by RRS also offer unique advantages for large-scale genotyping.
C1 MIT, Whitehead Inst, Ctr Genome Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Med,Diabet Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Lander, ES (corresponding author), MIT, Whitehead Inst, Ctr Genome Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
NR 22
TC 544
Z9 668
U1 0
U2 106
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 513
EP 516
DI 10.1038/35035083
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400050
PM 11029002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schiff, ML
   Siderovski, DP
   Jordan, JD
   Brothers, G
   Snow, B
   De Vries, L
   Ortiz, DF
   Diversé-Pierluissi, M
AF Schiff, ML
   Siderovski, DP
   Jordan, JD
   Brothers, G
   Snow, B
   De Vries, L
   Ortiz, DF
   Diversé-Pierluissi, M
TI Tyrosine-kinase-dependent recruitment of RGS12 to the N-type calcium channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heterotrimeric g-proteins; desensitization; receptor; subunit
AB gamma -Aminobutyric acid (GABA)(B) receptors couple to G(o) to inhibit N-type calcium channels in embryonic chick dorsal root ganglion neurons(1). The voltage-independent inhibition, mediated by means of a tyrosine-kinase pathway(2), is transient and lasts up to 100 seconds. Inhibition of endogenous RGS12, a member of the family of regulators of G-protein signalling, selectively alters the time course of voltage-independent inhibition. The RGS12 protein, in addition to the RGS domain, contains PDZ and PTB domains(3). Fusion proteins containing the PTB domain of RGS12 alter the rate of termination of the GABAB signal, whereas the PDZ or RGS domains of RGS12 have no observable effects. Using primary dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture, here we show an endogenous agonist-induced tyrosine-kinase-dependent complex of RGS12 and the calcium channel. These results indicate that RGS12 is a multifunctional protein capable of direct interactions through its PTB domain with the tyrosine-phosphorylated calcium channel. Recruitment of RGS proteins to G-protein effecters may represent an additional mechanism for signal termination in G-protein-coupled pathways.
C1 CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, New York, NY 10029 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27559 USA.
   Amgen Res Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Cellular & Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
C3 City University of New York (CUNY) System; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Tufts University
RP Diversé-Pierluissi, M (corresponding author), CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Box 1215, New York, NY 10029 USA.
NR 13
TC 118
Z9 144
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 723
EP 727
DI 10.1038/35047093
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200050
PM 11130074
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bodelier, PLE
   Roslev, P
   Henckel, T
   Frenzel, P
AF Bodelier, PLE
   Roslev, P
   Henckel, T
   Frenzel, P
TI Stimulation by ammonium-based fertilizers of methane oxidation in soil around rice roots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID methanotrophic bacteria; oryza-sativa; forest soils; inhibition; consumption; kinetics; plants
AB Methane is involved in a number of chemical and physical processes in the Earths atmosphere, including global warming(1), Atmospheric methane originates mainly from biogenic sources, such as rice paddies and natural wetlands; the former account for at least 30% of the global annual emission of methane to the atmosphere(2). As an increase of rice production by 60% is the most appropriate way to sustain the estimated increase of the human population during the next three decades(3), intensified global fertilizer application will be necessary(3): but it is known that an increase of the commonly used ammonium-based fertilizers can enhance methane emission from rice agriculture. Approximately 10-30% of the methane produced by methanogens in rice paddies is consumed by methane-oxidizing bacteria associated with the roots of rice(4,5); these bacteria are generally thought to be inhibited by ammonium-based fertilizers, as tvas demonstrated for soils(6-8) and sediments(9,10). In contrast, we show here that the activity and growth of such bacteria in the root zone of rice plants are stimulated after fertilization. Using a combination of radioactive fingerprinting(11) and molecular biology(12) techniques, we identify the bacteria responsible for this effect. We expect that our results will make necessary a re-evaluation of the link between fertilizer use and methane emissions, with effects on global warming studies.
C1 Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Limnol, NL-3631 AC Nieuwersluis, Netherlands.
   Max Planck Inst Terr Microbiol, Dept Biogeochem, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
   Univ Aalborg, Environm Engn Lab, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark.
C3 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Max Planck Society; Aalborg University
RP Bodelier, PLE (corresponding author), Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Limnol, Rijksstr Weg 6, NL-3631 AC Nieuwersluis, Netherlands.
NR 27
TC 425
Z9 524
U1 5
U2 271
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 421
EP 424
DI 10.1038/35000193
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100048
PM 10667792
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sasaki, S
   De Franceschi, S
   Elzerman, JM
   van der Wiel, WG
   Eto, M
   Tarucha, S
   Kouwenhoven, LP
AF Sasaki, S
   De Franceschi, S
   Elzerman, JM
   van der Wiel, WG
   Eto, M
   Tarucha, S
   Kouwenhoven, LP
TI Kondo effect in an integer-spin quantum dot
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-transport; impurity
AB The Kondo effect-a many-body phenomenon in condensed-matter physics involving the interaction between a localized spin and free electrons-was discovered in metals containing small amounts of magnetic impurities, although it is now recognized to be of fundamental importance in a wide class of correlated electron systems(1,2). In fabricated structures, the control of single, localized spins is of technological relevance for nanoscale electronics(3,4). Experiments have already demonstrated artificial realizations of isolated magnetic impurities at metallic surfaces(5,6), nanoscale magnets(7), controlled transitions between two-electron singlet and triplet states(8), and a tunable Kondo effect in semiconductor quantum dots(9-12). Here we report an unexpected Kondo effect in a few-electron quantum dot containing singlet and triplet spin states, whose energy difference can be tuned with a magnetic field. We observe the effect for an even number of electrons, when the singlet and triplet states are degenerate. The characteristic energy scale is much larger than in the ordinary spin-1/2 case.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, DIMES, Dept Appl Phys, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
   Delft Univ Technol, ERATO Mesoscop Correlat Project, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
   NTT, Basic Res Labs, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430129, Japan.
   Keio Univ, Fac Sci & Technol, Kohoku Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, ERATO Mesoscop Correlat Project, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 Delft University of Technology; Delft University of Technology; NTT, Inc; Keio University; University of Tokyo
RP De Franceschi, S (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, DIMES, Dept Appl Phys, POB 5046, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
NR 30
TC 462
Z9 486
U1 1
U2 66
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 764
EP 767
DI 10.1038/35015509
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600041
PM 10866190
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gavaghan, H
AF Gavaghan, H
TI New UK legislation aids fight against discrimination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 716
EP 717
DI 10.1038/35015274
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800056
PM 10864334
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wittman, DM
   Tyson, JA
   Kirkman, D
   Dell'Antonio, I
   Bernstein, G
AF Wittman, DM
   Tyson, JA
   Kirkman, D
   Dell'Antonio, I
   Bernstein, G
TI Detection of weak gravitational lensing distortions of distant galaxies by cosmic dark matter at large scales
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID universe; images; fluctuations; tomography; cosmology; spectrum; cluster
AB Most of the matter in the Universe is not luminous, and can be observed only through its gravitational influence on the appearance of luminous matter. Weak gravitational lensing is a technique that uses the distortions of the images of distant galaxies as a tracer of dark matter: such distortions are induced as the light passes through large-scale distributions of dark matter in the foreground. The patterns of the induced distortions reflect the density of mass along the line of sight and its distribution, and the resulting 'cosmic shear' can be used to distinguish between alternative cosmologies. But previous attempts to measure this effect have been inconclusive. Here we report the detection of cosmic shear on angular scales of up to half a degree using 145,000 galaxies and along three separate lines of sight. We find that the dark matter is distributed in a manner consistent with either an open universe, or a flat universe that is dominated by a cosmological constant. Our results are inconsistent with the standard cold-dark-matter model.
C1 Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07574 USA.
   Natl Opt Astron Observ, Kitt Peak Natl Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Astron, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; National Optical Astronomy Observatory; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Wittman, DM (corresponding author), Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07574 USA.
EM wittman@physics.bell-labs.com
NR 36
TC 481
Z9 545
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 143
EP 148
DI 10.1038/35012001
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100039
PM 10821262
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cox, PM
   Betts, RA
   Jones, CD
   Spall, SA
   Totterdell, IJ
AF Cox, PM
   Betts, RA
   Jones, CD
   Spall, SA
   Totterdell, IJ
TI Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stomatal conductance; dioxide; photosynthesis; terrestrial; circulation; vegetation; scale; ocean
AB The continued increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide due to anthropogenic emissions is predicted to lead to significant changes in climate(1). About half of the current emissions are being absorbed by the ocean and by land ecosystems(2), but this absorption is sensitive to climate(3,4) as well as to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations(5), creating a feedback loop. General circulation models have generally excluded the feedback between climate and the biosphere, using static vegetation distributions and CO2 concentrations from simple carbon-cycle models that do not include climate change(6). Here we present results from a fully coupled, three-dimensional carbon-climate model, indicating that carbon-cycle feedbacks could significantly accelerate climate change over the twenty-first century. We rnd that under a 'business as usual' scenario, the terrestrial biosphere acts as an overall carbon sink until about 2050, but turns into a source thereafter. By 2100, the ocean uptake rate of 5 Gt Cyr(-1) is balanced by the terrestrial carbon source, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations are 250 p.p.m.v. higher in our fully coupled simulation than in uncoupled carbon models(2), resulting in a global-mean warming of 5.5 K, as compared to 4 K without the carbon-cycle feedback.
C1 Meteorol Off, Hadley Ctr, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England.
   Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
C3 Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre; NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Southampton
RP Cox, PM (corresponding author), Meteorol Off, Hadley Ctr, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England.
NR 30
TC 3031
Z9 3676
U1 20
U2 4006
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 184
EP 187
DI 10.1038/35041539
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400040
PM 11089968
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sirenko, AA
   Bernhard, C
   Golnik, A
   Clark, AM
   Hao, JH
   Si, WD
   Xi, XX
AF Sirenko, AA
   Bernhard, C
   Golnik, A
   Clark, AM
   Hao, JH
   Si, WD
   Xi, XX
TI Soft-mode hardening in SrTiO3 thin films
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature; dependence; thickness
AB Understanding the behaviour of the dielectric constant in ferroelectric thin films remains a challenging problem, These ferroelectric materials have high static dielectric constants, and so are important for their applications in high-storage-density capacitor structures such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM)(1), But the dielectric constant tends to be significantly reduced in thin films, thereby limiting the potential benefit of ferroelectrics for memory devices(2). Extensive studies have shown that this phenomenon could be caused by a 'dead layer' of very low dielectric constant between the ferroelectric film and the electrode(2,3). And, although very few direct measurements are in fact available, it has been recognized that the lattice dynamical properties in the thin films should also play a key role in the reduction(2) of the dielectric constant. Here we report far-infrared ellipsometry and low-frequency dielectric measurements in SrTiO3 thin films, which demonstrate that the Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation between the optical-phonon eigenfrequencies and the dielectric constant is fully maintained, as is the case in the bulk material. This indicates that the dramatic reduction of the dielectric constant is a consequence of a profound change of the lattice dynamical properties, in particular of the reduced softening of its lowest optical-phonon mode. Our results therefore provide a better understanding of the fundamental limitations of the dielectric constant values in ferroelectric thin films.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Max Planck Society
RP Sirenko, AA (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM sirenko@phys.psu.edu
NR 22
TC 270
Z9 289
U1 2
U2 184
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 373
EP 376
DI 10.1038/35006023
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000045
PM 10746720
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gavaghan, H
AF Gavaghan, H
TI Governments prime basic nanotech research, applied activity yet to soar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 1
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 619
EP 620
DI 10.1038/35046276
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600130
PM 11117753
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schlossmann, J
   Ammendola, A
   Ashman, K
   Zong, XG
   Huber, A
   Neubauer, G
   Wang, GX
   Allescher, HD
   Korth, M
   Wilm, M
   Hofmann, F
   Ruth, P
AF Schlossmann, J
   Ammendola, A
   Ashman, K
   Zong, XG
   Huber, A
   Neubauer, G
   Wang, GX
   Allescher, HD
   Korth, M
   Wilm, M
   Hofmann, F
   Ruth, P
TI Regulation of intracellular calcium by a signalling complex of IRAG, IP3 receptor and cGMP kinase Iβ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor; vascular smooth-muscle; membrane-protein; ca2+ release; ion; phosphorylation; purification; substrate
AB Calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum controls a number of cellular processes, including proliferation and contraction of smooth muscle and other cells(1,2). Calcium release from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-sensitive stores is negatively regulated by binding of calmodulin to the IP3 receptor (IP3R)(3,4) and the NO/cGMP/cGMP kinase I (cGKI) signalling pathways(5,6). Activation of cGKI decreases IP3-stimulated elevations in intracellular calcium(7), induces smooth muscle relaxation(8) and contributes to the antiproliferative(9) and pro-apoptotic effects of NO/cGMP(10). Here we show that, in microsomal smooth muscle membranes, cGKI beta phosphorylated the IP3R and cGKI beta, and a protein of relative molecular mass 125,000 which we now identify as the IP3R-associated cGMP kinase substrate (IRAG). These proteins were co-immunoprecipitated by antibodies directed against cGKI, IP3R or IRAG. IRAG was found in many tissues including aorta, trachea and uterus, and was localized perinuclearly after heterologous expression in COS-7 cells. Bradykinin-stimulated calcium release was not affected by the expression of either IRAG or cGKI beta, which we tested in the absence and presence of cGMP. However, calcium release was inhibited after co-expression of IRAG and cGKI beta in the presence of cGMP. These results identify IRAG as an essential NO/cGKI-dependent regulator of IP3-induced calcium release.
C1 Tech Univ Munich, Inst Pharmakol & Toxikol, D-80802 Munich, Germany.
   European Mol Biol Lab, Prot & Peptide Grp, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Hamburg, Hosp Eppendorf, Abt Pharmakol Pharmazeuten, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 Technical University of Munich; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); University of Hamburg
RP Hofmann, F (corresponding author), Tech Univ Munich, Inst Pharmakol & Toxikol, Biedersteiner Str 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany.
NR 29
TC 379
Z9 435
U1 1
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 197
EP 201
DI 10.1038/35004606
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900055
PM 10724174
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ehleringer, JR
   Casale, JF
   Lott, MJ
   Ford, VL
AF Ehleringer, JR
   Casale, JF
   Lott, MJ
   Ford, VL
TI Tracing the geographical origin of cocaine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID depth chromatographic analyses; south-american; leaves; illicit
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Stable Isotope Ratio Facil Environm Res, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   US Dept Justice, Drug Enforcement Adm, Special Testing & Res Lab, Mclean, VA 22102 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Ehleringer, JR (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Stable Isotope Ratio Facil Environm Res, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
NR 11
TC 134
Z9 154
U1 1
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 311
EP 312
DI 10.1038/35042680
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000032
PM 11099029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adam, D
AF Adam, D
TI Clean and green ... but are they mean?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ionic liquids
NR 10
TC 89
Z9 94
U1 1
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6807
BP 938
EP 940
DI 10.1038/35039717
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 366XX
UT WOS:000090032500014
PM 11069156
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McKinney, JD
   zu Bentrup, KH
   Muñoz-Elias, EJ
   Miczak, A
   Chen, B
   Chan, WT
   Swenson, D
   Sacchettini, JC
   Jacobs, WR Jr
   Russell, DG
AF McKinney, JD
   zu Bentrup, KH
   Muñoz-Elias, EJ
   Miczak, A
   Chen, B
   Chan, WT
   Swenson, D
   Sacchettini, JC
   Jacobs, WR Jr
   Russell, DG
TI Persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages and mice requires the glyoxylate shunt enzyme isocitrate lyase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID allelic exchange; expression; maturation; smegmatis; survival; mutants; avium; cells
AB Mycobacterium tuberculosis claims more human lives each year than any other bacterial pathogen. Infection is maintained in spite of acquired immunity and resists eradication by antimicrobials(1,2). Despite an urgent need for new therapies targeting persistent bacteria, our knowledge of bacterial metabolism throughout the course of infection remains rudimentary. Here we report that persistence of M. tuberculosis in mice is facilitated by isocitrate lyase (ICL), an enzyme essential for the metabolism of fatty acids(3,4). Disruption of the icl gene attenuated bacterial persistence and virulence in immune-competent mice without affecting bacterial growth during the acute phase of infection. A link between the requirement for ICL and the immune status of the host was established by the restored virulence of Delta icl bacteria in interferon-gamma knockout mice. This link was apparent at the level of the infected macrophage: Activation of infected macrophages increased expression of ICL, and the Delta icl mutant was markedly attenuated for survival in activated but not resting macrophages. These data suggest that the metabolism of M. tuberculosis in vivo is profoundly influenced by the host response to infection, an observation with important implications for the treatment of chronic tuberculosis.
C1 Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Microbiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
C3 Yeshiva University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Washington University (WUSTL); Rockefeller University; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station
RP Russell, DG (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM dgr8@cornell.edu
NR 31
TC 1121
Z9 1359
U1 3
U2 123
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 735
EP 738
DI 10.1038/35021074
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700046
PM 10963599
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Langenberg, H
   Aldhous, P
AF Langenberg, H
   Aldhous, P
TI Global warming - A climate of uncertainty
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 8
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 896
EP 897
DI 10.1038/35050238
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100011
PM 11140648
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rotenberg, E
   Theis, W
   Horn, K
   Gille, P
AF Rotenberg, E
   Theis, W
   Horn, K
   Gille, P
TI Quasicrystalline valence bands in decagonal AlNiCo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quasi-crystals; localization; dispersion; electrons
AB Quasicrystals are metallic alloys that possess perfect long-range structural order, in spite of the fact that their rotational symmetries are incompatible with long-range periodicity. The exotic structural properties of this class of materials(1) are accompanied by physical properties that are unexpected for metallic alloys. Considerable progress in resolving the geometric structures of quasicrystals has been made using X-ray and neutron diffraction, and concepts such as the quasi-unit-cell model(2) have provided theoretical insights. But the basic properties of the valence electronic states-whether they are extended as in periodic crystals or localized as in amorphous materials-are still largely unresolved(3). Here we investigate the electronic bandstructure of quasicrystals through angle-resolved photoemission experiments on decagonal Al71.8Ni14.8Co13.4. We rnd that the s-p and d states exhibit band-like behaviour with the symmetry of the quasiperiodic lattice, and that the Fermi level is crossed by dispersing d-bands. The observation of free-electron-like bands, distributed in momentum space according to the surface diffraction pattern, suggests that the electronic states are not dominated by localization.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Free Univ Berlin, Inst Expt Phys, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Max Planck Gesell, Fritz Haber Inst, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Inst Kristallog & Angew Mineral, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Free University of Berlin; Max Planck Society; Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society; University of Munich
RP Rotenberg, E (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, MS2-400, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 19
TC 94
Z9 100
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 602
EP 605
DI 10.1038/35020519
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800040
PM 10949295
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Distel, DL
   Baco, AR
   Chuang, E
   Morrill, W
   Cavanaugh, C
   Smith, CR
AF Distel, DL
   Baco, AR
   Chuang, E
   Morrill, W
   Cavanaugh, C
   Smith, CR
TI Marine ecology - Do mussels take wooden steps to deep-sea vents?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID whale fall; environments; bivalvia; community; mytilidae; ocean
C1 Univ Maine, Dept Biochem Microbiol & Mol Biol, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Biol Labs, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono; University of Hawaii System; Harvard University
RP Distel, DL (corresponding author), Univ Maine, Dept Biochem Microbiol & Mol Biol, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
NR 17
TC 260
Z9 297
U1 3
U2 73
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 725
EP 726
DI 10.1038/35001667
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100040
PM 10693793
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsai, AP
   Guo, JQ
   Abe, E
   Takakura, H
   Sato, TJ
AF Tsai, AP
   Guo, JQ
   Abe, E
   Takakura, H
   Sato, TJ
TI Alloys - A stable binary quasicrystal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID symmetry
C1 Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Natl Res Inst Met, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); National Institute for Materials Science; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Tsai, AP (corresponding author), Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Natl Res Inst Met, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan.
NR 11
TC 455
Z9 474
U1 3
U2 162
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 537
EP 538
DI 10.1038/35046202
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600103
PM 11117731
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Günther, T
   Chen, ZF
   Kim, JS
   Priemel, M
   Rueger, JM
   Amling, M
   Moseley, JM
   Martin, TJ
   Anderson, DJ
   Karsenty, G
AF Günther, T
   Chen, ZF
   Kim, JS
   Priemel, M
   Rueger, JM
   Amling, M
   Moseley, JM
   Martin, TJ
   Anderson, DJ
   Karsenty, G
TI Genetic ablation of parathyroid glands reveals another source of parathyroid hormone
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-ribonucleic-acid; blomstrand chondrodysplasia; cells; drosophila; expression; receptor; hypercalcemia; calcium; protein; switch
AB The parathyroid glands are the only known source of circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH), which initiates an endocrine cascade that regulates serum calcium concentration(1). Glial cells missing2 (Gcm2), a mouse homologue of Drosophila Gcm, is the only transcription factor whose expression is restricted to the parathyroid glands(2-5). Here we show that Gcm2-deficient mice lack parathyroid glands and exhibit a biological hypoparathyroidism, identifying Gcm2 as a master regulatory gene of parathyroid gland development. Unlike PTH receptor-deficient mice, however, Gcm2-deficient mice are viable and fertile, and have only a mildly abnormal bone phenotype. Despite their lack of parathyroid glands, Gcm2-deficient mice have PTH serum levels identical to those of wild-type mice, as do parathyroidectomized wild-type animals. Expression and ablation studies identified the thymus, where Gcm1, another Gcm homologue, is expressed, as the additional, downregulatable source of PTH. Thus, Gcm2 deletion uncovers an auxiliary mechanism for the regulation of calcium homeostasis in the absence of parathyroid glands. We propose that this backup mechanism may be a general feature of endocrine regulation.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Program Dev Biol, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   CALTECH, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Hamburg, Dept Trauma Surg, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
   St Vincents Inst Med Res, Melbourne, Vic 3065, Australia.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Washington University (WUSTL); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; University of Hamburg; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research
RP Karsenty, G (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Program Dev Biol, Dept Mol & Human Genet, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 28
TC 295
Z9 335
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 199
EP 203
DI 10.1038/35018111
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100052
PM 10910362
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brenner, R
   Peréz, GJ
   Bonev, AD
   Eckman, DM
   Kosek, JC
   Wiler, SW
   Patterson, AJ
   Nelson, MT
   Aldrich, RW
AF Brenner, R
   Peréz, GJ
   Bonev, AD
   Eckman, DM
   Kosek, JC
   Wiler, SW
   Patterson, AJ
   Nelson, MT
   Aldrich, RW
TI Vasoregulation by the β1 subunit of the calcium-activated potassium channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ca2+-activated k+ channel; cerebral-artery; smooth-muscle; ryanodine receptors; molecular-basis; protein-kinase; blood-pressure; ca channels; bk channels; wall ca2+
AB Small arteries exhibit tone, a partially contracted state that is an important determinant of blood pressure. In arterial smooth muscle cells, intracellular calcium paradoxically controls both contraction and relaxation. The mechanisms by which calcium can differentially regulate diverse physiological responses within a single cell remain unresolved. Calcium-dependent relaxation is mediated by local calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. These 'calcium sparks' activate calcium-dependent potassium (BK) channels comprised of alpha and beta 1 subunits. Here we show that targeted deletion of the gene for the beta 1 subunit leads to a decrease in the calcium sensitivity of BK channels, a reduction in functional coupling of calcium sparks to BK channel activation, and increases in arterial tone and blood pressure. The beta 1 subunit of the BK channel, by tuning the channel's calcium sensitivity, is a key molecular component in translating calcium signals to the central physiological function of vasoregulation.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Vermont, Coll Med, Dept Pharmacol, Burlington, VT 05405 USA.
   Palo Alto Vet Adm Healthcare Syst, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesia, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Vermont; Stanford University
RP Aldrich, RW (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM raldrich@leland.stanford.edu
NR 47
TC 696
Z9 785
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 870
EP 876
DI 10.1038/35038011
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900041
PM 11057658
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butler, D
AF Butler, D
TI New fronts in an old war
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mycobacterium-tuberculosis
NR 13
TC 67
Z9 73
U1 1
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 670
EP 672
DI 10.1038/35021291
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700013
PM 10963570
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keppler, F
   Eiden, R
   Niedan, V
   Pracht, J
   Schöler, HF
AF Keppler, F
   Eiden, R
   Niedan, V
   Pracht, J
   Schöler, HF
TI Halocarbons produced by natural oxidation processes during degradation of organic matter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Volatile halogenated organic compounds (VHOC) play an important role in atmospheric chemical processes-contributing, for example, to stratospheric ozone depletion(1-4), For anthropogenic VHOC whose sources are well known(5), the global atmospheric input can be estimated from industrial production data. Halogenated compounds of natural origin can also contribute significantly to the levels of VHOC in the atmosphere(6). The oceans have been implicated as one of the main natural sources(7-10), where organisms such as macroalgae and microalgae can release large quantities of VHOC to the atmosphere(11,12), Some terrestrial sources have also been identified, such as wood-rotting fungi(13), biomass burning(14) and volcanic emissions(15). Here we report the identification of a different terrestrial source of naturally occurring VHOC, We find that, in soils and sediments, halide ions can be alkylated during the oxidation of organic matter by an electron acceptor such as Fe(III): sunlight or microbial mediation are not required for these reactions. When the available halide ion is chloride, the reaction products are CH3Cl, C2H5Cl, C3H7Cl and C4H9Cl. (The corresponding alkyl bromides or alkyl iodides are produced when bromide or iodide are present.) Such abiotic processes could make a significant contribution to the budget of the important atmospheric compounds CH3Cl, CH3Br and CH3I.
C1 Univ Heidelberg, Inst Environm Geochem, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
RP Keppler, F (corresponding author), Univ Heidelberg, Inst Environm Geochem, Neuenheimer Feld 236, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 19
TC 309
Z9 351
U1 4
U2 165
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 298
EP 301
DI 10.1038/35002055
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700049
PM 10659846
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gee, JS
   Cande, SC
   Hildebrand, JA
   Donnelly, K
   Parker, RL
AF Gee, JS
   Cande, SC
   Hildebrand, JA
   Donnelly, K
   Parker, RL
TI Geomagnetic intensity variations over the past 780 kyr obtained from near-seafloor magnetic anomalies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; submarine basaltic glass; crustal emplacement processes; layer 2a thickness; laschamp excursion; midocean ridge; field; paleointensity; constraints; lavas
AB Knowledge of past variations in the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field provides an important constraint on models of the geodynamo. A record of absolute palaeointensity for the past 50 kyr has been compiled from archaeomagnetic and volcanic materials, and relative palaeointensities over the past 800 kyr have been obtained from sedimentary sequences. But a long-term record of geomagnetic intensity should also be carried by the thermoremanence of the oceanic crust. Here we show that near-seafloor magnetic anomalies recorded over the southern East Pacific Rise are well correlated with independent estimates of geomagnetic intensity during the past 780 kyr. Moreover, the pattern of absolute palaeointensity of seafloor glass samples from the same area agrees with the well-documented dipole intensity pattern for the past 50 kyr. A comparison of palaeointensities derived from seafloor glass samples with global intensity variations thus allows us to estimate the ages of surficial lava flows in this region. The record of geomagnetic intensity preserved in the oceanic crust should provide a higher-time-resolution record of crustal accretion processes at mid-ocean ridges than has previously been obtainable.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Columbia University
RP Gee, JS (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 38
TC 89
Z9 96
U1 1
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 827
EP 832
DI 10.1038/35048513
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300041
PM 11130715
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kärre, K
   Schneider, G
AF Kärre, K
   Schneider, G
TI Immunology -: The footprint of a killer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inhibitory receptor; cells; molecules; complex; peptide
C1 Karolinska Inst, Ctr Microbiol & Tumor Biol, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Biochem & Biophys, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska Institutet
RP Kärre, K (corresponding author), Karolinska Inst, Ctr Microbiol & Tumor Biol, Box 280, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
NR 10
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 527
EP 528
DI 10.1038/35014724
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500035
PM 10850700
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koranda, M
   Schleiffer, A
   Endler, L
   Ammerer, G
AF Koranda, M
   Schleiffer, A
   Endler, L
   Ammerer, G
TI Forkhead-like transcription factors recruit Ndd1 to the chromatin of G2/M-specific promoters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast-cell cycle; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; genes; mcm1; identification; expression; repressor; complex; domain; rox1
AB Many cell-cycle-specific events are supported by stage-specific gene expression. In budding yeast, at least three different nuclear factors seem to cooperate in the periodic activation of G2/M-specific genes(1-3). Here we show, by using chromatin immunoprecipitation polymerase chain reaction assays, that a positive regulator, Ndd1, becomes associated with G2/M promoter regions in manner that depends on the stage in cell cycle. Its recruitment depends on a permanent protein-DNA complex consisting of the MADS box protein, Mcm1, and a recently identified partner Fkh2, a forkhead/winged helix related transcription factor(4,5). The lethality of Ndd1 depletion is suppressed by fkh2 null mutations, which indicates that Fkh2 may also have a negative regulatory role in the transcription of G2/M-induced RNAs. We conclude that Ndd1-Fkh2 interactions may be the transcriptionally important process targeted by Cdk activity.
C1 Univ Vienna, Ludwig Boltzmann Forsch Stelle, Dept Biochem & Mol Cell Biol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
C3 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute; University of Vienna
RP Ammerer, G (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Ludwig Boltzmann Forsch Stelle, Dept Biochem & Mol Cell Biol, Dr Bohrgasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
NR 21
TC 177
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 94
EP 98
DI 10.1038/35017589
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200052
PM 10894549
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hanski, I
   Ovaskainen, O
AF Hanski, I
   Ovaskainen, O
TI The metapopulation capacity of a fragmented landscape
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID environmental stochasticity; dynamics; extinction; persistence; populations; patterns; model
AB Ecologists and conservation biologists have used many measures of landscape structure(1-5) to predict the population dynamic consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation(6-8), but these measures are not well justified by population dynamic theory. Here we introduce a new measure for highly fragmented landscapes, termed the metapopulation capacity, which is rigorously derived from metapopulation theory and can easily be applied to real networks of habitat fragments with known areas and connectivities. Technically, metapopulation capacity is the leading eigenvalue of an appropriate 'landscape' matrix. A species is predicted to persist in a landscape if the metapopulation capacity of that landscape is greater than a threshold value determined by the properties of the species. Therefore, metapopulation capacity can conveniently be used to rank different landscapes in terms of their capacity to support viable metapopulations. We present an empirical example on multiple networks occupied by an endangered species of butterfly. Using this theory, we may also calculate how the metapopulation capacity is changed by removing habitat fragments from or adding new ones into specific spatial locations, or by changing their areas. The metapopulation capacity should rnd many applications in metapopulation ecology, landscape ecology and conservation biology.
C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Ecol & Systemat, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
C3 University of Helsinki
RP Hanski, I (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Ecol & Systemat, POB 17,Arkadiankatu 7, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
EM ilkka.hanski@helsinki.fi
NR 30
TC 829
Z9 943
U1 9
U2 563
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 755
EP 758
DI 10.1038/35008063
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600050
PM 10783887
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grevemeyer, I
   Herber, R
   Essen, HH
AF Grevemeyer, I
   Herber, R
   Essen, HH
TI Microseismological evidence for a changing wave climate in the northeast Atlantic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature; surface; height; winter
AB One possible consequence of a change in climate over the past several decades is an increase in wave heights, potentially threatening coastal areas as well as the marine industry(1-4). But the difficulties in observing wave heights exacerbates a general problem of climate-change detection: inhomogeneities in long-term observational records owing to changes in the instruments or techniques used, which may cause artificial trends(5,6). Ground movements with periods of 4-16 seconds, known as microseisms, are associated with ocean waves and coastal surf(7-10), and have been recorded continuously since the early days of seismology. Here we use such a 40-year record of wintertime microseisms from Hamburg, Germany, to reconstruct the wave climate in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. For the period 1954-77, we detect an average of seven days per month with strong microseismic activity, without a significant trend. This number increases significantly in the second half of the record, reaching approximately 14 days of strong microseisms per month. The implied increase in northeast Atlantic wave height over the past 20 years parallels increased surface air temperatures(11) and storminess(12) in this region, suggesting a common forcing.
C1 Univ Bremen, Dept Earth Sci, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Univ Hamburg, Geophys Observ, D-21075 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Hamburg, Inst Oceanog, D-22529 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 University of Bremen; University of Hamburg; University of Hamburg
RP Grevemeyer, I (corresponding author), Univ Bremen, Dept Earth Sci, Klagenfurter Str Bldg GEO, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
NR 29
TC 124
Z9 132
U1 1
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 349
EP 352
DI 10.1038/35042558
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000042
PM 11099039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Foster, KR
   Ratnieks, FLW
AF Foster, KR
   Ratnieks, FLW
TI Social insects - Facultative worker policing in a wasp
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hymenoptera; bees
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Lab Apiculture & Social Insects, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Sheffield
RP Foster, KR (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Lab Apiculture & Social Insects, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
NR 9
TC 121
Z9 130
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 692
EP 693
DI 10.1038/35037665
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900027
PM 11048706
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Echtay, KS
   Winkler, E
   Klingenberg, M
AF Echtay, KS
   Winkler, E
   Klingenberg, M
TI Coenzyme Q is an obligatory cofactor for uncoupling protein function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fatty-acids; bacterial expression; nucleotide-binding; h+ transport; mitochondria; carrier; ucp1; reconstitution; membrane
AB Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are thought to be intricately controlled uncouplers(1-3) that are responsible for the futile dissipation of mitochondrial chemiosmotic gradients, producing heat rather than ATP. They occur in many animal and plant cells(4-9) and forma subfamily of the mitochondrial carrier family(10). Physiological uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation must be strongly regulated to avoid deterioration of the energy supply and cell death, which is caused by toxic uncouplers. However, an H+ transporting uncoupling function is well established only for UCP1 from brown adipose tissue(2,8,9,11), and the regulation of UCP1 by fatty acids, nucleotides and pH remains controversial(2,12-14). The failure of UCP1 expressed in Escherichia coli inclusion bodies to carry out fatty-acid-dependent H+ transport activity inclusion bodies(15) made us seek a native UCP cofactor. Here we report the identification of coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) as such a cofactor. On addition of CoQ(10) to reconstituted UCP1 from inclusion bodies, fatty-acid-dependent H+ transport reached the same rate as with native UCP1. The H+ transport was highly sensitive to purine nucleotides, and activated only by oxidized but not reduced CoQ. H+ transport of native UCP1 correlated with the endogenous CoQ content.
C1 Univ Munich, Inst Physiol Chem, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Munich
RP Klingenberg, M (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Inst Physiol Chem, Schillerstr 44, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
EM klingenberg@pbm.med.uni-muenchen.de
NR 30
TC 281
Z9 316
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 609
EP 613
DI 10.1038/35046114
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600124
PM 11117751
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stott, LD
   Berelson, W
   Douglas, R
   Gorsline, D
AF Stott, LD
   Berelson, W
   Douglas, R
   Gorsline, D
TI Increased dissolved oxygen in Pacific intermediate waters due to lower rates of carbon oxidation in sediments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID santa-barbara basin; north pacific; monica basin; sea-floor; california; climate; ocean; diagenesis; century; record
AB Concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the ocean seem to correlate well with climate instabilities over the past 100,000 years. For example, the concentration of dissolved oxygen in Pacific intermediate waters was considerably higher during Pleistocene glacial periods than it is today(1-4). This has been inferred from the presence of bioturbated sediments, implying that oxygen levels were sufficient for burrowing organisms to live. Today, basins in the northeastern Pacific Ocean are floored by laminated sediments implying lower oxygen levels, which may be explained by reduced ventilation(2-4). Here we report a recent return to bioturbated sediments in the northeastern Pacific Ocean since the late 1970s. From the carbon isotope composition of benthic foraminifers living in the sediment, we infer a twofold decrease in the carbon oxidation rate occurring within sediments, equivalent to an increase in dissolved oxygen concentration of 15-20 micromoles per litre. These changes, at the edges of the Santa Barbara, Santa Monica and Alfonso basins, are coincident with a change in North Pacific climate which has reduced upwelling by 20-30% and increased sea surface temperatures by 1.5-3 degrees C. This suggests that climate effects on surface productivity, reducing the supply organic matter to sediments, may have had a greater effect on benthic oxygen levels than changes in ocean circulation patterns.
C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
C3 University of Southern California
RP Stott, LD (corresponding author), Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
NR 25
TC 50
Z9 59
U1 1
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 367
EP 370
DI 10.1038/35030084
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700044
PM 11014190
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hark, AT
   Schoenherr, CJ
   Katz, DJ
   Ingram, RS
   Levorse, JM
   Tilghman, SM
AF Hark, AT
   Schoenherr, CJ
   Katz, DJ
   Ingram, RS
   Levorse, JM
   Tilghman, SM
TI CTCF mediates methylation-sensitive enhancer-blocking activity at the H19/Igf2 locus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse h19 gene; control element; protein ctcf; cpg island; chromatin; boundary; sequence; promoter; upstream; deletion
AB The Insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and H19 genes are imprinted, resulting in silencing of the maternal and paternal alleles, respectively. This event is dependent upon an imprinted-control region two kilobases upstream of H19 (refs 1, 2). On the paternal chromosome this element is methylated and required for the silencing of H19 (refs 2-4). On the maternal chromosome the region is unmethylated and required for silencing of the Igf2 gene 90 kilobases upstream(2). We have proposed that the unmethylated imprinted-control region acts as a chromatin boundary that blocks the interaction of Igf2 with enhancers that lie 3' of H19 (refs 5, 6). This enhancer-blocking activity would then be lost when the region was methylated, thereby allowing expression of Igf2 paternally. Here we show, using transgenic mice and tissue culture, that the unmethylated imprinted-control regions from mouse and human H19 exhibit enhancer-blocking activity. Furthermore, we show that CTCF, a zinc finger protein implicated in vertebrate boundary function(7), binds to several sites in the unmethylated imprinted-control region that are essential for enhancer blocking. Consistent with our model, CTCF binding is abolished by DNA methylation. This is the first example, to our knowledge, of a regulated chromatin boundary in vertebrates.
C1 Princeton Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Tilghman, SM (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 28
TC 1253
Z9 1487
U1 0
U2 90
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 486
EP 489
DI 10.1038/35013106
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000055
PM 10839547
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loudet, JC
   Barois, P
   Poulin, P
AF Loudet, JC
   Barois, P
   Poulin, P
TI Colloidal ordering from phase separation in a liquid-crystalline continuous phase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrorheological fluids; topological defects; nematic emulsions; particle; aggregation; forces; chains
AB Some binary mixtures exist as a single phase at high temperatures and as two phases at lower temperatures; rapid cooling therefore induces phase separation that proceeds through the initial formation of small particles and subsequent growth and coarsening(1). In solid and liquid media, this process leads to growing particles with a range of sizes, which eventually separate to form a macroscopically distinct phase. Such behaviour is of particular interest in systems composed of an isotropic fluid and a liquid crystal(2), where the random distribution of liquid-crystal droplets in an isotropic polymer matrix may give rise to interesting electro-optical properties. Here we report that a binary mixture consisting of an isotropic fluid and a liquid crystal forming the continuous phase does not fully separate into two phases, but self-organizes into highly ordered arrays of monodisperse colloidal droplet chains. We rnd that the size and spatial organization of the droplets are controlled by the orientational elasticity of the liquid-crystal phase and the defects caused by droplets exceeding a critical size. We expect that our approach to forming monodisperse, spatially ordered droplets in liquid crystals will allow the controlled design of ordered composites that may have useful rheological and optical properties.
C1 CNRS, Ctr Rech Paul Pascal, F-33600 Pessac, France.
C3 Universite de Bordeaux; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal
RP Poulin, P (corresponding author), CNRS, Ctr Rech Paul Pascal, Ave Schweitzer, F-33600 Pessac, France.
NR 21
TC 443
Z9 480
U1 0
U2 140
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 611
EP 613
DI 10.1038/35036539
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800041
PM 11034205
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Graether, SP
   Kuiper, MJ
   Gagné, SM
   Walker, VK
   Jia, ZC
   Sykes, BD
   Davies, PL
AF Graether, SP
   Kuiper, MJ
   Gagné, SM
   Walker, VK
   Jia, ZC
   Sykes, BD
   Davies, PL
TI β-helix structure and ice-binding properties of a hyperactive antifreeze protein from an insect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID winter flounder; hysteresis; adsorption; mechanism; program
AB Insect antifreeze proteins (AFP) are considerably more active at inhibiting ice crystal growth than AFP from fish or plants. Several insect AFPs, also known as thermal hysteresis proteins, have been cloned(1-3) and expressed(1,2). Their maximum activity is 3-4 times that of fish AFPs(1) and they are 10-100 times more effective at micromolar concentrations. Here we report the solution structure of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) AFP and characterize its ice-binding properties. The 9-kDa AFP is a beta-helix with a triangular cross-section and rectangular sides that form stacked parallel beta-sheets; a fold which is distinct from the three known fish AFP structures. The ice-binding side contains 9 of the 14 surface-accessible threonines organized in a regular array of TXT motifs that match the ice lattice on both prism and basal planes. In support of this model, ice crystal morphology and ice-etching experiments are consistent with AFP binding to both of these planes and thus may explain the greater activity of the spruce budworm antifreeze.
C1 Queens Univ, Dept Biochem, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
   Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Biochem, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
C3 Queens University - Canada; Queens University - Canada; University of Alberta
RP Davies, PL (corresponding author), Queens Univ, Dept Biochem, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
EM daviesp@post.queensu.ca
NR 27
TC 414
Z9 518
U1 3
U2 197
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 325
EP 328
DI 10.1038/35018610
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900055
PM 10917537
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sukhishvili, SA
   Chen, Y
   Müller, JD
   Gratton, E
   Schweizer, KS
   Granick, S
AF Sukhishvili, SA
   Chen, Y
   Müller, JD
   Gratton, E
   Schweizer, KS
   Granick, S
TI Materials science -: Diffusion of a polymer 'pancake'
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fluorescence correlation spectroscopy; 2 dimensions
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Fluorescence Dynam Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Sukhishvili, SA (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 1304 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
NR 11
TC 161
Z9 184
U1 0
U2 79
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 146
EP 146
DI 10.1038/35018166
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100035
PM 10910345
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bortman, H
AF Bortman, H
TI Requiem for an observatory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-ray burst; 23 january 1999; optical afterglow; grb-990123; emission; constraints; redshift
NR 15
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 504
EP 506
DI 10.1038/35014787
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500014
PM 10850686
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peck, JR
   Waxman, D
AF Peck, JR
   Waxman, D
TI Mutation and sex in a competitive world
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deleterious mutations; synergistic epistasis; mullers ratchet; selection; evolution; fitness; recombination; reproduction; adaptation; rates
AB How do deleterious mutations interact to affect fitness? The answer to this question has substantial implications for a variety of important problems in population biology, including the evolution of sex(1-3), the rate of adaptation(4,5) and the conservation of small populations(3,6-8). Here we analyse a mathematical model of competition for food in which deleterious mutations affect competitive ability. We show that, if individuals usually compete in small groups, then competition can easily lead to a type of genetic interaction known as synergistic epistasis. This means that a deleterious mutation is most damaging in a genome that already has many other deleterious mutations. We also show that competition in small groups can produce a large advantage for sexual populations, both in mean fitness and in ability to resist invasion by asexual lineages. One implication of our findings is that experimental efforts to demonstrate synergistic epistasis may not succeed unless the experiments are redesigned to make them much more naturalistic.
C1 Univ Sussex, Ctr Study Evolut, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
C3 University of Sussex
RP Peck, JR (corresponding author), Univ Sussex, Ctr Study Evolut, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
NR 30
TC 41
Z9 47
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 399
EP 404
DI 10.1038/35019055
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800044
PM 10935634
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roditi, HA
   Fisher, NS
   Sañudo-Wilhelmy, SA
AF Roditi, HA
   Fisher, NS
   Sañudo-Wilhelmy, SA
TI Uptake of dissolved organic carbon and trace elements by zebra mussels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water hudson river; dreissena-polymorpha; amino-acids; food; bioaccumulation; invasion; colloids; release; metals; matter
AB Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are widespread and abundant in major freshwater ecosystems in North America, even though the phytoplankton food resources in some of these systems seem to be too low to sustain them(1,2). Because phytoplankton biomass is greatly depleted in ecosystems with large D. polymorpha populations(3,4) and bacteria do not seem to be an important food source for this species(5), exploitation of alternative carbon sources may explain the unexpected success of D. polymorpha in such environments. Here we examine the possibility that absorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from water(6-9) could provide a nutritional supplement to zebra mussels. We find that mussels absorb C-14-labelled DOC produced by cultured diatoms with an efficiency of 0.23%; this indicates that DOC in natural waters could contribute up to 50% of the carbon demand of zebra mussels. We also find that zebra mussels absorb some dissolved metals that have been complexed by the DOM; although absorption of dissolved selenium was unaffected by DOC, absorption of dissolved cadmium, silver and mercury by the mussels increased 32-, 8.7- and 3.6-fold, respectively, in the presence of high-molecular-weight DOC.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Fisher, NS (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
EM nfisher@notes.cc.sunysb.edu
NR 30
TC 139
Z9 159
U1 3
U2 89
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 78
EP 80
DI 10.1038/35024069
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000045
PM 10993076
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Backman, V
   Wallace, MB
   Perelman, LT
   Arendt, JT
   Gurjar, R
   Müller, MG
   Zhang, Q
   Zonios, G
   Kline, E
   McGillican, T
   Shapshay, S
   Valdez, T
   Badizadegan, K
   Crawford, JM
   Fitzmaurice, M
   Kabani, S
   Levin, HS
   Seiler, M
   Dasari, RR
   Itzkan, I
   Van Dam, J
   Feld, MS
AF Backman, V
   Wallace, MB
   Perelman, LT
   Arendt, JT
   Gurjar, R
   Müller, MG
   Zhang, Q
   Zonios, G
   Kline, E
   McGillican, T
   Shapshay, S
   Valdez, T
   Badizadegan, K
   Crawford, JM
   Fitzmaurice, M
   Kabani, S
   Levin, HS
   Seiler, M
   Dasari, RR
   Itzkan, I
   Van Dam, J
   Feld, MS
TI Detection of preinvasive cancer cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 MIT, George R Harrison Spect Lab, Laser Biomed Res Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Gastroenterol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Urol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02132 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Hosp Cleveland, Dept Pathol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Pathol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   US Vet Adm Hosp, W Roxbury, MA 02132 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Tufts Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Yale University; University Hospitals of Cleveland; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Clinic Foundation
RP Backman, V (corresponding author), MIT, George R Harrison Spect Lab, Laser Biomed Res Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 4
TC 554
Z9 638
U1 3
U2 68
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 35
EP 36
DI 10.1038/35017638
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200032
PM 10894529
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hammerl, G
   Schmehl, A
   Schulz, RR
   Goetz, B
   Bielefeldt, H
   Schneider, CW
   Hilgenkamp, H
   Mannhart, J
AF Hammerl, G
   Schmehl, A
   Schulz, RR
   Goetz, B
   Bielefeldt, H
   Schneider, CW
   Hilgenkamp, H
   Mannhart, J
TI Enhanced supercurrent density in polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7-δ at 77 K from calcium doping of grain boundaries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin-films; bicrystals; transport; junctions
AB With the discovery of high-temperature superconductivity(1), it seemed that the vision of superconducting power cables operating at the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77 K) was close to realization. But it was soon found that the critical current density J(c) of the supercurrents that can pass through these polycrystalline materials without destroying superconductivity is remarkably small(1,2). In many materials, J(c) is suppressed at grain boundaries(2-4), by phenomena such as interface charging and bending of the electronic band structure(5-9). Partial replacement (`doping') of the yttrium in YBa2Cu3O7-delta with calcium has been used to increase grain-boundary J(c) values substantially, but only at temperatures much lower than 77 K (ref. 9). Here we show that preferentially overdoping the grain boundaries, relative to the grains themselves, yields values of J(c) at 77 K that far exceed previously published values. Our results indicate that grain-boundary doping is a viable approach for producing a practical, cost-effective superconducting power cable operating at liquid-nitrogen temperatures.
C1 Univ Augsburg, Inst Phys, Ctr Elect Correlat & Magnetism, D-86135 Augsburg, Germany.
   Univ Twente, Low Temp Div, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
   Univ Twente, MESA Inst, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
C3 University of Augsburg; University of Twente; University of Twente
RP Mannhart, J (corresponding author), Univ Augsburg, Inst Phys, Ctr Elect Correlat & Magnetism, D-86135 Augsburg, Germany.
NR 14
TC 237
Z9 245
U1 1
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 162
EP 164
DI 10.1038/35025014
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000040
PM 11001048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gu, L
   Tseng, S
   Horner, RM
   Tam, C
   Loda, M
   Rollins, BJ
AF Gu, L
   Tseng, S
   Horner, RM
   Tam, C
   Loda, M
   Rollins, BJ
TI Control of TH2 polarization by the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-lymphocytes; chemotactic responsiveness; transgenic mice; cell-line; expression; receptor; induction; cloning; purification; recruitment
AB Activated T lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells tailored to meet disparate challenges to host integrity(1). For example, type 1 and type 2 helper (T(H)1 and T(H)2) cells secrete cytokines that enhance cell-mediated and humoral immunity, respectively. The chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) can stimulate interleukin-4 production(2) and its overexpression is associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity(3), indicating that it might be involved in T(H)2 polarization. Here we show that MCP-1-deficient mice are unable to mount T(H)2 responses. Lymph node cells from immunized MCP-1(-/-) mice synthesize extremely low levels of interleukin-4, interleukin-5 and interleukin-10, but normal amounts of interferon-gamma and interleukin-2. Consequently, these mice do not accomplish the immunoglobulin subclass switch that is characteristic of T(H)2 responses and are resistant to Leishmania major. These effects are direct rather than due to abnormal cell migration, because the trafficking of naive T cells is undisturbed in MCP-1(-/-) mice despite the presence of MCP-1-expressing cells in secondary lymphoid organs of wild-type mice. Thus, MCP-1 influences both innate immunity, through effects on monocytes, and adaptive immunity, through control of T helper cell polarization.
C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Adult Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Rollins, BJ (corresponding author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Adult Oncol, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 731
Z9 815
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 407
EP 411
DI 10.1038/35006097
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000055
PM 10746730
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bida, TA
   Killen, RM
   Morgan, TH
AF Bida, TA
   Killen, RM
   Morgan, TH
TI Discovery of calcium in Mercury's atmosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface; sodium; moon
AB The composition and evolutionary history of Mercury's crust are not well determined(1,2). The planet as a whole has been predicted(3) to have a refractory, anhydrous composition: rich in Ca, Al, Mg and Fe, but poor in Na, K, OH, and S. Its atmosphere is believed to be derived in large part from the surface materials. A combination of effects that include impact vaporization (from infalling material), volatile evaporation, photon-stimulated desorption and sputtering releases material from the surface to form the atmosphere. Sodium and potassium have already been observed in Mercury's atmosphere(4-6), with abundances that require a volatile-rich crust(7). The sodium probably results from photon-stimulated desorption(8,9), and has a temperature of 1,500 K (ref. 10). Here we report the discovery of calcium in the atmosphere near Mercury's poles. The column density is very low and the temperature is apparently very high (12,000 K). The localized distribution and high temperature, if confirmed, suggest that the atmospheric calcium may arise from surface sputtering by ions, which enter Mercury's auroral zone. The low abundance of atmospheric Ca may indicate that the regolith is rarefied in calcium.
C1 CARA, WM Keck Observ, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA.
   SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA.
   NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA.
C3 Southwest Research Institute; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
RP Bida, TA (corresponding author), CARA, WM Keck Observ, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Highway, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA.
NR 23
TC 150
Z9 158
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 159
EP 161
DI 10.1038/35004521
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900042
PM 10724161
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Srivastava, D
   Olson, EN
AF Srivastava, D
   Olson, EN
TI A genetic blueprint for cardiac development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID congenital heart-disease; holt-oram-syndrome; bhlh transcription factor; neural-crest; ventral morphogenesis; mice deficient; tube formation; factor nkx2-5; nf-atc; mutations
AB Congenital heart disease is the leading non-infectious cause of death in children. It is becoming increasingly clear that many cardiac abnormalities once thought to have multifactorial aetiologies are attributable to mutations in developmental control genes. The consequences of these mutations can be manifest at birth as life-threatening cardiac malformations or later as more subtle cardiac abnormalities. Understanding the genetic underpinnings of cardiac development has important implications not only for understanding congenital heart disease, but also for the possibility of cardiac repair through genetic reprogramming of non-cardiac cells to a cardiogenic fate.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Srivastava, D (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol, 600 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM dsriva@mednet.swmed.edu; eolson@hamon.swmed.edu
NR 53
TC 487
Z9 610
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 221
EP 226
DI 10.1038/35025190
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000057
PM 11001064
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Packer, A
   Clay, K
AF Packer, A
   Clay, K
TI Soil pathogens and spatial patterns of seedling mortality in a temperate tree
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID janzen-connell model; rain-forest tree; moist tropical forest; neotropical forest; species-diversity; distance; density; recruitment; maintenance; feedback
AB The Janzen-Connell hypothesis(1,2) proposes that host-specific, distance- and/or density-dependent predators and herbivores maintain high tree diversity in tropical forests. Negative feedback between plant and soil communities could be a more effective mechanism promoting species coexistence because soil pathogens can increase rapidly in the presence of their host(3), causing conditions unfavourable for local conspecific recruitment(4-6). Here we show that a soil pathogen leads to patterns of seedling mortality in a temperate tree (Prunus serotina) as predicted by the Janzen-Connell hypothesis. In the field, the mean distance to parent of seedling cohorts shifted away from maternal trees over a period of 3 years. Seedlings were gown in soil collected 0-5 m or 25-30 m from Prunus trees. Sterilization of soil collected beneath trees improved seedling survival relative to unsterilized soil, whereas sterilization of distant soil did not affect survival. Pythium spp., isolated from roots of dying seedlings and used to inoculate healthy seedlings, decreased survival by 65% relative to controls. Our results provide the most complete evidence that native pathogens influence tree distributions, as predicted by the Janzen-Connell hypothesis, and suggest that similar ecological mechanisms operate in tropical and temperate forests.
C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP Packer, A (corresponding author), Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
NR 29
TC 729
Z9 897
U1 12
U2 403
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 278
EP 281
DI 10.1038/35005072
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200047
PM 10749209
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frank, J
   Agrawal, RK
AF Frank, J
   Agrawal, RK
TI A ratchet-like inter-subunit reorganization of the ribosome during translocation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli ribosome; elongation-factor-g; 70s ribosome; cryoelectron microscopy; angstrom resolution; transfer-rnas; ef-tu; visualization; movement; protein
AB The ribosome is a macromolecular assembly that is responsible for protein biosynthesis following genetic instructions in all organisms. It is composed of two unequal subunits: the smaller subunit binds messenger RNA and the anticodon end of transfer RNAs, and helps to decode the mRNA; and the larger subunit interacts with the amino-acid-carrying end of tRNAs and catalyses the formation of the peptide bonds. After peptide-bond formation, elongation factor G (EF-G) binds to the ribosome, triggering the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from its aminoacyl site to the peptidyl site, and movement of mRNA by one codon(1). Here we analyse three-dimensional cryo-electron microscopy maps of the Escherichia coli 70S ribosome in various functional states, and show that both EF-G binding and subsequent GTP hydrolysis lead to ratchet-like rotations of the small 30S subunit relative to the large 50S subunit. Furthermore, our finding indicates a two-step mechanism of translocation: first, relative rotation of the subunits and opening of the mRNA channel following binding of GTP to EF-G; and second, advance of the mRNA/(tRNA)(2) complex in the direction of the rotation of the 30S subunit, following GTP hydrolysis.
C1 SUNY Albany, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
   SUNY Albany, Wadsworth Ctr, Hlth Res Inc, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
   SUNY Albany, Dept Biomed Sci, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Health Research Inc; Wadsworth Center; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY
RP Frank, J (corresponding author), SUNY Albany, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Empire State Plaza,POB 509, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
NR 31
TC 684
Z9 845
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 318
EP 322
DI 10.1038/35018597
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900053
PM 10917535
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hirschberg, JHKK
   Brunsveld, L
   Ramzi, A
   Vekemans, JAJM
   Sijbesma, RP
   Meijer, EW
AF Hirschberg, JHKK
   Brunsveld, L
   Ramzi, A
   Vekemans, JAJM
   Sijbesma, RP
   Meijer, EW
TI Helical self-assembled polymers from cooperative stacking of hydrogen-bonded pairs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The double helix of DNA epitomizes this molecule's ability to self-assemble in aqueous solutions into a complex chiral structure using hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Noncovalently interacting molecules in organic solvents are used to design systems that similarly form controlled architectures(1-7). Peripheral chiral centres in assemblies(8,9) and chiral side chains attached to a polymer backbone(10,11) have been shown to induce chirality at the supramolecular level, and highly ordered structures stable in water are also known(12-15). However, it remains difficult to rationally exploit non-covalent interactions for the formation of chiral assemblies that are stable in water, where solvent molecules can compete effectively for hydrogen bonds. Here we describe a general strategy for the design of functionalized monomer units and their association in either water or alkanes into non-covalently linked polymeric structures with controlled helicity and chain length. The monomers consist of bifunctionalized ureidotriazine units connected by a spacer and carrying solubilizing chains at the periphery. This design allows for dimerization through self-complementary quadruple hydrogen bonding between the units and solvophobically induced stacking of the dimers into columnar polymeric architectures, whose structure and helicity can be adjusted by tuning the nature of the solubilizing side chains.
C1 Eindhoven Univ Technol, Lab Macromol & Organ Chem, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands.
   Eindhoven Univ Technol, Dutch Polymer Inst, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands.
C3 Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Dutch Polymer Institute
RP Meijer, EW (corresponding author), Eindhoven Univ Technol, Lab Macromol & Organ Chem, POB 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands.
EM E.W.Meijer@tue.nl
NR 17
TC 652
Z9 704
U1 3
U2 455
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 167
EP 170
DI 10.1038/35025027
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000042
PM 11001050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Qvarnström, A
   Pärt, T
   Sheldon, BC
AF Qvarnström, A
   Pärt, T
   Sheldon, BC
TI Adaptive plasticity in mate preference linked to differences in reproductive effort
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flycatcher ficedula-albicollis; secondary sexual character; male collared flycatchers; mating preferences; male competition; parental care; badge size; choice; consequences; selection
AB There is abundant evidence for the existence of marked mate preferences in natural populations, but the occurrence of within-population variation in mate preferences has received little attention(1-3) and is often regarded as nonadaptive deviation from the optimal norm(2,3). Here we show experimentally that the preference of female collared flycatchers Ficedula albicollis for male forehead patch size, a sexually selected trait(4-6), varies with the time of breeding, an environmental factor with strong effects on reproductive success. Contrary to expectations based on time-constrained choice models(7,8), only late-breeding females prefer males with a large patch size. The variation in mate preference matches a seasonal change in female reproductive success: longterm data reveal a positive relationship between female reproductive success and male patch size exclusively in late breeders. In addition, female reproductive effort, as assessed by clutch size, appears to be adjusted relative to both timing of breeding and male phenotype. We conclude that not only can mate preferences display adaptive plasticity within populations, but this plasticity can also be linked to differences in reproductive investment.
C1 Uppsala Univ, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Anim Ecol, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Conservat Biol, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 Uppsala University; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; University of Oxford
RP Qvarnström, A (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol 0116, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM annaq@biomail.ucsd.edu
NR 21
TC 162
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 344
EP 347
DI 10.1038/35012605
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700046
PM 10830962
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hostetler, SW
   Bartlein, PJ
   Clark, PU
   Small, EE
   Solomon, AM
AF Hostetler, SW
   Bartlein, PJ
   Clark, PU
   Small, EE
   Solomon, AM
TI Simulated influences of Lake Agassiz on the climate of central North America 11,000 years ago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID laurentide ice-sheet; last deglaciation; model regcm2; plains
AB Eleven thousand years ago, large lakes existed in central and eastern North America along the margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The large-scale North American climate at this time has been simulated with atmospheric general circulation models(1,2), but these relatively coarse global models do not resolve potentially important features of the mesoscale circulation that arise from interactions among the atmosphere, ice sheet, and proglacial lakes. Here we present simulations of the climate of central and eastern North America 11,000 years ago with a high-resolution, regional climate model nested within a general circulation model. The simulated climate is in general agreement with that inferred from palaeoecological evidence. Our experiments indicate that through mesoscale atmospheric feedbacks, the annual delivery of moisture to the Laurentide Ice Sheet was diminished at times of a large, cold Lake Agassiz relative to periods of lower lake stands. The resulting changes in the mass balance of the ice sheet may have contributed to fluctuations of the ice margin, thus affecting the routing of fresh water to the North Atlantic Ocean. A retreating ice margin during periods of high lake level may have opened an outlet for discharge of Lake Agassiz into the North Atlantic. A subsequent advance of the ice margin due to greater moisture delivery associated with a low lake level could have dammed the outlet, thereby reducing discharge to the North Atlantic. These variations may have been decisive in causing the Younger Dryas cold event(3,4).
C1 US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA.
   Univ Oregon, Dept Geog, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA.
   New Mexico Tech, Dept Earth Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of Oregon; Oregon State University; United States Environmental Protection Agency
RP Hostetler, SW (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA.
NR 29
TC 67
Z9 74
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 334
EP 337
DI 10.1038/35012581
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700043
PM 10830959
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lim, DS
   Kim, ST
   Xu, B
   Maser, RS
   Lin, JY
   Petrini, JHJ
   Kastan, MB
AF Lim, DS
   Kim, ST
   Xu, B
   Maser, RS
   Lin, JY
   Petrini, JHJ
   Kastan, MB
TI ATM phosphorylates p95/nbs1 in an S-phase checkpoint pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nijmegen breakage syndrome; ataxia-telangiectasia; dna-damage; ionizing-radiation; protein-kinase; repair; p53; linkage
AB The rare diseases ataxia-telangiectasia (AT), caused by mutations in the ATM gene, and Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS), with mutations in the p95/nbs1 gene, share a variety of phenotypic abnormalities such as chromosomal instability, radiation sensitivity and defects in cell-cycle checkpoints in response to ionizing radiation(1-4). The ATM gene encodes a protein kinase that is activated by ionizing radiation or radiomimetic drugs(5,6), whereas p95/nbs1 is part of a protein complex that is involved in responses to DNA double-strand breaks(3,7). Here, because of the similarities between AT and NBS, we evaluated the functional interactions between ATM and p95/nbs1. Activation of the ATM kinase by ionizing radiation and induction of ATM-dependent responses in NBS cells indicated that p95/nbs1 may not be required for signalling to ATM after ionizing radiation. However, p95/nbs1 was phosphorylated on serine 343 in an ATM-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo after ionizing radiation. A p95/nbs1 construct mutated at the ATM phosphorylation site abrogated an S-phase checkpoint induced by ionizing radiation in normal cells and failed to compensate for this functional deficiency in NBS cells. These observations link ATM and p95/nbs1 in a common signalling pathway and provide an explanation for phenotypic similarities in these two diseases.
C1 St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Hematol Oncol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Genet Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 St Jude Children's Research Hospital; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Kastan, MB (corresponding author), St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Hematol Oncol, 332 N Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
EM Michael.Kastan@stjude.org
NR 28
TC 658
Z9 755
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 613
EP +
DI 10.1038/35007091
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100056
PM 10766245
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McNew, JA
   Parlati, F
   Fukuda, R
   Johnston, RJ
   Paz, K
   Paumet, F
   Söllner, TH
   Rothman, JE
AF McNew, JA
   Parlati, F
   Fukuda, R
   Johnston, RJ
   Paz, K
   Paumet, F
   Söllner, TH
   Rothman, JE
TI Compartmental specificity of cellular membrane fusion encoded in SNARE proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-snare; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; secretory pathway; v-snare; endoplasmic-reticulum; transport pathways; vesicle transport; complex-formation; golgi transport; yeast
AB Membrane-enveloped vesicles travel among the compartments of the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, delivering their specific cargo to programmed locations by membrane fusion. The pairing of vesicle v-SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) with target membrane t-SNAREs has a central role in intracellular membrane fusion. We have tested all of the potential v-SNAREs encoded in the yeast genome for their capacity to trigger fusion by partnering with t-SNAREs that mark the Golgi, the vacuole and the plasma membrane. Here we rnd that, to a marked degree, the pattern of membrane flow in the cell is encoded and recapitulated by its isolated SNARE proteins, as predicted by the SNARE hypothesis.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Rothman, JE (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 50
TC 542
Z9 655
U1 0
U2 70
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 153
EP 159
DI 10.1038/35025000
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000038
PM 11001046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Siegert, MJ
   Kwok, R
   Mayer, C
   Hubbard, B
AF Siegert, MJ
   Kwok, R
   Mayer, C
   Hubbard, B
TI Water exchange between the subglacial Lake Vostok and the overlying ice sheet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central east-antarctica; station
AB It has now been known for several years that a 200-km-long lake, called Lake Vostok, lies beneath the ice sheet on which sits Vostok Station in Antarctica(1-5), The conditions at the base of the ice sheet above this subglacial lake can provide information about the environment within the lake, including the likelihood that it supports life(2). Here we present an analysis of the ice-sheet structure from airborne 60-MHz radar studies, which indicates that distinct zones of basal ice loss and accretion occur at the ice-water interface. Subglacial melting and net ice loss occur in the north of the lake and across its 200-km-long western margin, whereas about 150 m of ice is gained by subglacial freezing in the south. This indicates that significant quantities of water are exchanged between the base of the ice sheet and the lake waters, which will enrich the lake with gas hydrates, cause sediment deposition and encourage circulation of the lake water.
C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Geol Sci, Bristol Glaciol Ctr, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Dept Geophys, Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Univ Wales, Inst Geog & Earth Sci, Ctr Glaciol, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, Dyfed, Wales.
C3 University of Bristol; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; Aberystwyth University
RP Siegert, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Sch Geol Sci, Bristol Glaciol Ctr, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England.
NR 13
TC 67
Z9 74
U1 1
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 643
EP 646
DI 10.1038/35001049
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200049
PM 10688197
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fuster, JM
   Bodner, M
   Kroger, JK
AF Fuster, JM
   Bodner, M
   Kroger, JK
TI Cross-modal and cross-temporal association in neurons of frontal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; macaque monkey; memory task; performance; object
AB The prefrontal cortex is essential for the temporal integration of sensory information in behavioural and linguistic sequences(1,2). Such information is commonly encoded in more than one sense modality, notably sight and sound. Connections from sensory cortices to the prefrontal cortex support its integrative function(3-5). Here we present the first evidence that prefrontal cortex cells associate visual and auditory stimuli across time. We gave monkeys the task of remembering a tone of a certain pitch for 10 s and then choosing the colour associated with it. In this task, prefrontal cortex cells responded selectively to tones, and most of them also responded to colours according to the task rule. Thus, their reaction to a tone was correlated with their subsequent reaction to the associated colour. This correlation faltered in trials ending in behavioural error. We conclude that prefrontal cortex neurons are part of integrative networks that represent behaviourally meaningful cross-modal associations. The orderly and timely activation of neurons in such networks is crucial for the temporal transfer of information in the structuring of behaviour, reasoning and language.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Inst Neuropsychiat, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Brain Res Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
RP Fuster, JM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Inst Neuropsychiat, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 30
TC 357
Z9 421
U1 1
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 347
EP 351
DI 10.1038/35012613
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700047
PM 10830963
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moffatt, HK
AF Moffatt, HK
TI Euler's disk and its finite-time singularity - Air viscosity makes the rolling speed of a disk go up as its energy goes down.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Isaac Newton Inst Math Sci, Cambridge CB3 0EH, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Moffatt, HK (corresponding author), Isaac Newton Inst Math Sci, 20 Clarkson Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EH, England.
NR 2
TC 70
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 64
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 833
EP 834
DI 10.1038/35009017
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000031
PM 10786779
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Autumn, K
   Liang, YA
   Hsieh, ST
   Zesch, W
   Chan, WP
   Kenny, TW
   Fearing, R
   Full, RJ
AF Autumn, K
   Liang, YA
   Hsieh, ST
   Zesch, W
   Chan, WP
   Kenny, TW
   Fearing, R
   Full, RJ
TI Adhesive force of a single gecko foot-hair
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Geckos are exceptional in their ability to climb rapidly up smooth vertical surfaces(1-3). Microscopy has shown that a gecko's foot has nearly five hundred thousand keratinous hairs or setae. Each 30-130 mu m long seta is only one-tenth the diameter of a human hair and contains hundreds of projections terminating in 0.2-0.5 mu m spatula-shaped structures(2,4). After nearly a century of anatomical description(2,4-6), here we report the first direct measurements of single setal force by using a two-dimensional micro-electromechanical systems force sensor(7) and a wire as a force gauge. Measurements revealed that a seta is ten times more effective at adhesion than predicted from maximal estimates on whole animals. Adhesive force values support the hypothesis that individual seta operate by van der Waals forces(8,9). The gecko's peculiar behaviour of toe uncurling and peeling(2) led us to discover two aspects of setal function which increase their effectiveness. A unique macroscopic orientation and preloading of the seta increased attachment force 600-fold above that of frictional measurements of the material. Suitably orientated setae reduced the forces necessary to peel the toe by simply detaching above a critical angle with the substratum.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Lewis & Clark Coll, Dept Biol, Portland, OR 97219 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Lewis & Clark College; Stanford University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Full, RJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM rjfull@socrates.berkeley.edu
NR 19
TC 2391
Z9 2876
U1 28
U2 1610
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 681
EP +
DI 10.1038/35015073
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800046
PM 10864324
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horton, B
AF Horton, B
TI Universities encourage industrialists to come back to their roots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 793
EP 794
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600059
PM 10783896
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gavrilova, O
   Marcus-Samuels, B
   Leon, LR
   Vinson, C
   Reitman, ML
AF Gavrilova, O
   Marcus-Samuels, B
   Leon, LR
   Vinson, C
   Reitman, ML
TI Hormones - Leptin and diabetes in lipoatrophic mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adipose-tissue; obesity
C1 NIDDKD, Diabet Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NCI, Lab Metab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Gavrilova, O (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Diabet Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM mlr@helix.nih.gov
NR 9
TC 66
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 850
EP 850
DI 10.1038/35002663
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200042
PM 10706272
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brodholt, JP
AF Brodholt, JP
TI Pressure-induced changes in the compression mechanism of aluminous perovskite in the Earth's mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID silicate perovskite; ferric iron; crystal-chemistry; temperature
AB Although aluminium is the fifth most abundant element in the Earth's mantle, its effect on the physical properties of perovskite, the main mineral phase in the lower mantle, has largely been ignored. It is becoming clear, however, that many properties of MgSiO(3) perovskites are remarkably sensitive to small amounts of aluminium(1-4). In particular, perovskite with only 5 wt% Al(2)O(3) has a bulk modulus 10% lower than that of the pure magnesian end-member(12). The increased compressibility may be due to the high concentrations of oxygen vacancies required to balance the charge of the aluminium 5; if so, this would have important consequences for the mantle, as aluminous perovskites could be weaker, have lower seismic velocities and be hosts for water. To test whether oxygen vacancies exist in aluminous perovskites, I have calculated the compressibility of end-member defect-bearing perovskites using ab initio methods. The results show that perovskites with oxygen vacancies do have significantly greater compressibilities than those without such vacancies. But the results also suggest that oxygen vacancies become unfavourable at high pressures, in which case only the physical properties of the shallow lower mantle would be affected by aluminium-with the deeper mantle retaining properties similar to those of aluminium-free perovskite.
C1 UCL, Dept Geol Sci, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Brodholt, JP (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Geol Sci, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM j.brodholt@ucl.ac.uk
NR 14
TC 132
Z9 142
U1 1
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 620
EP 622
DI 10.1038/35036565
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800044
PM 11034208
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reid, RP
   Visscher, PT
   Decho, AW
   Stolz, JF
   Bebout, BM
   Dupraz, C
   Macintyre, LG
   Paerl, HW
   Pinckney, JL
   Prufert-Bebout, L
   Steppe, TF
   DesMarais, DJ
AF Reid, RP
   Visscher, PT
   Decho, AW
   Stolz, JF
   Bebout, BM
   Dupraz, C
   Macintyre, LG
   Paerl, HW
   Pinckney, JL
   Prufert-Bebout, L
   Steppe, TF
   DesMarais, DJ
TI The role of microbes in accretion, lamination and early lithification of modern marine stromatolites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subtidal stromatolites; exuma-cays; bahamas; mats; community
AB For three billion years, before the Cambrian diversification of life, laminated carbonate build-ups called stromatolites were widespread in shallow marine seas(1,2). These ancient structures are generally thought to be microbial in origin and potentially preserve evidence of the Earth's earliest biosphere(1-3). Despite their evolutionary significance, little is known about stromatolite formation, especially the relative roles of microbial and environmental factors in stromatolite accretion(1,3). Here we show that growth of modern marine stromatolites represents a dynamic balance between sedimentation and intermittent lithification of cyanobacterial mats. Periods of rapid sediment accretion, during which stromatolite surfaces are dominated by pioneer communities of gliding filamentous cyanobacteria, alternate with hiatal intervals. These discontinuities in sedimentation are characterized by development of surface films of exopolymer and subsequent heterotrophic bacterial decomposition, forming thin crusts of microcrystalline carbonate. During prolonged hiatal periods, climax communities develop, which include endolithic coccoid cyanobacteria. These coccoids modify the sediment, forming thicker lithified laminae. Preservation of lithified layers at depth creates millimetre-scale lamination. This simple model of modern marine stromatolite growth may be applicable to ancient stromatolites.
C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MGG, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
   Univ Connecticut, Dept Marine Sci, Groton, CT 06340 USA.
   Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
   Duquesne Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
C3 University of Miami; University of Connecticut; University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia; Duquesne University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station
RP Reid, RP (corresponding author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MGG, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
EM preid@rsmas.miami.edu
NR 30
TC 630
Z9 757
U1 4
U2 191
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 989
EP 992
DI 10.1038/35023158
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200043
PM 10984051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rutherford, S
   D'Hondt, S
AF Rutherford, S
   D'Hondt, S
TI Early onset and tropical forcing of 100,000-year Pleistocene glacial cycles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice ages; climate; oscillation; evolution; records; phase
AB Between 1.5 and 0.6 Myr ago, the period of the Earth's glacial cycles changed from 41 kyr, the period of the Earth's obliquity cycles, to 100 kyr, the period of the Earth's orbital eccentricity(1,2), which has a much smaller effect on global insolation. The timing of this transition and its causes pose one of the most perplexing problems in palaeoclimate research(3). Here we use complex demodulation to examine the phase evolution of precession and semiprecession cycles-the latter of which are phase-coupled to both precession and eccentricity-in the tropical and extra- tropical Atlantic Ocean. We find that about 1.5 Myr ago, tropical semiprecession cycles (with periods of about 11.5 kyr) started to propagate to higher latitudes, coincident with a growing amplitude envelope of the 100-kyr cycles. Evidence from numerical models suggests that cycles of about 10 kyr in length may be required to explain the high amplitude of the 100-kyr cycles(4). Combining our results with consideration of a modern analogue, we conclude that increased heat flow across the equator or from the tropics to higher latitudes around 1.5 Myr ago strengthened the semiprecession cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, and triggered the transition to sustained 100-kyr glacial cycles.
C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
C3 University of Rhode Island
RP Rutherford, S (corresponding author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
NR 30
TC 140
Z9 183
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 72
EP 75
DI 10.1038/35040533
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400052
PM 11081508
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stevenson, S
   Fowler, PW
   Heine, T
   Duchamp, JC
   Rice, G
   Glass, T
   Harich, K
   Hajdu, E
   Bible, R
   Dorn, HC
AF Stevenson, S
   Fowler, PW
   Heine, T
   Duchamp, JC
   Rice, G
   Glass, T
   Harich, K
   Hajdu, E
   Bible, R
   Dorn, HC
TI Materials science - A stable non-classical metallofullerene family
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endohedral metallofullerenes; stability; c-60
C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Chem, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.
   Univ Exeter, Sch Chem, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, England.
   Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Chim G Ciamician, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
   Emory & Henry Coll, Dept Chem, Emory, VA 24327 USA.
   GD Searle & Co, Skokie, IL 60077 USA.
C3 Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University; University of Exeter; University of Bologna; Pfizer; Pfizer USA
RP Stevenson, S (corresponding author), Virginia Tech, Dept Chem, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.
NR 9
TC 341
Z9 357
U1 0
U2 73
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 427
EP 428
DI 10.1038/35044199
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800034
PM 11100715
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Veizer, J
   Godderis, Y
   François, LM
AF Veizer, J
   Godderis, Y
   François, LM
TI Evidence for decoupling of atmospheric CO2 and global climate during the Phanerozoic eon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID last glacial maximum; surface-temperature; carbon-cycle; seawater; records; time
AB Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are believed to drive climate changes from glacial to interglacial modes', although geological(1-3) and astronomical(4-6) mechanisms have been invoked as ultimate causes. Additionally, it is unclear(7,8) whether the changes between cold and warm modes should be regarded as a global phenomenon, affecting tropical and high-latitude temperatures alike(9-13), or if they are better described as an expansion and contraction of the latitudinal climate zones, keeping equatorial temperatures approximately constant(14-16). Here we present a reconstruction of tropical sea surface temperatures throughout the phanerozoic eon (the past similar to 550 Myr) from our database(17) of oxygen isotopes in calcite and aragonite shells. The data indicate large oscillations of tropical sea surface temperatures in phase with the cold-warm cycles, thus favouring the idea of climate variability as a global phenomenon. But our data conflict with a temperature reconstruction using an energy balance model that is forced by reconstructed atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations(18). The results can be reconciled if atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were not the principal driver of climate variability on geological timescales for at least one-third of the Phanerozoic eon, or if the reconstructed carbon dioxide concentrations are not reliable.
C1 Ruhr Univ Bochum, Inst Geol Mineral & Geophys, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
   Univ Ottawa, Ottawa Carleton Geosci Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
   Univ Liege, Lab Phys Atmospher & Planetaire, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
C3 Ruhr University Bochum; University of Ottawa; University of Liege
RP Veizer, J (corresponding author), Ruhr Univ Bochum, Inst Geol Mineral & Geophys, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
NR 29
TC 314
Z9 358
U1 2
U2 114
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 698
EP 701
DI 10.1038/35047044
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200043
PM 11130067
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jarvis, ED
   Ribeiro, S
   da Silva, ML
   Ventura, D
   Vielliard, J
   Mello, CV
AF Jarvis, ED
   Ribeiro, S
   da Silva, ML
   Ventura, D
   Vielliard, J
   Mello, CV
TI Behaviourally driven gene expression reveals song nuclei in hummingbird brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID system; forebrain; pathways; canary; birds
AB Hummingbirds have developed a wealth of intriguing features, such as backwards flight, ultraviolet vision, extremely high metabolic rates, nocturnal hibernation, high brain-to-body size ratio and a remarkable species-specific diversity of vocalizations(1-4). Like humans, they have also developed the rare trait of vocal learning, this being the ability to acquire vocalizations through imitation rather than instinct(5,6). Here we show, using behaviourally driven gene expression in freely ranging tropical animals, that the forebrain of hummingbirds contains seven discrete structures that are active during singing, providing the first anatomical and functional demonstration of vocal nuclei in hummingbirds. These structures are strikingly similar to seven forebrain regions that are involved in vocal learning and production in songbirds and parrots(7-13)-the only other avian orders known to be vocal learners(5). This similarity is surprising, as songbirds, parrots and hummingbirds are thought to have evolved vocal learning and associated brain structures independently(5,14), and it indicates that strong constraints may influence the evolution of forebrain vocal nuclei.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Anim Behav, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Univ Sao Paulo, PG Neurociencias & Comportamento, BR-09500900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Estadual Campinas, Dept Zool, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Psicol Expt, BR-09500900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
C3 Rockefeller University; Duke University; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Universidade de Sao Paulo
RP Jarvis, ED (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Anim Behav, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM jarvis@neuro.duke.edu; mello@rockvax.rockefeller.edu
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R29 DC002853] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 191
Z9 214
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 628
EP 632
DI 10.1038/35020570
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800048
PM 10949303
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI US companies seek basic science
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 812
EP 812
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700064
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yu, H
AF Yu, H
TI Humankind still has need of dragon slayers.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 21
EP 21
DI 10.1038/35011126
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600028
PM 10811199
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Antson, AA
   Burns, JE
   Moroz, OV
   Scott, DJ
   Sanders, CM
   Bronstein, IB
   Dodson, GG
   Wilson, KS
   Maitland, NJ
AF Antson, AA
   Burns, JE
   Moroz, OV
   Scott, DJ
   Sanders, CM
   Bronstein, IB
   Dodson, GG
   Wilson, KS
   Maitland, NJ
TI Structure of the intact transactivation domain of the human papillomavirus E2 protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-binding domain; functional interaction; amino-acids; replication; activation; dimers
AB Papillomaviruses cause warts and proliferative lesions in skin and other epithelia. In a minority of papillomavirus types ('high risk'. including human papillomaviruses 16, 18, 31, 33, 45 and 56), further transformation of the wart lesions can produce tumours'. The papillomavirus E2 protein controls primary transcription and replication of the viral genome(2). Both activities are governed by a similar to 200 amino-acid amino-terminal module (E2NT) which is connected to a DNA-binding carboxy-terminal module by a flexible linker. Here we describe the crystal structure of the complete E2NT module from human papillomavirus 16. The E2NT module forms a dimer both in the crystal and in solution. Amino acids that are necessary for transactivation are located at the dimer interface, indicating that the dimer structure may be important in the interactions of E2NT with viral and cellular transcription factors. We propose that dimer formation may contribute to the stabilization of DNA loops(3) which may serve to relocate distal DNA-binding transcription factors to the site of human papillomavirus transcription initiation.
C1 Univ York, Dept Chem, York Struct Biol Lab, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England.
   Univ York, Dept Biol, YCR Canc Res Unit, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England.
   Natl Inst Med Res, London NW7 1AA, England.
C3 University of York - UK; University of York - UK; MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP Wilson, KS (corresponding author), Univ York, Dept Chem, York Struct Biol Lab, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England.
NR 29
TC 94
Z9 117
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 805
EP 809
DI 10.1038/35001638
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100060
PM 10693813
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yan, H
   Papadopoulos, N
   Marra, G
   Perrera, C
   Jiricny, J
   Boland, CR
   Lynch, HT
   Chadwick, RB
   de la Chapelle, A
   Berg, K
   Eshleman, JR
   Yuan, WS
   Markowitz, S
   Laken, SJ
   Lengauer, C
   Kinzler, KW
   Vogelstein, B
AF Yan, H
   Papadopoulos, N
   Marra, G
   Perrera, C
   Jiricny, J
   Boland, CR
   Lynch, HT
   Chadwick, RB
   de la Chapelle, A
   Berg, K
   Eshleman, JR
   Yuan, WS
   Markowitz, S
   Laken, SJ
   Lengauer, C
   Kinzler, KW
   Vogelstein, B
TI Conversion of diploidy to haploidy - Individuals susceptible to multigene disorders may now be spotted more easily.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monoallelic mutation analysis; hybrids; genes; mice
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ctr Oncol, Dept Math Sci, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Inst Canc Genet, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Inst Med Radiobiol, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Calif San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Creighton Univ, Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med & Publ Hlth, Omaha, NE 68178 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Human Canc Genet Program, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Med, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Ireland Canc Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Univ Hosp Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Columbia University; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Creighton University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; James Cancer Hospital & Solove Research Institute; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University Hospitals of Cleveland
RP Yan, H (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ctr Oncol, Dept Math Sci, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
NR 15
TC 211
Z9 236
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 723
EP 724
DI 10.1038/35001659
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100038
PM 10693791
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tilman, D
AF Tilman, D
TI Causes, consequences and ethics of biodiversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID statistical inevitability; grassland ecosystems; plant diversity; productivity; stability
AB The existence of so great a diversity of species on Earth remains a mystery, the solution to which may also explain why and how biodiversity influences the functioning of ecosystems. The answer may lie in quantifying the trade-offs that organisms face in dealing with the constraints of their environment. Societal responses to the loss of biodiversity also involve trade-offs, and the elaboration of these will be essential in developing wiser environmental ethics and policy.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Tilman, D (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
EM tilman@lter.umn.edu
NR 26
TC 356
Z9 553
U1 1
U2 260
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 208
EP 211
DI 10.1038/35012217
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100057
PM 10821280
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsumoto, A
   Odani, T
   Sada, K
   Miyata, M
   Tashiro, K
AF Matsumoto, A
   Odani, T
   Sada, K
   Miyata, M
   Tashiro, K
TI Intercalation of alkylamines into an organic polymer crystal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stereoregular polymer; state polymerization; clay mimics
AB Organic solid-state synthesis allows formation of products that are difficult or impossible to produce by conventional methods. This feature, and the high degree of reaction selectivity that can be achieved, is a direct result of the control over the relative orientation of the reactants afforded by the solid state. But as the successful development of 'topochemical reactions' requires the careful design of suitable reactant crystals, the range of both reactions and products amenable to this approach has been limited(1,2). However, recent advances in organic crystal engineering, particularly the rational design of complex solid architectures through supramolecular preorganization(3-9), have renewed interest in topochemical reactions. Previously, we have orientated muconate monomers-diene moieties with a carboxylate group on each end-using long-chain n-alkylammonium ions, such that the topochemical photopolymerization of the solid-state reactants produces layered crystals of stereoregular and high-molecular-mass polymers(10-13). Here we show that these polymer crystals are capable of repeated, reversible intercalation(14) by conversion to the analogous poly(carboxylic acid), followed by transformation into a number of poly(alkylammonium muconate)s upon addition of the appropriate amine. Introduction of functional groups into these crystals may allow the design of organic solids for applications such as molecular recognition, separation and catalysis, thereby extending the range and practical utility of current intercalation compounds(15-20).
C1 Osaka City Univ, Fac Engn, Dept Appl Chem, Sumiyoshi Ku, Osaka 5588585, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Macromol Sci, Osaka 5600043, Japan.
C3 Osaka Metropolitan University; University of Osaka; University of Osaka
RP Matsumoto, A (corresponding author), Osaka City Univ, Fac Engn, Dept Appl Chem, Sumiyoshi Ku, Osaka 5588585, Japan.
NR 20
TC 124
Z9 128
U1 2
U2 57
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 328
EP 330
DI 10.1038/35012550
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700041
PM 10830957
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mendez, R
   Hake, LE
   Andresson, T
   Littlepage, LE
   Ruderman, JV
   Richter, JD
AF Mendez, R
   Hake, LE
   Andresson, T
   Littlepage, LE
   Ruderman, JV
   Richter, JD
TI Phosphorylation of CPE binding factor by Eg2 regulates translation of c-mos mRNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xenopus oocyte maturation; cytoplasmic polyadenylation; rna-binding; kinase; pathway; protein; specificity; activation; separation; elements
AB Full-grown Xenopus oocytes arrest at the G2/M border of meiosis. I. Progesterone breaks this arrest, leading to the resumption of the meiotic cell cycles and maturation of the oocyte into a fertilizable egg. In these oocytes, progesterone interacts with an unidentified surface-associated receptor, which induces a non-transcriptional signalling pathway that stimulates the translation of dormant c-mos messenger RNA. Mos, a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase, indirectly activates MAP kinase, which in turn leads to oocyte maturation. The translational recruitment of c-mos and several other mRNAs is regulated by cytoplasmic polyadenylation, a process that requires two 3' untranslated regions, the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE) and the polyadenylation hexanucleotide AAUAAA(1-4). Although the signalling events that trigger c-mos mRNA polyadenylation and translation are unclear, they probably involve the activation of CPEB, the CPE binding factor(5,6), Here we show that an early site-specific phosphorylation of CPEB is essential for the polyadenylation of c-mos mRNA and its subsequent translation, and for oocyte maturation. In addition, we show that this selective, early phosphorylation of CPEB is catalysed by Eg2, a member of the Aurora family of serine/threonine protein kinases.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Richter, JD (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
EM joel.richter@umassmed.edu
NR 24
TC 299
Z9 341
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 302
EP 307
DI 10.1038/35005126
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200054
PM 10749216
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Juodkazis, S
   Mukai, N
   Wakaki, R
   Yamaguchi, A
   Matsuo, S
   Misawa, H
AF Juodkazis, S
   Mukai, N
   Wakaki, R
   Yamaguchi, A
   Matsuo, S
   Misawa, H
TI Reversible phase transitions in polymer gels induced by radiation forces
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID n-isopropylacrylamide; pressure; poly(n-isopropylacrylamide)
AB Many polymer gels undergo reversible, discontinuous volume changes in response to changes in the balance between repulsive intermolecular forces that act to expand the polymer network and attractive forces that act to shrink it. Repulsive forces are usually electrostatic or hydrophobic in nature, whereas attraction is mediated by hydrogen bonding or van der Waals interactions. The competition between these counteracting forces, and hence the gel volume(1-3), can thus be controlled by subtle changes in parameters such as pH (ref. 4), temperature(5), solvent composition(6) or gel composition(7). Here we describe a more direct influence on this balance of forces, by showing that the radiation force generated by a focused laser beam induces reversible shrinkage in polymer gels. Control experiments confirm that the laser-induced volume phase transitions are due to radiation forces, rather than local heating, modifying the weak interactions in the gels, in agreement with previous observations of light-induced chain association in polymer solutions(8,9). We rnd that, owing to shear-relaxation processes(10), gel shrinkage occurs up to several tens of micrometres away from the irradiation spot, raising the prospect that the combination of stimuli-responsive polymer gels and laser light might lead to new gel-based systems for applications such as actuating or sensing.
C1 Univ Tokushima, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Ecosyst Engn, Tokushima 7708506, Japan.
   Univ Tokushima, Satellite Venture Business Lab Photon Nanomat, Tokushima 7708506, Japan.
C3 Tokushima University; Tokushima University
RP Misawa, H (corresponding author), Univ Tokushima, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Ecosyst Engn, 2-1 Minamijyosanjima, Tokushima 7708506, Japan.
EM misawa@eco.tokushima-u.ac.jp
NR 20
TC 292
Z9 329
U1 1
U2 126
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 178
EP 181
DI 10.1038/35041522
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400038
PM 11089966
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gaidos, EJ
   Nimmo, F
AF Gaidos, EJ
   Nimmo, F
TI Planetary science - Tectonics and water on Europa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID geological evidence; fracture
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Bullard Labs, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, England.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; University of Cambridge
RP Gaidos, EJ (corresponding author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
NR 12
TC 75
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 637
EP +
DI 10.1038/35015170
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800035
PM 10864313
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lissy, NA
   Davis, PK
   Irwin, M
   Kaelin, WG
   Dowdy, SF
AF Lissy, NA
   Davis, PK
   Irwin, M
   Kaelin, WG
   Dowdy, SF
TI A common E2F-1 and p73 pathway mediates cell death induced by TCR activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID peripheral t-lymphocytes; li-fraumeni; apoptosis; p53; expression; proteins; gene; mice; complexity; induction
AB Strong stimulation of the T-cell receptor (TCR) on cycling peripheral T cells causes their apoptosis by a process called TCR-activation-induced cell death (TCR-AICD)(1-3). TCR-AICD occurs from a late G1 phase cell-cycle check point(4) independently of the 'tumour suppressor' protein p53 (refs 5, 6). Disruption of the gene for the E2F-1 transcription factor(7,8), an inducer of apoptosis(9-11), causes significant increases in T-cell number and splenomegaly(12-15). Here we show that T cells undergoing TCR-AICD induce the p53-related gene p73, another mediator of apoptosis(16), which is hypermethylated in lymphomas(17,18). Introducing a dominant-negative E2F-1 protein or a dominant-negative p73 protein into T cells protects them from TCR-mediated apoptosis, whereas dominant-negative E2F-2, E2F-4 or p53 does not. Furthermore, E2F-1-null or p73-null primary T cells do not undergo TCR-mediated apoptosis either. We conclude that TCR-AICD occurs from a late G1 cell-cycle checkpoint that is dependent on both E2F-1 and p73 activities. These observations indicate that, unlike p53, p73 serves to integrate receptor-mediated apoptotic stimuli.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Washington University (WUSTL); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Washington University (WUSTL); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard Medical School
RP Dowdy, SF (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
NR 30
TC 292
Z9 320
U1 1
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 642
EP 645
DI 10.1038/35036608
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800050
PM 11034214
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Painter, PR
AF Painter, PR
TI Scaling - Rivers, blood and transportation networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Calif Environm Protect Agcy, Off Environm Hlth Hazard Assessment, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA.
C3 California Environmental Protection Agency
RP Painter, PR (corresponding author), Calif Environm Protect Agcy, Off Environm Hlth Hazard Assessment, 301 Capitol Mall, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA.
NR 1
TC 8
Z9 9
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 159
EP 159
DI 10.1038/35041631
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400032
PM 11089962
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Valentini, R
   Matteucci, G
   Dolman, AJ
   Schulze, ED
   Rebmann, C
   Moors, EJ
   Granier, A
   Gross, P
   Jensen, NO
   Pilegaard, K
   Lindroth, A
   Grelle, A
   Bernhofer, C
   Grünwald, T
   Aubinet, M
   Ceulemans, R
   Kowalski, AS
   Vesala, T
   Rannik, Ü
   Berbigier, P
   Loustau, D
   Guömundsson, J
   Thorgeirsson, H
   Ibrom, A
   Morgenstern, K
   Clement, R
   Moncrieff, J
   Montagnani, L
   Minerbi, S
   Jarvis, PG
AF Valentini, R
   Matteucci, G
   Dolman, AJ
   Schulze, ED
   Rebmann, C
   Moors, EJ
   Granier, A
   Gross, P
   Jensen, NO
   Pilegaard, K
   Lindroth, A
   Grelle, A
   Bernhofer, C
   Grünwald, T
   Aubinet, M
   Ceulemans, R
   Kowalski, AS
   Vesala, T
   Rannik, Ü
   Berbigier, P
   Loustau, D
   Guömundsson, J
   Thorgeirsson, H
   Ibrom, A
   Morgenstern, K
   Clement, R
   Moncrieff, J
   Montagnani, L
   Minerbi, S
   Jarvis, PG
TI Respiration as the main determinant of carbon balance in European forests
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term measurements; atmospheric co2; high-latitudes; temperature; ecosystems; dioxide; sink; sensitivity; fluxes; water
AB Carbon exchange between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is one of the key processes that need to be assessed in the context of the Kyoto Protocol(1). Several studies suggest that the terrestrial biosphere is gaining carbon(2-8), but these estimates are obtained primarily by indirect methods, and the factors that control terrestrial carbon exchange, its magnitude and primary locations, are under debate. Here we present data of net ecosystem carbon exchange, collected between 1996 and 1998 from 15 European forests, which confirm that many European forest ecosystems act as carbon sinks. The annual carbon balances range from an uptake of 6.6 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year to a release of nearly 1 t C ha(-1) yr(-1), with a large variability between forests. The data show a significant increase of carbon uptake with decreasing latitude, whereas the gross primary production seems to be largely independent of latitude. Our observations indicate that, in general, ecosystem respiration determines net ecosystem carbon exchange. Also, for an accurate assessment of the carbon balance in a particular forest ecosystem, remote sensing of the normalized difference vegetation index or estimates based on forest inventories may not be sufficient.
C1 Univ Tuscia, Dept Forest Environm & Resources, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy.
   Alterra, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   Univ Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl Pflanzenokol, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
   Ctr Rech Nancy, Unite Ecophysiol Forestiere, Equipe Bioclimatol, F-54280 Champenoux, France.
   Riso Natl Lab, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
   Lund Univ, Dept Phys Geog, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
   SLU, Dept Prod Ecol, Fac Forestry, S-7042 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Hydrol & Meteorol, D-01737 Tharandt, Germany.
   Fac Univ Sci Agron Gembloux, Unite Phys, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
   Univ Instelling Antwerp, Dept Biol, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
   Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   INRA Bordeaux, Unite Bioclimatol, F-33883 Villenave Dornon, France.
   INRA Bordeaux, Unite Rech Forestieres, F-33611 Gazinet, France.
   Agr Res Inst, Dept Environm Res, IS-112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
   Univ Gottingen, Inst Bioklimatol, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Padua, Dept Land & Agroforestry Syst, I-35020 Padua, Italy.
   Autonomous Prov Bolzano Forest Serv, I-39100 Bolzano, Italy.
C3 Tuscia University; Wageningen University & Research; Max Planck Society; University of Bayreuth; Technical University of Denmark; Lund University; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Technische Universitat Dresden; University of Liege; University of Antwerp; University of Helsinki; INRAE; INRAE; University of Gottingen; University of Edinburgh; University of Padua
RP Valentini, R (corresponding author), Univ Tuscia, Dept Forest Environm & Resources, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy.
EM rik@unitus.it
NR 28
TC 1254
Z9 1523
U1 12
U2 632
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 861
EP 865
DI 10.1038/35009084
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000042
PM 10786790
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bethlem, HL
   Berden, G
   Crompvoets, FMH
   Jongma, RT
   van Roij, AJA
   Meijer, G
AF Bethlem, HL
   Berden, G
   Crompvoets, FMH
   Jongma, RT
   van Roij, AJA
   Meijer, G
TI Electrostatic trapping of ammonia molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemical physics; neutral atoms; state; photoassociation
AB The ability to cool and slow atoms with light for subsequent trapping(1-3) allows investigations of the properties and interactions of the trapped atoms in unprecedented detail. By contrast, the complex structure of molecules prohibits this type of manipulation, but magnetic trapping of calcium hydride molecules thermalized in ultra-cold buffer gas(4) and optical trapping of caesium dimers(5) generated from ultra-cold caesium atoms have been reported. However, these methods depend on the target molecules being paramagnetic or able to form through the association of atoms amenable to laser cooling(6-8), respectively, thus restricting the range of species that can be studied. Here we describe the slowing of an adiabatically cooled beam of deuterated ammonia molecules by time-varying inhomogeneous electric fields(9,10) and subsequent loading into an electrostatic trap. We are able to trap state-selected ammonia molecules with a density of 10(6) cm(-3) in a volume of 0.25 cm(3) at temperatures below 0.35 K. We observe pronounced density oscillations caused by the rapid switching of the electric fields during loading of the trap. Our findings illustrate that polar molecules can be efficiently cooled and trapped, thus providing an opportunity to study collisions and collective quantum effects in a wide range of ultra-cold molecular systems(11-14).
C1 EURATOM, FOM, Inst Plasma Phys Rijnhuizen, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, Netherlands.
   Catholic Univ Nijmegen, Dept Mol & Laser Phys, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
C3 Euratom; Radboud University Nijmegen
RP Meijer, G (corresponding author), EURATOM, FOM, Inst Plasma Phys Rijnhuizen, POB 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, Netherlands.
NR 22
TC 443
Z9 482
U1 0
U2 56
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 491
EP 494
DI 10.1038/35020030
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000039
PM 10952305
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bilder, D
   Perrimon, N
AF Bilder, D
   Perrimon, N
TI Localization of apical epithelial determinants by the basolateral PDZ protein Scribble
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID leucine-rich repeats; tight junctions; plasma-membrane; drosophila; crumbs; domains; cells; expression; encodes; family
AB The generation of membrane domains with distinct protein constituents is a hallmark of cell polarization. In epithelia, segregation of membrane proteins into epical and basolateral compartments is critical for cell morphology, tissue physiology and cell signalling. Drosophila proteins that confer apical membrane identity have been found(1,2), but the mechanisms that restrict these determinants to the apical cell surface are unknown. Here we show that a laterally localized protein is required for the apical confinement of polarity determinants. Mutations in Drosophila scribble (scrib), which encodes a multi-PDZ (PSD-95, Discs-large and ZO-1) and leucine-rich-repeat protein, cause aberrant cell shapes and loss of the monolayer organization of embryonic epithelia. Scrib is localized to the epithelial septate junction, the analogue of the vertebrate tight junction(3), at the boundary of the apical and basolateral cell surfaces. Loss of scrib function results in the misdistribution of apical proteins and adherens junctions to the basolateral cell surface, but basolateral protein localization remains intact. These phenotypes can be accounted for by mislocalization of the apical determinant Crumbs. Ow results show that the lateral domain of epithelia, particularly the septate junction, functions in restricting apical membrane identity and correctly placing adherens junctions.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Bilder, D (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 29
TC 586
Z9 725
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 676
EP 680
DI 10.1038/35001108
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200059
PM 10688207
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Helbing, D
   Farkas, I
   Vicsek, T
AF Helbing, D
   Farkas, I
   Vicsek, T
TI Simulating dynamical features of escape panic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB One of the most disastrous forms of collective human behaviour is the kind of crowd stampede induced by panic, often leading to fatalities as people are crushed or trampled. Sometimes this behaviour is triggered in life-threatening situations such as fires in crowded buildings(1,2); at other times, stampedes can arise during the rush for seats(3,4) or seemingly without cause. Although engineers are finding ways to alleviate the scale of such disasters, their frequency seems to be increasing with the number and size of mass events(2,5). But systematic studies of panic behaviour(6-9) and quantitative theories capable of predicting such crowd dynamics(5,10-12) are rare. Here we use a model of pedestrian behaviour to investigate the mechanisms of (and preconditions for) panic and jamming by uncoordinated motion in crowds. Our simulations suggest practical ways to prevent dangerous crowd pressures. Moreover, we rnd an optimal strategy for escape from a smoke-filled room, involving a mixture of individualistic behaviour and collective `herding' instinct.
C1 Collegium Budapest, Inst Adv Study, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary.
   Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Econ & Traff, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
   Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
C3 Technische Universitat Dresden; Eotvos Lorand University
RP Helbing, D (corresponding author), Collegium Budapest, Inst Adv Study, Szentharomsag 2, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary.
EM helbing@trafficforum.de
NR 20
TC 3559
Z9 4216
U1 58
U2 1297
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 487
EP 490
DI 10.1038/35035023
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400042
PM 11028994
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rabinowitz, D
   Helin, E
   Lawrence, K
   Pravdo, S
AF Rabinowitz, D
   Helin, E
   Lawrence, K
   Pravdo, S
TI A reduced estimate of the number of kilometre-sized near-Earth asteroids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Near-Earth asteroids are small (diameters < 10 km), rocky bodies with orbits that approach that of the Earth (they come within 1.3 AU Of the Sun). Most have a chance of approximately 0.5% of colliding with the Earth in the next million years. The total number of such bodies with diameters > 1 km has been estimated to be in the range 1,000-2,000, which translates to an approximately 1% chance of a catastrophic collision with the Earth in the next millennium(1,2). These numbers are, however, poorly constrained because of the limitations of previous searches using photographic plates. (One kilometre is below the size of a body whose impact on the Earth would produce global effects(3).) Here we report an analysis of our survey for near-Earth asteroids that uses improved detection technologies. We find that the total number of asteroids with diameters > 1 km is about half the earlier estimates. At the current rate of discovery of near-Earth asteroids, 90% will probably have been detected within the next 20 years.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
C3 Yale University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology
RP Rabinowitz, D (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Phys, 266 Whitney Ave,JWG 552, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
EM david.rabinowitz@yale.edu
NR 13
TC 106
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 165
EP 166
DI 10.1038/35003128
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300045
PM 10646594
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knauth, DC
   Federman, SR
   Lambert, DL
   Crane, P
AF Knauth, DC
   Federman, SR
   Lambert, DL
   Crane, P
TI Newly synthesized lithium in the interstellar medium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galactic cosmic-rays; li-7/li-6 ratio; diffuse clouds; isotope ratio; zeta-ophiuchi; elements; stars; abundances; carbon; lines
AB Astronomical observations of elemental and isotopic abundances provide the means to determine the source of elements and to reveal their evolutionary pathways since the formation of the Galaxy some 15 billion years ago. The abundance of lithium is particularly interesting because, although some of it is thought to be primordial, most results from spallation reactions (in which Galactic cosmic rays break apart larger nuclei in the interstellar medium). Spallation reactions are crucial for the production of other light elements(1), such as beryllium and boron, so observations of lithium isotopic abundances can be used to test model predictions(2-5) for light-element synthesis in general. Here we report observations of Li-7 and Li-6 abundances in several interstellar clouds lying in the direction of the star o Persei. We rnd the abundance ratio Li-7/Li-6 to be about 2, which is significantly lower than the average Solar System value of 12.3 (refs 6, 7). An abundance ratio of 2 is clear evidence that the observed lithium must have resulted entirely from spallation, confirming a basic tenet of light-element synthesis(2-5). The total lithium abundance, however, is not enhanced as expected.
C1 Univ Toledo, Dept Phys & Astron, Toledo, OH 43606 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Astron, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Dartmouth Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
   NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; University of Toledo; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Dartmouth College; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
RP Federman, SR (corresponding author), Univ Toledo, Dept Phys & Astron, Toledo, OH 43606 USA.
NR 28
TC 40
Z9 45
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 656
EP 658
DI 10.1038/35015028
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800038
PM 10864316
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Anderson, RT
   Lovley, DR
AF Anderson, RT
   Lovley, DR
TI Biogeochemistry - Hexadecane decay by methanogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Microbiol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst
RP Anderson, RT (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Microbiol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
NR 6
TC 127
Z9 163
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 722
EP 723
DI 10.1038/35008145
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600038
PM 10783875
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kolber, ZS
   Van Dover, CL
   Niederman, RA
   Falkowski, PG
AF Kolber, ZS
   Van Dover, CL
   Niederman, RA
   Falkowski, PG
TI Bacterial photosynthesis in surface waters of the open ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacteriochlorophyll alpha; pacific-ocean; plume waters; phytoplankton; fluorescence; australia; coasts
AB The oxidation of the global ocean by cyanobacterial oxygenic photosynthesis, about 2,100 Myr ago(1), is presumed to have limited anoxygenic bacterial photosynthesis to oceanic regions that are both anoxic and illuminated(2,3). The discovery of oxygen-requiring photosynthetic bacteria about 20 years ago(4) changed this notion, indicating that anoxygenic bacterial photosynthesis could persist under oxidizing conditions. However, the distribution of aerobic photosynthetic bacteria in the world oceans, their photosynthetic competence and their relationship to oxygenic photoautotrophs on global scales are unknown. Here we report the first biophysical evidence demonstrating that aerobic bacterial photosynthesis is widespread in tropical surface waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean and in temperate coastal waters of the northwestern Atlantic. Our results indicate that these organisms account for 2-5% of the photosynthetic electron transport in the upper ocean.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Environm Biophys & Mol Ecol Program, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
   Coll William & Mary, Dept Biol, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; William & Mary; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Falkowski, PG (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Environm Biophys & Mol Ecol Program, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
NR 28
TC 260
Z9 292
U1 2
U2 85
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 177
EP 179
DI 10.1038/35025044
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000045
PM 11001053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huppert, SS
   Le, A
   Schroeter, EH
   Mumm, JS
   Saxena, MT
   Milner, LA
   Kopan, R
AF Huppert, SS
   Le, A
   Schroeter, EH
   Mumm, JS
   Saxena, MT
   Milner, LA
   Kopan, R
TI Embryonic lethality in mice homozygous for a processing-deficient allele of Notch1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intracellular domain; signal-transduction; presenilin; expression; redundant; lacking; pathway; release; sel-12; delta
AB The Notch genes encode single-pass transmembrane receptors that transduce the extracellular signals responsible for cell fate determination during several steps of metazoan development. The mechanism by which extracellular signals affect gene transcription and ultimately cell fate decisions is beginning to emerge for the Notch signalling pathway. One paradigm is that ligand binding to Notch triggers a Presenilin1-dependent proteolytic release of the Notch intracellular domain from the membrane(1), resulting in low amounts of Notch intracellular domain which form a nuclear complex with CBF1/Su(H)/Lag1 to activate transcription of downstream targets(2). Not all observations clearly support this processing model, and the most rigorous test of it is to block processing in vivo and then determine the ability of unprocessed Notch to signal. Here we report that the phenotypes associated with a single point mutation at the intramembranous processing site of Notch1, Val1,744-->Gly, resemble the null Notch1 phenotype(3,4). Our results show that efficient intramembranous processing of Notch1 is indispensable for embryonic viability and proper early embryonic development in vivo.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Pharmacol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Dermatol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Med, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Kopan, R (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Pharmacol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
EM kopan@molecool.wustl.edu
NR 28
TC 286
Z9 343
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 966
EP 970
DI 10.1038/35016111
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700055
PM 10879540
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Syntichaki, P
   Topalidou, I
   Thireos, G
AF Syntichaki, P
   Topalidou, I
   Thireos, G
TI The Gcn5 bromodomain co-ordinates nucleosome remodelling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID histone acetyltransferase activity; yeast pho5 promoter; ada-complex; in-vivo; chromatin; transcription; saga
AB The access of transcription factors to eukaryotic promoters often requires modification of their chromatin structure, which is accomplished by the action of two general classes of multiprotein complexes(1). One class contains histone acetyltransferases (HATs), such as Gcn5 in the SAGA complex(2), which acetylate nucleosomal histones. The second dass contains ATPases, such as Swi2 in the Swi/Snf complex(3), which provide the energy for nucleosome remodelling. In several promoters these two complexes cooperate but their functional linkage is unknown(4-8). A protein module that is present in, all, nuclear HATs, the bromodomain, could provide such a link(9). The recently reported in vitro binding of a HAT bromodomain with acetylated lysines within H3 and H4 aminoterminal peptides(10) indicates that this interaction may constitute a targeting step for events that follow histone acetylation. Here we use a suitable promoter to show that bromodomain residues essential for acetyl-lysine binding are not required in vivo for Gcn5-mediated histone acetylation but are fundamental for the subsequent Swi2-dependent nucleosome remodelling and consequent transcriptional activation. We show that the Gcn5 bromodomain stabilizes the Swi/Snf complex on this promoter.
C1 FORTH, Inst Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece.
   Univ Crete, Dept Biol, Heraklion 71409, Crete, Greece.
C3 Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas (FORTH); University of Crete
RP Thireos, G (corresponding author), FORTH, Inst Mol Biol & Biotechnol, POB 1527, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece.
NR 26
TC 169
Z9 207
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 414
EP 417
DI 10.1038/35006136
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000057
PM 10746732
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abbott, A
AF Abbott, A
TI What price the Olympian ideal?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-hormone
NR 5
TC 14
Z9 17
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 124
EP +
DI 10.1038/35025272
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000012
PM 11001030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tojima, Y
   Fujimoto, A
   Delhase, M
   Chen, Y
   Hatakeyama, S
   Nakayama, K
   Kaneko, Y
   Nimura, Y
   Motoyama, N
   Ikeda, K
   Karin, M
   Nakanishi, M
AF Tojima, Y
   Fujimoto, A
   Delhase, M
   Chen, Y
   Hatakeyama, S
   Nakayama, K
   Kaneko, Y
   Nimura, Y
   Motoyama, N
   Ikeda, K
   Karin, M
   Nakanishi, M
TI NAK is an IκB kinase-activating kinase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor; alpha proteolysis; cell-death; c-epsilon; phosphorylation; signal; apoptosis; pathways; jnk; ikk
AB Phosphorylation of I kappa B by the I kappa B kinase (IKK) complex is a critical step leading to IkB degradation and activation of transcription factor NF-kappa B-1. The IKK complex contains two catalytic subunits, IKK alpha and IKK beta, the latter being indispensable for NF-kappa B activation by pro-inflammatory cytokines(2-7). Although IKK is activated by phosphorylation of the IKK beta activation loop(8), the physiological IKK kinases that mediate responses to extracellular stimuli remain obscure(1,9). Here we describe an IKK-related kinase, named NAK (NF-kappa B-activating kinase), that can activate IKK through direct phosphorylation. NAK induces I kappa B degradation and NF-kappa B activity through IKKb. Endogenous NAK is activated by phorbol ester tumour promoters and growth factors, whereas catalytically inactive NAK specifically inhibits activation of NF-kappa B by protein kinase C-epsilon (PKC epsilon). Thus, NAK is an IKK kinase that may mediate IKK and NF-kappa B activation in response to growth factors that stimulate PKC epsilon activity.
C1 Natl Inst Longev Sci, Dept Geriatr Res, Aichi 4748522, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Showa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4668550, Japan.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Lab Gene Regulat & Signal Transduct, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Kyusyu Univ, Med Inst Bioregulat, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
   Nagoya City Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Mizuho Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4678601, Japan.
C3 Nagoya University; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Nagoya City University
RP Nakanishi, M (corresponding author), Natl Inst Longev Sci, Dept Geriatr Res, Aichi 4748522, Japan.
NR 30
TC 326
Z9 381
U1 1
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 778
EP 782
DI 10.1038/35008109
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600056
PM 10783893
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rikken, GLJA
   Raupach, E
AF Rikken, GLJA
   Raupach, E
TI Enantioselective magnetochiral photochemistry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID absolute asymmetric-synthesis; magnetic-field; chirality; birefringence; absorption; dichroism; liquids
AB Many chemical and physical systems can occur in two forms distinguished solely by being mirror images of each other. This phenomenon, known as chirality, is important in biochemistry, where reactions involving chiral molecules often require the participation of one specific enantiomer (mirror image) of the two possible ones. In fact, terrestrial life utilizes only the L enantiomers of amino acids, a pattern that is known as the 'homochirality of life' and which has stimulated long-standing efforts to understand its origin(1). Reactions can proceed enantioselectively if chiral reactants or catalysts are involved, or if some external chiral influence is present(2). But because chiral reactants and catalysts themselves require an enantioselective production process, efforts to understand the homochirality of life have focused on external chiral influences. One such external influence is circularly polarized light, which can influence the chirality of photochemical reaction products(2,13,14). Because natural optical activity, which occurs exclusively in media lacking mirror symmetry, and magnetic optical activity, which can occur in all media and is induced by longitudinal magnetic fields, both cause polarization rotation of light, the potential for magnetically induced enantioselectivity in chemical reactions has been investigated, but no convincing demonstrations of such an effect have been found(2-4). Here we show experimentally that magnetochiral anisotropy-an effect linking chirality and magnetism(5-7)-can give rise to an enantiomeric excess in a photochemical reaction driven by unpolarized light in a parallel magnetic field, which suggests that this effect may have played a role in the origin of the homochirality of life.
C1 Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, CNRS, Grenoble High Magnet Field Lab, F-38042 Grenoble, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Max Planck Society
RP Rikken, GLJA (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, CNRS, Grenoble High Magnet Field Lab, BP 166, F-38042 Grenoble, France.
NR 25
TC 500
Z9 527
U1 3
U2 206
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 932
EP 935
DI 10.1038/35016043
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700045
PM 10879530
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shorey, L
   Piertney, S
   Stone, J
   Höglund, J
AF Shorey, L
   Piertney, S
   Stone, J
   Höglund, J
TI Fine-scale genetic structuring on Manacus manacus leks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kin selection; relatedness; markers; success; males; birds
AB Leks have traditionally been considered as arenas where males compete to attract females and secure matings. Thus, direct fitness benefits mediated through competition between males to fertilize females have been considered to be the primary force driving the evolution of lekking behaviour(1,2). Inclusive fitness benefits mediated through kin selection(3) may also be involved in lek formation and evolution(4,5), but to date this theory has been largely ignored. According to kin-selection theory, both reproducing and non-reproducing males may gain indirect inclusive fitness benefits. If females are attracted to larger leks, non-reproducing males add attractiveness to a lek, and therefore, in a genetically structured population, boost the reproductive success of kin. Theory predicts that the attractiveness of leks is plastic, and that males establish themselves on a lek in which the top male, in terms of reproductive success, is a close relative(6). Here we show that in white-bearded manakins (Manacus manacus), for which larger leks are more attractive to females(7,8) and so secure the maximum number of matings, there is extraordinary fine-scale genetic structure, with leks being composed of clusters of related kin. We propose that males establish themselves where they rnd relatives to such an extent that they form groups within leks, and that such behaviour is consistent with kin-selection theory to maximize reproductive success of the group.
C1 Uppsala Univ, Populat Biol EBC, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, NERC Mol Genet Ecol Initiat, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
   Uppsala Univ, Anim Ecol EBC, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 Uppsala University; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); University of Aberdeen; Uppsala University
RP Shorey, L (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, Populat Biol EBC, Norbyvagen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
EM lisa.shorey@ebc.uu.se
NR 14
TC 95
Z9 107
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 352
EP 353
DI 10.1038/35042562
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000043
PM 11099040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thompson, RN
   Gibson, SA
AF Thompson, RN
   Gibson, SA
TI Transient high temperatures in mantle plume heads inferred from magnesian olivines in Phanerozoic picrites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hawaiian volcanism; iceland plume; basalts; origin; komatiites; magmas; melt; gpa
AB Both scaled laboratory experiments and numerical models of terrestrial mantle plumes produce `balloon-on-a-string' structures, with a bulbous head followed by a stem-like tail. Discussions have focused on whether their initial upwelling heads are hotter than the tails or cooler, as a result of entrainment of ambient mantle during ascent(1-3), and also on whether initial plume upwelling is a newtonian or non-newtonian process(4,5). The temperature of the mantle delivered to the base of the lithosphere is a critical parameter in such debates. Dry continental magmas can normally contribute little to this topic because their hottest (ultramafic) examples can be expected to be trapped, owing to their density, beneath the Moho. Here we report a rare case in which olivine (with 93.3% forsterite; Mg(2)SiO(4)) phenocrysts, precipitated from an unerupted komatiitic melt (similar to 24% MgO) of the Tristan mantle plume head 132 Myr ago, were carried to upper-crust levels in northwest Namibia by less Mg-rich (9.6-18.5% MgO) magmas. We infer that the hidden melt, generated when the plume impinged on the base of the lithosphere, originated in the mantle with a potential temperature of 1,700 degrees C. This is similar to 400 degrees C above ambient and much hotter than the temperatures previously calculated for steady-state Phanerozoic mantle plumes(3,6-8). Published data show that the same conclusion can be reached for the initial Iceland and Galapagos plumes.
C1 Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
C3 Durham University; University of Cambridge
RP Thompson, RN (corresponding author), Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
EM r.n.thompson@durham.ac.uk
NR 33
TC 265
Z9 304
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 502
EP 506
DI 10.1038/35035058
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400047
PM 11028999
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reits, EAJ
   Vos, JC
   Grommé, M
   Neefjes, J
AF Reits, EAJ
   Vos, JC
   Grommé, M
   Neefjes, J
TI The major substrates for TAP in vivo are derived from newly synthesized proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mhc class-i; lateral mobility; membranes; transport; translocation; fluorescence; molecules; subunit; domain; cells
AB The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is a member of the family of ABC transporters that translocate a large variety of substrates across membranes(1). TAP transports peptides from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum for binding to MHC class I molecules and for subsequent presentation to the immune system(2). Here we follow the lateral mobility of TAP in living cells. TAP's mobility increases when it is inactive and decreases when it translocates peptides. Because TAP activity is dependent on substrate, the mobility of TAP is used to monitor the intracellular peptide content in vivo. Comparison of the diffusion rates in peptide-free and peptide-saturated cells indicates that normally about one-third of all TAP molecules actively translocate peptides. However, during an acute influenza infection TAP becomes fully employed owing to the production and degradation of viral proteins. Furthermore, TAP activity depends on continuing protein translation. This implies that MHC class I molecules mainly sample peptides that originate from newly synthesized proteins, to ensure rapid presentation to the immune system.
C1 Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Tumor Biol, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute
RP Neefjes, J (corresponding author), Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Tumor Biol, Plesmanlaan 121, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM jneefjes@nki.nl
NR 29
TC 335
Z9 396
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 774
EP 778
DI 10.1038/35008103
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600055
PM 10783892
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sharma, J
   Angelucci, A
   Sur, M
AF Sharma, J
   Angelucci, A
   Sur, M
TI Induction of visual orientation modules in auditory cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID correlated neuronal-activity; horizontal connections; retinal projections; preference maps; simple cells; cat; ferret; thalamus; deprivation; selectivity
AB Modules of neurons sharing a common property are a basic organizational feature of mammalian sensory cortex. Primary visual cortex (V1) is characterized by orientation modules-groups of cells that share a preferred stimulus orientation-which are organized into a highly ordered orientation map. Here we show that in ferrets in which retinal projections are routed into the auditory pathway, visually responsive neurons in 'rewired' primary auditory cortex are also organized into orientation modules. The orientation tuning of neurons within these modules is comparable to the tuning of cells in V1 but the orientation map is less orderly. Horizontal connections in rewired cortex are more patchy and periodic than connections in normal auditory cortex, but less so than connections in V1. These data show that afferent activity has a profound influence on diverse components of cortical circuitry, including thalamocortical and local intracortical connections, which are involved in the generation of orientation tuning, and long-range horizontal connections, which are important in creating an orientation map.
C1 MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Sur, M (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, E25-618, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 44
TC 263
Z9 330
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 841
EP 847
DI 10.1038/35009043
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000036
PM 10786784
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moffatt, HK
AF Moffatt, HK
TI Analytical dynamics - Numismatic gyrations - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Isaac Newton Inst Math Sci, Cambridge CB3 0EH, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Moffatt, HK (corresponding author), Isaac Newton Inst Math Sci, 20 Clarkson Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EH, England.
NR 0
TC 14
Z9 15
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 540
EP 540
DI 10.1038/35046211
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600106
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kawabuchi, M
   Satomi, Y
   Takao, T
   Shimonishi, Y
   Nada, S
   Nagai, K
   Tarakhovsky, A
   Okada, M
AF Kawabuchi, M
   Satomi, Y
   Takao, T
   Shimonishi, Y
   Nada, S
   Nagai, K
   Tarakhovsky, A
   Okada, M
TI Transmembrane phosphoprotein Cbp regulates the activities of Src-family tyrosine kinases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell activation; phosphorylated proteins; csk; suppression; membranes; domains; rafts
AB The Src family of protein tyrosine kinases (Src-PTKs) is important in the regulation of growth and differentiation of eukaryotic cells. The activity of Src-PTKs in cells of different types is negatively controlled by Csk, which specifically phosphorylates a conserved regulatory tyrosine residue at the carboxy-terminal tail of the Src-PTKs(1-3). Csk is mainly cytoplasmic and Src-PTKs are predominantly membrane-associated. This raises a question about the mechanism of interaction between these enzymes. Here we present Cbp-a transmembrane phosphoprotein that is ubiquitously expressed and binds specifically to the SH2 domain of Csk. Cbp is involved in the membrane localization of Csk and in the Csk-mediated inhibition of c-Src. In the plasma membrane Cbp is exclusively localized in the GM1 ganglioside-enriched detergent-insoluble membrane domain, which is important in receptor-mediated signalling(4-8). These findings reveal Cbp as a new component of the regulatory mechanism controlling the activity of membrane-associated Src-PTKs.
C1 Osaka Univ, Inst Prot Res, Div Prot Metab, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Inst Prot Res, Div Organ Chem, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Inst Sci & Ind Res, Dept Cell Membrane Biol, Div Biol Sci, Osaka 5670047, Japan.
   Univ Cologne, Inst Genet, Lab Lymphocyte Signalling, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Cologne
RP Tarakhovsky, A (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Inst Prot Res, Div Prot Metab, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
EM sasha@mac.genetik.uni-koeln.de; okadam@protein.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 21
TC 456
Z9 523
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 999
EP 1003
DI 10.1038/35010121
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000057
PM 10801129
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cederström, B
   Cahn, RN
   Danielsson, M
   Lundqvist, M
   Nygren, DR
AF Cederström, B
   Cahn, RN
   Danielsson, M
   Lundqvist, M
   Nygren, DR
TI Focusing hard X-rays with old LPs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID refractive lens
C1 Royal Inst Technol, Dept Phys, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Royal Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Cederström, B (corresponding author), Royal Inst Technol, Dept Phys, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
NR 5
TC 71
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 951
EP 951
DI 10.1038/35010190
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000041
PM 10801113
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU von Dassow, G
   Meir, E
   Munro, EM
   Odell, GM
AF von Dassow, G
   Meir, E
   Munro, EM
   Odell, GM
TI The segment polarity network is a robust developmental module
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cubitus-interruptus protein; fushi-tarazu; embryonic expression; gene-expression; drosophila; pattern; conservation; evolution; target; cells
AB All insects possess homologous segments, but segment specification differs radically among insect orders. In Drosophila, maternal morphogens control the patterned activation of gap genes, which encode transcriptional regulators that shape the patterned expression of pair-rule genes. This patterning cascade takes place before cellularization. Pair-rule gene products subsequently 'imprint' segment polarity genes with reiterated patterns, thus defining the primordial segments. This mechanism must be greatly modified in insect groups in which many segments emerge only after cellularization(1). In beetles,and parasitic wasps, for instance, pair-rule homologues are expressed in patterns consistent with roles during segmentation, but these patterns emerge within cellular fields(2-4). In contrast, although in locusts pair-rule homologues may not control segmentation(5,6), some segment polarity genes and their interactions are conserved(3,7-10). Perhaps segmentation is modular, with each module autonomously expressing a characteristic intrinsic behaviour in response to transient stimuli. If so, evolution could rearrange inputs to modules without changing their intrinsic behaviours. Here we suggest, using computer simulations, that the Drosophila segment polarity genes constitute such a module, and that this module is resistant to variations in the kinetic constants that govern its behaviour.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP von Dassow, G (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM dassow@u.washington.edu
NR 30
TC 850
Z9 984
U1 1
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 188
EP 192
DI 10.1038/35018085
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100049
PM 10910359
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ryan, JV
   Berry, AD
   Anderson, ML
   Long, JW
   Stroud, RM
   Cepak, VM
   Browning, VM
   Rolison, DR
   Merzbacher, CI
AF Ryan, JV
   Berry, AD
   Anderson, ML
   Long, JW
   Stroud, RM
   Cepak, VM
   Browning, VM
   Rolison, DR
   Merzbacher, CI
TI Electronic connection to the interior of a mesoporous insulator with nanowires of crystalline RuO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemical-vapor-deposition; ruthenium dioxide; aerogels; electrochemistry; oxides; films
AB Highly porous materials such as mesoporous oxides are of technological interest(1) for catalytic, sensing and remediation applications: the mesopores (of size 2-50 nm) permit ingress by molecules and guests that are physically excluded from microporous materials. Connecting the interior of porous materials with a nanoscale or 'molecular' wire would allow the direct electronic control (and monitoring) of chemical reactions and the creation of nanostructures for high-density electronic materials(2). The challenge is to create an electronic pathway (that is a wire) within a mesoporous platform without greatly occluding its free volume and reactive surface area(3). Here we report the synthesis of an electronically conductive mesoporous composite-by the cryogenic decomposition of RuO4-on the nanoscale network of a partially densified silica aerogel. The composite consists of a three-dimensional web of interconnected (similar to 4-nm in diameter) crystallites of RuO2, supported conformally on the nanoscopic silica network. The resulting monolithic (RuO(2)parallel to SiO2) composite retains the free volume of the aerogel and exhibits pure electronic conductivity. In addition to acting as a wired mesoporous platform, the RuO2-wired silica aerogel behaves as a porous catalytic electrode for the oxidation of chloride to molecular chlorine.
C1 USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
C3 United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Naval Research Laboratory; NRL Chesapeake
RP Rolison, DR (corresponding author), USN, Res Lab, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
EM rolison@nrl.navy.mil
NR 25
TC 150
Z9 161
U1 7
U2 140
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 169
EP 172
DI 10.1038/35018040
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100042
PM 10910352
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuo, RK
   Baxter, GT
   Thompson, SH
   Stricker, SA
   Patton, C
   Bonaventura, J
   Epel, D
AF Kuo, RK
   Baxter, GT
   Thompson, SH
   Stricker, SA
   Patton, C
   Bonaventura, J
   Epel, D
TI NO is necessary and sufficient for egg activation at fertilization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitric-oxide synthase; sea-urchin eggs; acrosome reaction; sperm; calcium; release; pathway; family; assay
AB The early steps that lead to the rise in calcium and egg activation at fertilization are unknown but of great interest-particularly with the advent of in vitro fertilization techniques for treating male infertility and whole-animal cloning by nuclear transfer. This calcium rise is required for egg activation and the subsequent events of development in eggs of all species(1,2). Injection of intact sperm or sperm extracts can activate eggs, suggesting that sperm-derived factors may be involved. Here we show that nitric oxide synthase is present at high concentration and active in sperm after activation by the acrosome reaction. An increase in nitrosation within eggs is evident seconds after insemination and precedes the calcium pulse of fertilization. Microinjection of nitric oxide donors or recombinant nitric oxide synthase recapitulates events of egg activation, whereas prior injection of oxyhaemoglobin, a physiological nitric oxide scavenger, prevents egg activation after fertilization. We conclude that nitric oxide synthase and nitric-oxide-related bioactivity satisfy the primary criteria of an egg activator: they are present in an appropriate place, active at an appropriate time, and are necessary and sufficient for successful fertilization.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Program Neurosci, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Knight Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Marine Biomed Ctr, Nicholas Sch Environm, Pivers Isl, NC 28516 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Cornell University; University of New Mexico; Duke University; Duke University
RP Epel, D (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA.
EM depel@stanford.edu
NR 28
TC 149
Z9 173
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 633
EP 636
DI 10.1038/35020577
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800049
PM 10949304
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Glass, JI
   Lefkowitz, EJ
   Glass, JS
   Heiner, CR
   Chen, EY
   Cassell, GH
AF Glass, JI
   Lefkowitz, EJ
   Glass, JS
   Heiner, CR
   Chen, EY
   Cassell, GH
TI The complete sequence of the mucosal pathogen Ureaplasma urealyticum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mycoplasma-genitalium; escherichia-coli; pneumoniae; mollicutes; virulence; bacteria; urease; dna
AB The comparison of the genomes of two very closely related human mucosal pathogens, Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, has helped define the essential functions of a self-replicating minimal cell, as well as what constitutes a mycoplasma. Here we report the complete sequence of a more distant phylogenetic relative of those bacteria, Ureaplasma urealyticum (parvum biovar), which is also a mucosal pathogen of humans. It is the third mycoplasma to be sequenced, and has the smallest sequenced prokaryotic genome except for M. genitalium. Although the U. urealyticum genome is similar to the two sequenced mycoplasma genomes(1,2), features make this organism unique among mycoplasmas and all bacteria. Almost all ATP synthesis is the result of urea hydrolysis, which generates an energy-producing electrochemical gradient. Some highly conserved eubacterial enzymes appear not to be encoded by U. urealyticum, including the cell-division protein FtsZ, chaperonins GroES and GroEL, and ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase. U. urealyticum has six closely related iron transporters, which apparently arose through gene duplication, suggesting that it has a kind of respiration system not present in other small genome bacteria The genome is only 25.5% G+C in nucleotide content, and the G+C content of individual genes may predict how essential those genes are to ureaplasma survival.
C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Microbiol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Eli Lilly & Co, Infect Dis Res & Clin Invest, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA.
   Perkin Elmer Corp, Adv Ctr Genom Technol, Foster City, CA 94404 USA.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; Eli Lilly; PerkinElmer, Inc.
RP Glass, JI (corresponding author), Univ Alabama, Dept Microbiol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
NR 30
TC 295
Z9 611
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 757
EP 762
DI 10.1038/35037619
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900046
PM 11048724
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Betts, RA
AF Betts, RA
TI Offset of the potential carbon sink from boreal forestation by decreases in surface albedo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change; vegetation feedbacks; global climate; snow cover; model; sequestration; water; gcm
AB Carbon uptake by forestation is one method proposed(1) to reduce net carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and so limit the radiative forcing of climate change(2). But the overall impact of forestation on climate will also depend on other effects associated with the creation of new forests. In particular, the albedo of a forested landscape is generally lower than that of cultivated land, especially when snow is lying(3-9), and decreasing albedo exerts a positive radiative forcing on climate. Here I simulate the radiative forcings associated with changes in surface albedo as a result of forestation in temperate and boreal forest areas, and translate these forcings into equivalent changes in local carbon stock for comparison with estimated carbon sequestration potentials(10-12). I suggest that in many boreal forest areas, the positive forcing induced by decreases in albedo can offset the negative forcing that is expected from carbon sequestration. Some high-latitude forestation activities may therefore increase climate change, rather than mitigating it as intended.
C1 Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England.
C3 Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre
RP Betts, RA (corresponding author), Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England.
NR 30
TC 805
Z9 915
U1 8
U2 324
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 187
EP 190
DI 10.1038/35041545
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400041
PM 11089969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCarroll, L
   Paton, MG
   Karunaratne, SHPP
   Jayasuryia, HTR
   Kalpage, KSP
   Hemingway, J
AF McCarroll, L
   Paton, MG
   Karunaratne, SHPP
   Jayasuryia, HTR
   Kalpage, KSP
   Hemingway, J
TI Insecticides and mosquito-borne disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID resistant culex-quinquefasciatus; wuchereria-bancrofti; sri-lanka; genes
C1 Cardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Cardiff CF10 3TL, S Glam, Wales.
   Univ Peradeniya, Dept Zool, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
   Open Univ, Dept Zool, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
   Anti Filariasis Campaign, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
C3 Cardiff University; University of Peradeniya; Open University Sri Lanka
RP McCarroll, L (corresponding author), Cardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Cardiff CF10 3TL, S Glam, Wales.
EM Hemingway@cardiff.ac.uk
NR 13
TC 73
Z9 92
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6807
BP 961
EP 962
DI 10.1038/35039671
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 366XX
UT WOS:000090032500031
PM 11069167
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Misura, KMS
   Scheller, RH
   Weis, WI
AF Misura, KMS
   Scheller, RH
   Weis, WI
TI Three-dimensional structure of the neuronal-Sec1-syntaxin 1a complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-protein interactions; synaptic vesicle docking; n-terminal domain; snare complex; neurotransmitter release; sec1 homolog; syntaxin; fusion; rop; specificity
AB Syntaxin 1a and neuronal Sec1 (nSec1) form an evolutionarily conserved heterodimer that is essential for vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion. The crystal structure of the nSec1-syntaxin la complex, determined at 2.6 Angstrom resolution, reveals that major conformational rearrangements occur in syntaxin relative to both the core SNARE complex and isolated syntaxin. We identify regions of the two proteins that seem to determine the binding specificity of particular Sec1 proteins for syntaxin isoforms, which is likely to be important for the fidelity of membrane trafficking. The structure also indicates mechanisms that might couple the action of upstream effector proteins to conformational changes in syntaxin la and nSec1 that lead to core complex formation and membrane fusion.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Struct, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Weis, WI (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Struct, Fairchild Bldg,299 Campus Dr W, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM bill.weis@stanford.edu
NR 49
TC 625
Z9 753
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 355
EP 362
DI 10.1038/35006120
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000040
PM 10746715
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Popeijus, H
   Overmars, H
   Jones, J
   Blok, V
   Goverse, A
   Helder, J
   Schots, A
   Bakker, J
   Smant, G
AF Popeijus, H
   Overmars, H
   Jones, J
   Blok, V
   Goverse, A
   Helder, J
   Schots, A
   Bakker, J
   Smant, G
TI Enzymology - Degradation of plant cell walls by a nematode
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cellulase
C1 Agr Univ Wageningen, Dept Plant Sci, Grad Sch Expt Plant Sci, Nematol Lab, NL-6708 PD Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Agr Univ Wageningen, Dept Plant Sci, Grad Sch Expt Plant Sci, Lab Monoclonal Antibodies, NL-6708 PD Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Scottish Crop Res Inst, Dept Nematol, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland.
C3 Wageningen University & Research; Wageningen University & Research; James Hutton Institute
RP Popeijus, H (corresponding author), Agr Univ Wageningen, Dept Plant Sci, Grad Sch Expt Plant Sci, Nematol Lab, Binnenhaven 10, NL-6708 PD Wageningen, Netherlands.
NR 8
TC 144
Z9 187
U1 1
U2 63
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 36
EP 37
DI 10.1038/35017641
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200033
PM 10894530
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morgan, D
   Diamond, DM
   Gottschall, PE
   Ugen, KE
   Dickey, C
   Hardy, J
   Duff, K
   Jantzen, P
   DiCarlo, G
   Wilcock, D
   Connor, K
   Hatcher, J
   Hope, C
   Gordon, M
   Arendash, GW
AF Morgan, D
   Diamond, DM
   Gottschall, PE
   Ugen, KE
   Dickey, C
   Hardy, J
   Duff, K
   Jantzen, P
   DiCarlo, G
   Wilcock, D
   Connor, K
   Hatcher, J
   Hope, C
   Gordon, M
   Arendash, GW
TI Aβ peptide vaccination prevents memory loss in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amyloid precursor protein; transgenic mice; presenilin-1 transgenes; mutant presenilin-1; phenotype; pathology; plaques
AB Vaccinations with amyloid-beta peptide (AB) can dramatically reduce amyloid deposition in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease(1). To determine if the vaccinations had deleterious or beneficial functional consequences, we tested eight months of A beta vaccination in a different transgenic model for Alzheimer's disease in which mice develop learning deficits as amyloid accumulates(2,3). Here we show that vaccination with A beta protects transgenic mice from the learning and age-related memory deficits that normally occur in this mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. During testing for potential deleterious effects of the vaccine, all mice performed superbly on the radial-arm water-maze test of working memory. Later, at an age when untreated transgenic mice show memory deficits, the A beta -vaccinated transgenic mice showed cognitive performance superior to that of the control transgenic mice and, ultimately, performed as well as nontransgenic mice. The A beta -vaccinated mice also had a partial reduction in amyloid burden at the end of the study. This therapeutic approach may thus prevent and, possibly, treat Alzheimer's dementia.
C1 Univ S Florida, Dept Pharmacol, Alzheimer Res Lab, Tampa, FL 33612 USA.
   Univ S Florida, Dept Psychol, Tampa, FL 33612 USA.
   Univ S Florida, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, Tampa, FL 33612 USA.
   Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, Alzheimer Res Lab, Tampa, FL 33612 USA.
   James A Haley Vet Adm Med Ctr, Tampa, FL 33612 USA.
   Mayo Clin Jacksonville, Dept Pharmacol, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA.
   Nathan S Kline Inst Psychiat Res, Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of South Florida; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); James A. Haley Veterans Hospital; Mayo Clinic; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research
RP Morgan, D (corresponding author), Univ S Florida, Dept Pharmacol, Alzheimer Res Lab, Tampa, FL 33612 USA.
NR 19
TC 1321
Z9 1598
U1 1
U2 153
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 982
EP 985
DI 10.1038/35050116
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100052
PM 11140686
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ivany, LC
   Patterson, WP
   Lohmann, KC
AF Ivany, LC
   Patterson, WP
   Lohmann, KC
TI Cooler winters as a possible cause of mass extinctions at the eocene/oligocene boundary
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isotopic composition; fish otoliths; eocene; oxygen; temperatures; mississippi; paleogene; patterns; alabama; ocean
AB The Eocene/Oligocene boundary, at about 33.7 Myr ago, marks one of the largest extinctions of marine invertebrates in the Cenozoic period(1). For example, turnover of mollusc species in the US Gulf coastal plain was over 90% at this time(2,3). A temperature change across this boundary-from warm Eocene climates to cooler conditions in the Oligocene-has been suggested as a cause of this extinction event(4), but climate reconstructions have not provided support for this hypothesis. Here we report stable oxygen isotope measurements of aragonite in fish otoliths-ear stones-collected across the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Palaeotemperatures reconstructed from mean otolith oxygen isotope values show little change through this interval, in agreement with previous studies(5,6). From incremental microsampling of otoliths, however, we can resolve the seasonal variation in temperature, recorded as the otoliths continue to accrete new material over the life of the fish. These seasonal data suggest that winters became about 4 degrees C colder across the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. We suggest that temperature variability, rather than change in mean annual temperature, helped to cause faunal turnover during this transition.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Syracuse Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Syracuse University
RP Ivany, LC (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 1006 CC Little Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM lcivany@syr.edu
NR 30
TC 259
Z9 294
U1 0
U2 65
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 887
EP 890
DI 10.1038/35038044
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900046
PM 11057663
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Choi, I
   Aalkjaer, C
   Boulpaep, EL
   Boron, WF
AF Choi, I
   Aalkjaer, C
   Boulpaep, EL
   Boron, WF
TI An electroneutral sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter NBCn1 and associated sodium channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intracellular ph; tissue distribution; bicarbonate cotransporter; smooth-muscle; cloning; transport; exchange; protein; family; expression
AB Two electroneutral, Na+-driven HCO3- transporters, the Na+-driven Cl-/HCO3- exchanger and the electroneutral Na+/HCO3- cotransporter, have crucial roles in regulating intracellular pH in a variety of cells, including cardiac myocytes(1,2), vascular smooth-muscle(3,4), neurons(5) and fibroblasts(6); however, it is difficult to distinguish their CT dependence in mammalian cells. Here we report the cloning of three variants of an electroneutral Na+/HCO3- cotransporter, NBCn1, from rat smooth muscle. They are 89-92% identical to a human skeletal muscle clone(7), 55-57% identical to the electrogenic NBCs and 33-43% identical to the anion exchangers(8). When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, NBCn1-B (which encodes 1,218 amino acids) is electroneutral, Na+-dependent and HCO3--dependent, but not Cl--dependent. Oocytes injected with low levels of NBCn1-B complementary RNA exhibit a Na+ conductance that 4,4-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonate stimulates slowly and irreversibly.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Aarhus Univ, Dept Physiol, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
   Aarhus Univ, Danish Biomembrane Res Ctr, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
C3 Yale University; Aarhus University; Aarhus University
RP Boron, WF (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Biol, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 28
TC 210
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 571
EP 575
DI 10.1038/35014615
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500051
PM 10850716
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yurke, B
   Turberfield, AJ
   Mills, AP
   Simmel, FC
   Neumann, JL
AF Yurke, B
   Turberfield, AJ
   Mills, AP
   Simmel, FC
   Neumann, JL
TI A DNA-fuelled molecular machine made of DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID piconewton forces; branch migration; single; ribozyme; design
AB Molecular recognition between complementary strands of DNA allows construction on a nanometre length scale. For example, DNA tags may be used to organize the assembly of colloidal particles(1,2), and DNA templates can direct the growth of semiconductor nanocrystals(3) and metal wires(4). As a structural material in its own right, DNA can be used to make ordered static arrays of tiles(5), linked rings(6) and polyhedra(7). The construction of active devices is also possible-for example, a nanomechanical switch(8), whose conformation is changed by inducing a transition in the chirality of the DNA double helix. Melting of chemically modified DNA has been induced by optical absorption(9), and conformational changes caused by the binding of oligonucleotides or other small groups have been shown to change the enzymatic activity of ribozymes(10-13). Here we report the construction of a DNA machine in which the DNA is used not only as a structural material, but also as 'fuel'. The machine, made from three strands of DNA, has the form of a pair of tweezers. It may be closed and opened by addition of auxiliary strands of 'fuel' DNA; each cycle produces a duplex DNA waste product.
C1 Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
C3 AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; University of Oxford
RP Yurke, B (corresponding author), Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 30
TC 1993
Z9 2416
U1 18
U2 963
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 605
EP 608
DI 10.1038/35020524
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800041
PM 10949296
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yeh, C
   Shimabukuro, F
   Stanton, P
   Jamnejad, V
   Imbriale, W
   Manshadi, F
AF Yeh, C
   Shimabukuro, F
   Stanton, P
   Jamnejad, V
   Imbriale, W
   Manshadi, F
TI Communication at millimetre-submillimetre wavelengths using a ceramic ribbon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymers
AB Following the discovery by Kao and Hockman(1-3) that ultra-low-loss optical fibres could be made from pure silica through the elimination of impurities, the ability to guide signals effectively at optical wavelengths has been assured. But there remains an important region of the spectrum-from 30 to 3,000 GHz (the millimetre-submillimetre band)-where low-loss waveguides are unknown. The main problem here in finding low-loss solids is no longer one of eliminating impurities, but is due to the presence of intrinsic vibration absorption bands(4-6). And the use of highly conducting materials is also precluded owing to high skin-depth losses(7,8) in this part of the spectrum. Here we show that a combination of material and waveguide geometry can circumvent these difficulties. We adopt a ribbon-like structure with an aspect ratio of 10:1, fabricated from ceramic alumina (Coors' 998 Alumina), and the resulting waveguide has an attenuation factor of less than 10 dB km(-1) in the millimetre-submillimetre band. This attenuation is more than 100 times smaller than that of a typical ceramic (or other dielectric) circular rod waveguide and is sufficient for immediate application.
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Aerosp Corp, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; Aerospace Corporation - USA
RP Yeh, C (corresponding author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
EM cavour.yeh@jpl.nasa.gov
NR 17
TC 34
Z9 43
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 584
EP +
DI 10.1038/35007036
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100048
PM 10766237
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blasius, B
   Stone, L
AF Blasius, B
   Stone, L
TI Ecology - Nonlinearity and the Moran effect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dynamics; sheep
C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Zool, Porter Super Ctr Ecol & Environm Studies, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
C3 Tel Aviv University
RP Blasius, B (corresponding author), Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Zool, Porter Super Ctr Ecol & Environm Studies, Ramat Aviv, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
NR 5
TC 39
Z9 40
U1 2
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 846
EP 847
DI 10.1038/35022646
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600029
PM 10972277
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pan, JW
   Bouwmeester, D
   Daniell, M
   Weinfurter, H
   Zeilinger, A
AF Pan, JW
   Bouwmeester, D
   Daniell, M
   Weinfurter, H
   Zeilinger, A
TI Experimental test of quantum nonlocality in three-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entanglement
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID entangling photons; bells-inequality; conversion; theorem; pairs; violation; locality; states
AB Bell's theorem(1) states that certain statistical correlations predicted by quantum physics for measurements on two-particle systems cannot be understood within a realistic picture based on local properties of each individual particle-even if the two particles are separated by large distances. Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen first recognized(2) the fundamental significance of these quantum correlations (termed 'entanglement' by Schrodinger(3)) and the two-particle quantum predictions have found ever-increasing experimental support(4). A more striking conflict between quantum mechanical and local realistic predictions (for perfect correlations) has been discovered(5,6); but experimental verification has been difficult, as it requires entanglement between at least three particles. Here we report experimental confirmation of this conflict, using our recently developed method: to observe three-photon entanglement, or 'Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger' (GHZ) states. The results of three specific experiments, involving-measurements of polarization correlations between three photons, lead to predictions for a fourth experiment; quantum physical predictions are mutually contradictory with expectations based on local realism. We find the results of the fourth experiment to be in agreement with the quantum prediction and in striking conflict with local realism.
C1 Univ Vienna, Inst Expt Phys, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
   Univ Munich, Sekt Phys, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Vienna; University of Oxford; University of Munich
RP Zeilinger, A (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Inst Expt Phys, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
NR 32
TC 782
Z9 848
U1 3
U2 159
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 515
EP 519
DI 10.1038/35000514
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300041
PM 10676953
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ganachaud, A
   Wunsch, C
AF Ganachaud, A
   Wunsch, C
TI Improved estimates of global ocean circulation, heat transport and mixing from hydrographic data
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID large-scale circulation; water; pacific; no
AB Through its ability to transport large amounts of heat, fresh water and nutrients, the ocean is an essential regulator of climate(1,2). The pathways and mechanisms of this transport and its stability are critical issues in understanding the present state of climate and the possibilities of future changes. Recently, global high-quality hydrographic data have been gathered in the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), to obtain an accurate picture of the present circulation. Here we combine the new data from high-resolution trans-oceanic sections and current meters with climatological wind fields, biogeochemical balances and improved a priori error estimates in an inverse model, to improve estimates of the global circulation and heat fluxes. Our solution resolves globally vertical mixing across surfaces of equal density, with coefficients in the range (3-12) x 10(-4) m(2) s(-1). Net deepwater production rates amount to (15 +/- 12) x 10(6) m(3) s(-1) in the North Atlantic Ocean and (21 +/- 6) x 10(6) m(3) s(-1) in the Southern Ocean. Our estimates provide a new reference state for future climate studies with rigorous estimates of the uncertainties.
C1 MIT 54 1517, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Ganachaud, A (corresponding author), IFREMER, Lab Phys Oceans, F-29280 Plouzane, France.
NR 31
TC 850
Z9 941
U1 5
U2 201
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 453
EP 457
DI 10.1038/35044048
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800043
PM 11100723
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fraser, AG
   Kamath, RS
   Zipperlen, P
   Martinez-Campos, M
   Sohrmann, M
   Ahringer, J
AF Fraser, AG
   Kamath, RS
   Zipperlen, P
   Martinez-Campos, M
   Sohrmann, M
   Ahringer, J
TI Functional genomic analysis of C-elegans chromosome I by systematic RNA interference
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; zinc-finger; protein; kakapo; gene; identification; expression; drosophila; adhesion; sequence
AB Complete genomic sequence is known for two multicellular eukaryotes, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and it will soon be known for humans. However, biological function has been assigned to only a small proportion of the predicted genes in any animal. Here we have used RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) to target nearly 90% of predicted genes on C. elegans chromosome I by feeding worms with bacteria that express double-stranded RNA. We have assigned function to 13.9% of the genes analysed, increasing the number of sequenced genes with known phenotypes on chromosome I from 70 to 378. Although most genes with sterile or embryonic lethal RNAi phenotypes are involved in basal cell metabolism, many genes giving post-embryonic phenotypes have conserved sequences but unknown function. In addition, conserved genes are significantly more likely to have an RNAi phenotype than are genes with no conservation. We have constructed a reusable library of bacterial clones that will permit unlimited RNAi screens in the future; this should help develop a more complete view of the relationships between the genome, gene function and the environment.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome CRC Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Sanger Ctr, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
RP Ahringer, J (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome CRC Inst, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
EM jaa@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust [054523] Funding Source: Medline
NR 32
TC 1383
Z9 1756
U1 3
U2 126
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 325
EP 330
DI 10.1038/35042517
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000036
PM 11099033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hutchings, JA
AF Hutchings, JA
TI Collapse and recovery of marine fishes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cod; extinction
AB Over-exploitation and subsequent collapse of marine fishes has focused attention on the ability of affected populations to recover to former abundance levels(1-3) and on the degree to which their persistence is threatened by extinction(4,5). Although potential for recovery has been assessed indirectly(1), actual changes in population size following long-term declines have not been examined empirically. Here I show that there is very little evidence for rapid recovery from prolonged declines, in contrast to the perception that marine fishes are highly resilient to large population reductions(6,7). With the possible exception of herring and related species that mature early in life and are fished with highly selective equipment, my analysis of 90 stocks reveals that many gadids (for example, cod, haddock) and other non-clupeids (for example, flatfishes) have experienced little, if any, recovery as much as 15 years after 45-99% reductions in reproductive biomass. Although the effects of overfishing on single species may generally be reversible(1), the actual time required for recovery appears to be considerable. To exempt marine fishes from existing criteria used to assign extinction risk(6,7) would be inconsistent with precautionary approaches to fisheries management and the conservation of marine biodiversity.
C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
C3 Dalhousie University
RP Hutchings, JA (corresponding author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
EM jhutch@mscs.dal.ca
NR 24
TC 670
Z9 785
U1 4
U2 508
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 882
EP +
DI 10.1038/35022565
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600042
PM 10972288
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Russo, C
   Schettini, G
   Saido, TC
   Hulette, C
   Lippall, C
   Lannfelt, L
   Ghetti, B
   Gambetti, P
   Tabaton, M
   Teller, JK
AF Russo, C
   Schettini, G
   Saido, TC
   Hulette, C
   Lippall, C
   Lannfelt, L
   Ghetti, B
   Gambetti, P
   Tabaton, M
   Teller, JK
TI Neurobiology - Presenilin-1 mutations in Alzheimer's disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amyloid precursor protein; senile plaques; downs-syndrome; beta-protein; peptide; increase
C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Inst Pathol, Div Neuropathol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Univ Genoa, Natl Inst Canc Res, Dept Neurosci, Adv Biotechnol Ctr,Sect Pharmacol, Genoa, Italy.
   RIKEN, Brain Sci Inst, Lab Proteolyt Neurosci, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Kathleen Price Bryan Brain Bank & Neuropathol Cor, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Med Coll Penn & Hahnemann Univ, Dept Neurol, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA.
   Karolinska Inst, Huddinge Hosp, Geriatr Lab, S-14146 Huddinge, Sweden.
   Indiana Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University of Genoa; IRCCS AOU San Martino IST; RIKEN; Duke University; Drexel University; Karolinska Institutet; Indiana University System; Indiana University Indianapolis
RP Russo, C (corresponding author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Inst Pathol, Div Neuropathol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
NR 13
TC 143
Z9 174
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 531
EP 532
DI 10.1038/35014735
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500038
PM 10850703
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bittner, M
   Meitzer, P
   Chen, Y
   Jiang, Y
   Seftor, E
   Hendrix, M
   Radmacher, M
   Simon, R
   Yakhini, Z
   Ben-Dor, A
   Sampas, N
   Dougherty, E
   Wang, E
   Marincola, F
   Gooden, C
   Lueders, J
   Glatfelter, A
   Pollock, P
   Carpten, J
   Gillanders, E
   Leja, D
   Dietrich, K
   Beaudry, C
   Berens, M
   Alberts, D
   Sondak, V
   Hayward, N
   Trent, J
AF Bittner, M
   Meitzer, P
   Chen, Y
   Jiang, Y
   Seftor, E
   Hendrix, M
   Radmacher, M
   Simon, R
   Yakhini, Z
   Ben-Dor, A
   Sampas, N
   Dougherty, E
   Wang, E
   Marincola, F
   Gooden, C
   Lueders, J
   Glatfelter, A
   Pollock, P
   Carpten, J
   Gillanders, E
   Leja, D
   Dietrich, K
   Beaudry, C
   Berens, M
   Alberts, D
   Sondak, V
   Hayward, N
   Trent, J
TI Molecular classification of cutaneous malignant melanoma by gene expression profiling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extracellular-matrix; cdna microarrays; cell-adhesion; in-vitro; migration; patterns; motility; integrin; cancer; assay
AB The most common human cancers are malignant neoplasms of the skin(1,2). Incidence of cutaneous melanoma is rising especially steeply, with minimal progress in non-surgical treatment of advanced disease(3,4). Despite significant effort to identify independent predictors of melanoma outcome, no accepted histopathological, molecular or immunohistochemical marker defines subsets of this neoplasm(2,3). Accordingly, though melanoma is thought to present with different 'taxonomic' forms, these are considered part of a continuous spectrum rather than discrete entities(2). Here we report the discovery of a subset of melanomas identified by mathematical analysis of gene expression in a series of samples. Remarkably, many genes underlying the classification of this subset are differentially regulated in invasive melanomas that form primitive tubular networks in vitro, a feature of some highly aggressive metastatic melanomas(5). Global transcript analysis can identify unrecognized subtypes of cutaneous melanoma and predict experimentally verifiable phenotypic characteristics that may be of importance to disease progression.
C1 Natl Human Genome Res Inst, Canc Genet Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Ctr Canc, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   NCI, DCTDC, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852 USA.
   Agilent Labs, Chem & Biol Syst Dept, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Elect Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   NCI, Surg Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20850 USA.
   Queensland Inst Med Res, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia.
   Barrow Neurol Inst, Neurooncol Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85013 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Arizona Canc Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Surg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); University of Iowa; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Agilent Technologies; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Barrow Neurological Institute; University of Arizona; Arizona Center Cancer Care; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Bittner, M (corresponding author), Natl Human Genome Res Inst, Canc Genet Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM mbittner@nhgri.nih.gov; jtrent@nih.gov
NR 30
TC 1580
Z9 1815
U1 0
U2 111
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 536
EP 540
DI 10.1038/35020115
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000051
PM 10952317
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kitamura, H
   Tsuneyuki, S
   Ogitsu, T
   Miyake, T
AF Kitamura, H
   Tsuneyuki, S
   Ogitsu, T
   Miyake, T
TI Quantum distribution of protons in solid molecular hydrogen at megabar pressures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dense hydrogen; dynamics; efficient
AB Solid hydrogen, a simple system consisting only of protons and electrons, exhibits a variety of structural phase transitions at high pressures. Experimental studies' based on static compression up to about 230 GPa revealed three relevant phases of solid molecular hydrogen: phase I (high-temperature, low-pressure phase), phase II (low-temperature phase) and phase III (high-pressure phase). Spectroscopic data suggest that symmetry breaking; possibly related to orientational ordering(1,2), accompanies the transition into phases II and III. The boundaries dividing the three phases exhibit a strong isotope effect(3), indicating that the quantum-mechanical properties of hydrogen nuclei are important. Here we report the quantum distributions of protons in the three phases of solid hydrogen, obtained by a first-principles path-integral molecular dynamics method. We show that quantum fluctuations of protons effectively hinder molecular rotation-that is, a quantum localization occurs. The obtained crystal structures have entirely different symmetries from those predicted by the conventional simulations which treat protons classically.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Tokyo 1068666, Japan.
   Rice Univ, Dept Space Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Appl Theoret & Computat Phys Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Natl Ctr Supercomp Applicat, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Joint Res Ctr Atom Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050046, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Rice University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST)
RP Tsuneyuki, S (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Tokyo 1068666, Japan.
NR 24
TC 98
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 259
EP 262
DI 10.1038/35005027
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200040
PM 10749202
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Franklin, CE
   Axelsson, M
AF Franklin, CE
   Axelsson, M
TI An actively controlled heart valve
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alligator heart; dynamics
C1 Univ Queensland, Dept Zool & Entomol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Univ Gothenburg, Dept Zoophysiol, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
C3 University of Queensland; University of Gothenburg
RP Franklin, CE (corresponding author), Univ Queensland, Dept Zool & Entomol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
EM cfranklin@zen.uq.edu.au
NR 12
TC 33
Z9 35
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 847
EP 848
DI 10.1038/35022652
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600031
PM 10972278
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tschöp, M
   Smiley, DL
   Heiman, ML
AF Tschöp, M
   Smiley, DL
   Heiman, ML
TI Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hormone secretagogue receptor; growth-hormone; arcuate nucleus; body-composition; messenger-rna; rats; peptide; expression; metabolism; pituitary
AB The discovery of the peptide hormone ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor(1,2), yielded the surprising result(3) that the principal site of ghrelin synthesis is the stomach and not the hypothalamus. Although ghrelin is likely to regulate pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretion(3,4) along with GH-releasing hormone and somatostatin, GHS receptors have also been identified on hypothalamic neurons(5) and in the brainstem(6). Apart from potential paracrine effects, ghrelin may thus offer an endocrine link between stomach, hypothalamus and pituitary, suggesting an involvement in regulation of energy balance. Here we show that peripheral daily administration of ghrelin caused weight gain by reducing fat utilization in mice and rats. Intracerebroventricular administration of ghrelin generated a dose-dependent increase in food intake and body weight. Rat serum ghrelin concentrations were increased by fasting and were reduced by re-feeding or oral glucose administration, but not by water ingestion. We propose that ghrelin, in addition to its role in regulating GH secretion, signals the hypothalamus when an increase in metabolic efficiency is necessary.
C1 Lilly Res Labs, Endocrine Res & Biores Technol & Prot, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA.
C3 Eli Lilly; Lilly Research Laboratories
RP Tschöp, M (corresponding author), Lilly Res Labs, Endocrine Res & Biores Technol & Prot, Drop Code 0545, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA.
NR 24
TC 3314
Z9 3663
U1 0
U2 152
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 908
EP 913
DI 10.1038/35038090
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900053
PM 11057670
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lasne, F
   de Ceaurriz, J
AF Lasne, F
   de Ceaurriz, J
TI Recombinant erythropoietin in urine - An artificial hormone taken to boost athletic performance can now be detected.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Natl Antidoping Lab, F-92290 Chatenay Malabry, France.
RP Lasne, F (corresponding author), Natl Antidoping Lab, F-92290 Chatenay Malabry, France.
NR 4
TC 319
Z9 339
U1 0
U2 57
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 635
EP 635
DI 10.1038/35015164
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800033
PM 10864311
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abbott, A
AF Abbott, A
TI A mutant mouse menagerie
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zebrafish
NR 6
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 1
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 559
EP 559
DI 10.1038/35020632
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800013
PM 10949273
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Galy, V
   Olivo-Marin, JC
   Scherthan, H
   Doye, V
   Rascalou, N
   Nehrbass, U
AF Galy, V
   Olivo-Marin, JC
   Scherthan, H
   Doye, V
   Rascalou, N
   Nehrbass, U
TI Nuclear pore complexes in the organization of silent telomeric chromatin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-strand breaks; end-joining repair; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; cell-cycle; yeast ku; proteins; length; gene; maintenance; repression
AB The functional regulation of chromatin is closely related to its spatial organization within the nucleus. In yeast, perinuclear chromatin domains constitute areas of transcriptional repression(1-3). These 'silent' domains are defined by the presence of perinuclear telomere clusters(4). The only protein found to be involved in the peripheral localization of telomeres is Yku70/Yku80 (ref. 5). This conserved heterodimer(6) can bind telomeres(7) and functions in both repair of DNA double-strand breaks(8-11) and telomere maintenance(7,12-15) These findings, however, do not address the underlying structural basis of perinuclear silent domains. Here we show that nuclear-pore-complex extensions formed by the conserved TpR(16,17) homologues Mlp1 and Mlp2(18,19) are responsible for the structural and functional organization of perinuclear chromatin. Loss of MLP2 results in a severe deficiency in the repair of double-strand breaks. Furthermore, double deletion of MLP1 and MLP2 disrupts the clustering of perinuclear telomeres and releases telomeric gene repression. These effects are probably mediated through the interaction with Yku70. Mlp2 physically tethers Yku70 to the nuclear periphery, thus forming a link between chramatin and the nuclear envelope. We show, moreover, that this structural link is docked to nuclear-pore complexes through a cleavable nucleoporin, Nup145(20). We propose that, through these interactions, nuclear-pore complexes organize a nuclear subdomain that is intimately involved in the regulation of chromatin metabolism.
C1 Inst Pasteur, Lab Biol Cellulaire Noyau, CNRS, URA 1773, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Inst Pasteur, Lab Anal & Images Quantitat, CNRS, URA 1947, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Univ Kaiserslautern, Abt Humanbiol, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
   Univ Kaiserslautern, Abt Zellbiol, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
   Inst Curie, CNRS, UMR144, F-75248 Paris 05, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); RPTU University Kaiserslautern; RPTU University Kaiserslautern; Universite PSL; UNICANCER; Institut Curie; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB)
RP Nehrbass, U (corresponding author), Inst Pasteur, Lab Biol Cellulaire Noyau, CNRS, URA 1773, 25 Rue Docteur Roux, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
NR 30
TC 258
Z9 295
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 108
EP 112
DI 10.1038/47528
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400053
PM 10638763
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Asmerom, Y
   Cheng, H
   Thomas, R
   Hirschmann, M
   Edwards, RL
AF Asmerom, Y
   Cheng, H
   Thomas, R
   Hirschmann, M
   Edwards, RL
TI Melting of the Earth's lithospheric mantle inferred from protactinum-thorium-uranium isotopic data
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ionization mass-spectrometry; beneath midocean ridges; colorado plateau; series disequilibrium; volcanic-rocks; basalts; th; clinopyroxene; peridotite; garnet
AB The processes responsible for the generation of partial melt in the Earth's lithospheric mantle and the movement of this melt to the Earth's surface remain enigmatic, owing to the perceived difficulties in generating large-degree partial melts at depth and in transporting small-degree melts through a static lithosphere(1). Here we present a method of placing constraints on melting in the lithospheric mantle using Pa-231-U-235 data obtained from continental basalts in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Combined with Th-230-U-238 data(2,3), the Pa-231-U-235 data allow us to constrain the source mineralogy and thus the depth of melting of these basalts. Our analysis indicates that it is possible to transport small melt fractions-of the order of 0.1%-through the lithosphere, as might result from the coalescence of melt by compaction(4) owing to melting-induced deformation(5). The large observed Pa-231 excesses require that the timescale of melt generation and transport within the lithosphere is small compared to the half-life of Pa-231 (similar to 32.7 kyr). The Pa-231-Th-230 data also constrain the thorium and uranium distribution coefficients for clinopyroxene in the source regions of these basalts to be within 2% of one another, indicating that in this setting Th-230 excesses are not expected during melting at depths shallower than 85 km.
C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 University of New Mexico; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Asmerom, Y (corresponding author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
NR 29
TC 34
Z9 35
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 293
EP 296
DI 10.1038/35018550
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900046
PM 10917528
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Catalanotto, C
   Azzalin, G
   Macino, G
   Cogoni, C
AF Catalanotto, C
   Azzalin, G
   Macino, G
   Cogoni, C
TI Transcription - Gene silencing in worms and fungi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plants
RP Catalanotto, C (corresponding author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Biotecnol Cellulari & Ematol, Sez Genet Mol, Viale Regina Elena 324, I-00161 Rome, Italy.
EM carlo@bce.med.uniroma1.it
NR 11
TC 193
Z9 273
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 245
EP 245
DI 10.1038/35005169
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200037
PM 10749199
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fernandez-Funez, P
   Nino-Rosales, ML
   de Gouyon, B
   She, WC
   Luchak, JM
   Martinez, P
   Turiegano, E
   Benito, J
   Capovilla, M
   Skinner, PJ
   McCall, A
   Canal, I
   Orr, HT
   Zoghbi, HY
   Botas, J
AF Fernandez-Funez, P
   Nino-Rosales, ML
   de Gouyon, B
   She, WC
   Luchak, JM
   Martinez, P
   Turiegano, E
   Benito, J
   Capovilla, M
   Skinner, PJ
   McCall, A
   Canal, I
   Orr, HT
   Zoghbi, HY
   Botas, J
TI Identification of genes that modify ataxin-1-induced neurodegeneration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sca1 transgenic mice; drosophila-melanogaster; binding protein; polyglutamine; disease; huntingtin; encodes
AB A growing number of human neurodegenerative diseases result from the expansion of a glutamine repeat in the protein that causes the disease(1). Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is one such disease-caused by expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the protein ataxin-1. To elucidate the genetic pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal degeneration in this group of diseases, we have created a model system for SCA1 by expressing the full-length human SCA1 gene in Drosophila. Here we show that high levels of wild-type ataxin-1 can cause degenerative phenotypes similar to those caused by the expanded protein. We conducted genetic screens to identify genes that modify SCA1-induced neurodegeneration. Several modifiers highlight the role of protein folding and protein clearance in the development of SCA1. Furthermore, new mechanisms of polyglutamine pathogenesis were revealed by the discovery of modifiers that are involved in RNA processing, transcriptional regulation and cellular detoxification. These findings may be relevant to the treatment of polyglutamine diseases and, perhaps, to other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Program Dev Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Biol, Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Minnesota, Inst Human Genet, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor College of Medicine; Autonomous University of Madrid; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Botas, J (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 21
TC 530
Z9 625
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 101
EP 106
DI 10.1038/35040584
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400060
PM 11081516
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kilner, PJ
   Yang, GZ
   Wilkes, AJ
   Mohiaddin, RH
   Firmin, DN
   Yacoub, MH
AF Kilner, PJ
   Yang, GZ
   Wilkes, AJ
   Mohiaddin, RH
   Firmin, DN
   Yacoub, MH
TI Asymmetric redirection of flow through the heart
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID patterns
AB Through cardiac looping during embryonic development(1), paths of flow through the mature heart have direction changes and asymmetries whose topology and functional significance remain relatively unexplored. Here we show, using magnetic resonance velocity mapping(2-5), the asymmetric redirection of streaming blood in atrial and ventricular cavities of the adult human heart, with sinuous, chirally asymmetric paths of flow through the whole. On the basis of mapped flow fields and drawings that illustrate spatial relations between flow paths, we propose that asymmetries and curvatures of the looped heart have potential fluidic and dynamic advantages. Patterns of atrial filling seem to be asymmetric in a manner that allows the momentum of inflowing streams to be redirected towards atrio-ventricular valves, and the change in direction at ventricular level is such that recoil away from ejected blood is in a direction that can enhance rather than inhibit ventriculo-atrial coupling(6). Chiral asymmetry might help to minimize dissipative interaction between entering, recirculating and outflowing streams(7). These factors might combine to allow a reciprocating, sling-like, 'morphodynamic' mode of action to come into effect when heart rate and output increase during exercise(6).
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Royal Brompton Hosp, Cardiovasc Magnet Resonance Unit, London SW3 6NP, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Royal Brompton Hosp, Dept Comp, Visual Informat Proc Grp, London SW3 6NP, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Royal Brompton Hosp, Dept Cardiothorac Surg, London SW3 6NP, England.
   Emerson Coll, Flow Design Res Grp, Forest Row RH18 5JX, E Sussex, England.
C3 Imperial College London; Royal Brompton Hospital; Royal Brompton Hospital; Imperial College London; Imperial College London; Royal Brompton Hospital
RP Kilner, PJ (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Royal Brompton Hosp, Cardiovasc Magnet Resonance Unit, Sydney St, London SW3 6NP, England.
EM p.kilner@rbh.nthames.nhs.uk
NR 22
TC 578
Z9 660
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 759
EP 761
DI 10.1038/35008075
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600051
PM 10783888
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, MS
   Kwon, YT
   Li, MW
   Peng, JM
   Friedlander, RM
   Tsai, LH
AF Lee, MS
   Kwon, YT
   Li, MW
   Peng, JM
   Friedlander, RM
   Tsai, LH
TI Neurotoxicity induces cleavage of p35 to p25 by calpain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutral proteinase calpain; cyclin-dependent kinase-5; alzheimers-disease; neuronal degeneration; cdk5; activator; pathology; death; brain
AB Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) and its neuron-specific activator p35 are required for neurite outgrowth and cortical lamination(1-3). Proteolytic cleavage of p35 produces p25, which accumulates in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease(4). Conversion of p35 to p25 causes prolonged activation and mislocalization of cdk5. Consequently, the p25/cdk5 kinase hyperphosphorylates tau, disrupts the cytoskeleton and promotes the death (apoptosis) of primary neurons. Here we describe the mechanism of conversion of p35 to p25. In cultured primary cortical neurons, excitotoxins, hypoxic stress and calcium influx induce the production of p25. In fresh brain lysates, addition of calcium can stimulate cleavage of p35 to p25. Specific inhibitors of calpain, a calcium-dependent cysteine protease, effectively inhibit the calcium-induced cleavage of p35. In vitro, calpain directly cleaves p35 to release a fragment with relative molecular mass 25,000. The sequence of the calpain cleavage product corresponds precisely to that of p25. Application of the amyloid beta-peptide A beta(1-42) induces the conversion of p35 to p25 in primary cortical neurons. Furthermore, inhibition of cdk5 or calpain activity reduces cell death in A beta-treated cortical neurons. These observations indicate that cleavage of p35 to p25 by calpain may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Neurapoptosis Lab,Neurosurg Serv,Dept Surg, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital
RP Tsai, LH (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 20
TC 935
Z9 1086
U1 0
U2 69
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 360
EP 364
DI 10.1038/35012636
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700050
PM 10830966
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, G
   Chai, JJ
   Suber, TL
   Wu, JW
   Du, CY
   Wang, XD
   Shi, YG
AF Wu, G
   Chai, JJ
   Suber, TL
   Wu, JW
   Du, CY
   Wang, XD
   Shi, YG
TI Structural basis of IAP recognition by Smac/DIABLO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell-death; survivin reveals; nmr structure; bir domain; protein; apoptosis; inhibitor; mutagenesis; activation; reaper
AB Apoptosis is an essential process in the development and homeostasis of all metazoans(1-4). The inhibitor-of-apoptosis (IAP) proteins suppress cell death by inhibiting the activity of caspases; this inhibition is performed by the zinc-binding BIR domains(5,6) of the IAP proteins. The mitochondrial protein Smac/DIABLO promotes apoptosis by eliminating the inhibitory effect of IAPs through physical interactions(7-9). Amino-terminal sequences in Smac/DIABLO are required for this function, as mutation of the very first amino acid leads to loss of interaction with IAPs and concomitant loss of Smac/DIABLO function(9). Here we report the high-resolution crystal structure of Smac/DIABLO complexed with the third BIR domain (BIR3) of XIAP. Our results show that the N-terminal four residues (Ala-Val-Pro-Ile) in Smac/DIABLO recognize a surface groove on BIR3, with the first residue Ala binding a hydrophobic pocket and making five hydrogen bonds to neighbouring residues on BIR3. These observations provide a structural explanation for the roles of the Smac N terminus as well as the conserved N-terminal sequences in the Drosophila proteins Hid/Grim/Reaper. In conjunction with other observations, our results reveal how Smac may relieve IAP inhibition of caspase-9 activity. In addition to explaining a number of biological observations, our structural analysis identifies potential targets for drug screening.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Lewis Thomas Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
C3 Princeton University; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Shi, YG (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Lewis Thomas Lab, Washington Rd, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM yshi@molbio.princeton.edu
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [F32 HL137248] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 712
Z9 893
U1 2
U2 186
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 1008
EP 1012
DI 10.1038/35050012
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100059
PM 11140638
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Katz, A
   Davis, ME
AF Katz, A
   Davis, ME
TI Molecular imprinting of bulk, microporous silica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transesterification; recognition; polymers
AB Molecular imprinting aims to create solid materials containing chemical functionalities that are spatially organized by covalent(1) or non-covalent(2) interactions with imprint (or template) molecules during the synthesis process. Subsequent removal of the imprint molecules leaves behind designed sites for the recognition of small molecules, making the material ideally suited for applications such as separations, chemical sensing and catalysis(2-5). Until now, the molecular imprinting of bulk polymers(2-5) and polymer(6,7) and silica(8,9) surfaces has been reported, but the extension of these methods to a wider range of materials remains problematic. For example, the formation of substrate-specific cavities within bulk silica, while conceptually straightforward(10), has been difficult to accomplish experimentally(11,12). Here we describe the imprinting of bulk amorphous silicas with single aromatic rings carrying up to three 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane side groups; this generates and occupies microporosity and attaches functional organic groups to the pore walls in a controlled fashion. The triethoxysilane part of the molecules' side groups is incorporated into the silica framework during sol-gel synthesis, and subsequent removal of the aromatic core creates a cavity with spatially organized aminopropyl groups covalently anchored to the pore walls. We find that the imprinted silicas act as shape-selective base catalysts. Our strategy can be extended to imprint other functional groups, which should give access to a wide range of functionalized materials.
C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Davis, ME (corresponding author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 18
TC 469
Z9 512
U1 0
U2 329
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 286
EP 289
DI 10.1038/35002032
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700045
PM 10659842
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watanabe, Y
   Martini, JEJ
   Ohmoto, H
AF Watanabe, Y
   Martini, JEJ
   Ohmoto, H
TI Geochemical evidence for terrestrial ecosystems 2.6 billion years ago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID south-africa; paleosols; sediments; greenland; evolution; graphite; rocks; biota; land; life
AB Microorganisms have flourished in the oceans since at least 3.8 billion years (3.8 Gyr) ago(1,2), but it is not at present clear when they first colonized the land. Organic matter in some Au/U-rich conglomerates and ancient soils of 2.3-2.7 Gyr age has been suggested as remnants of terrestrial organisms(3-5). Some 2.7-Gyr-old stromatolites have also been suggested as structures created by terrestrial organisms(6-7). However, it has been disputed whether this organic matter is indigenous or exogenic, and whether these stromatolites formed in marine or fresh water. Consequently, the oldest undisputed remnants of terrestrial organisms are currently the 1.2-Gyr-old microfossils from Arizona, USA(8). Unusually carbonaceous ancient soils-palaeosols-have been found in the Mpumalanga Province (Eastern Transvaal) of South Africa(9). Here we report the occurrences, elemental ratios (C, H, N, P) and isotopic compositions of this organic matter and its host rocks. These data show that the organic matter very probably represents remnants of microbial mats that developed on the soil surface between 2.6 and 2.7 Gyr ago. This places the development of terrestrial biomass more than 1.4 billion years earlier than previously reported.
C1 Penn State Univ, Astrobiol Res Ctr, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Tohoku Univ, Fac Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
   Geol Survey S Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Tohoku University
RP Watanabe, Y (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Astrobiol Res Ctr, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM yumiko@essc.psu.edu
NR 23
TC 169
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 61
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 574
EP 578
DI 10.1038/35046052
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600115
PM 11117742
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shams, L
   Kamitani, Y
   Shimojo, S
AF Shams, L
   Kamitani, Y
   Shimojo, S
TI Illusions - What you see is what you hear
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   NTT, Commun Sci Labs, Human & Informat Sci Lab, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
C3 California Institute of Technology; NTT, Inc
RP Shams, L (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Biol, MC 139-74, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 5
TC 891
Z9 1033
U1 5
U2 145
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 788
EP 788
DI 10.1038/35048669
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300031
PM 11130706
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Albert, R
   Jeong, H
   Barabási, AL
AF Albert, R
   Jeong, H
   Barabási, AL
TI Error and attack tolerance of complex networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small-world networks; wide-web; internet; dynamics
AB Many complex systems display a surprising degree of tolerance against errors. For example, relatively simple organisms grow, persist and reproduce despite drastic pharmaceutical or environmental interventions, an error tolerance attributed to the robustness of the underlying metabolic network(1). Complex communication networks(2) display a surprising degree of robustness: although key components regularly malfunction, local failures rarely lead to the loss of the global information-carrying ability of the network. The stability of these and other complex systems is often attributed to the redundant wiring of the functional web defined by the systems' components. Here we demonstrate that error tolerance is not shared by all redundant systems: it is displayed only by a class of inhomogeneously wired networks, called scale-free networks, which include the World-Wide Web(3-5), the Internet(6), social networks(7) and cells(8). We find that such networks display an unexpected degree of robustness, the ability of their nodes to communicate being unaffected even by unrealistically high failure rates. However, error tolerance comes at a high price in that these networks are extremely vulnerable to attacks (that is, to the selection and removal of a few nodes that play a vital role in maintaining the network's connectivity). Such error tolerance and attack vulnerability are generic properties of communication networks.
C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
C3 University of Notre Dame
RP Barabási, AL (corresponding author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, 225 Nieuwland Sci Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
EM alb@nd.edu
NR 23
TC 6414
Z9 7541
U1 43
U2 1347
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 378
EP 382
DI 10.1038/35019019
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800038
PM 10935628
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Khriachtchev, L
   Pettersson, M
   Runeberg, N
   Lundell, J
   Räsänen, M
AF Khriachtchev, L
   Pettersson, M
   Runeberg, N
   Lundell, J
   Räsänen, M
TI A stable argon compound
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rare-gas; infrared-spectra; xe; photolysis; chemistry; molecules; matrices; states; neon; kr
AB The noble gases have a particularly stable electronic configuration, comprising fully filled s and p valence orbitals. This makes these elements relatively non-reactive, and they exist at room temperature as monatomic gases. Pauling predicted(1) in 1933 that the heavier noble gases, whose valence electrons are screened by core electrons and thus less strongly bound, could form stable molecules. This prediction was verified in 1962 by the preparation of xenon hexafluoroplatinate, XePtF6, the first compound to contain a noble-gas atom(2,3). Since then, a range of different compounds containing radon, xenon and krypton have been theoretically anticipated and prepared(4-8). Although the lighter noble gases neon, helium and argon are also expected to be reactive under suitable conditions(9,10), they remain the last three long-lived elements of the periodic table for which no stable compound is known. Here we report that the photolysis of hydrogen fluoride in a solid argon matrix leads to the formation of argon fluorohydride (HArF), which we have identified by probing the shift in the position of vibrational bands on isotopic substitution using infrared spectroscopy. Extensive ab initio calculations indicate that HArF is intrinsically stable, owing to significant ionic and covalent contributions to its bonding, thus confirming computational predictions(11-13) that argon should form a stable hydride species with properties similar to those of the analogous xenon and krypton compounds reported before(14-18).
C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Chem, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
C3 University of Helsinki
RP Räsänen, M (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Chem, POB 55,AI Virtasen Aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
EM markku.rasanen@helsinki.fi
NR 28
TC 565
Z9 582
U1 2
U2 329
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 874
EP 876
DI 10.1038/35022551
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600039
PM 10972285
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, JS
   Collins, KM
   Brown, AL
   Lee, CH
   Chung, JH
AF Lee, JS
   Collins, KM
   Brown, AL
   Lee, CH
   Chung, JH
TI hCds1-mediated phosphorylation of BRCA1 regulates the DNA damage response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle; ovarian-cancer; s-phase; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; protein-kinase; gene; transcription; breast; yeast; atm
AB Mutations in the BRCA1 (ref. 1) tumour suppressor gene are found in almost all of the families with inherited breast and ovarian cancers and about half of the families with only breast cancer(2,3). Although the biochemical function of BRCA1 is not well understood, it is important for DNA damage repair(4-7) and cell-cycle checkpoints(8-10). BRCA1 exists in nuclear foci but is hyperphosphorylated and disperses after DNA damage(11,12). It is not known whether BRCA1 phosphorylation and dispersion and its function in DNA damage response are related. In yeast the DNA damage response and the replication-block checkpoint are mediated partly through the Cds1 kinase family(13-20). Here we report that the human Cds1 kinase (hCds1/Chk2)(21-23) regulates BRCA1 function after DNA damage by phosphorylating serine 988 of BRCA1. We show that hCds1 and BRCA1 interact and colocalize within discrete nuclear foci but separate after gamma irradiation. Phosphorylation of BRCA1 at serine 988 is required for the release of BRCA1 from hCds1. This phosphorylation is also important for the ability of BRCA1 to restore survival after DNA damage in the BRCA1-mutated cell line HCC1937.
C1 NHLBI, Lab Mol Hematol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Heart Lung & Blood Institute (NHLBI)
RP Chung, JH (corresponding author), NHLBI, Lab Mol Hematol, NIH, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 29
TC 450
Z9 516
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 201
EP 204
DI 10.1038/35004614
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900056
PM 10724175
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roos-Serote, M
   Vasavada, AR
   Kamp, L
   Drossart, P
   Irwin, P
   Nixon, C
   Carlson, RW
AF Roos-Serote, M
   Vasavada, AR
   Kamp, L
   Drossart, P
   Irwin, P
   Nixon, C
   Carlson, RW
TI Proximate humid and dry regions in Jupiter's atmosphere indicate complex local meteorology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cloud structure; water-vapor; abundance; spectra; 5-mu-m
AB Models of Jupiter's formation and structure predict that its atmosphere is enriched in oxygen, relative to the Sun, and that consequently water clouds should be present globally near the 5-bar pressure level(1,2). Past attempts to confirm these predictions have led to contradictory results(3-5); in particular, the Galileo probe revealed a very dry atmosphere at the entry site, with no significant clouds at depths exceeding the 2-bar level(6,7). Although the entry site was known to be relatively cloud-free, the contrast between the observed local dryness and the expected global wetness was surprising. Here we analyse near-infrared (around 5 mu m) observations of Jupiter, a spectral region that can reveal the water vapour abundance and vertical cloud structure in the troposphere(8). We find that humid and extremely dry regions exist in close proximity, and that some humid regions are spatially correlated with bright convective clouds extending from the deep water clouds to the visible atmosphere.
C1 Observ Astron Lisboa, P-1349018 Lisbon, Portugal.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Observ Paris, CNRS, UMR 8632, Dept Spatial, F-92915 Meudon, France.
   Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Atmospher Phys Dept, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
C3 Universidade de Lisboa; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; University of Oxford
RP Roos-Serote, M (corresponding author), Observ Astron Lisboa, P-1349018 Lisbon, Portugal.
NR 19
TC 33
Z9 35
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 158
EP 160
DI 10.1038/35012023
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100042
PM 10821265
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Da Silva, M
   Rajchenbach, J
AF Da Silva, M
   Rajchenbach, J
TI Stress transmission through a model system of cohesionless elastic grains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID force fluctuations; granular-materials; bead packs
AB Understanding the mechanical properties of granular materials is important for applications in civil and chemical engineering, geophysical sciences and the food industry(1), as well as for the control or prevention of avalanches and landslides(2). Unlike continuous media, granular materials lack cohesion, and cannot resist tensile stresses. Current descriptions of the mechanical properties of collections of cohesionless grains have relied either on elasto-plastic models classically used in civil engineering(3), or on a recent model involving hyperbolic equations(4,5). The former models suggest that collections of elastic grains submitted to a compressive load will behave elastically. Here we present the results of an experiment on a two-dimensional model system-made of discrete square cells submitted to a point load-in which the region in which the stress is confined is photoelastically visualized as a parabola. These results, which can be interpreted within a statistical framework, demonstrate that the collective response of the pile contradicts the standard elastic predictions and supports a diffusive description of stress transmission. We expect that these findings will be applicable to problems in soil mechanics, such as the behaviour of cohesionless soils or sand piles.
C1 Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7603, Lab Milieux Desordonnes & Heterogenes, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite
RP Rajchenbach, J (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7603, Lab Milieux Desordonnes & Heterogenes, Case 86,4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
EM jer@ccr.jussieu.fr
NR 17
TC 74
Z9 81
U1 1
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 708
EP 710
DI 10.1038/35021023
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700038
PM 10963591
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bruner, SD
   Norman, DPG
   Verdine, GL
AF Bruner, SD
   Norman, DPG
   Verdine, GL
TI Structural basis for recognition and repair of the endogenous mutagen 8-oxoguanine in DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; excision-repair; damaged dna; ogg1 gene; 8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine; escherichia-coli; human homolog; hogg1 gene; glycosylase; cloning
AB Spontaneous oxidation of guanine residues in DNA generates 8-oxoguanine (oxoG), By mispairing with adenine during replication, oxoG gives rise to a G.C --> T.A transversion, a frequent somatic mutation in human cancers. The dedicated repair pathway for oxoG centres on 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (h0GG1), an enzyme that recognizes oxoG.C base pairs, catalysing expulsion of the oxoG and cleavage of the DNA backbone. Here we report the X-ray structure of the catalytic core of h0GG1 bound to oxoG.C-containing DNA at 2.1 Angstrom resolution. The structure reveals the mechanistic basis for the recognition and catalytic excision of DNA damage by h0GG1 and by other members of the enzyme superfamily to which it belongs. The structure also provides a rationale for the biochemical effects of inactivating mutations and polymorphisms in hOGG1. One known mutation, R154H, converts h0GG1 to a promutator by relaxing the specificity of the enzyme for the base opposite oxoG.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Verdine, GL (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM verdine@chemistry.harvard.edu
NR 45
TC 878
Z9 980
U1 2
U2 134
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 859
EP 866
DI 10.1038/35002510
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200047
PM 10706276
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nielsen, LK
   Bjornholm, T
   Mouritsen, OG
AF Nielsen, LK
   Bjornholm, T
   Mouritsen, OG
TI Critical phenomena - Fluctuations caught in the act
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID membranes
C1 Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Chem, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
   Univ Copenhagen, Dept Chem, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
C3 Technical University of Denmark; University of Copenhagen
RP Nielsen, LK (corresponding author), Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Chem, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
EM ogm@kemi.dtu.dk
NR 12
TC 82
Z9 89
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 352
EP 352
DI 10.1038/35006162
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000037
PM 10746712
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huigens, ME
   Luck, RF
   Klaassen, RHG
   Maas, MFPM
   Timmermans, MJTN
   Stouthamer, R
AF Huigens, ME
   Luck, RF
   Klaassen, RHG
   Maas, MFPM
   Timmermans, MJTN
   Stouthamer, R
TI Infectious parthenogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microbe-associated parthenogenesis; trichogramma hymenoptera; wolbachia; superparasitism; allocation; pretiosum; wasps; sex
AB Parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia bacteria are reproductive parasites that cause infected female wasps to produce daughters without mating(1,2). This manipulation of the host's reproduction enhances the transmission of Wolbachia to future generations because the bacteria are passed on vertically only from mothers to daughters. Males are dead ends for cytoplasmically inherited bacteria: they do not pass them on to their offspring. Vertical transmission of Wolbachia has been previously considered to be the main mode of transmission. Here we report frequent horizontal transmission from infected to uninfected wasp larvae sharing a common food source. The transferred Wolbachia are then vertically transmitted to the new host's offspring. This natural and unexpectedly frequent horizontal transfer of parthenogensis-inducing Wolbachia intraspecifically has important implications for the co-evolution of Wolbachia and their host.
C1 Wageningen Univ Agr, Entomol Lab, Dept Plant Sci, NL-6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
C3 Wageningen University & Research; University of California System; University of California Riverside
RP Stouthamer, R (corresponding author), Wageningen Univ Agr, Entomol Lab, Dept Plant Sci, NL-6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands.
NR 16
TC 229
Z9 276
U1 1
U2 74
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 178
EP 179
DI 10.1038/35012066
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100049
PM 10821272
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nader, K
   Schafe, GE
   Le Doux, JE
AF Nader, K
   Schafe, GE
   Le Doux, JE
TI Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID element-binding protein; long-term-memory; consolidation; phase
AB 'New' memories are initially labile and sensitive to disruption before being consolidated into stable long-term memories(1-5). Much evidence indicates that this consolidation involves the synthesis of new proteins in neurons(6-9). The lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala (LBA) are believed to be a site of memory storage in fear learning(10). Infusion of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin into the LBA shortly after training prevents consolidation of fear memories(11). Here we show that consolidated fear memories, when reactivated during retrieval, return to a labile state in which infusion of anisomycin shortly after memory reactivation produces amnesia on later tests, regardless of whether reactivation was performed 1 or 14 days after conditioning. The same treatment with anisomycin, in the absence of memory reactivation, left memory intact. Consistent with a time-limited role for protein synthesis production in consolidation, delay of the infusion until six hours after memory reactivation produced no amnesia. Our data show that consolidated fear memories, when reactivated, return to a labile state that requires de novo protein synthesis for reconsolidation. These findings are not predicted by traditional theories of memory consolidation.
C1 NYU, Ctr Neural Sci, WM Keck Fdn, Neurobiol Lab, New York, NY 10003 USA.
C3 New York University
RP Nader, K (corresponding author), NYU, Ctr Neural Sci, WM Keck Fdn, Neurobiol Lab, New York, NY 10003 USA.
NR 30
TC 2073
Z9 2462
U1 9
U2 273
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 722
EP 726
DI 10.1038/35021052
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700043
PM 10963596
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schröder, A
   Aeppli, G
   Coldea, R
   Adams, M
   Stockert, O
   von Löhneysen, H
   Bucher, E
   Ramazashvili, R
   Coleman, P
AF Schröder, A
   Aeppli, G
   Coldea, R
   Adams, M
   Stockert, O
   von Löhneysen, H
   Bucher, E
   Ramazashvili, R
   Coleman, P
TI Onset of antiferromagnetism in heavy-fermion metals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum-critical-point; magnetic correlations; liquid behavior; kondo lattice; cecu6-xaux; systems; fluctuations; temperature; instability; resistivity
AB There are two main theoretical descriptions of antiferromagnets. The first arises from atomic physics, which predicts that atoms with unpaired electrons develop magnetic moments. In a solid, the coupling between moments on nearby ions then yields antiferromagnetic order at low temperatures(1). The second description, based on the physics of electron fluids or 'Fermi liquids', states that Coulomb interactions can drive the fluid to adopt a more stable configuration by developing a spin density wave(2,3). It is at present unknown which view is appropriate at a 'quantum critical point', where the antiferromagnetic transition temperature vanishes(4-7). Here we report neutron scattering and bulk magnetometry measurements of the metal CeCu6-xAux, which allow us to discriminate between the two models. We rnd evidence for an atomically local contribution to the magnetic correlations which develops at the critical gold concentration (x(c) = 0.1), corresponding to a magnetic ordering temperature of zero. This contribution implies that a Fermi-liquid-destroying spin-localizing transition, unanticipated from the spin density wave description, coincides with the antiferromagnetic quantum critical point.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ctr Mat Theory, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Phys, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
   NEC Corp Ltd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, CCLRC, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
   Univ Constance, Dept Phys, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
   Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; NEC Corporation; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; University of Konstanz; AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Coleman, P (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ctr Mat Theory, POB 849, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM Coleman@physics.rutgers.edu
NR 30
TC 575
Z9 622
U1 0
U2 121
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 351
EP 355
DI 10.1038/35030039
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700039
PM 11014185
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Russell, EV
   Israeloff, NE
AF Russell, EV
   Israeloff, NE
TI Direct observation of molecular cooperativity near the glass transition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID relaxation; dynamics; temperature; liquids
AB The increasingly sluggish response of a supercooled liquid as it nears its glass transition(1) (for example, refrigerated honey) is prototypical of glassy dynamics found in proteins, neural networks and superconductors. The notion that molecules rearrange cooperatively has long been postulated(2) to explain diverging relaxation times and broadened (non-exponential) response functions near the glass transition. Recently, cooperativity was observed and analysed in colloid glasses(3) and in simulations of binary liquids well above the glass transition(4). But nanometre-scale studies of cooperativity at the molecular glass transition are lacking(5). Important issues to be resolved include the precise form of the cooperativity and its length scale(6), and whether the broadened response is intrinsic to individual cooperative regions, or arises only from heterogeneity(7-9) in an ensemble of such regions. Here we describe direct observations of molecular cooperativity near the glass transition in polyvinylacetate (PVAc), using nanometre-scale probing of dielectric fluctuations. Molecular dusters switched spontaneously among two to four distinct configurations, producing random telegraph noise. Our analysis of these noise signals and their power spectra reveals that individual dusters exhibit transient dynamical heterogeneity and non-exponential kinetics.
C1 Northeastern Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Northeastern Univ, Ctr Interdisciplinary Res Complex Syst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Northeastern University; Northeastern University
RP Israeloff, NE (corresponding author), Northeastern Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM Israeloff@neu.edu
NR 22
TC 258
Z9 261
U1 2
U2 98
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 695
EP 698
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200042
PM 11130066
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lewis, KA
   Gray, PC
   Blount, AL
   MacConnell, LA
   Wiater, E
   Bilezikjian, LM
   Vale, W
AF Lewis, KA
   Gray, PC
   Blount, AL
   MacConnell, LA
   Wiater, E
   Bilezikjian, LM
   Vale, W
TI Betaglycan binds inhibin and can mediate functional antagonism of activin signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor complex; cloning; kinase; growth
AB Activins and inhibins(1), structurally related members of the TGF-beta superfamily of growth and differentiation factors(2), are mutually antagonistic regulators of reproductive and other functions(1,3). Activins bind specific type II receptor serine kinases (ActRII or IIB)(4-6) to promote the recruitment and phosphorylation of the type I receptor serine kinase, ALK4 (refs 7-9), which then regulates gene expression by activating Smad proteins(2). Inhibins also bind type II activin receptors but do not recruit ALK4, providing a competitive model for the antagonism of activin by inhibing(9-11). Inhibins fail to antagonize activin in some tissues and cells, however, suggesting that additional components are required for inhibin action(9,12,13). Here we show that the type III TGF-beta receptor, betaglycan(14,15), can function as an inhibin coreceptor with ActRII. Betaglycan binds inhibin with high affinity and enhances binding in cells co-expressing ActRII and betaglycan. Inhibin also forms crosslinked complexes with both recombinant and endogenously expressed betaglycan and ActRII. Finally, betaglycan confers inhibin sensitivity to cell lines that otherwise respond poorly to this hormone. The ability of betaglycan to facilitate inhibin antagonism of activin provides a variation on the emerging roles of proteoglycans as co-receptors modulating ligand-receptor sensitivity, selectivity and function(16-19).
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Clayton Fdn Labs Peptide Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
RP Vale, W (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Clayton Fdn Labs Peptide Biol, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM vale@salk.edu
FU PHS HHS [13527] Funding Source: Medline
NR 13
TC 493
Z9 575
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 411
EP 414
DI 10.1038/35006129
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000056
PM 10746731
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dubrova, YE
   Plumb, M
   Gutierrez, B
   Boulton, E
   Jeffreys, AJ
AF Dubrova, YE
   Plumb, M
   Gutierrez, B
   Boulton, E
   Jeffreys, AJ
TI Genome stability - Transgenerational mutation by radiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID instability; mice; tumors
C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Genet, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   Russian Acad Sci, NI Vavilov Inst Gen Genet, Moscow, Russia.
   MRC, Radiat & Genome Stabil Unit, Harwell OX11 0RD, Oxon, England.
C3 University of Leicester; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics
RP Dubrova, YE (corresponding author), Univ Leicester, Dept Genet, Univ Rd, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
NR 13
TC 155
Z9 171
U1 1
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 37
EP 37
DI 10.1038/35011135
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600040
PM 10811208
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schink, B
   Friedrich, M
AF Schink, B
   Friedrich, M
TI Bacterial metabolism - Phosphite oxidation by sulphate reduction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acids
C1 Univ Constance, Fac Biol, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Terr Microbiol, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
C3 University of Konstanz; Max Planck Society
RP Schink, B (corresponding author), Univ Constance, Fac Biol, POB 5560, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
NR 12
TC 119
Z9 139
U1 1
U2 74
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 37
EP 37
DI 10.1038/35017644
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200034
PM 10894531
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rakow, NA
   Suslick, KS
AF Rakow, NA
   Suslick, KS
TI A colorimetric sensor array for odour visualization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemical sensors; dendrimer-metalloporphyrins; electronic nose; complexes; receptors; coatings
AB Array-based vapour-sensing devices are used to detect and differentiate between chemically diverse analytes. These systems- based on cross-responsive sensor elements-aim to mimic the mammalian olfactory system(1-3) by producing composite responses unique to each odorant. Previous work has concentrated on a variety of non-specific chemical interactions(4-11) to detect non-coordinating organic vapours. But the most odiferous, toxic compounds often bind readily to metal ions. Here we report a simple optical chemical sensing method that utilizes the colour change induced in an array of metalloporphyrin dyes upon ligand binding while minimizing the need for extensive signal transduction hardware. The chemoselective response of a library of immobilized vapour-sensing metalloporphyrin dyes permits the visual identification of a wide range of ligating (alcohols, amines, ethers, phosphines, phosphites, thioethers and thiols) and even weakly ligating (arenes, halocarbons and ketones) vapours. Water geometrical correlation length), and consequently a purely diffusive large-scale behaviour for the force. Therefore, we conclude that our results are certainly applicable to disordered packings such as cohesionless soils or sand piles. In contrast, for the particular case of non-random, textured packings, biased and long-range correlated q-series along the force transmission tree are likely to be encountered, thus altering the previous purely diffusive behaviour.
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Suslick, KS (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, 600 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
NR 29
TC 1324
Z9 1522
U1 15
U2 817
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 710
EP 713
DI 10.1038/35021028
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700039
PM 10963592
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yokoyama, Y
   Lambeck, K
   De Deckker, P
   Johnston, P
   Fifield, LK
AF Yokoyama, Y
   Lambeck, K
   De Deckker, P
   Johnston, P
   Fifield, LK
TI Timing of the Last Glacial Maximum from observed sea-level minima
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice-sheet; younger dryas; c-14 ages; corals; calibration; barbados; samples; record; ocean
AB During the Last Glacial Maximum, ice sheets covered large areas in northern latitudes and global temperatures were significantly lower than today. But few direct estimates exist of the volume of the ice sheets, or the timing and rates of change during their advance and retreat(1,2). Here we analyse four distinct sediment facies in the shallow, tectonically stable Bonaparte Gulf, Australia-each of which is characteristic of a distinct range in sea level-to estimate the maximum volume of land-based ice during the last glaciation and the timing of the initial melting phase. We use faunal assemblages and preservation status of the sediments to distinguish open marine, shallow marine, marginal marine and brackish conditions, and estimate the timing and the mass of the ice sheets using radiocarbon dating and glacio-hydroisostatic modelling. Our results indicate that from at least 22,000 to 19,000 (calendar) years before present, land-based ice volume was at its maximum, exceeding today's grounded ice sheets by 52.5 x 10(6) km(3). A rapid decrease in ice volume by about 10% within a few hundred years terminated the Last Glacial Maximum at 19, 000 +/- 250 years.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Dept Nucl Phys, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Dept Geol, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 Australian National University; Australian National University; Australian National University
RP Lambeck, K (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Dept Nucl Phys, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
NR 29
TC 792
Z9 913
U1 3
U2 127
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 713
EP 716
DI 10.1038/35021035
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700040
PM 10963593
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lamers, MH
   Perrakis, A
   Enzlin, JH
   Winterwerp, HHK
   de Wind, N
   Sixma, TK
AF Lamers, MH
   Perrakis, A
   Enzlin, JH
   Winterwerp, HHK
   de Wind, N
   Sixma, TK
TI The crystal structure of DNA mismatch repair protein MutS binding to a G•T mismatch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; hmuts-alpha; translocation mechanism; heteroduplex dna; atpase activity; recognition; complex; hydrolysis; cancer; endonuclease
AB DNA mismatch repair ensures genomic integrity on DNA replication. Recognition of a DNA mismatch by a dimeric MutS protein initiates a cascade of reactions and results in repair of the newly synthesized strand; however, details of the molecular mechanism remain controversial. Here we present the crystal structure at 2.2 Angstrom of MutS from Escherichia coli bound to a G.T mismatch. The two MutS monomers have different conformations and form a heterodimer at the structural level. Only one monomer recognizes the mismatch specifically and has ADP bound. Mismatch recognition occurs by extensive minor groove interactions causing unusual base pairing and kinking of the DNA. Nonspecific major groove DNA-binding domains from both monomers embrace the DNA in a clamp-like structure. The interleaved nucleotide-binding sites are located far from the DNA. Mutations in human MutS alpha (MSH2/MSH6) that lead to hereditary predisposition for cancer, such as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, can be mapped to this crystal structure.
C1 Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Carcinogenesis, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   European Mol Biol Lab, ILL, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL)
RP Sixma, TK (corresponding author), Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Carcinogenesis, Plesmanlaan 121, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM sixma@nki.nl
NR 50
TC 556
Z9 648
U1 1
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 711
EP 717
DI 10.1038/35037523
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900033
PM 11048711
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yin, HW
   Pruyne, D
   Huffaker, TC
   Bretscher, A
AF Yin, HW
   Pruyne, D
   Huffaker, TC
   Bretscher, A
TI Myosin V orientates the mitotic spindle in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; microtubule orientation; astral microtubules; polarized delivery; budding yeast; actin; localization; kinesin; protein; growth
AB Coordination of spindle orientation with the axis of cell division is an essential process in all eukaryotes. In addition to ensuring accurate chromosomal segregation, proper spindle orientation also establishes differential cell fates and proper morphogenesis(1). In both animal and yeast cells, this process is dependent on cytoplasmic microtubules interacting with the cortical actin-based cytoskeleton(2-5), although the motive force was unknown. Here we show that yeast Myo2, a myosin V that translocates along polarized actin cables into the bud(6), orientates the spindle early in the cell cycle by binding and polarizing the microtubule-associated protein Kar9 (refs 7-9). The tail domain of Myo2 that binds Kar9 also interacts with secretory vesicles(12) and vacuolar elements(13), making it a pivotal component of yeast cell polarization.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Huffaker, TC (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Biotechnol Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM040479] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 263
Z9 330
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 1013
EP 1015
DI 10.1038/35023024
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200050
PM 10984058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brin, D
AF Brin, D
TI Reality check - Do you sometimes get the feeling that everything's too bad to be true?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 229
EP 229
DI 10.1038/35005182
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200025
PM 10749189
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blázquez, MA
   Weigel, D
AF Blázquez, MA
   Weigel, D
TI Integration of floral inductive signals in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flowering-time genes; inflorescence development; plant transformation; shoot development; binary vectors; emf genes; leafy; thaliana; expression; initiation
AB Flowering of Arabidopsis is regulated by a daylength-dependent pathway that accelerates flowering in long days and a daylength-independent pathway that ensures flowering in the absence of inductive conditions(1-3). These pathways are genetically separable, as there are mutations that delay flowering in long but not short days(4). Conversely, mutations that block synthesis of the hormone gibberellin abolish flowering in short days, but have on their own only a minor effect in long days(5). A third pathway, the autonomous pathway, probably acts by modulating the other two pathways(3). Understanding where and how these pathways are integrated is a prerequisite for understanding why similar environmental or endogenous cues can elicit opposite flowering responses in different plants(6,7). In Arabidopsis, floral induction leads ultimately to the upregulation of floral meristem-identity genes such as LEAFY(8-13), indicating that floral inductive signals are integrated upstream of LEAFY. Here we show that gibberellins activate the LEAFY promoter through cis elements that are different from those that are sufficient for the daylength response, demonstrating that the LEAFY promoter integrates environmental and endogenous signals controlling flowering time.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
RP Weigel, D (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 30
TC 382
Z9 473
U1 0
U2 97
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 889
EP 892
DI 10.1038/35009125
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000049
PM 10786797
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Dellen, A
   Blakemore, C
   Deacon, R
   York, D
   Hannan, AJ
AF van Dellen, A
   Blakemore, C
   Deacon, R
   York, D
   Hannan, AJ
TI Delaying the onset of Huntington's in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sized spiny neurons; striatum; density; gene
C1 Univ Oxford, Physiol Lab, Oxford OX1 3PT, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Expt Psychol, Oxford OX1 3UD, England.
   Univ Natal, Sch Med, Dept Virol, ZA-4001 Durban, South Africa.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford; University of Kwazulu Natal
RP van Dellen, A (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Physiol Lab, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PT, England.
NR 11
TC 398
Z9 433
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 721
EP 722
DI 10.1038/35008142
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600037
PM 10783874
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abbott, A
   Balling, R
AF Abbott, A
   Balling, R
TI The missionary from Munich
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 10
EP 11
DI 10.1038/35011232
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600014
PM 10811191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Feldman, J
AF Feldman, J
TI Minimization of Boolean complexity in human concept learning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID classification
AB One of the unsolved problems in the field of human concept learning concerns the factors that determine the subjective difficulty of concepts: why are some concepts psychologically simple and easy to learn, while others seem difficult, complex or incoherent? This question was much studied in the 1960s(1) but was never answered, and more recent characterizations of concepts as prototypes rather than logical rules(2,3) leave it unsolved(4-6). Here I investigate this question in the domain of Boolean concepts (categories defined by logical rules). A series of experiments measured the subjective difficulty of a wide range of logical varieties of concepts (41 mathematically distinct types in six families-a for wider range than has been tested previously). The data reveal a surprisingly simple empirical 'law': the subjective difficulty of a concept is directly proportional to its Boolean complexity (the length of the shortest logically equivalent propositional formula)-that is, to its logical incompressibility.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Cognit Sci, Dept Psychol, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Feldman, J (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Cognit Sci, Dept Psychol, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA.
NR 27
TC 324
Z9 381
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 630
EP 633
DI 10.1038/35036586
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800047
PM 11034211
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sachdev, S
   Starykh, OA
AF Sachdev, S
   Starykh, OA
TI Thermally fluctuating superconductors in two dimensions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum critical-points; insulator transition; cuprate superconductors; temperature transport; phase-transitions; 2 dimensions; antiferromagnets; coherence; dissipation; crossovers
AB In many two-dimensional superconducting systems(1-4), such as Josephson-junction arrays, granular superconducting films, and the high-temperature superconductors, it appears that the electrons bind into Cooper pairs below a pairing temperature (T-P) that is well above the Kosterlitz-Thouless temperature (T-KT, the temperature below which there is long-range superconducting order(5-10)). The electron dynamics at temperatures between T-KT and TP involve a complex interplay of thermal and quantum fluctuations, for which no quantitative theory exists. Here we report numerical results for this region, by exploiting its proximity to a T = 0 superconductor-insulator quantum phase transition(11,12). This quantum critical point need not be experimentally accessible for our results to apply. We characterize the static, thermodynamic properties by a single dimensionless parameter, gamma(T). Quantitative and universal results are obtained for the frequency dependence of the conductivity, which are dependent only upon gamma(T) and fundamental constants of nature.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP Sachdev, S (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Phys, POB 208120, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 30
TC 10
Z9 13
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 322
EP 325
DI 10.1038/35012530
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700039
PM 10830955
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McKay, R
AF McKay, R
TI Stem cells - hype and hope
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transplantation; mouse; derivation; precursors
C1 NINDS, NIH, LMB, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
RP McKay, R (corresponding author), NINDS, NIH, LMB, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 25
TC 187
Z9 227
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 361
EP 364
DI 10.1038/35019186
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800029
PM 10935622
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cyranoski, D
AF Cyranoski, D
TI Japan sets sights on success in nanotechnology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 624
EP 624
DI 10.1038/35046299
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600136
PM 11117757
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Starr, C
AF Starr, C
TI Powerful reactions - Nuclear power has taken a meandering route, but it is here to stay
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Elect Power Res Inst, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
C3 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
RP Starr, C (corresponding author), Elect Power Res Inst, 3412 Hillview Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
NR 0
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 679
EP 679
DI 10.1038/35021146
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700021
PM 10963574
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yack, JE
   Fullard, JH
AF Yack, JE
   Fullard, JH
TI Ultrasonic hearing in nocturnal butterflies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Carleton Univ, Dept Biol, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
   Carleton Univ, Coll Nat Sci, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Erindale Coll, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
C3 Carleton University; Carleton University; University of Toronto; University Toronto Mississauga; University of Toronto; University Toronto Mississauga
RP Yack, JE (corresponding author), Carleton Univ, Dept Biol, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
EM jyack@ccs.carleton.ca
NR 13
TC 53
Z9 64
U1 1
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 265
EP 266
DI 10.1038/35002247
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700037
PM 10659835
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boudaoud, A
   Patricio, P
   Couder, Y
   Ben Amar, M
AF Boudaoud, A
   Patricio, P
   Couder, Y
   Ben Amar, M
TI Dynamics of singularities in a constrained elastic plate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sheet; ball
AB Large deformations of thin elastic plates usually lead to the formation of singular structures which are either linear(1-4) (ridges) or pointlike(5-8) (developable cones). These structures are thought to be generic for crumpled plates(3,5), although they have been investigated quantitatively only in simplified geometries(1-4,6-8). Previous studies(9-11) have also shown that a large number of singularities are generated by successive instabilities. Here we study, experimentally and numerically, a generic situation in which a plate is initially bent in one direction into a cylindrical arch, then deformed in the other direction by a load applied at its centre. This induces the generation of pairs of singularities; we study their position, their dynamics and the corresponding resistance of the plate to deformation. We solve numerically the equations describing large deformations of plates; developable cones are predicted, in quantitative agreement with the experiments. We use geometrical arguments to predict the observed patterns, assuming that the energy of the plate is given by the energy of the singularities.
C1 Univ Paris 06, ENS, Phys Stat Lab, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
   Univ Paris 07, CNRS, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
   Univ Lisbon, Ctr Fis Mat Condensada, P-1649003 Lisbon, Portugal.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universidade de Lisboa
RP Boudaoud, A (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06, ENS, Phys Stat Lab, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
EM arezki.boudaoud@lps.ens.fr
NR 15
TC 93
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 718
EP 720
DI 10.1038/35037535
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900034
PM 11048712
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elowitz, MB
   Leibler, S
AF Elowitz, MB
   Leibler, S
TI A synthetic oscillatory network of transcriptional regulators
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID green fluorescent protein; escherichia-coli; tagging system; degradation; elements
AB Networks of interacting biomolecules carry out many essential functions in living cells(1), but the 'design principles' underlying the functioning of such intracellular networks remain poorly understood, despite intensive efforts including quantitative analysis of relatively simple systems(2). Here we present a complementary approach to this problem: the design and construction of a synthetic network to implement a particular function. We used three transcriptional repressor systems that are not part of any natural biological clock(3-5) to build an oscillating network, termed the repressilator, in Escherichia coli. The network periodically induces the synthesis of green fluorescent protein as a readout of its state in individual cells. The resulting oscillations, with typical periods of hours, are slower than the cell-division cycle, so the state of the oscillator has to be transmitted from generation to generation. This artificial clock displays noisy behaviour, possibly because of stochastic fluctuations of its components. Such 'rational network design' may lead both to the engineering of new cellular behaviours and to an improved understanding of naturally occurring networks.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Elowitz, MB (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 20
TC 3395
Z9 4177
U1 21
U2 870
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 335
EP 338
DI 10.1038/35002125
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700059
PM 10659856
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, CR
   Kai, T
   Tomiyama, T
   Yoshida, T
   Kobayashi, Y
   Nishibori, E
   Takata, M
   Sakata, M
   Shinohara, H
AF Wang, CR
   Kai, T
   Tomiyama, T
   Yoshida, T
   Kobayashi, Y
   Nishibori, E
   Takata, M
   Sakata, M
   Shinohara, H
TI Materials science -: C66 fullerene encaging a scandium dimer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cages
C1 Nagoya Univ, Dept Chem, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Nagoya, Aichi 4648603, Japan.
C3 Nagoya University; University of Osaka; Nagoya University
RP Wang, CR (corresponding author), Nagoya Univ, Dept Chem, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
NR 10
TC 293
Z9 309
U1 2
U2 94
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 426
EP 427
DI 10.1038/35044195
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800033
PM 11100714
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nishikawa, T
   Edelstein, D
   Du, XL
   Yamagishi, S
   Matsumura, T
   Kaneda, Y
   Yorek, MA
   Beebe, D
   Oates, PJ
   Hammes, HP
   Giardino, I
   Brownlee, M
AF Nishikawa, T
   Edelstein, D
   Du, XL
   Yamagishi, S
   Matsumura, T
   Kaneda, Y
   Yorek, MA
   Beebe, D
   Oates, PJ
   Hammes, HP
   Giardino, I
   Brownlee, M
TI Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID advanced glycation endproducts; bovine endothelial-cells; aldose reductase; in-vitro; kappa-b; activation; overexpression; expression; protein; rat
AB Diabetic hyperglycaemia causes a variety of pathological changes in small vessels, arteries and peripheral nerves(1). Vascular endothelial cells are an important target of hyperglycaemic damage, but the mechanisms underlying this damage are not fully understood. Three seemingly independent biochemical pathways are involved in the pathogenesis: glucose-induced activation of protein kinase C isoforms(2); increased formation of glucose-derived advanced glycation end-products(3); and increased glucose flux through the aldose reductase pathway(4). The relevance of each of these pathways is supported by animal studies in which pathway-specific inhibitors prevent various hyperglycaemia-induced abnormalities(3,5-7). Hyperglycaemia increases the production of reactive oxygen species inside cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells(8). Here we show that this increase in reactive oxygen species is prevented by an inhibitor of electron transport chain complex II, by an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, by uncoupling protein-1 and by manganese superoxide dismutase. Normalizing levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species with each of these agents prevents glucose-induced activation of protein kinase C, formation of advanced glycation end-products, sorbitol accumulation and NF kappa B activation.
C1 Albert Einstein Coll Med, Diabet Res Ctr, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Div Gene Therapy Sci, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Univ Iowa, Dept Internal Med, Iowa City, IA 52246 USA.
   Pfizer Inc, Div Cent Res, Dept Metab Dis, Groton, CT 06340 USA.
   Univ Giessen, Dept Med 3, D-35385 Giessen, Germany.
C3 Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; University of Osaka; University of Iowa; Pfizer; Pfizer USA; Justus Liebig University Giessen
RP Brownlee, M (corresponding author), Albert Einstein Coll Med, Diabet Res Ctr, 1300 Morris Pk Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
NR 24
TC 3546
Z9 4090
U1 1
U2 295
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 787
EP 790
DI 10.1038/35008121
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600058
PM 10783895
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McConnell, JR
   Arthern, RJ
   Mosley-Thompson, E
   Davis, CH
   Bales, RC
   Thomas, R
   Burkhart, JF
   Kyne, JD
AF McConnell, JR
   Arthern, RJ
   Mosley-Thompson, E
   Davis, CH
   Bales, RC
   Thomas, R
   Burkhart, JF
   Kyne, JD
TI Changes in Greenland ice sheet elevation attributed primarily to snow accumulation variability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID firn densification
AB The response of grounded ice sheets to a changing climate critically influences possible future changes in sea level. Recent satellite surveys over southern Greenland show little overall elevation change at higher elevations, but large spatial variability(1-3). Using satellite studies alone, it is not possible to determine the geophysical processes responsible for the observed elevation changes and to decide if recent rates of change exceed the natural variability. Here we derive changes in ice-sheet elevation in southern Greenland, for the years 1978-88, using a physically based model of firn densification(4) and records of annual snow accumulation reconstructed from 12 ice cores at high elevation. Our patterns of accumulation-driven elevation change agree closely with contemporaneous satellite measurements of ice-sheet elevation change, and we therefore attribute the changes observed in 1978-88 to variability in snow accumulation. Similar analyses of longer ice-core records show that in this decade the Greenland ice sheet exhibited typical variability at high elevations, well within the long-term natural variability. Our results indicate that a better understanding of ice-sheet mass changes will require long-term measurements of both surface elevation and snow accumulation.
C1 Univ & Community Coll Syst Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA.
   Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Geog, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Univ Missouri, Dept Elect Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, EG&G Serv, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Snow & Ice Res Grp, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA.
C3 Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); Desert Research Institute NSHE; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia; University of Arizona; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Wallops Flight Facility; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln
RP McConnell, JR (corresponding author), Univ & Community Coll Syst Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA.
EM jmcconn@dri.edu
NR 17
TC 63
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 877
EP 879
DI 10.1038/35022555
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600040
PM 10972286
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davis, JB
   Gray, J
   Gunthorpe, MJ
   Hatcher, JP
   Davey, PT
   Overend, P
   Harries, MH
   Latcham, J
   Clapham, C
   Atkinson, K
   Hughes, SA
   Rance, K
   Grau, E
   Harper, AJ
   Pugh, PL
   Rogers, DC
   Bingham, S
   Randall, A
   Sheardown, SA
AF Davis, JB
   Gray, J
   Gunthorpe, MJ
   Hatcher, JP
   Davey, PT
   Overend, P
   Harries, MH
   Latcham, J
   Clapham, C
   Atkinson, K
   Hughes, SA
   Rance, K
   Grau, E
   Harper, AJ
   Pugh, PL
   Rogers, DC
   Bingham, S
   Randall, A
   Sheardown, SA
TI Vanilloid receptor-1 is essential for inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID root ganglion neurons; capsaicin-receptor; rat; heat; capsazepine; antagonist; responses; phenotype; shirpa; cells
AB The vanilloid receptor-1 (VR1) is a ligand-gated, non-selective cation channel expressed predominantly by sensory neurons. VR1 responds to noxious stimuli including capsaicin, the pungent component of chilli peppers, heat and extracellular acidification, and it is able to integrate simultaneous exposure to these stimuli(1,2). These findings and research linking capsaicin with nociceptive behaviours (that is, responses to painful stimuli in animals(3) have led to VR1 being considered as important for pain sensation. Here we have disrupted the mouse VR1 gene using standard gene targeting techniques. Small diameter dorsal root ganglion neurons isolated from VR1-null mice lacked many of the capsaicin-, acid- and heat-gated responses that have been previously well characterized in small diameter dorsal root ganglion neurons from various species. Furthermore, although the VR1-null mice appeared normal in a wide range of behavioural tests, including responses to acute noxious thermal stimuli, their ability to develop carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia was completely absent. We conclude that VR1 is required for inflammatory sensitization to noxious thermal stimuli but also that alternative mechanisms are sufficient for normal sensation of noxious heat.
C1 SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Neurosci Res, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Stat Sci, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Lab Anim Sci, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Biotechnol & Genet, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
C3 GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom
RP Davis, JB (corresponding author), SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Neurosci Res, 3rd Ave, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
NR 23
TC 1435
Z9 1682
U1 0
U2 92
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 183
EP 187
DI 10.1038/35012076
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100051
PM 10821274
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eeva, T
   Lehikoinen, E
AF Eeva, T
   Lehikoinen, E
TI Pollution - Recovery of breeding success in wild birds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ficedula-hypoleuca; pied flycatchers; metal pollution; parus-major; passerines; gradient; finland
C1 Univ Turku, Dept Biol, Sect Ecol, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
C3 University of Turku
RP Eeva, T (corresponding author), Univ Turku, Dept Biol, Sect Ecol, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
NR 9
TC 65
Z9 73
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 851
EP 852
DI 10.1038/35002672
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200045
PM 10706274
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lipkin, HJ
AF Lipkin, HJ
TI The structure of matter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Lipkin, HJ (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
NR 0
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 127
EP 127
DI 10.1038/35018174
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100021
PM 10910332
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bloch, I
   Hänsch, TW
   Esslinger, T
AF Bloch, I
   Hänsch, TW
   Esslinger, T
TI Measurement of the spatial coherence of a trapped Bose gas at the phase transition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID einstein condensation
AB The experimental realization of Bose-Einstein condensates of dilute gases(1-3) has allowed investigations of fundamental concepts in quantum mechanics at ultra-low temperatures, such as wave-like behaviour and interference phenomena, The formation of an interference pattern depends fundamentally on the phase coherence of a system; the latter may be quantified by the spatial correlation function. Phase coherence over a long; range(4-7) is the essential factor underlying Bose-Einstein condensation and related macroscopic quantum phenomena, such as superconductivity and superfluidity. Here we report a direct measurement of the phase coherence properties of a weakly interacting Bose gas of rubidium atoms. Effectively, we create a double slit for magnetically trapped atoms using a radio wave field with two frequency components. The correlation function of the system is determined by evaluating the interference pattern of two matter waves originating from the spatially separated 'slit' regions of the trapped gas. Above the critical temperature for Bose-Einstein condensation, the correlation function shows a rapid gaussian decay, as expected for a thermal gas. Below the critical temperature, the correlation function has a different shape: at slow decay towards a plateau is observed, indicating the long-range phase coherence of the condensate fraction.
C1 Univ Munich, Sekt Phys, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 University of Munich; Max Planck Society
RP Esslinger, T (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Sekt Phys, Schellingstr 4-3, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
EM tie@mpq.mpg.de
NR 22
TC 261
Z9 291
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 166
EP 170
DI 10.1038/35003132
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300046
PM 10646595
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harvey, JA
   Corley, LS
   Strand, MR
AF Harvey, JA
   Corley, LS
   Strand, MR
TI Competition induces adaptive shifts in caste ratios of a polyembryonic wasp
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID copidosoma-floridanum hymenoptera; pseudoplusia-includens; microplitis-demolitor; harvester ants; formicidae; encyrtidae; allocation; evolution; dynamics; colony
AB An important transition in insect life-history evolution was the shift from a solitary existence to living in groups comprising specialized castes. Caste-forming species produce some individuals that reproduce and others with worker functions that have few or no offspring(1). Morphologically specialized castes are well known in eusocial species like ants and termites(1), but castes have also evolved in less-studied groups like thrips, aphids and polyembryonic wasps(2-5). Because selection acts at both the individual and the colony level, ratios of investment in different castes are predicted to vary with environmental factors like competition and resources(6-8). However, experimental evidence for adaptive shifts in caste ratios is limited(9) owing to the experimental difficulty of manipulating factors thought to influence caste ratios(10-13), and because some species produce behaviourally flexible castes that switch tasks in response to colony needs(14,15). Unlike other caste-forming species, the broods of polyembryonic wasps develop clonally, so that increased production of one caste probably results in decreased production of the other(16). Here we show that the polyembryonic wasp Copidosoma floridanum alters caste ratios in response to interspecific competition. Our results reveal a distinct trade-off by C. floridanum between reproduction and defence, and show experimentally that caste ratios shift in an adaptive manner.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Entomol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Strand, MR (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Entomol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM mrstrand@facstaff.wisc.edu
NR 28
TC 87
Z9 100
U1 2
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 183
EP 186
DI 10.1038/35018074
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100047
PM 10910357
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reinisch, KM
   Nibert, M
   Harrison, SC
AF Reinisch, KM
   Nibert, M
   Harrison, SC
TI Structure of the reovirus core at 3.6 Å resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; particles; dna; crystallography; conformation; organization; proteins; packing; type-3; genome
AB The reovirus core is an assembly with a relative molecular mass of 52 million that synthesizes, modifies and exports viral messenger RNA. Analysis of its structure by X-ray crystallography shows that there are alternative, specific and completely nonequivalent contacts made by several surfaces of two of its proteins; that the RNA capping and export apparatus is a hollow cylinder, which probably sequesters its substrate to ensure completion of the capping reactions; that the genomic double-stranded RNA is coiled into concentric layers within the particle; and that there is a protein shell that appears to be common to all groups of double-stranded RNA viruses.
C1 Harvard Univ, Fairchild Bldg,7 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Inst Mol Virol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Harrison, SC (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Fairchild Bldg,7 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM harrison@crystal.harvard.edu
NR 46
TC 375
Z9 458
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 960
EP 967
DI 10.1038/35010041
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000046
PM 10801118
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Basden, AM
   Young, GC
   Coates, MI
   Ritchie, A
AF Basden, AM
   Young, GC
   Coates, MI
   Ritchie, A
TI The most primitive osteichthyan braincase?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fishes
AB Most living vertebrates, from teleosts to tetrapods, are osteichthyans (bony fishes)(1), but the origin of this major group is poorly understood(2). The actinopterygians (ray-finned bony fishes) are the most successful living vertebrates in terms of diversity. They appear in the fossil record in the Late Silurian but are poorly known before the Late Devonian. Here we report the discovery of the oldest and most primitive actinopterygian-like osteichthyan braincase known, from 400-million-year-old limestone in southeastern Australia. This specimen displays previously unknown primitive conditions, in particular, an opening for a cartilaginous eyestalk. It provides an important and unique counterpart to the similarly aged and recently described Psarolepis from China and Vietnam(3,4). The contrasting features of these specimens, and the unusual anatomy of the new specimen in particular, provide new insights into anatomical conditions close to the evolutionary radiation of all modern osteichthyan groups.
C1 Macquarie Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Ctr Ecostratig & Palaeobiol, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, Dept Geol, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   UCL, Dept Biol Sci, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Australian Museum, Sydney S, NSW 2000, Australia.
C3 Macquarie University; Australian National University; University of London; University College London; Australian Museum
RP Basden, AM (corresponding author), Macquarie Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Ctr Ecostratig & Palaeobiol, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
EM abasden@laurel.ocs.mq.edu.au
NR 22
TC 62
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 185
EP 188
DI 10.1038/35003183
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300052
PM 10646601
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buffetaut, E
   Suteethorn, V
   Cuny, G
   Tong, HY
   Le Loeuff, J
   Khansubha, S
   Jongautchariyakul, S
AF Buffetaut, E
   Suteethorn, V
   Cuny, G
   Tong, HY
   Le Loeuff, J
   Khansubha, S
   Jongautchariyakul, S
TI The earliest known sauropod dinosaur
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; thailand
AB Sauropods were a very successful group of dinosaurs during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, but their earlier history is poorly known. Until now, the earliest reported sauropod bones were from the Early Jurassic(1-3), and the only tentative evidence of earlier sauropods was in the form of controversial footprints(4,5). Here we report the discovery of an incomplete sauropod skeleton from the Late Triassic period of Thailand, which provides the first osteological evidence of pre-Jurassic sauropods. This dinosaur is markedly different from prosauropods and substantiates theoretical predictions that there was a fairly long period of sauropod evolution during the Triassic.
C1 CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France.
   Dept Mineral Resources, Geol Survey Div, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
   Musee Dinosaures, F-11260 Esperaza, France.
   Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Department of Mineral Resources - Thailand; University of Bristol
RP Buffetaut, E (corresponding author), CNRS, 16 Cour Liegat, F-75013 Paris, France.
EM Eric.Buffetaut@wanadoo.fr
NR 28
TC 93
Z9 108
U1 1
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 72
EP 74
DI 10.1038/35024060
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000043
PM 10993074
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gao, SS
   Silver, PG
   Linde, AT
   Sacks, IS
AF Gao, SS
   Silver, PG
   Linde, AT
   Sacks, IS
TI Annual modulation of triggered seismicity following the 1992 Landers earthquake in California
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The mechanism responsible for the triggering of earthquakes remains one of the least-understood aspects of the earthquake process. The magnitude-7.3 Landers, California earthquake of 28 June 1992 was followed for several weeks by triggered seismic activity over a large area, encompassing much of the western United States(1). Here we show that this triggered seismicity marked the beginning of a five-year trend, consisting of an elevated microearthquake rate that was modulated by an annual cycle, decaying with time. The annual cycle is mainly associated with several hydrothermal or volcanic regions where short-term triggering was also observed. These data indicate that the Landers earthquake produced long-term physical changes in these areas, and that an environmental source of stress-plausibly barometric pressure-might be responsible for the annual variation.
C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Gao, SS (corresponding author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Geol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA.
NR 13
TC 56
Z9 67
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 500
EP 504
DI 10.1038/35020045
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000042
PM 10952308
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lazar, MA
AF Lazar, MA
TI Gene regulation - One man's food
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Penn Diabet Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
RP Lazar, MA (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
NR 12
TC 3
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 852
EP 853
DI 10.1038/35038199
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900034
PM 11057652
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schieber, J
   Krinsley, D
   Riciputi, L
AF Schieber, J
   Krinsley, D
   Riciputi, L
TI Diagenetic origin of quartz silt in mudstones and implications for silica cycling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fossil record; provenance; deposition; mudrocks; isotopes; oxygen
AB Mudstone-the most abundant sedimentary rock type(1), composed primarily of clay- or silt-sized particles-contains most of the quartz found in sedimentary rocks(2). These quartz grains, which are chemically and mechanically resistant and therefore preserve their characteristics well, have long been considered to be derived from the continental crust(1). Here we analyse quartz silt from black shales in the eastern USA, dating back to the Late Devonian period (about 370 million years ago), using backscattered electron and cathodoluminescence imaging and measure oxygen isotopes with an ion probe. Our results indicate that up to 100% of the quartz silt in our samples does not originate from the continental crust. Instead, it appears to have precipitated early in diagenesis in algal cysts and other pore spaces(3), with silica derived from the dissolution of opaline skeletons of planktonic organisms, such as radiolaria and diatoms. Transformation of early diatoms into in situ quartz silt might explain the time gap between the earliest fossil occurrences of diatoms about 120 Myr ago(4) and molecular evidence for a much earlier appearance between 266 or even 500 Myr ago(5,6). Moreover, if many other mudstone successions show similarly high proportions of in situ precipitated-rather than detrital-quartz silt, the sedimentary record in mudstones may have been misinterpreted in the past, with consequences for our estimates of palaeoproductivity as well as our perceptions of the dynamics and magnitude of global biogeochemical cycling of silica.
C1 Univ Texas, Dept Geol, Arlington, TX 76019 USA.
   Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem & Analyt Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Arlington; University of Oregon; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory
RP Schieber, J (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Dept Geol, Arlington, TX 76019 USA.
EM schieber@uta.edu
NR 30
TC 217
Z9 297
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 981
EP 985
DI 10.1038/35023143
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200041
PM 10984049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Belin, P
   Zatorre, RJ
   Lafaille, P
   Ahad, P
   Pike, B
AF Belin, P
   Zatorre, RJ
   Lafaille, P
   Ahad, P
   Pike, B
TI Voice-selective areas in human auditory cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rhesus-monkey; perception; speaker
AB The human voice contains in its acoustic structure a wealth of information on the speaker's identity and emotional state which we perceive with remarkable ease and accuracy(1-3). Although the perception of speaker-related features of voice plays a major role in human communication, little is known about its neural basis(4-7) Here:we show, using functional magnetic resonance imaging in human volunteers, that voice-selective regions can be found bilaterally along the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus (STS), These regions showed greater neuronal activity when subjects listened passively to vocal sounds, whether speech or non-speech, than to non-vocal environmental sounds. Central STS regions also displayed a high degree of selectivity by responding significantly more to vocal sounds than to matched control stimuli, including scrambled voices and amplitude-modulated noise. Moreover, their response to stimuli degraded by frequency filtering paralleled the subjects' behavioural performance in voice-perception tasks that used these stimuli. The voice-selective areas in the STS may represent the counterpart of the face-selective areas in human visual cortex(8,9); their existence sheds new light on the functional architecture of the human auditory cortex.
C1 McGill Univ, Montreal Neurol Inst, Neuropsychol Cognit Neurosci Unit, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Dept Psychol, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada.
   McGill Univ, McConnel Brain Imaging Ctr, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada.
C3 McGill University; McGill University; McGill University
RP Belin, P (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Montreal Neurol Inst, Neuropsychol Cognit Neurosci Unit, 3801 Univ St, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada.
EM pascal@bic.mni.mcgill.ca
NR 28
TC 1359
Z9 1531
U1 2
U2 143
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 309
EP 312
DI 10.1038/35002078
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700052
PM 10659849
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cash, W
   Shipley, A
   Osterman, S
   Joy, M
AF Cash, W
   Shipley, A
   Osterman, S
   Joy, M
TI Laboratory detection of X-ray fringes with a grazing-incidence interferometer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Starting with Galileo's observations of the Solar System, improvements of an order of magnitude in either the sensitivity or resolution of astronomical instruments have always brought revolutionary discoveries. The X-ray band of the spectrum, where exotic objects can have extremely high surface brightness(1), is ideally suited for significant improvements in imaging, but progress has been impeded by a lack of optics of sufficiently high sensitivity and quality. Here we present an X-ray interferometer design that is practical for adaptation to astronomical observatories. Our prototype interferometer, having just under one millimetre of baseline, creates fringes at 1.25 keV with an angular resolution of 100 milliarcseconds. With a larger version in orbit it will be possible to resolve X-ray sources at 10(-7) arcseconds, three orders of magnitude better than the finest-resolution images ever achieved on the sky (in the radio part of the spectrum) and over one million times better than the current best X-ray images. With such resolutions, we can study the environments of pulsars, resolve and then model relativistic blast waves, image material falling into a black hole, watch the physical formation of astrophysical jets, and study the dynamos of stellar coronae.
C1 Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
RP Cash, W (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
NR 10
TC 96
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 160
EP 162
DI 10.1038/35025009
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000039
PM 11001047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bao, HM
   Thiemens, MH
   Farquhar, J
   Campbell, DA
   Lee, CCW
   Heine, K
   Loope, DB
AF Bao, HM
   Thiemens, MH
   Farquhar, J
   Campbell, DA
   Lee, CCW
   Heine, K
   Loope, DB
TI Anomalous 17O compositions in massive sulphate deposits on the Earth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isotope; oxygen; atmosphere; delta-o-17; paleosols; ozone
AB The variation of delta(18)O that results from nearly all physical, biological and chemical processes on the Earth is approximately twice as large as the variation of delta(17)O. This so-called 'mass-dependent' fractionation is well documented in terrestrial minerals(1,2). Evidence for 'mass- independent' fractionation (Delta(17)O = delta(17)O-0.52 delta(18)O), where deviation from this tight relationship occurs, has so far been found only in meteoritic material and a few terrestrial atmospheric substances(3). In the rock record it is thought that oxygen isotopes have followed a mass-dependent relationship for at least the past 3.7 billion years (ref. 4), and no exception to this has been encountered for terrestrial solids(5). Here, however, we report oxygen-isotope values of two massive sulphate mineral deposits, which formed in surface environments on the Earth but show large isotopic anomalies (Delta(17)O up to 4.6 parts per thousand). These massive sulphate deposits are gypcretes from the central Namib Desert and the sulphate-bearing Miocene volcanic ash-beds in North America. The source of this isotope anomaly might be related to sulphur oxidation reactions in the atmosphere and therefore enable tracing of such oxidation. These findings also support the possibility of a chemical origin of variable isotope anomalies on other planets, such as Mars(6).
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Regensburg, Inst Geog, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
   Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Regensburg; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln
RP Bao, HM (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, Mail Code 0356, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM hbao@chem.ucsd.edu
NR 28
TC 98
Z9 115
U1 3
U2 74
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 176
EP 178
DI 10.1038/35018052
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100044
PM 10910354
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cyranoski, D
AF Cyranoski, D
TI Taiwan's kingmaker chemist
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 917
EP 917
DI 10.1038/35010128
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000014
PM 10801096
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Field, J
   Shreeves, G
   Sumner, S
   Casiraghi, M
AF Field, J
   Shreeves, G
   Sumner, S
   Casiraghi, M
TI Insurance-based advantage to helpers in a tropical hover wasp
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID group members; eusociality; evolution
AB The origin and maintenance of eusociality is a central problem in evolutionary biology(1,2). Eusocial groups contain individuals that forfeit their own reproduction in order to help others reproduce. In facultatively eusocial taxa, offspring can choose whether to found new nests or become helpers in their natal groups. In many facultatively eusocial insects, offspring need continuous care during development, but adult carers have life expectancies shorter than the developmental period(3-7). When a lone foundress dies, her partly reared brood are usually doomed. Here, we show that helpers in a tropical hover wasp (Liostenogaster flavolineata) have an insurance-based advantage over lone foundresses because after a helper dies, most of the brood that she has partly reared will be brought to maturity by surviving nest-mates. After some of the helpers are experimentally removed from a multi-female nest, the reduced group is left with more brood than it would normally rear. We found that larger, more valuable extra brood were reared through to maturity, but not smaller, less valuable brood. Smaller brood may be sacrificed to feed larger brood, and reduced groups probably benefited from increased short-term helper recruitment. Rearing extra brood did not increase adult mortality or brood development time.
C1 UCL, Dept Biol, London NW1 2HE, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Field, J (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Biol, Wolfson House,4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, England.
EM jeremy.field@ucl.ac.uk
NR 22
TC 92
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 869
EP 871
DI 10.1038/35009097
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000044
PM 10786792
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gavaghan, H
AF Gavaghan, H
TI Making moves to redress the gender imbalance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 715
EP 716
DI 10.1038/35015270
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800055
PM 10864333
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keeling, MJ
   Gilligan, CA
AF Keeling, MJ
   Gilligan, CA
TI Metapopulation dynamics of bubonic plague
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID infectious-diseases
AB Bubonic plague is widely regarded as a disease of mainly historical importance; however, with increasing reports of incidence(1-3) and the discovery of antibiotic-resistant strains of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis(4), it is re-emerging as a significant health concern(5,6). Here we bypass the conventional human-disease models, and propose that bubonic plague is driven by the dynamics of the disease in the rat population. Using a stochastic, spatial metapopulation model, we show that bubonic plague can persist in relatively small rodent populations from which occasional human epidemics arise, without the need for external imports. This explains why historically the plague persisted despite long disease-free periods, and how the disease re-occurred in cities with tight quarantine control. In a contemporary setting, we show that human vaccination cannot eradicate the plague, and that culling of rats may prevent or exacerbate human epidemics, depending on the timing of the cull. The existence of plague reservoirs in wild rodent populations has important public-health implications for the transmission to urban rats and the subsequent risk of human outbreaks.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Plant Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EA, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP Keeling, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
EM matt@zoo.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 197
Z9 227
U1 1
U2 75
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 903
EP 906
DI 10.1038/35038073
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900051
PM 11057668
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Satheesh, SK
   Ramanathan, V
AF Satheesh, SK
   Ramanathan, V
TI Large differences in tropical aerosol forcing at the top of the atmosphere and Earth's surface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rainfall measuring mission; pre-indoex cruise; indian-ocean; anthropogenic aerosols; tropospheric aerosol; radiation budget; climate; impact; model; dust
AB The effect of radiative forcing by anthropogenic aerosols is one of the largest sources of uncertainty in climate predictions(1-6). Direct observations of the forcing are therefore needed, particularly for the poorly understood tropical aerosols. Here we present an observational method for quantifying aerosol forcing to within +/-5 per cent. We use calibrated satellite radiation measurements and five independent surface radiometers to quantify the aerosol forcing simultaneously at the Earth's surface and the top of the atmosphere over the tropical northern Indian Ocean. In winter, this region is covered by anthropogenic aerosols of sulphate, nitrate, organics, soot and fly ash from the south Asian continent(7,8). Accordingly, mean clear-sky solar radiative heating for the winters of 1998 and 1999 decreased at the ocean surface by 12 to 30 W m(-2), but only by 4 to 10 W m(-2) at the top of the atmosphere. This threefold difference (due largely to solar absorption by soot) and the large magnitude of the observed surface forcing both imply that tropical aerosols might slow down the hydrological cycle.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Clouds Chem & Climate, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP Ramanathan, V (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Clouds Chem & Climate, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 28
TC 503
Z9 544
U1 3
U2 74
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/35011039
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600049
PM 10811216
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tharun, S
   He, WH
   Mayes, AE
   Lennertz, P
   Beggs, JD
   Parker, R
AF Tharun, S
   He, WH
   Mayes, AE
   Lennertz, P
   Beggs, JD
   Parker, R
TI Yeast Sm-like proteins function in mRNA decapping and decay
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; identification; deadenylation; degradation; turnover; u6
AB One of the main mechanisms of messenger RNA degradation in eukaryotes occurs by deadenylation-dependent decapping which leads to 5'-to-3' decay(1,2). A family of Sm-like (Lsm) proteins has been identified, members of which contain the 'Sm' sequence motif, form a complex with U6 small nuclear RNA and are required for pre-mRNA splicing(3-9). Here we show that mutations in seven yeast Lsm proteins (Lsm1-Lsm7) also lead to inhibition of mRNA decapping. In addition, the Lsm1-Lsm7 proteins coimmunoprecipitate with the mRNA decapping enzyme (Dcp1), a decapping activator (Pat1/Mrt1) and with mRNA. This indicates that the Lsm proteins may promote decapping by interactions with the mRNA and the decapping machinery. In addition, the Lsm complex that functions in mRNA decay appears to be distinct from the U6-associated Lsm complex, indicating that Lsm proteins form specific complexes that affect different aspects of mRNA metabolism.
C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Unilever Res Colworth, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, Beds, England.
C3 University of Arizona; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Arizona; University of Edinburgh; Unilever
RP Parker, R (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM rrparker@u.arizona.edu
NR 23
TC 349
Z9 441
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 515
EP 518
DI 10.1038/35006676
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700053
PM 10761922
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aeschbach-Hertig, W
   Peeters, F
   Beyerle, U
   Kipfer, R
AF Aeschbach-Hertig, W
   Peeters, F
   Beyerle, U
   Kipfer, R
TI Palaeotemperature reconstruction from noble gases in ground water taking into account equilibration with entrapped air
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-surface temperature; last glacial maximum; aquifer; helium; h-3/he-3; recharge; records; origin; valley
AB Noble-gas concentrations in ground water have been used as a proxy for past air temperatures(1-7), but the accuracy of this approach has been limited by the existence of a temperature-independent component of the noble gases in ground water, termed 'excess air', whose origin and composition is poorly understood(7-9). In particular, the evidence from noble gases in a Brazilian aquifer for a cooling of more than 5 degrees C in tropical America during the Last Glacial Maximum(4) has been called into question(9). Here we propose a model for dissolved gases in ground water, which describes the formation of excess air by equilibration of ground water with entrapped air in quasi-saturated soils(10-12). Our model predicts previously unexplained noble-gas data sets, including the concentration of atmospheric helium, and yields consistent results for the non-atmospheric helium isotopes that are used for dating ground water. Using this model of excess air, we re-evaluate the use of noble gases from ground water for reconstructing past temperatures. Our results corroborate the inferred cooling in Brazil during the Last Glacial Maximum(4), and indicate that even larger cooling took place at mid-latitudes.
C1 Swiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol, Dept Water Resources & Drinking Water, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland.
   Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8902 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology (EAWAG); Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Aeschbach-Hertig, W (corresponding author), Swiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol, Dept Water Resources & Drinking Water, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland.
EM aeschbach@eawag.ch
NR 30
TC 287
Z9 337
U1 4
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1040
EP 1044
DI 10.1038/35016542
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700041
PM 10890441
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pinson, KI
   Brennan, J
   Monkley, S
   Avery, BJ
   Skarnes, WC
AF Pinson, KI
   Brennan, J
   Monkley, S
   Avery, BJ
   Skarnes, WC
TI An LDL-receptor-related protein mediates Wnt signalling in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID int-1 protooncogene; mouse; disruption; family; embryo
AB Wnt genes comprise a large family of secreted polypeptides that are expressed in spatially and tissue-restricted patterns during vertebrate embryonic development(1). Mutational analysis in mice has shown the importance of Wnts in controlling diverse developmental processes such as patterning of the body axis, central nervous system and limbs, and the regulation of inductive events during organogenesis(2). Although many components of the Wnt signalling pathway have been identified, little is known about how Wnts and their cognate Frizzled receptors signal to downstream effector molecules. Here we present evidence that a new member of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor-related protein family, LRP6 (ref. 3), is critical for Wnt signalling in mice. Embryos homozygous for an insertion mutation in the LRP6 gene exhibit developmental defects that are a striking composite of those caused by mutations in individual Wnt genes. Furthermore, we show a genetic enhancement of a Wnt mutant phenotype in mice lacking one functional copy of LRP6. Together, our results support a broad role for LRP6 in the transduction of several Wnt signals in mammals.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Skarnes, WC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 229 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM skarnes@socrates.berkeley.edu
NR 24
TC 916
Z9 1183
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 535
EP 538
DI 10.1038/35035124
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400056
PM 11029008
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanabe, T
   Kuwabara, T
   Warashina, M
   Tani, K
   Taira, K
   Asano, S
AF Tanabe, T
   Kuwabara, T
   Warashina, M
   Tani, K
   Taira, K
   Asano, S
TI Oncogene inactivation in a mouse model - Tissue invasion by leukaemic cells is stalled by loading them with a designer ribozyme.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chronic myelogenous leukemia; philadelphia-chromosome; marrow transplantation; bone-marrow; cleavage; gene
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Dept Hematol Oncol, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088539, Japan.
   Natl Inst Adv Interdisciplinary Res, Tsukuba Sci City, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Inst Appl Biochem, Tsukuba Sci City, Ibaraki 3058572, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Chem & Biotechnol, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); University of Tsukuba; University of Tokyo
RP Tanabe, T (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Dept Hematol Oncol, Minato Ku, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Tokyo 1088539, Japan.
NR 13
TC 67
Z9 76
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 473
EP 474
DI 10.1038/35020190
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000032
PM 10952298
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU True, HL
   Lindquist, SL
AF True, HL
   Lindquist, SL
TI A yeast prion provides a mechanism for genetic variation and phenotypic diversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; translation termination; omnipotent suppressors; release factors; psi+ prion; sup35 gene; evolution; determinant; mutants; protein
AB A major enigma in evolutionary biology is that new forms or functions often require the concerted effects of several independent genetic changes. It is unclear how such changes might accumulate when they are likely to be deleterious individually and be lost by selective pressure. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae prion [PSI+] is an epigenetic modifier of the fidelity of translation termination, but its impact on yeast biology has been unclear. Here we show that [PSI+] provides the means to uncover hidden genetic variation and produce new heritable phenotypes. Moreover, in each of the seven genetic backgrounds tested, the constellation of phenotypes produced was unique. We propose that the epigenetic and metastable nature of [PSI+] inheritance allows yeast cells to exploit pre-existing genetic variation to thrive in fluctuating environments. Further, the capacity of [PSI+] to convert previously neutral genetic variation to a non-neutral state may facilitate the evolution of new traits.
C1 Univ Chicago, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Genet & Cell Biol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Chicago
RP Lindquist, SL (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Genet & Cell Biol, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 49
TC 555
Z9 682
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 477
EP 483
DI 10.1038/35035005
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400040
PM 11028992
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Muscheler, R
   Beer, J
   Wagner, G
   Finkel, RC
AF Muscheler, R
   Beer, J
   Wagner, G
   Finkel, RC
TI Changes in deep-water formation during the Younger Dryas event inferred from 10Be and 14C records
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID greenland ice core; ocean circulation; atmospheric c-14; radiocarbon; climate; deglaciation; calibration; atlantic; model; cycle
AB Variations in atmospheric radiocarbon (C-14) concentrations can be attributed either to changes in the carbon cycle(1)-through the rate of radiocarbon removal from the atmosphere-or to variations in the production rate of C-14 due to changes in solar activity or the Earth's magnetic field(2). The production rates of Be-10 and C-14 vary in the same way, but whereas atmospheric radiocarbon concentrations are additionally affected by the carbon cycle, Be-10 concentrations reflect production rates more directly. A record of the Be-10 production-rate variations can therefore be used to separate the two influences-production rates and the carbon cycle-on radiocarbon concentrations. Here we present such an analysis of the large fluctuations in atmospheric C-14 concentrations, of unclear origin(3), that occurred during the Younger Dryas cold period(6). We use the Be-10 record from the GISP2 ice core(5) to model past production rates of radionuclides, and rnd that the largest part of the fluctuations in atmospheric radiocarbon concentrations can be attributed to variations in production rate. The residual difference between measured C-14 concentrations and those modelled using the Be-10 record can be explained with an additional change in the carbon cycle, most probably in the amount of deep-water formation.
C1 EAWAG, Dept Surface Waters, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland.
   Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Geosci & Environm Technol Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology (EAWAG); University of California System; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of California System
RP Muscheler, R (corresponding author), EAWAG, Dept Surface Waters, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland.
NR 30
TC 97
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 567
EP 570
DI 10.1038/35046041
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600113
PM 11117740
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pauly, N
   Knight, MR
   Thuleau, P
   van der Luit, AH
   Moreau, M
   Trewavas, AJ
   Ranjeva, R
   Mazars, C
AF Pauly, N
   Knight, MR
   Thuleau, P
   van der Luit, AH
   Moreau, M
   Trewavas, AJ
   Ranjeva, R
   Mazars, C
TI Cell signalling - Control of free calcium in plant cell nuclei
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytoplasmic calcium; gene-expression; tobacco
C1 UPS, CNRS, UMR 5546, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Toulouse 3, Ctr Dev Biol, CNRS, UMR 5547, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); University of Oxford; Netherlands Cancer Institute; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; University of Edinburgh
RP Pauly, N (corresponding author), UPS, CNRS, UMR 5546, Pole Biotechnol Vegetale,24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
NR 9
TC 102
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 754
EP 755
DI 10.1038/35015671
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600036
PM 10866186
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pan, SH
   Hudson, EW
   Lang, KM
   Eisaki, H
   Uchida, S
   Davis, JC
AF Pan, SH
   Hudson, EW
   Lang, KM
   Eisaki, H
   Uchida, S
   Davis, JC
TI Imaging the effects of individual zinc impurity atoms on superconductivity in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID d-wave superconductors; scanning-tunneling-microscopy; states; probe; substitution; transition; moments; gap; nmr; cu
AB Although the crystal structures of the copper oxide high-temperature superconductors are complex and diverse, they all contain some crystal planes consisting of only copper and oxygen atoms in a square lattice: superconductivity is believed to originate from strongly interacting electrons in these CuO2 planes, Substituting a single impurity atom for a copper atom strongly perturbs the surrounding electronic environment and can therefore be used to probe high-temperature superconductivity at the atomic scale. This has provided the motivation for several experimental(1-8) and theoretical studies(9-20). Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) is an ideal technique for the study of such effects at the atomic scale, as it has been used very successfully to probe individual impurity atoms in several other systems(21-25). Here we use STM to investigate the effects of individual zinc impurity atoms in the high-temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta. We find intense quasiparticle scattering resonances(26) at the Zn sites, coincident with strong suppression of superconductivity within similar to 15 Angstrom of the scattering sites. Imaging of the spatial dependence of the quasiparticle density of states in the vicinity of the impurity atoms reveals the long-sought four-fold symmetric quasiparticle 'cloud' aligned with the nodes of the d-wave superconducting gap which is believed to characterize superconductivity in these materials.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Superconduct, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Tokyo; Stanford University
RP Davis, JC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 32
TC 733
Z9 775
U1 3
U2 186
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 746
EP 750
DI 10.1038/35001534
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100045
PM 10693798
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, ZG
   Shibahara, K
   Stillman, B
AF Zhang, ZG
   Shibahara, K
   Stillman, B
TI PCNA connects DNA replication to epigenetic inheritance in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID assembly factor-i; origin recognition complex; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; transcriptional states; polymerase-epsilon; cell-cycle; chromatin; repression; mutations; proteins
AB Formation of a heterochromatin-like structure results in transcriptional silencing at the HM mating-type loci and telomeres in Saccharomyces cerevisiae(1-3). Once formed, such epigenetically determined structures are inherited for many mitotic divisions(4). Here we show that mutations in the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), an essential component at the DNA replication fork(5), reduced repression of genes near a telomere and at the silent mating-type locus, HMR. The pol30-8 mutant displayed coexistence of both repressed (pink) and de-repressed (white) cells within a single colony when assayed with the ADE2 gene inserted at HMR. Unlike pol30-8, the pol30-6 and pol30-79 mutants partially reduced gene silencing at telomeres and the HMR and synergistically decreased silencing in cells lacking chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1). All silencing defective mutants showed reduced binding to CAF-1 in vitro and altered chromatin association of the CAF-1 large subunit in vivo. Thus, PCNA participates in inheritance of both DNA and epigenetic chromatin structures during the S phase of the cell cycle, the latter by at least two mechanisms.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP Stillman, B (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
NR 30
TC 265
Z9 321
U1 1
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 221
EP 225
DI 10.1038/35041601
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400050
PM 11089978
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lendvai, B
   Stern, EA
   Chen, B
   Svoboda, K
AF Lendvai, B
   Stern, EA
   Chen, B
   Svoboda, K
TI Experience-dependent plasticity of dendritic spines in the developing rat barrel cortex in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cortical plasticity; pyramidal neurons; visual-cortex; field cortex; synaptogenesis; organization; filopodia; synapses; dynamics; closure
AB Do changes in neuronal structure underlie cortical plasticity(1,2)? Here we used time-lapse two-photon microscopy(3,4) of pyramidal neurons in layer 2/3 of developing rat barrel cortex(5) to image the structural dynamics of dendritic spines and filopodia. We found that these protrusions were highly motile: spines and filopodia appeared, disappeared or changed shape over tens of minutes. To test whether sensory experience drives this motility we trimmed whiskers one to three days before imaging. Sensory deprivation markedly (similar to 40%) reduced protrusive motility in deprived regions of the barrel cortex during a critical period around postnatal days (P)11-13, but had no effect in younger (P8-10) or older (P14-16) animals. Unexpectedly, whisker trimming did not change the density, length or shape of spines and filopodia. However, sensory deprivation during the critical period degraded the tuning of layer 2/3 receptive fields. Thus sensory experience drives structural plasticity in dendrites, which may underlie the reorganization of neural circuits.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP Svoboda, K (corresponding author), Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Expt Med, Szigony U43, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary.
NR 30
TC 637
Z9 775
U1 2
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 876
EP 881
DI 10.1038/35009107
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000046
PM 10786794
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adrian, L
   Szewzyk, U
   Wecke, J
   Görisch, H
AF Adrian, L
   Szewzyk, U
   Wecke, J
   Görisch, H
TI Bacterial dehalorespiration with chlorinated benzenes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reductive dechlorination; trichlorobenzene; enrichment; consortium; culture; water
AB Chlorobenzenes are toxic, highly persistent and ubiquitously distributed environmental contaminants that accumulate in the food chain(1). The only known microbial transformation of 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene (TeCB) and higher chlorinated benzenes is the reductive dechlorination to lower chlorinated benzenes under anaerobic conditions observed with mixed bacterial cultures(2-4). The lower chlorinated benzenes can subsequently be mineralized by aerobic bacteria. Here we describe the isolation of the oxygen-sensitive strain CBDB1, a pure culture capable of reductive dechlorination of chlorobenzenes. Strain CBDB1 is a highly specialized bacterium that stoichiometrically dechlorinates 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene (TCB), 1,2,4-TCB, 1,2,3,4-TeCB, 1,2,3,5-TeCB and 1,2,4,5-TeCB to dichlorobenzenes or 1,3,5-TCB. The presence of chlorobenzene as an electron acceptor and hydrogen as an electron donor is essential for growth, and indicates that strain CBDB1 meets its energy needs by a dehalorespiratory process. According to their 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain CBDB1, Dehalococcoides ethenogenes(5) and several uncultivated bacteria forma new bacterial cluster, of which strain CBDB1 is the first, so far, to thrive on a purely synthetic medium.
C1 Tech Univ Berlin, Fachgebiet Tech Biochem, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
   Tech Univ Berlin, Fachgebiet Okol Mikroorganismen, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
   Robert Koch Inst, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Technical University of Berlin; Technical University of Berlin; Robert Koch Institute
RP Adrian, L (corresponding author), Tech Univ Berlin, Fachgebiet Tech Biochem, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
EM lorenz.adrian@tu-berlin.de
NR 19
TC 351
Z9 428
U1 3
U2 158
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 580
EP 583
DI 10.1038/35046063
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600117
PM 11117744
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weichenrieder, O
   Wild, K
   Strub, K
   Cusack, S
AF Weichenrieder, O
   Wild, K
   Strub, K
   Cusack, S
TI Structure and assembly of the Alu domain of the mammalian signal recognition particle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID srp-rna; protein translocation; crystal-structure; endoplasmic-reticulum; hammerhead ribozyme; elongation arrest; srp9/14 subunit; binding-sites; 7sl rna; elements
AB The Alu domain of the mammalian signal recognition particle (SRP) comprises the heterodimer of proteins SRP9 and SRP14 bound to the 5' and 3' terminal sequences of SRP RNA. It retards the ribosomal elongation of signal-peptide-containing proteins before their engagement with the translocation machinery in the endoplasmic reticulum. Here we report two crystal structures of the heterodimer SRP9/14 bound either to the 5' domain or to a construct containing both 5' and 3' domains. We present a model of the complete Alu domain that is consistent with extensive biochemical data. SRP9/14 binds strongly to the conserved core of the 5' domain, which forms a U-turn connecting two helical stacks. Reversible docking of the more weakly bound 3' domain might be functionally important in the mechanism of translational regulation. The Alu domain structure is probably conserved in other cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein particles and retroposition intermediates containing SRP9/14-bound RNAs transcribed from Alu repeats or related elements in genomic DNA.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, Grenoble Outstn, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
   Univ Geneva, Dept Biol Cellulaire, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); University of Geneva
RP Cusack, S (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Grenoble Outstn, BP 156X, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
NR 47
TC 151
Z9 175
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 167
EP 173
DI 10.1038/35041507
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400036
PM 11089964
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luu, DT
   Qin, XK
   Morse, D
   Cappadocia, M
AF Luu, DT
   Qin, XK
   Morse, D
   Cappadocia, M
TI S-RNase uptake by compatible pollen tubes in gametophytic self-incompatibility
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solanum-chacoense bitt; nicotiana-alata; flowering plants; genetic-analysis; growth; alleles; pollination; hypothesis; cloning; culture
AB Many flowering plants avoid inbreeding through a genetic mechanism termed self-incompatibility. An extremely polymorphic S-locus(1) controls the gametophytic self-incompatibility system that causes pollen rejection (that is, active arrest of pollen tube growth inside the style) when an S-allele carried by haploid pollen matches one of the S-alleles present in the diploid style. The only known product of the S-locus is an S-RNase expressed in the mature style(2). The pollen component to this cell-cell recognition system is unknown and current models(3,4) propose that it either acts as a gatekeeper allowing only its cognate S-RNase to enter the pollen tube, or as an inhibitor of non-cognate S-RNases. In the latter case, all S-RNases are presumed to enter pollen tubes; thus, the two models make diametrically opposed predictions concerning the entry of S-RNases into compatible pollen. Here we use immunocytochemical labelling of pollen tubes growing in styles to show accumulation of an S-RNase in the cytoplasm of all pollen-tube haplotypes, thus providing experimental support for the inhibitor model.
C1 Univ Montreal, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H1X 2B2, Canada.
C3 Universite de Montreal
RP Cappadocia, M (corresponding author), Univ Montreal, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H1X 2B2, Canada.
NR 27
TC 206
Z9 255
U1 0
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 649
EP 651
DI 10.1038/35036623
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800052
PM 11034216
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heisenberg, CP
   Tada, M
   Rauch, GJ
   Saúde, L
   Concha, ML
   Geisler, R
   Stemple, DL
   Smith, JC
   Wilson, SW
AF Heisenberg, CP
   Tada, M
   Rauch, GJ
   Saúde, L
   Concha, ML
   Geisler, R
   Stemple, DL
   Smith, JC
   Wilson, SW
TI Silberblick/Wnt11 mediates convergent extension movements during zebrafish gastrulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID danio-rerio; signaling pathways; xenopus embryos; beta-catenin; cell; morphogenesis; expression; forebrain; wnt; overexpression
AB Vertebrate gastrulation involves the specification and coordinated movement of large populations of cells that give rise to the ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal germ layers. Although many of the genes involved in the specification of cell identity during this process have been identified, little is known of the genes that coordinate cell movement. Here we show that the zebrafish silberblick (slb) locus(1) encodes Wnt11 and that Slb/Wnt11 activity is required for cells to undergo correct convergent extension movements during gastrulation. In the absence of Slb/Wnt11 function, abnormal extension of axial tissue results in cyclopia and other midline defects in the head(2). The requirement for Slb/Wnt11 is cell non-autonomous, and our results indicate that the correct extension of axial tissue is at least partly dependent on medio-lateral cell intercalation in paraxial tissue. We also show that the slb phenotype is rescued by a truncated form of Dishevelled that does not signal through the canonical Wnt pathway(3), suggesting that, as in flies(4), Wnt signalling might mediate morphogenetic events through a divergent signal transduction cascade. Our results provide genetic and experimental evidence that Wnt activity in lateral tissues has a crucial role in driving the convergent extension movements underlying vertebrate gastrulation.
C1 UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Natl Inst Med Res, Div Dev Biol, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Max Planck Inst Entwicklungsbiol, Genet Abt, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 University of London; University College London; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Max Planck Society
RP Heisenberg, CP (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM c.heisenberg@ucl.ac.uk; mtada@nimr.mrc.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 855
Z9 1032
U1 1
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 76
EP 81
DI 10.1038/35011068
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600054
PM 10811221
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, WJ
   Erickson, JW
   Lin, R
   Cerione, RA
AF Wu, WJ
   Erickson, JW
   Lin, R
   Cerione, RA
TI The γ-subunit of the coatomer complex binds Cdc42 to mediate transformation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID golgi-apparatus; endoplasmic-reticulum; cell polarity; protein; transport; actin; membrane; gtpase; rho; identification
AB The Ras-related GTP-binding protein Cdc42 is implicated in a variety of biological activities including the establishment of cell polarity in yeast, the regulation of cell morphology, motility and cell-cycle progression in mammalian cells and the induction of malignant transformation(1,2). We identified a Cdc42 mutant (Cdc42F28L) which binds GTP in the absence of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, but still hydrolyses GTP with a turnover number identical to that for wild-type Cdc42 (ref. 3). Expression of this mutant in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts causes cellular transformation, mimicking many of the characteristics of cells transformed by the Dbl oncoprotein, a known guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Cdc42 (ref. 4). Here we searched for new Cdc42 targets in an effort to understand how Cdc42 mediates cellular transformation. We identified the gamma-subunit of the coatomer complex (gamma COP) as a specific binding partner for activated Cdc42. The binding of Cdc42 to gamma COP is essential for a transforming signal distinct from those elicited by Ras.
C1 Cornell Univ, VMC, Dept Mol Med, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, VMC, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Cornell University
RP Cerione, RA (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, VMC, Dept Mol Med, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
NR 30
TC 185
Z9 209
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 800
EP 804
DI 10.1038/35015585
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600053
PM 10866202
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loubere, P
AF Loubere, P
TI Marine control of biological production in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantitative estimation; benthic foraminifera; deep-sea; variability; assemblages
AB The eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean is the site of approximately 20-50% of new biological production in the global oceans(1). This region is also responsible for the greatest efflux of CO2 from oceans to the atmosphere(2). New production, which fixes carbon in response to external inputs of nutrients as opposed to supply from local nutrient recycling, is thought to modulate the CO2 release(3). But what controls new production in this region is less clear. Here we present a quantitative reconstruction of biological production in the surface ocean for this region over the past 130,000 years, which shows that the equatorial Pacific Ocean exhibits higher-frequency variations than the South Equatorial Current. Comparison of these records with palaeotemperature reconstructions indicates that atmospherically driven mechanisms-such as aeolian flux of iron or wind-driven changes in upwelling rate of nutrient-rich waters-are unlikely to have influenced longer-term rates of production in this region. Instead, biological production appears to be governed by changes in ocean circulation and the chemical composition of upwelled water.
C1 No Illinois Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Geosci, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA.
C3 Northern Illinois University
RP Loubere, P (corresponding author), No Illinois Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Geosci, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA.
EM paul@geol.niu.edu
NR 30
TC 74
Z9 86
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 497
EP 500
DI 10.1038/35020041
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000041
PM 10952307
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garman, SC
   Wurzburg, BA
   Tarchevskaya, SS
   Kinet, JP
   Jardetzky, TS
AF Garman, SC
   Wurzburg, BA
   Tarchevskaya, SS
   Kinet, JP
   Jardetzky, TS
TI Structure of the Fc fragment of human IgE bound to its high-affinity receptor FcεRIα
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-immunoglobulin-e; mediated effector functions; binding-site; crystal-structure; gamma-rii; monoclonal-antibody; identification; subunit; complex; glycosylation
AB The initiation of immunoglobulin-E (IgE)-mediated allergic responses requires the binding of IgE antibody to its high-affinity receptor, Fc epsilon RI. Crosslinking of Fc epsilon RI initiates an intracellular signal transduction cascade that triggers the release of mediators of the allergic response. The interaction of the crystallizable fragment (Fc) of IgE (IgE-Fc) with Fc epsilon RI is a key recognition event of this process and involves the extracellular domains of the Fc epsilon RI alpha-chain. To understand the structural basis for this interaction, we have solved the crystal structure of the human IgE-Fc-Fc epsilon RI alpha complex to 3.5-Angstrom resolution. The crystal structure reveals that one receptor binds one dimeric IgE-Fc molecule asymmetrically through interactions at two sites, each involving one C epsilon 3 domain of the IgE-Fc. The interaction of one receptor with the IgE-Fc blocks the binding of a second receptor, and features of this interaction are conserved in other members of the Fc receptor family. The structure suggests new approaches to inhibiting the binding of IgE to Fc epsilon RI for the treatment of allergy and asthma.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Beth Israel Deaconness Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Jardetzky, TS (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, 2153 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM tedj@northwestern.edu
NR 50
TC 312
Z9 404
U1 1
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 259
EP 266
DI 10.1038/35018500
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900038
PM 10917520
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fishlock, TW
   Oral, A
   Egdell, RG
   Pethica, JB
AF Fishlock, TW
   Oral, A
   Egdell, RG
   Pethica, JB
TI Manipulation of atoms across a surface at room temperature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning tunneling microscope; c-60 molecules; single atoms; scale; tip; steps; stm
AB Since the realization that the tips of scanning probe microscopes can interact with atoms at surfaces, there has been much interest in the possibility of building or modifying nanostructures or molecules directly from single atoms(1). Individual large molecules can be positioned on surfaces(2-4), and atoms can be transferred controllably between the sample and probe tip(5,6). The most complex structures(7-11) are produced at cryogenic temperatures by sliding atoms across a surface to chosen sites. But there are problems in manipulating atoms laterally at higher temperatures-atoms that are sufficiently well bound to a surface to be stable at higher temperatures require a stronger tip interaction to be moved. This situation differs significantly from the idealized weakly interacting tips(12,13) of scanning tunnelling or atomic force microscopes. Here we demonstrate that precise positioning of atoms on a copper surface is possible at room temperature. The triggering mechanism for the atomic motion unexpectedly depends on the tunnelling current density, rather than the electric field or proximity of tip and surface.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Mat, Oxford OX1 3PH, England.
   Univ Oxford, Inorgan Chem Lab, Oxford OX1 3QR, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford
RP Pethica, JB (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Mat, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PH, England.
EM john.pethica@materials.ox.ac
NR 20
TC 65
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 743
EP 745
DI 10.1038/35008030
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600046
PM 10783883
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Paar, J
   Oldroyd, BP
   Kastberger, G
AF Paar, J
   Oldroyd, BP
   Kastberger, G
TI Entomology - Giant honeybees return to their nest sites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Sydney, Sch Biol Sci A12, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Graz Univ, Inst Zool, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
C3 University of Sydney; University of Graz
RP Paar, J (corresponding author), Univ Sydney, Sch Biol Sci A12, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
EM boldroyd@bio.usyd.edu.au
NR 5
TC 44
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 475
EP 475
DI 10.1038/35020196
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000034
PM 10952300
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zheng, J
   Shen, WX
   He, DZZ
   Kevin, BL
   Madison, LD
   Dallos, P
AF Zheng, J
   Shen, WX
   He, DZZ
   Kevin, BL
   Madison, LD
   Dallos, P
TI Prestin is the motor protein of cochlear outer hair cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID guinea-pig cochlea; electrokinetic shape changes; motility voltage sensor; mechanical responses; membrane capacitance; force generation; electromotility; salicylate; identification; transporter
AB The outer and inner hair cells of the mammalian cochlea perform different functions. In response to changes in membrane potential, the cylindrical outer hair cell rapidly alters its length and stiffness. These mechanical changes, driven by putative molecular motors, are assumed to produce amplification of vibrations in the cochlea that are transduced by inner hair cells. Here we have identified an abundant complementary DNA from a gene, designated Prestin, which is specifically expressed in outer hair cells. Regions of the encoded protein show moderate sequence similarity to pendrin and related sulphate/anion transport proteins. Voltage-induced shape changes can be elicited in cultured human kidney cells that express prestin. The mechanical response of outer hair cells to voltage change is accompanied by a 'gating current', which is manifested as nonlinear capacitance. We also demonstrate this nonlinear capacitance in transfected kidney cells. We conclude that prestin is the motor protein of the cochlear outer hair cell.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Auditory Physiol Lab, Hugh Knowles Ctr, Dept Neurobiol & Physiol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Auditory Physiol Lab, Hugh Knowles Ctr, Dept Commun Sci & Disorders, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Ctr Endocrinol Metab & Mol Med, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; Northwestern University; Northwestern University
RP Dallos, P (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Auditory Physiol Lab, Hugh Knowles Ctr, Dept Neurobiol & Physiol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM p-dallos@nwu.edu
NR 47
TC 1027
Z9 1227
U1 3
U2 109
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 149
EP 155
DI 10.1038/35012009
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100040
PM 10821263
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pati, AK
   Braunstein, SL
AF Pati, AK
   Braunstein, SL
TI Impossibility of deleting an unknown quantum state
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID podolsky-rosen channels; probabilistic cloning; teleportation
AB A photon in an arbitrary polarization state cannot be cloned perfectly(1,2). But suppose that at our disposal we have several copies of a photon in an unknown state. Is it possible to delete the information content of one or more of these photons by a physical process? Specifically, if two photons are in the same initial polarization state, is there a mechanism that produces one photon in the same initial state and the other in some standard polarization state! If this could be done, then one would create a standard blank state onto which one could copy an unknown state approximately, by deterministic cloning(3,4) or exactly, by probabilistic cloning(5,6). This could in principle be useful in quantum computation, where one could store new information in an already computed state by deleting the old information. Here we show, however, that the linearity of quantum theory does not allow us to delete a copy of an arbitrary quantum state perfectly. Though in a classical computer information can be deleted (reversibly) against a copy(7), the analogous task cannot be accomplished, even irreversibly, with quantum information.
C1 Univ Wales, Quantum Opt & Informat Grp, Bangor LL57 1UT, Gwynedd, Wales.
   Bhabha Atom Res Ctr, Div Theoret Phys, Bombay 400085, Maharashtra, India.
C3 Bangor University; Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC)
RP Pati, AK (corresponding author), Univ Wales, Quantum Opt & Informat Grp, Dean St, Bangor LL57 1UT, Gwynedd, Wales.
EM akpati@sees.bangor.ac.uk
NR 15
TC 243
Z9 267
U1 1
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 164
EP 165
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ruepp, A
   Graml, W
   Santos-Martinez, ML
   Koretle, KK
   Volker, C
   Mewes, HW
   Frishman, D
   Stocker, S
   Lupas, AN
   Baumeister, W
AF Ruepp, A
   Graml, W
   Santos-Martinez, ML
   Koretle, KK
   Volker, C
   Mewes, HW
   Frishman, D
   Stocker, S
   Lupas, AN
   Baumeister, W
TI The genome sequence of the thermoacidophilic scavenger Thermoplasma acidophilum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; expression; glucose; machine; vat
AB Thermoplasma acidophilum is a thermoacidophilic archaeon that thrives at 59 degrees C and pH 2, which was isolated from self-heating coal refuse piles and solfatara fields(1,2). Species of the genus Thermoplasma do not possess a rigid cell wall, but are only delimited by a plasma membrane. Many macromolecular assemblies from Thermoplasma, primarily proteases and chaperones, have been pivotal in elucidating the structure and function of their more complex eukaryotic homologues(3,4). Our interest in protein folding and degradation led us to seek a more complete representation of the proteins involved in these pathways by determining the genome sequence of the organism. Here we have sequenced the 1,564,905-base-pair genome in just 7,855 sequencing reactions by using a new strategy. The 1,509 open reading frames identify Thermoplasma as a typical euryarchaeon with a substantial complement of bacteria-related genes; however, evidence indicates that there has been much lateral gene transfer between Thermoplasma and Sulfolobus solfataricus, a phylogenetically distant crenarchaeon inhabiting the same environment. At least 252 open reading frames, including a complete protein degradation pathway and various transport proteins, resemble Sulfolobus proteins most closely.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biochem, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Bioinformat, Collegeville, PA 19426 USA.
   GSF Forschungszentrum Umwelt & Gesundheit, Munich Informat Ctr Prot Sequences, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health
RP Baumeister, W (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biochem, Klopferspitz 18A, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
EM baumeist@biochem.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 338
Z9 735
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 508
EP 513
DI 10.1038/35035069
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400049
PM 11029001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grenfell, BT
   Finkenstädt, BF
   Wilson, K
   Coulson, TN
   Crawley, MJ
AF Grenfell, BT
   Finkenstädt, BF
   Wilson, K
   Coulson, TN
   Crawley, MJ
TI Ecology -: Nonlinearity and the Moran effect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Univ Warwick, Dept Stat, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
   Univ Stirling, Inst Biol Sci, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland.
   Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Warwick; University of Stirling; Zoological Society of London; Imperial College London
RP Grenfell, BT (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
NR 3
TC 16
Z9 17
U1 2
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 847
EP 847
DI 10.1038/35022649
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lappe, M
   Awater, H
   Krekelberg, B
AF Lappe, M
   Awater, H
   Krekelberg, B
TI Postsaccadic visual references generate presaccadic compression of space
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eye-movements; displacement; localization; saccades
AB With every rapid gaze shift (saccade), our eyes experience a different view of the world. Stable perception of visual space requires that points in the new image are associated with corresponding points in the previous image. The brain may use an extraretinal eye position signal to compensate for gaze changes(1,2), or, alternatively, exploit the image contents to determine associated locations(3,4). Support for a uniform extraretinal signal comes from findings that the apparent position of objects briefly flashed around the time of a saccade is often shifted in the direction of the saccade(5-9). This view is challenged, however, by observations that the magnitude(4,10) and direction(11) of the displacement varies across the visual field. Led by the observation that non-uniform displacements typically occurred in studies conducted in slightly illuminated rooms(4,7,10-13), here we determine the dependence of perisaccadic mislocalization on the availability of visual spatial references at various times around a saccade. We find that presaccadic compression(11) occurs only if visual references are available immediately after, rather than before or during, the saccade. Our findings indicate that the visual processes of transsaccadic spatial localization use mainly postsaccadic visual information.
C1 Ruhr Univ Bochum, Dept Zool & Neurobiol, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
C3 Ruhr University Bochum
RP Lappe, M (corresponding author), Ruhr Univ Bochum, Dept Zool & Neurobiol, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
NR 17
TC 219
Z9 231
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 892
EP 895
DI 10.1038/35002588
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200057
PM 10706286
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bao, HM
   Campbell, DA
   Bockheim, JG
   Thiemens, MH
AF Bao, HM
   Campbell, DA
   Bockheim, JG
   Thiemens, MH
TI Origins of sulphate in Antarctic dry-valley soils as deduced from anomalous 17O compositions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sulfate; aerosol; sulfur; ice; age
AB The dry valleys of Antarctica are some of the oldest terrestrial surfaces on the Earth. Despite much study of soil weathering and development, ecosystem dynamics and the occurrence of life in these extreme environments(1-3), the reasons behind the exceptionally high salt content of the dry-valley soils(4-6) have remained uncertain. In particular, the origins of sulphate are still controversial; proposed sources include wind-blown sea salt(5,7), chemical weathering(8), marine incursion(9), hydrothermal processes(10) and oxidation of biogenic sulphur in the atmosphere(1). Here we report measurements of delta(18)O and delta(17)O values of sulphates from a range of dry-valley soils. These sulphates all have a large positive anomaly(11) of O-17, of up to 3.4 parts per thousand. This suggests that Antarctic sulphate comes not just from sea salt (which has no anomaly of O-17) but also from the atmospheric oxidation of reduced gaseous sulphur compounds, the only known process that can generate the observed O-17 anomaly. This source is more prominent in high inland soils, suggesting that the distributions of sulphate are largely explained by differences in particle size and transport mode which exist between sea-salt aerosols and aerosols formed from biogenic sulphur emission.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Bao, HM (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, Mail Code 0356,9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM hbao@chem.ucsd.edu
NR 30
TC 83
Z9 96
U1 1
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 499
EP 502
DI 10.1038/35035054
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400046
PM 11028998
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Perez, GI
   Trbovich, AM
   Gosden, RG
   Tilly, JL
AF Perez, GI
   Trbovich, AM
   Gosden, RG
   Tilly, JL
TI Reproductive biology - Mitochondria and the death of oocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apoptosis; ovary
C1 Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol,Vincent Ctr Reprod Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Univ Leeds, Leeds Gen Infirm, Ctr Reprod Growth & Dev, Leeds LS2 9NS, W Yorkshire, England.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; University of Leeds; Leeds General Infirmary
RP Perez, GI (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol,Vincent Ctr Reprod Biol, VBK137E-GYN, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
NR 14
TC 136
Z9 161
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 500
EP 501
DI 10.1038/35000651
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300035
PM 10676949
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chhowalla, M
   Amaratunga, GAJ
AF Chhowalla, M
   Amaratunga, GAJ
TI Thin films of fullerene-like MoS2 nanoparticles with ultra-low friction and wear
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beam-assisted deposition; apparatus
AB The tribological properties of solid lubricants such as graphite and the metal dichalcogenides MX2 (where M is molybdenum or tungsten and X is sulphur or selenium)(1-13) are of technological interest for reducing wear in circumstances where liquid lubricants are impractical, such as in space technology, ultra-high vacuum or automotive transport. These materials are characterized by weak interatomic interactions (van der Waals forces) between their layered structures, allowing easy, low-strength shearing(14,15). Although these materials exhibit excellent friction and wear resistance and extended lifetime in vacuum, their tribological properties remain poor in the presence of humidity or oxygen(16-19), thereby limiting their technological applications in the Earth's atmosphere. But using MX2 in the form of isolated inorganic fullerene-like hollow nanoparticles similar to carbon fullerenes and nanotubes can improve its performance(1). Here we show that thin films of hollow MoS2 nanoparticles, deposited by a localized high-pressure arc discharge method, exhibit ultra-low friction (an order of magnitude lower than for sputtered MoS2 thin films) and wear in nitrogen and 45% humidity. We attribute this `dry' behaviour in humid environments to the presence of curved S-Mo-S planes that prevent oxidation and preserve the layered structure.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Engn, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Amaratunga, GAJ (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Engn, Trumington St, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, England.
EM ga@eng.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 841
Z9 936
U1 11
U2 806
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 164
EP 167
DI 10.1038/35025020
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000041
PM 11001049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rubin, EM
   Tall, A
AF Rubin, EM
   Tall, A
TI Perspectives for vascular genomics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding cassette transporter-1; tangier-disease; cardiovascular development; hematopoietic lineages; insulin-resistance; apolipoprotein-e; deficient mice; gene-product; atherosclerosis; zebrafish
AB Diseases of the vascular system result from a complex mixture of genetic and environmental factors. Data sets, technologies and strategies emanating from the human genome programme have been applied to the analysis of both rare single-gene and common multigenic vascular disorders. Genomic approaches including inter- and intraspecies sequence comparisons, genotyping with dense marker sets spanning the genome, large-scale mutagenesis screens of model organisms, and genome-wide expression profiling have all begun to contribute to the identification of new genes and mechanisms that are central to cardiovascular disease processes.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Genome Sci Dept, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Med, Div Mol Med, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Columbia University
RP Rubin, EM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Genome Sci Dept, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM emrubin@lbl.gov
NR 43
TC 35
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 265
EP 269
DI 10.1038/35025236
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000063
PM 11001070
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI Emerging fields of basic chemistry in Europe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 811
EP 812
DI 10.1038/35021191
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700062
PM 10963614
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hafernik, J
   Saul-Gershenz, L
AF Hafernik, J
   Saul-Gershenz, L
TI Beetle larvae cooperate to mimic bees
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 San Francisco State Univ, Dept Biol, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA.
C3 California State University System; San Francisco State University
RP Hafernik, J (corresponding author), San Francisco State Univ, Dept Biol, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA.
NR 11
TC 26
Z9 33
U1 0
U2 101
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 35
EP 36
DI 10.1038/35011129
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600038
PM 10811206
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scanlon, JD
   Lee, MSY
AF Scanlon, JD
   Lee, MSY
TI The Pleistocene serpent Wonambi and the early evolution of snakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anatomy
AB The Madtsoiidae were medium sized to gigantic snakes with a fossil record extending from the mid-Cretaceous to the Pleistocene, and spanning Europe, Africa, Madagascar, South America and Australia(1-3), This widely distributed group survived for about 90 million years (70% of known ophidian history), and potentially provides important insights into the origin and early evolution of snakes. However, madtsoiids are known mostly from their vertebrae, and their skull morphology and phylogenetic affinities have been enigmatic. Here we report new Australian material of Wonambi, one of the last-surviving madtsoiids(4-6), that allows the first detailed assessment of madtsoiid cranial anatomy and relationships, Despite its recent age, which could have overlapped with human history in Australia, Wonambi is one of the most primitive snakes known-as basal as the Cretaceous forms Pachyrhachis(7) and Dinilysia(8). None of these three primitive snake lineages shows features associated with burrowing, nor do any of the nearest lizard relatives of snakes (varanoids), These phylogenetic conclusions contradict the widely held 'subterranean' theory of snake origins(9-12), and instead imply that burrowing snakes (scolecophidians and anilioids) acquired their fossorial adaptations after the evolution of the snake body form and jaw apparatus in a large aquatic or (surface-active) terrestrial ancestor.
C1 Univ Queensland, Dept Zool, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Univ New S Wales, Dept Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
C3 University of Queensland; University of New South Wales Sydney
RP Scanlon, JD (corresponding author), Univ Queensland, Dept Zool, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
EM jscanlon@ultra.net.au
NR 30
TC 105
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 416
EP 420
DI 10.1038/35000188
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100047
PM 10667791
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schulteis, G
   Ahmed, SH
   Morse, AC
   Koob, GF
   Everitt, BJ
AF Schulteis, G
   Ahmed, SH
   Morse, AC
   Koob, GF
   Everitt, BJ
TI Conditioning and opiate withdrawal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleus-accumbens; reinforcement; addiction
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, VAMC 125, Dept Anesthesiol, San Diego, CA 92161 USA.
   Vet Affairs Med Ctr, San Diego, CA 92161 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Neuropharmacol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); Scripps Research Institute; University of Cambridge
RP Schulteis, G (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, VAMC 125, Dept Anesthesiol, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA 92161 USA.
FU Medical Research Council [G9537855] Funding Source: Medline; MRC [G9537855] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G9537855] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 12
TC 61
Z9 74
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1013
EP 1014
DI 10.1038/35016630
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700031
PM 10890431
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bassing, CH
   Alt, FW
   Hughes, MM
   D'Auteuil, M
   Wehrly, TD
   Woodman, BB
   Gärtner, F
   White, JM
   Davidson, L
   Sleckman, BP
AF Bassing, CH
   Alt, FW
   Hughes, MM
   D'Auteuil, M
   Wehrly, TD
   Woodman, BB
   Gärtner, F
   White, JM
   Davidson, L
   Sleckman, BP
TI Recombination signal sequences restrict chromosomal V(D)J recombination beyond the 12/23 rule
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mediate recombination; t-cells; beta; gene; rearrangement; chain; differentiation; initiation; segments; promoter
AB The genes encoding the variable regions of lymphocyte antigen receptors are assembled from variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) gene segments(1), V(D)J recombination is initiated by the recombinase activating gene (RAG)-1 and -2 proteins, which introduce DNA double-strand breaks between the V, D and J segments and their flanking recombination signal sequences (RSSs), Generally expressed DNA repair proteins then carry out the joining reaction(2,3), The conserved heptamer and nonamer sequences of the RSSs are separated by non-conserved spacers of 12 or 23 base pairs (forming 12-RSSs and 23-RSSs). The 12/23 rule, which is mediated at the level of RAG-1/2 recognition and cutting(4,5), specifies that V(D)J recombination occurs only between a gene segment flanked by a 12-RSS and one flanked by a 23-RSS1, V beta segments are appended to DJ beta rearrangements, with little or no direct V beta to J beta joining, despite 12/23 compatibility of V beta 23-RSSs and J beta 12-RSSs(6,7). Here we use embryonic stem cells and mice with a modified T-cell receptor (TCR)beta locus containing only one D beta (D beta 1) gene segment and one J beta (J beta 1) gene cluster to show that the 5' D beta 1 12-RSS, but not the J beta 1 12-RSSs, targets rearrangement of a diverse V beta repertoire, This targeting is precise and position-independent. This additional restriction on V(D)J recombination has important implications for the regulation of variable region gene assembly and repertoire development.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Ctr Blood Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM)
RP Sleckman, BP (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, 660 S Euclid Ave,Campus Box 8118, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
EM sleckman@immunology.WUSTL.edu
NR 31
TC 139
Z9 196
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 583
EP 586
DI 10.1038/35014635
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500054
PM 10850719
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Papavasiliou, FN
   Schatz, DG
AF Papavasiliou, FN
   Schatz, DG
TI Cell-cycle-regulated DNA double-strand breaks in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heavy-chain locus; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; mismatch repair; recombination; antibody; transcription; deletions; sequences; pathways; receptor
AB Targeted hypermutation of immunoglobulin variable region genes occurs in B cells during an immune response(1), and gives rise to families of related mutant antibodies which are then selected for their binding affinity to the immunizing antigen(2). Somatic hypermutation predominantly generates point mutations, many of which occur at specific residues (hotspots)(3). The reaction has been linked to transcription and requires the presence of immunoglobulin enhancers(4-6), but replacement of the variable gene by heterologous sequences, or the variable region promoter by a heterologous promoter, does not interfere with the mutation process(7,8). Here we show the existence of abundant DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in hypermutating sequences. Generation of the DSBs is coupled to transcription, enhancer-dependent, and correlates with the appearance of nearby mutations. Furthermore, the DSBs are cell-cycle restricted, being found almost exclusively in cells that have completed, or nearly completed, DNA replication. We propose a model for somatic hypermutation in which mutations are introduced into the DNA during repair of DSBs by homologous recombination. The finding of DSBs during somatic hypermutation may help to explain the chromosomal translocations found in some B-cell tumours.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Immunobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Schatz, DG (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Immunobiol Sect, Box 208011,310 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM david.schatz@yale.edu
NR 30
TC 227
Z9 258
U1 1
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 216
EP 221
DI 10.1038/35041599
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400049
PM 11089977
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bristow, CS
   Bailey, SD
   Lancaster, N
AF Bristow, CS
   Bailey, SD
   Lancaster, N
TI The sedimentary structure of linear sand dunes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID longitudinal dunes; internal structure
AB Linear sand dunes-dunes that extend parallel to each other rather than in star-like or crescentic forms-are the most abundant type of desert sand dune(1). But because their development and their internal structure are poorly understood, they are rarely recognized in the rock record(2). Models of linear dune development(2-6) have not been able to take into account the sub-surface structure of existing dunes, but have relied instead either on the extrapolation of short-term measurements of winds and sediment transport or on observations of near-surface internal sedimentary structures. From such studies, it has not been clear if linear dunes can migrate laterally(2,7,8). Here we present images produced by ground penetrating radar showing the three-dimensional sedimentary structure of a linear dune in the Namib sand sea, where some of the world's largest linear dunes are situated. These profiles show clear evidence for lateral migration in a linear dune. Moreover, the migration of a sinuous crest-line along the dune produces divergent sets of cross-stratification, which can become stacked as the dune height increases, and large linear dunes can support superimposed dunes that produce stacked sets of trough cross-stratification. These clear structural signatures of linear dunes should facilitate their recognition in geological records.
C1 Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Sch Earth Sci, London WC1E 7HX, England.
   UCCSN, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA.
C3 University of London; Birkbeck University London; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); Desert Research Institute NSHE
RP Bristow, CS (corresponding author), Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Sch Earth Sci, Malet St, London WC1E 7HX, England.
NR 13
TC 187
Z9 220
U1 2
U2 86
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 56
EP 59
DI 10.1038/35017536
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200041
PM 10894538
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lyko, F
   Ramsahoye, BH
   Jaenisch, R
AF Lyko, F
   Ramsahoye, BH
   Jaenisch, R
TI Development -: DNA methylation in Drosophila melanogaster
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID methyltransferases; 5-methylcytosine; absence; cells; rdna
C1 Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Univ Edinburgh, Western Gen Hosp, Dept Oncol, John Hughes Bennett Lab, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Midlothian, Scotland.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; University of Edinburgh; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Lyko, F (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
NR 15
TC 368
Z9 432
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 538
EP 540
DI 10.1038/35046205
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600104
PM 11117732
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Niemela, JJ
   Skrbek, L
   Sreenivasan, KR
   Donnelly, RJ
AF Niemela, JJ
   Skrbek, L
   Sreenivasan, KR
   Donnelly, RJ
TI Turbulent convection at very high Rayleigh numbers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID benard convection; thermal turbulence; low-temperature; gaseous helium
AB Turbulent convection occurs when the Rayleigh number (Ra)-which quantifies the relative magnitude of thermal driving to dissipative forces in the fluid motion-becomes sufficiently high. Although many theoretical and experimental studies of turbulent convection exist, the basic properties of heat transport remain unclear. One important question concerns the existence of an asymptotic regime that is supposed to occur at very high Ra. Theory predicts that in such a state the Nusselt number (Nu), representing the global heat transport, should scale as Nu proportional to Ra-beta with beta = 1/2. Here we investigate thermal transport over eleven orders of magnitude of the Rayleigh number (10(6) less than or equal to Ra less than or equal to 10(7)), using cryogenic helium gas as the working fluid. Our data, over the entire range of Ra, can be described to the lowest order by a single power-law with scaling exponent beta close to 0.31. In particular, we rnd no evidence for a transition to the Ra-1/2 regime. We also study the variation of internal temperature fluctuations with Ra, and probe velocity statistics indirectly.
C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Phys, Cryogen Helium Turbulence Lab, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
   Yale Univ, Mason Lab, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 University of Oregon; Yale University
RP Donnelly, RJ (corresponding author), Univ Oregon, Dept Phys, Cryogen Helium Turbulence Lab, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
EM russ@vortex.uoregon.edu
NR 27
TC 611
Z9 658
U1 1
U2 70
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 837
EP 840
DI 10.1038/35009036
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000035
PM 10786783
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nishitani, H
   Lygerou, Z
   Nishimoto, T
   Nurse, P
AF Nishitani, H
   Lygerou, Z
   Nishimoto, T
   Nurse, P
TI The Cdt1 protein is required to license DNA for replication in fission yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID origin recognition complex; s-phase; cell-cycle; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; mcm proteins; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; initiation; component; xenopus; mitosis
AB To maintain genome stability in eukaryotic cells, DNA is licensed for replication only after the cell has completed mitosis, ensuring that DNA synthesis (S phase) occurs once every cell cycle(1). This licensing control is thought to require the protein Cdc6 (Cdc18 in fission yeast) as a mediator for association of minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins with chromatin(2-10). The control is overridden in fission yeast by overexpressing Cdc18 (ref. 11) which leads to continued DNA synthesis in the absence of mitosis(12). Other factors acting in this control have been postulated(13) and we have used a re-replication assay to identify Cdt1 (ref. 14) as one such factor. Cdt1 cooperates with Cdc18 to promote DNA replication, interacts with Cdc18, is located in the nucleus, and its concentration peaks as cells finish mitosis and proceed to S phase. Both Cdc18 and Cdt1 are required to load the MCM protein Cdc21 onto chromatin at the end of mitosis and this is necessary to initiate DNA replication. Genes related to Cdt1 have been found in Metazoa and plants (A. Whitaker, I. Roysman and T. Orr-Weaver, personal communication), suggesting that the cooperation of Cdc6/Cdc18 with Cdt1 to load MCM proteins onto chromatin may be a generally conserved feature of DNA licensing in eukaryotes.
C1 Imperial Canc Res Fund, London WC2A 3PX, England.
   Kyushu Univ, Grad Sch Med Sci, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
C3 Cancer Research UK; Kyushu University
RP Lygerou, Z (corresponding author), Imperial Canc Res Fund, 44 Lincolns Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, England.
EM z_lygerou@yahoo.com
NR 25
TC 384
Z9 476
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 625
EP +
DI 10.1038/35007110
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100059
PM 10766248
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Strahl, BD
   Allis, CD
AF Strahl, BD
   Allis, CD
TI The language of covalent histone modifications
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitotic chromosome condensation; chromatin structure; lysine residues; acetylation; h3; phosphorylation; nucleosome; h4; heterochromatin; transcription
AB Histone proteins and the nucleosomes they form with DNA are the fundamental building blocks of eukaryotic chromatin. A diverse array of post-translational modifications that often occur on tail domains of these proteins has been well documented. Although the function of these highly conserved modifications has remained elusive, converging biochemical and genetic evidence suggests functions in several chromatin-based processes. We propose that distinct histone modifications, on one or more tails, act sequentially or in combination to form a 'histone code' that is, read by other proteins to bring about distinct downstream events.
C1 Univ Virginia, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
C3 University of Virginia
RP Allis, CD (corresponding author), Univ Virginia, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
EM allis@virginia.edu
NR 69
TC 6751
Z9 8580
U1 13
U2 877
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 41
EP 45
DI 10.1038/47412
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400035
PM 10638745
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, KJ
   Dietrich, P
   Jessell, TM
AF Lee, KJ
   Dietrich, P
   Jessell, TM
TI Genetic ablation reveals that the roof plate is essential for dorsal interneuron specification
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; avian neural crest; spinal-cord; transgenic mice; floor plate; commissural interneurons; mouse development; toxin gene; expression; cell
AB During neural development in vertebrates, a spatially ordered array of neurons is generated in response to inductive signals derived from localized organizing centres, One organizing centre that has been proposed to have a role in the control of neural patterning is the roof plate, To define the contribution of signals derived from the roof plate to the specification of neuronal cell types in the dorsal neural tube, we devised a genetic strategy to ablate the roof plate selectively in mouse embryos, Embryos without a roof plate lack all the interneuron subtypes that are normally generated in the dorsal third of the neural tube. Using a genetically based lineage analysis and in vitro assays, we show that the loss of these neurons results from the elimination of nonautonomous signals provided by the roof plate, These results reveal that the roof plate is essential for specifying multiple classes of neurons in the mammalian central nervous system.
C1 Columbia Univ, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Genet & Dev, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University
RP Jessell, TM (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM tmj1@columbia.edu
NR 50
TC 231
Z9 296
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 734
EP 740
DI 10.1038/35001507
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100042
PM 10693795
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shim, M
   Guyot-Sionnest, P
AF Shim, M
   Guyot-Sionnest, P
TI N-type colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum dots; conducting films; polymer
AB Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals(1,2) combine the physical and chemical properties of molecules with the optoelectronic properties of semiconductors. Their colour is highly controllable, a direct consequence of quantum confinement on the electronic states(3). Such nanocrystals are a form of 'artificial atoms' (ref. 4) that may rnd applications in optoelectronic systems such as light-emitting diodes(5,6) and photovoltaic cells(7), or as components of future nanoelectronic devices. The ability to control the electron occupation (especially in n-type or p-type nanocrystals) is important for tailoring the electrical and optical properties, and should lead to a wider range of practical devices. But conventional doping by introducing impurity atoms has been unsuccessful so far: impurities tend to be expelled from the small crystalline cores (as observed for magnetic impurities(8)), and thermal ionization of the impurities (which provides free carriers) is hindered by strong confinement. Here we report the fabrication of n-type nanocrystals using an electron transfer approach commonly employed in the field of conducting organic polymers(9). We find that semiconductor nanocrystals prepared as colloids can be made n-type, with electrons in quantum confined states.
C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Shim, M (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 21
TC 470
Z9 579
U1 2
U2 197
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6807
BP 981
EP 983
DI 10.1038/35039577
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 366XX
UT WOS:000090032500036
PM 11069172
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reed, MB
   Saliba, KJ
   Caruana, SR
   Kirk, K
   Cowman, AF
AF Reed, MB
   Saliba, KJ
   Caruana, SR
   Kirk, K
   Cowman, AF
TI Pgh1 modulates sensitivity and resistance to multiple antimalarials in Plasmodium falciparum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chloroquine resistance; p-glycoprotein; physicochemical property; halofantrine resistance; malaria parasites; in-vitro; gene; amplification; drug; transformation
AB Throughout the latter half of this century, the development and spread of resistance to most front-line antimalarial compounds used in the prevention and treatment of the most severe form of human malaria has given cause for grave clinical concern. Polymorphisms in pfmdr1, the gene encoding the P-glycoprotein homologue 1 (Pgh1) protein of Plasmodium falciparum, have been linked to chloroquine resistance(1); Pgh1 has also been implicated in resistance to mefloquine and halofantrine(2-5). However, conclusive evidence of a direct causal association between pfmdr1 and resistance to these antimalarials has remained elusive, and a single genetic cross has suggested that Pgh1 is not involved in resistance to chloroquine and mefloquine(6). Here we provide direct proof that mutations in Pgh1 can confer resistance to mefloquine, quinine and halofantrine. The same mutations influence parasite resistance towards chloroquine in a strain-specific manner and the level of sensitivity to the structurally unrelated compound, artemisinin, This has important implications for the development and efficacy of future antimalarial agents.
C1 Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Melbourne, Vic 3050, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, Fac Sci, Div Biochem & Mol Biol, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 Walter & Eliza Hall Institute; Australian National University
RP Cowman, AF (corresponding author), Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Melbourne, Vic 3050, Australia.
EM cowman@wehi.edu.au
NR 27
TC 709
Z9 826
U1 0
U2 171
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 906
EP 909
DI 10.1038/35002615
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200061
PM 10706290
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nicoll, RA
   Mellor, J
   Frerking, M
   Schmitz, D
AF Nicoll, RA
   Mellor, J
   Frerking, M
   Schmitz, D
TI Neurobiology - Kainate receptors and synaptic plasticity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; hippocampal ca3 neurons; ltp
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Nicoll, RA (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 10
TC 25
Z9 29
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 957
EP 957
DI 10.1038/35023075
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200033
PM 10984042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Birk, OS
   Casiano, DE
   Wassif, CA
   Cogliati, T
   Zhao, LP
   Zhao, YG
   Grinberg, A
   Huang, SP
   Kreidberg, JA
   Parker, KL
   Porter, FD
   Westphal, H
AF Birk, OS
   Casiano, DE
   Wassif, CA
   Cogliati, T
   Zhao, LP
   Zhao, YG
   Grinberg, A
   Huang, SP
   Kreidberg, JA
   Parker, KL
   Porter, FD
   Westphal, H
TI The LIM homeobox gene Lhx9 is essential for mouse gonad formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sexual-differentiation; expression
AB During mammalian embryonic development, the ovaries and testes develop from somatic cells of the urogenital ridges as indifferent gonads, harbouring primordial germ cells that have migrated there. After sex determination of the gonads, the testes produce testosterone and anti-Mullerian hormone which mediate male sexual differentiation, and the female developmental pathway ensues in their absence(1-3). Here we show that transcripts of the LIM homeobox gene Lhx9 are present in urogenital ridges of mice at embryonic day 9.5; later they localize to the interstitial region as morphological differentiation occurs. In mice lacking Lhx9 function, germ cells migrate normally, but somatic cells of the genital ridge fail to proliferate and a discrete gonad fails to form. In the absence of testosterone and anti-Mullerian hormone, genetically male mice are phenotypically female. The expression of steroidogenic factor 1 (Sf1), a nuclear receptor essential for gonadogenesis2, is reduced to minimal levels in the Lhx9-deficient genital ridge, indicating that Lhx9 may lie upstream of Sf1 in a developmental cascade. Unlike mice lacking other genes that mediate early stages of gonadogenesis(4-6), Lhx9 mutants do not exhibit additional major developmental defects. Thus, LHX9 mutations may underlie certain forms of isolated gonadal agenesis in humans.
C1 NICHHD, Lab Mammalian Genes & Dev, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NICHHD, Heritable Disorders Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NCI, Dept Genet, Med Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20889 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital
RP Westphal, H (corresponding author), NICHHD, Lab Mammalian Genes & Dev, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 23
TC 290
Z9 347
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 909
EP 913
DI 10.1038/35002622
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200062
PM 10706291
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parkhill, J
   Wren, BW
   Mungall, K
   Ketley, JM
   Churcher, C
   Basham, D
   Chillingworth, T
   Davies, RM
   Feltwell, T
   Holroyd, S
   Jagels, K
   Karlyshev, AV
   Moule, S
   Pallen, MJ
   Penn, CW
   Quail, MA
   Rajandream, MA
   Rutherford, KM
   van Vliet, AHM
   Whitehead, S
   Barrell, BG
AF Parkhill, J
   Wren, BW
   Mungall, K
   Ketley, JM
   Churcher, C
   Basham, D
   Chillingworth, T
   Davies, RM
   Feltwell, T
   Holroyd, S
   Jagels, K
   Karlyshev, AV
   Moule, S
   Pallen, MJ
   Penn, CW
   Quail, MA
   Rajandream, MA
   Rutherford, KM
   van Vliet, AHM
   Whitehead, S
   Barrell, BG
TI The genome sequence of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni reveals hypervariable sequences
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID helicobacter-pylori; genes; virulence; identification; bacteria; program; cells
AB Campylobacter jejuni, from the delta-epsilon group of proteobacteria, is a microaerophilic, Gram-negative, flagellate, spiral bacterium-properties it shares with the related gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. It is the leading cause of bacterial food-borne diarrhoeal disease throughout the world(1). In addition, infection with C. jejuni is the most frequent antecedent to a form of neuromuscular paralysis known as Guillain-Barre syndrome(2). Here we report the genome sequence of C. jejuni NCTC11168. C. jejuni has a circular chromosome of 1,641,481 base pairs (30.6% G+C) which is predicted to encode 1,654 proteins and 54 stable RNA species. The genome is unusual in that there are virtually no insertion sequences or phage-associated sequences and very few repeat sequences. One of the most striking findings in the genome was the presence of hypervariable sequences. These short homopolymeric runs of nucleotides were commonly found in genes encoding the biosynthesis or modification of surface structures, or in closely linked genes of unknown function. The apparently high rate of variation of these homopolymeric tracts may be important in the survival strategy of C. jejuni.
C1 Sanger Ctr, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Infect & Trop Med, London WC1E 7HT, England.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Genet, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Microbiol & Immunobiol, Belfast BT12 6BN, Antrim, North Ireland.
   Univ Birmingham, Sch Biosci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
   Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Med, Dept Med Microbiol, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Med, Dept Gastroenterol, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; University of Leicester; Queens University Belfast; University of Birmingham; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP Parkhill, J (corresponding author), Sanger Ctr, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
NR 30
TC 1620
Z9 2365
U1 3
U2 163
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 665
EP 668
DI 10.1038/35001088
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200056
PM 10688204
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Qin, LC
   Zhao, XL
   Hirahara, K
   Miyamoto, Y
   Ando, Y
   Iijima, S
AF Qin, LC
   Zhao, XL
   Hirahara, K
   Miyamoto, Y
   Ando, Y
   Iijima, S
TI Materials science - The smallest carbon nanotube
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 NEC Corp Ltd, JST ICORP Nanotubulite Project, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058501, Japan.
   Meijo Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Tempaku Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4688502, Japan.
C3 NEC Corporation; Meijo University
RP Qin, LC (corresponding author), NEC Corp Ltd, JST ICORP Nanotubulite Project, 34 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058501, Japan.
EM qin@frl.cl.nec.co.jp
NR 11
TC 407
Z9 457
U1 5
U2 105
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 50
EP 50
DI 10.1038/35040699
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400044
PM 11081500
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gray, JE
   Holroyd, GH
   van der Lee, FM
   Bahrami, AR
   Sijmons, PC
   Woodward, FI
   Schuch, W
   Heterington, AM
AF Gray, JE
   Holroyd, GH
   van der Lee, FM
   Bahrami, AR
   Sijmons, PC
   Woodward, FI
   Schuch, W
   Heterington, AM
TI The HIC signalling pathway links CO2 perception to stomatal development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arabidopsis-thaliana; feeding structures; transgenic plants; gene-expression; fossil plants; density; fiddlehead; genome; mutant; index
AB Stomatal pores on the leaf surface control both the uptake of CO2 for photosynthesis and the loss of water during transpiration. Since the industrial revolution, decreases in stomatal numbers in parallel with increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration have provided evidence of plant responses to changes in CO2 levels caused by human activity(1,2). This inverse correlation between stomatal density and CO2 concentration also holds for fossil material from the past 400 million years(3) and has provided dues to the causes of global extinction events(4). Here we report the identification of the Arabidopsis gene HIC (for high carbon dioxide), which encodes a negative regulator of stomatal development that responds to CO2 concentration. This gene encodes a putative 3-keto acyl coenzyme A synthase-an enzyme involved in the synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids(5). Mutant hic plants exhibit up to a 42% increase in stomatal density in response to a doubling of CO2. Our results identify a gene involved in the signal transduction pathway responsible for controlling stomatal numbers at elevated CO2.
C1 Univ Lancaster, Dept Biol Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Zeneca Mogen, NL-2300 AP Leiden, Netherlands.
   Cellscreen, NL-6700 AC Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Zeneca Wheat Improvement Ctr, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
C3 Lancaster University; University of Sheffield; University of Sheffield
RP Heterington, AM (corresponding author), Univ Lancaster, Dept Biol Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England.
NR 30
TC 318
Z9 395
U1 2
U2 138
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 713
EP 716
DI 10.1038/35047071
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200047
PM 11130071
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McNab, BK
AF McNab, BK
TI Metabolic scaling - Energy constraints on carnivore diet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammals
C1 Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida
RP McNab, BK (corresponding author), Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
NR 8
TC 33
Z9 38
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 584
EP 584
DI 10.1038/35036695
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800035
PM 11034199
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pertea, M
   Salzberg, SL
   Gardner, MJ
AF Pertea, M
   Salzberg, SL
   Gardner, MJ
TI Bioinformatics -: Finding genes in Plasmodium falciparum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
C3 J. Craig Venter Institute
RP Pertea, M (corresponding author), Inst Genom Res, 9712 Med Ctr Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
NR 3
TC 18
Z9 18
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 34
EP 34
DI 10.1038/35003643
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100032
PM 10716431
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sigrist, SJ
   Thiel, PR
   Reiff, DF
   Lachance, PED
   Lasko, P
   Schuster, CM
AF Sigrist, SJ
   Thiel, PR
   Reiff, DF
   Lachance, PED
   Lasko, P
   Schuster, CM
TI Postsynaptic translation affects the efficacy and morphology of neuromuscular junctions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID presynaptic transmitter release; term synaptic plasticity; local protein-synthesis; messenger-rna; functional components; genetic dissection; retrograde signal; ampa receptors; drosophila; synapses
AB Long-term synaptic plasticity may be associated with structural rearrangements within the neuronal circuitry(1,2). Although the molecular mechanisms governing such activity-controlled morphological alterations are mostly elusive, polysomal accumulations at the base of developing dendritic spines(3) and the activity-induced synthesis of synaptic components suggest that localized translation is involved during synaptic plasticity(4,5). Here we show that large aggregates of translational components as well as messenger RNA of the postsynaptic glutamate receptor subunit DGluR-IIA(6) are localized within subsynaptic compartments of larval neuromuscular junctions of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetic models of junctional plasticity(7) and genetic manipulations using the translation initiation factors eIF4E(8) and poly(A)binding protein(9) showed an increased occurrence of subsynaptic translation aggregates. This was associated with a significant increase in the postsynaptic DGluR-IIA protein levels and a reduction in the junctional expression of the cell-adhesion molecule Fasciclin II. In addition, the efficacy of junctional neurotransmission and the size of larval neuromuscular junctions were significantly increased. Our results therefore provide evidence for a postsynaptic translational control of long-term junctional plasticity.
C1 Max Planck Gesell, Friedrich Miescher Lab, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
C3 Max Planck Society; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; McGill University
RP Schuster, CM (corresponding author), Max Planck Gesell, Friedrich Miescher Lab, Spemannstr 37-39, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
NR 29
TC 139
Z9 157
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1062
EP 1065
DI 10.1038/35016598
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700048
PM 10890448
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bear, G
AF Bear, G
TI Deep ice and DNA languages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 141
EP 141
DI 10.1038/35003068
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300027
PM 10646579
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whyatt, D
   Lindeboom, F
   Karis, A
   Ferreira, R
   Milot, E
   Hendriks, R
   de Bruijn, M
   Langeveld, A
   Gribnau, J
   Grosveld, F
   Philipsen, S
AF Whyatt, D
   Lindeboom, F
   Karis, A
   Ferreira, R
   Milot, E
   Hendriks, R
   de Bruijn, M
   Langeveld, A
   Gribnau, J
   Grosveld, F
   Philipsen, S
TI An intrinsic but cell-nonautonomous defect in GATA-1-overexpressing mouse erythroid cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor gata-1; x-chromosome inactivation; chimeric mice; retinoblastoma gene; in-vivo; differentiation; precursors; mutation; erythropoiesis; stabilization
AB GATA-1 is a tissue-specific transcription factor that is essential for the production of red blood cells(1,2). Here we show that overexpression of GATA-1 in erythroid cells inhibits their differentiation, leading to a lethal anaemia. Using chromosome-X-inactivation of a GATA-1 transgene and chimaeric animals, we show that this defect is intrinsic to erythroid cells, but nevertheless cell nonautonomous. Usually, cell nonautonomy is thought to reflect aberrant gene function in cells other than those that exhibit the phenotype(3). On the basis of our data, we propose an alternative mechanism in which a signal originating from wild-type erythroid cells restores normal differentiation to cells overexpressing GATA-1 in vivo. The existence of such a signalling mechanism indicates that previous interpretations of cell-nonautonomous defects may be erroneous in some cases and may in fact assign gene function to incorrect cell types.
C1 Erasmus Univ, Dept Cell Biol & Genet, Ctr Med Genet, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Carcinogenesis, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Netherlands Cancer Institute
RP Grosveld, F (corresponding author), Erasmus Univ, Dept Cell Biol & Genet, Ctr Med Genet, POB 1738, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
NR 30
TC 97
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 519
EP 524
DI 10.1038/35020086
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000047
PM 10952313
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Silverberg, R
AF Silverberg, R
TI Pluto story - The discovery of extraterrestrial life was the key event of the third millennium.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 367
EP 367
DI 10.1038/35000306
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100024
PM 10667769
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dennis, MS
   Eigenbrot, C
   Skelton, NJ
   Ultsch, MH
   Santell, L
   Dwyer, MA
   O'Connell, MP
   Lazarus, RA
AF Dennis, MS
   Eigenbrot, C
   Skelton, NJ
   Ultsch, MH
   Santell, L
   Dwyer, MA
   O'Connell, MP
   Lazarus, RA
TI Peptide exosite inhibitors of factor VIIa as anticoagulants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tissue factor pathway; coagulation-factor viia; serine proteases; alpha-thrombin; proteinases; library; discovery; complex; display; domain
AB Potent anticoagulants have been derived by targeting the tissue factor-factor VIIa complex with naive peptide libraries displayed on M13 phage, The peptides specifically block the activation of factor X with a median inhibitory concentration of 1 nM and selectively inhibit tissue-factor-dependent clotting, The peptides do not bind to the active site of factor VIIa; rather, they work by binding to an exosite on the factor VIIa protease domain, and non-competitively inhibit activation of factor X and amidolytic activity. One such peptide (E-76) has a well defined structure in solution determined by NMR spectroscopy that is similar to the X-ray crystal structure when complexed with factor VIIa, These structural and functional studies indicate an allosteric 'switch' mechanism of inhibition involving an activation loop of factor VIIa and represent a new framework for developing inhibitors of serine proteases.
C1 Genentech Inc, Dept Prot Engn, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA
RP Lazarus, RA (corresponding author), Genentech Inc, Dept Prot Engn, 1 DNA Way, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
NR 45
TC 198
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 465
EP 470
DI 10.1038/35006574
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700038
PM 10761907
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Savaglio, S
   Carbone, V
AF Savaglio, S
   Carbone, V
TI Human performance - Scaling in athletic world records
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Univ Calabria, Dipartimento Fis, I-87036 Arcavacata Di Rende, CS, Italy.
   Univ Calabria, Ist Nazl Fis Mat, Unita Cosenza, I-87036 Arcavacata Di Rende, CS, Italy.
C3 Space Telescope Science Institute; University of Calabria; University of Calabria; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR)
RP Savaglio, S (corresponding author), Space Telescope Sci Inst, 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
EM savaglio@stsci.edu
NR 5
TC 27
Z9 28
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 244
EP 244
DI 10.1038/35005165
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200036
PM 10749198
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sasaki, T
   Irie-Sasaki, J
   Horie, Y
   Bachmaier, K
   Fata, JE
   Li, M
   Suzuki, A
   Bouchard, D
   Ho, A
   Redston, M
   Gallinger, S
   Khokha, R
   Mak, TW
   Hawkins, PT
   Stephens, L
   Scherer, SW
   Tsao, M
   Penninger, JM
AF Sasaki, T
   Irie-Sasaki, J
   Horie, Y
   Bachmaier, K
   Fata, JE
   Li, M
   Suzuki, A
   Bouchard, D
   Ho, A
   Redston, M
   Gallinger, S
   Khokha, R
   Mak, TW
   Hawkins, PT
   Stephens, L
   Scherer, SW
   Tsao, M
   Penninger, JM
TI Colorectal carcinomas in mice lacking the catalytic subunit of PI(3)Kγ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphoinositide 3-kinase; tumor suppression; colon-carcinoma; cancer; pten; pathway; kinase; pi3k; gene; apc
AB Phosphoinositide-3-OH kinases (PI(3)Ks) constitute a family of evolutionarily conserved lipid kinases that regulate a vast array of fundamental cellular responses, including proliferation, transformation, differentiation and protection from apoptosis(1,2). PI(3)K-mediated activation of the cell survival kinase PKB/Akt, and negative regulation of PI(3)K signalling by the tumour suppressor PTEN (refs 3, 4) are key regulatory events in tumorigenesis(5-7). Thus, a model has arisen that PI(3)K gamma promote development of cancers. Here we report that genetic inactivation of the p110 gamma catalytic subunit of PI(3)K gamma (ref. 8) leads to development of invasive colorectal adenocarcinomas in mice. In humans, p110 gamma protein expression is lost in primary colorectal adenocarcinomas from patients and in colon cancer cell lines. Overexpression of wild-type or kinase-dead p110 gamma in human colon cancer cells with mutations of the tumour suppressors APC and p53, or the oncogenes beta-catenin and Ki-ras, suppressed tumorigenesis. Thus, loss of p110 gamma in mice leads to spontaneous, malignant epithelial tumours in the colorectum and p110 gamma can block the growth of human colon cancer cells.
C1 Ontario Canc Inst, Amegen Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Immunol, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Ontario Canc Inst, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Ontario Canc Inst, Dept Lab Med & Pathobiol, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Hosp Sick Children, Dept Genet & Genome Biol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Ctr Canc Genet, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
   Babraham Inst, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Lab Med, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Pathol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Babraham Institute; University of Toronto; University of Toronto
RP Penninger, JM (corresponding author), Ontario Canc Inst, Amegen Inst, 620 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
EM Jpenning@amgen.com
NR 24
TC 93
Z9 106
U1 1
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 897
EP 902
DI 10.1038/35022585
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600046
PM 10972292
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Copley, J
AF Copley, J
TI Ecology goes underground
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biodiversity; soil; productivity; ecosystems; diversity; carbon; fungi; field
C1 Univ Southampton, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England.
C3 University of Southampton
RP Copley, J (corresponding author), Univ Southampton, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England.
NR 14
TC 87
Z9 182
U1 4
U2 155
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 452
EP 454
DI 10.1038/35020131
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000012
PM 10952284
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lemarchand, D
   Gaillardet, J
   Lewin, É
   Allégre, CJ
AF Lemarchand, D
   Gaillardet, J
   Lewin, É
   Allégre, CJ
TI The influence of rivers on marine boron isotopes and implications for reconstructing past ocean pH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric co2; seawater; paleoclimate; carbonates; crust; cycle
AB Ocean pH is particularly sensitive to atmospheric carbon dioxide content(1-3). Records of ocean pH can therefore be used to estimate past atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. The isotopic composition of boron (delta B-11) contained in the carbonate shells of marine organisms varies according to pH, from which ocean pH can be reconstructed(4-11). This requires independent estimates of the delta B-11 of dissolved boron in sea water through time. The marine delta B-11 budget, however, is still largely unconstrained. Here we show that, by incorporating the global flux of riverine boron (as estimated from delta B-11 measurements in 22 of the world's main rivers), the marine boron isotope budget can be balanced. We also derive ocean delta B-11 budgets for the past 120 Myr. Estimated isotope compositions of boron in sea water show a remarkable consistency with records of delta B-11 in foraminiferal carbonates(9-11), suggesting that foraminifera delta B-11 records may in part reflect changes in the marine boron isotope budget rather than changes in ocean pH over the Cenozoic era.
C1 Inst Phys Globe, Lab Geochim & Cosmochim, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
C3 Universite Paris Cite
RP Lemarchand, D (corresponding author), Inst Phys Globe, Lab Geochim & Cosmochim, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
EM lemarcha@ipgp.jussieu.fr
NR 29
TC 182
Z9 223
U1 5
U2 103
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 951
EP 954
DI 10.1038/35050058
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100043
PM 11140677
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rhee, I
   Jair, KW
   Yen, RWC
   Lengauer, C
   Herman, JG
   Kinzler, KW
   Vogelstein, B
   Baylin, SB
   Schuebel, KE
AF Rhee, I
   Jair, KW
   Yen, RWC
   Lengauer, C
   Herman, JG
   Kinzler, KW
   Vogelstein, B
   Baylin, SB
   Schuebel, KE
TI CpG methylation is maintained in human cancer cells lacking DNMT1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-cytosine methyltransferase; de-novo methylation; genetic instability; neoplasia
AB Hypermethylation is associated with the silencing of tumour susceptibility genes in several forms of cancer(1,2); however, the mechanisms responsible for this aberrant methylation are poorly understood(3,4). The prototypic DNA methyltransferase, DNMT1, has been widely assumed to be responsible for most of the methylation of the human genome, including the abnormal methylation found in cancers(5,6). To test this hypothesis, we disrupted the DNMT1 gene through homologous recombination in human colorectal carcinoma cells. Here we show that cells lacking DNMT1 exhibited markedly decreased cellular DNA methyltransferase activity, but there was only a 20% decrease in overall genomic methylation. Although juxtacentromeric satellites became significantly demethylated, most of the loci that we analysed, including the tumour suppressor gene p16(INK4a), remained fully methylated and silenced. These results indicate that DNMT1 has an unsuspected degree of regional specificity in human cells and that methylating activities other than DNMT1 can maintain the methylation of most of the genome.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Johns Hopkins Oncol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Program Human Genet, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Schuebel, KE (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Johns Hopkins Oncol Ctr, 1650 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
NR 30
TC 364
Z9 436
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 1003
EP 1007
DI 10.1038/35010000
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000058
PM 10801130
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heidelberg, JF
   Eisen, JA
   Nelson, WC
   Clayton, RA
   Gwinn, ML
   Dodson, RJ
   Haft, DH
   Hickey, EK
   Peterson, JD
   Umayam, L
   Gill, SR
   Nelson, KE
   Read, TD
   Tettelin, H
   Richardson, D
   Ermolaeva, MD
   Vamathevan, J
   Bass, S
   Qin, HY
   Dragoi, I
   Sellers, P
   McDonald, L
   Utterback, T
   Fleishmann, RD
   Nierman, WC
   White, O
   Salzberg, SL
   Smith, HO
   Colwell, RR
   Mekalanos, JJ
   Venter, JC
   Fraser, CM
AF Heidelberg, JF
   Eisen, JA
   Nelson, WC
   Clayton, RA
   Gwinn, ML
   Dodson, RJ
   Haft, DH
   Hickey, EK
   Peterson, JD
   Umayam, L
   Gill, SR
   Nelson, KE
   Read, TD
   Tettelin, H
   Richardson, D
   Ermolaeva, MD
   Vamathevan, J
   Bass, S
   Qin, HY
   Dragoi, I
   Sellers, P
   McDonald, L
   Utterback, T
   Fleishmann, RD
   Nierman, WC
   White, O
   Salzberg, SL
   Smith, HO
   Colwell, RR
   Mekalanos, JJ
   Venter, JC
   Fraser, CM
TI DNA sequence of both chromosomes of the cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin; o1 el-tor; nucleotide-sequence; gene-cluster; biofilm formation; toxin; pilus; identification; virulence; bacteria
AB Here we determine the complete genomic sequence of the Gram negative, gamma-Proteobacterium Vibrio cholerae El Tor N16961 to be 4,033,460 base pairs (bp). The genome consists of two circular chromosomes of 2,961,146 bp and 1,072,314 bp that together encode 3,885 open reading frames. The vast majority of recognizable genes for essential cell functions (such as DNA replication, transcription, translation and cell-wall biosynthesis) and pathogenicity (for example, toxins, surface antigens and adhesins) are located on the large chromosome. In contrast, the small chromosome contains a larger fraction (59%) of hypothetical genes compared with the large chromosome (42%), and also contains many more genes that appear to have origins other than the g-Proteobacteria. The small chromosome also carries a gene capture system (the integron island) and host 'addiction' genes that are typically found on plasmids; thus, the small chromosome may have originally been a megaplasmid that was captured by an ancestral Vibrio species. The V. cholerae genomic sequence provides a starting point for understanding how a free-living, environmental organism emerged to become a significant human bacterial pathogen.
C1 Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Ctr Marine Biotechnol, Inst Biotechnol, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 J. Craig Venter Institute; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Fraser, CM (corresponding author), Inst Genom Res, 9712 Med Ctr Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
EM gvc@tigr.org
NR 50
TC 1477
Z9 2724
U1 1
U2 191
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 477
EP 483
DI 10.1038/35020000
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000035
PM 10952301
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hsueh, YP
   Wang, TF
   Yang, FC
   Sheng, M
AF Hsueh, YP
   Wang, TF
   Yang, FC
   Sheng, M
TI Nuclear translocation and transcription regulation by the membrane-associated guanylate kinase CASK/LIN-2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epithelial-cells; basolateral membrane; protein complex; beta-catenin; identification; localization; brachyury; homolog; domain
AB Membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs) contain multiple protein-binding domains that allow them to assemble specific multiprotein complexes in particular regions of the cell(1,2). CASK/LIN-2, a MAGUK required for EGF receptor localization and signalling in Caenorhabditis elegans, contains a calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-like domain followed by PDZ, SH3 and guanylate kinase-like domains(3-5). In adult rat brain, CASK is concentrated at neuronal synapses and binds to the cell-surface proteins neurexin and syndecan(6-8) and the cytoplasmic proteins Mint/LIN-10 and Veli/LIN-7 (refs 4, 9, 10). Here we report that, through its guanylate kinase domain, CASK interacts with Tbr-1, a T-box transcription factor that is involved in forebrain development(11,12). CASK enters the nucleus and binds to a specific DNA sequence (the T-element) in a complex with Tbr-1. CASK acts as a coactivator of Tbr-1 to induce transcription of T-element containing genes, including reelin, a gene that is essential for cerebrocortical development. Our findings show that a MAGUK which is usually associated with cell junctions has a transcription regulation function.
C1 Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Sheng, M (corresponding author), Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM sheng@helix.mgh.harvard.edu
NR 22
TC 302
Z9 343
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 298
EP 302
DI 10.1038/35005118
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200053
PM 10749215
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Voss, D
AF Voss, D
TI Cheap and cheerful circuits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymer
NR 8
TC 209
Z9 268
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 442
EP 444
DI 10.1038/35035212
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400013
PM 11028974
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fisher, AT
   Becker, K
AF Fisher, AT
   Becker, K
TI Channelized fluid flow in oceanic crust reconciles heat-flow and permeability data
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrothermal circulation; ridge; convection; sediment; atlantic; fluxes; flank; age
AB Hydrothermal fluid circulation within the sea floor profoundly influences the physical, chemical and biological state of the crust and the oceans. Circulation within ridge flanks (in crust more than 1 Myr old) results in greater heat loss(1-3) and fluid flux(4) than that at ridge crests and persists for millions of years, thereby altering the composition of the crust and overlying ocean(5,6). Fluid flow in oceanic crust is, however, limited by the extent and nature of the rock's permeability(7). Here we demonstrate that the global data set of borehole permeability measurements in uppermost oceanic crust(7-9) defines a trend with age that is consistent with changes in seismic velocity(10,11). This trend-which indicates that fluid flow should be greatly reduced in crust older than a few million years-would appear to be inconsistent with heat-flow observations, which on average indicate significant advective heat loss in crust up to 65 Myr old(3). But our calculations, based on a lateral flow model, suggest that regional-scale permeabilities are much higher than have been measured in boreholes. These results can be reconciled if most of the fluid flow in the upper crust is channelized through a small volume of rock, influencing the geometry of convection and the nature of fluid-rock interaction.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Geol & Geophys, Miami, FL 33145 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of Miami
RP Fisher, AT (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
NR 31
TC 177
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 71
EP 74
DI 10.1038/47463
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400043
PM 10638753
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alizadeh, AA
   Eisen, MB
   Davis, RE
   Ma, C
   Lossos, IS
   Rosenwald, A
   Boldrick, JG
   Sabet, H
   Tran, T
   Yu, X
   Powell, JI
   Yang, LM
   Marti, GE
   Moore, T
   Hudson, J
   Lu, LS
   Lewis, DB
   Tibshirani, R
   Sherlock, G
   Chan, WC
   Greiner, TC
   Weisenburger, DD
   Armitage, JO
   Warnke, R
   Levy, R
   Wilson, W
   Grever, MR
   Byrd, JC
   Botstein, D
   Brown, PO
   Staudt, LM
AF Alizadeh, AA
   Eisen, MB
   Davis, RE
   Ma, C
   Lossos, IS
   Rosenwald, A
   Boldrick, JG
   Sabet, H
   Tran, T
   Yu, X
   Powell, JI
   Yang, LM
   Marti, GE
   Moore, T
   Hudson, J
   Lu, LS
   Lewis, DB
   Tibshirani, R
   Sherlock, G
   Chan, WC
   Greiner, TC
   Weisenburger, DD
   Armitage, JO
   Warnke, R
   Levy, R
   Wilson, W
   Grever, MR
   Byrd, JC
   Botstein, D
   Brown, PO
   Staudt, LM
TI Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID non-hodgkins-lymphoma; germinal-center formation; chromosomal translocation; prognostic-significance; protein expression; molecular-cloning; bcl-6 expression; antigen; classification; transcription
AB Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is clinically heterogeneous: 40% of patients respond well to current therapy and have prolonged survival, whereas the remainder succumb to the disease. We proposed that this variability in natural history reflects unrecognized molecular heterogeneity in the tumours, Using DNA microarrays, we have conducted a systematic characterization of gene expression in B-cell malignancies. Here we show that there is diversity in gene expression among the tumours of DLBCL patients, apparently reflecting the variation in tumour proliferation rate, host response and differentiation state of the tumour. We identified two molecularly distinct forms of DLBCL which had gene expression patterns indicative of different stages of B-cell differentiation. One type expressed genes characteristic of germinal centre B cells ('germinal centre B-like DLBCL'); the second type expressed genes normally induced during in vitro activation of peripheral blood B cells ('activated B-like DLBCL'), Patients with germinal centre B-like DLBCL had a significantly better overall survival than those with activated B-like DLBCL, The molecular classification of tumours on the basis of gene expression can thus identify previously undetected and clinically significant subtypes of cancer.
C1 NCI, Metab Branch, Div Clin Sci, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Res & Policy Stat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   NIH, Bioinformat & Mol Anal Sect, CBEL, CIT, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Res Genet Inc, Huntsville, AL 35801 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol & Microbiol, Omaha, NE 68198 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Omaha, NE 68198 USA.
   NCI, Med Branch, Div Clin Sci, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Johns Hopkins Oncol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
   Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Washington, DC 20307 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Division of Clinical Sciences (DCS); Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Center for Information Technology (CIT); US Food & Drug Administration (FDA); Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research (CBER); University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Medical Center; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Medical Center; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Division of Clinical Sciences (DCS); Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; United States Department of Defense; United States Army; Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
RP Staudt, LM (corresponding author), NCI, Metab Branch, Div Clin Sci, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 50
TC 7720
Z9 8804
U1 2
U2 625
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 503
EP 511
DI 10.1038/35000501
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300039
PM 10676951
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hayward, RC
   Saville, DA
   Aksay, IA
AF Hayward, RC
   Saville, DA
   Aksay, IA
TI Electrophoretic assembly of colloidal crystals with optically tunable micropatterns
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photonic-crystal; deposition; crystallization; spheres; oxide
AB The production of materials with micrometre- and submicrometre-scale patterns is of importance in a range of applications, such as photonic materials(1,2), high-density magnetic data storage devices: microchip reactors(4) and biosensors(5). One method of preparing such structures is through the assembly of colloidal particles(5-10). Micropatterned colloidal assemblies Have been produced with lithographically patterned electrodes(5,11) or micromoulds(12). Here we describe a different method that combines the well-known photochemical sensitivity of semiconductors(13,14) with electric-field-induced assembly(15,16) to create ordered arrays of micrometre-sized colloidal particles with tunable patterns. We show that light affects the assembly processes, and demonstrate how to produce patterns using electrophoretic deposition in the presence of an ultraviolet (UV) illumination moth. The distribution of current across an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode can be altered by varying the illumination intensity: during the deposition process, this causes colloidal particles to be swept from darkened areas into lighted regions. Illumination also assists in immobilizing the particles on the electrode surface. Although the details of these processes are not well understood, the patterning effects of the UV light are discussed in terms of alterations in the current density(15,17) that affects particle assembly on an ITO electrode.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Aksay, IA (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 26
TC 527
Z9 606
U1 3
U2 249
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 56
EP 59
DI 10.1038/35003530
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100041
PM 10716438
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bergquist, DC
   Williams, FM
   Fisher, CR
AF Bergquist, DC
   Williams, FM
   Fisher, CR
TI Longevity record for deep-sea invertebrate - The growth rate of a marine tubeworm is tailored to different environments.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID community; ecology; vents
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Bergquist, DC (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
NR 10
TC 88
Z9 100
U1 1
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 499
EP 500
DI 10.1038/35000647
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300034
PM 10676948
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Turchin, P
   Oksanen, L
   Ekerholm, P
   Oksanen, T
   Henttonen, H
AF Turchin, P
   Oksanen, L
   Ekerholm, P
   Oksanen, T
   Henttonen, H
TI Are lemmings prey or predators?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID population-dynamics; exploitation ecosystems; norwegian lemmings; small rodents; phase; chaos; gradients; cycles
AB Large oscillations in the populations of Norwegian lemmings have mystified both professional ecologists and lay public(1-3). Ecologists suspect that these oscillations are driven by a trophic mechanism(4,5): either an interaction between lemmings and their food supply, or an interaction between lemmings and their predators. If lemming cycles are indeed driven by a trophic interaction, can we tell whether lemmings act as the resource ('prey') or the consumer ('predator')? In trophic interaction models, peaks of resource density generally have a blunt, rounded shape, whereas peaks of consumer density are sharp and angular. Here we have applied several statistical tests to three lemming datasets and contrasted them with comparable data for cyclic voles, We find that vole peaks are blunt, consistent with their cycles being driven by the interaction with predators. In contrast, the shape of lemming peaks is consistent with the hypothesis that lemmings are functional predators, that is, their cycles are driven by their interaction with food plants. Our findings suggest that a single mechanism, such as interaction between rodents and predators, is unlikely to provide the 'universal' explanation of all cyclic rodent dynamics.
C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
   Umea Univ, Dept Ecol Bot, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
   Umea Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
   Vantaa Res Ctr, Finnish Forest Res Inst, FIN-01301 Vantaa, Finland.
C3 University of Connecticut; Umea University; Umea University; Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)
RP Turchin, P (corresponding author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
NR 31
TC 161
Z9 172
U1 1
U2 78
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 562
EP 565
DI 10.1038/35014595
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500048
PM 10850713
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, M
   Indra, AK
   Warot, X
   Brocard, J
   Messaddeq, N
   Kato, S
   Metzger, D
   Chambon, P
AF Li, M
   Indra, AK
   Warot, X
   Brocard, J
   Messaddeq, N
   Kato, S
   Metzger, D
   Chambon, P
TI Skin abnormalities generated by temporally controlled RXRα mutations in mouse epidermis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vitamin-d-receptor; transgenic mice; acid receptor; mutant mice; ppar-alpha; expression; gene; differentiation; morphogenesis; mutagenesis
AB Nuclear receptors for retinoids (RARs) and vitamin D (VDR), and for some other ligands (TRs, PPARs and LXRs), may be critical in the development and homeostasis of mammalian epidermis(1-8). It is believed that these receptors form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) to act as transcriptional regulators(9,10). However, most genetic approaches aimed at establishing their physiological functions in the skin have been inconclusive owing either to pleiotropic effects and redundancies between receptor isotypes in gene knockouts, or to equivocal interpretation of dominant-negative mutant studies in transgenic mice(1,13-15). Moreover, knockout of RXR alpha, the main skin RXR isotype, is lethal in utero before skin formation(11,12,16,17). Here we have resolved these problems by developing an efficient technique to create spatiotemporally controlled somatic mutations in the mouse. We used tamoxifen-inducible Cre-ER(T) recombinases(18,19) to ablate RXR alpha selectively in adult mouse keratinocytes. We show that RXR alpha has key roles in hair cycling, probably through RXR/VDR heterodimers, and in epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation.
C1 Coll France, INSERM, CNRS, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332, Japan.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite PSL; College de France; Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Chambon, P (corresponding author), Coll France, INSERM, CNRS, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, BP 163, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
EM chambon@igbmc.u-strasbg.fr
NR 30
TC 257
Z9 299
U1 5
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 633
EP 636
DI 10.1038/35036595
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800048
PM 11034212
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taguchi, A
   Blood, DC
   del Toro, G
   Canet, A
   Lee, DC
   Qu, W
   Tanji, N
   Lu, Y
   Lalla, E
   Fu, CF
   Hofmann, MA
   Kislinger, T
   Ingram, M
   Lu, A
   Tanaka, H
   Hori, O
   Ogawa, S
   Stern, DM
   Schmidt, AM
AF Taguchi, A
   Blood, DC
   del Toro, G
   Canet, A
   Lee, DC
   Qu, W
   Tanji, N
   Lu, Y
   Lalla, E
   Fu, CF
   Hofmann, MA
   Kislinger, T
   Ingram, M
   Lu, A
   Tanaka, H
   Hori, O
   Ogawa, S
   Stern, DM
   Schmidt, AM
TI Blockade of RAGE-amphoterin signalling suppresses tumour growth and metastases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated-protein-kinase; glycation end-products; cell-surface receptor; neurite outgrowth; plasminogen activation; signaling pathways; epithelial-cells; soluble receptor; binding-proteins; oxidant stress
AB The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), a multi-ligand member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface molecules(1-2), interacts with distinct molecules implicated in homeostasis, development and inflammation, and certain diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's disease(3-8). Engagement of RAGE by a ligand triggers activation of key cell signalling pathways, such as p21(ras), MAP kinases, NF-kappa B and cdc42/rac, thereby reprogramming cellular properties(9-11). RAGE is a central cell surface receptor for amphoterin, a polypeptide linked to outgrowth of cultured cortical neurons derived from developing brain(3,12-15). Indeed, the co-localization of RAGE and amphoterin at the leading edge of advancing neurites indicated their potential contribution to cellular migration, and in pathologies such as tumour invasion. Here we demonstrate that blockade of RAGE-amphoterin decreased growth and metastases of both implanted tumours and tumours developing spontaneously in susceptible mice. Inhibition of the RAGE-amphoterin interaction suppressed activation of p44/p42, p38 and SAP/JNK MAP kinases; molecular effector mechanisms importantly linked to tumour proliferation, invasion and expression of matrix metalloproteinases(16-23).
C1 Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Kanazawa Univ, Sch Med, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9208640, Japan.
C3 Columbia University; University of Osaka; Kanazawa University
RP Schmidt, AM (corresponding author), Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
NR 30
TC 1100
Z9 1324
U1 2
U2 75
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 354
EP 360
DI 10.1038/35012626
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700049
PM 10830965
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schulman, BA
   Carrano, AC
   Jeffrey, PD
   Bowen, Z
   Kinnucan, ERE
   Finnin, MS
   Elledge, SJ
   Harper, JW
   Pagano, M
   Pavietich, NP
AF Schulman, BA
   Carrano, AC
   Jeffrey, PD
   Bowen, Z
   Kinnucan, ERE
   Finnin, MS
   Elledge, SJ
   Harper, JW
   Pagano, M
   Pavietich, NP
TI Insights into SCF ubiquitin ligases from the structure of the Skp1-Skp2 complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID leucine-rich repeats; f-box; cell-cycle; proteolysis machinery; mediated degradation; crystal-structure; s-phase; protein; inhibitor; p45(skp2)
AB F-box proteins are members of a large family that regulates the cell cycle, the immune response, signalling cascades and developmental programmes by targeting proteins, such as cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, I kappaB alpha and beta -catenin, for ubiquitination (reviewed in refs 1-3). F-box proteins are the substrate-recognition components of SCF (Skp1-Cullin-F-box protein) ubiquitin-protein ligases(4,5). They bind the SCF constant catalytic core by means of the F-box motif interacting with Skp1, and they bind substrates through their variable protein-protein interaction domains(6). The large number of F-box proteins is thought to allow ubiquitination of numerous, diverse substrates(6). Most organisms have several Skp1 family members, but the function of these Skp1 homologues and the rules of recognition between different F-box and Skp1 proteins remain unknown. Here we describe the crystal structure of the human F-box protein Skp2 bound to Skp1. Skp1 recruits the F-box protein through a bipartite interface involving both the F-box and the substrate-recognition domain. The structure raises the possibility that different Skp1 family members evolved to function with different subsets of F-box proteins, and suggests that the F-box protein may not only recruit substrate, but may also position it optimally for the ubiquitination reaction.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   NYU, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Med Ctr, Kaplan Comprehens Canc Ctr, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs Mclean Dept Biochem, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York University; New York University; Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Pavietich, NP (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM Nikola@xray2.mskcc.org
FU NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG011085] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute on Aging [R01AG011085] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 496
Z9 618
U1 4
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 381
EP 386
DI 10.1038/35042620
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000051
PM 11099048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, R
AF Smith, R
TI An end to violence - "I should only make myself ridiculous in my own eyes if I clung to life."
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 John Hunter Hosp, Hunter, NSW 2310, Australia.
C3 John Hunter Hospital
RP Smith, R (corresponding author), John Hunter Hosp, Locked Bag 1, Hunter, NSW 2310, Australia.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 567
EP 567
DI 10.1038/35020651
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800022
PM 10949278
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lively, CM
   Dybdahl, MF
AF Lively, CM
   Dybdahl, MF
TI Parasite adaptation to locally common host genotypes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coevolution; population; sex; metapopulation; maintenance; selection; pathogen; snail; model
AB According to the Red Queen hypothesis-which states that interactions among species (such as hosts and parasites) lead to constant natural selection for adaptation and counter-adaptation-the disproportionate evolutionary success of parasites on common host genotypes leads to correlated selection for sexual reproduction(1-8) and local adaptation by the parasite population(9-14). Here we determined whether local adaptation is due to disproportionate infection of common host genotypes, and, if so, whether infection of common host genotypes is due to commonness per se, or some other aspect of these genotypes. In a reciprocal cross-inoculation experiment parasites occupying the same geographical area (sympatric) infected locally common host genotypes significantly more often than rare host genotypes, whereas parasites occupying separate geographical areas (allopatric) showed no such significant difference. A mixed source of parasites (containing F-1 hybrids) also showed no difference in infection between rare and common host genotypes. These results show that local adaptation results from parasite tracking of locally common host genotypes, and, as such, a necessary condition of the Red Queen hypothesis is met.
C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP Dybdahl, MF (corresponding author), Ohio Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Athens, OH 45701 USA.
NR 18
TC 400
Z9 469
U1 1
U2 229
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 679
EP 681
DI 10.1038/35015069
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800045
PM 10864323
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mesecar, AD
   Koshland, DE
AF Mesecar, AD
   Koshland, DE
TI Structural biology - A new model for protein stereospecificity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Med Chem & Pharmacognosy, Ctr Pharmaceut Biotechnol, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Adv Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Mesecar, AD (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Med Chem & Pharmacognosy, Ctr Pharmaceut Biotechnol, 900 S Ashland Ave MC 870, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
NR 9
TC 113
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 614
EP 615
DI 10.1038/35001144
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200039
PM 10688187
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fraser, CM
   Eisen, JA
   Salzberg, SL
AF Fraser, CM
   Eisen, JA
   Salzberg, SL
TI Microbial genome sequencing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pathogen helicobacter-pylori; bacterial hyperthermophiles; mycoplasma-genitalium; antimalarial-drugs; universal tree; gene exchange; dna; spirochete; archaeal; protein
AB Complete genome sequences of 30 microbial species have been determined during the past five years, and work in progress indicates that the complete sequences of more than 100 further microbial species will be available in the next two to four years. These results have revealed a tremendous amount of information on the physiology and evolution of microbial species, and should provide novel approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease.
C1 Inst Genome Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
C3 J. Craig Venter Institute
RP Fraser, CM (corresponding author), Inst Genome Res, 9712 Med Ctr Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
NR 37
TC 116
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 799
EP 803
DI 10.1038/35021244
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700058
PM 10963611
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mook, HA
   Dai, PC
   Dogan, F
   Hunt, RD
AF Mook, HA
   Dai, PC
   Dogan, F
   Hunt, RD
TI One-dimensional nature of the magnetic fluctuations in YBa2Cu3O6.6
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutron-scattering; hubbard-model; superconductors
AB There is increasing evidence that inhomogeneous distributions of charge and spin-so-called 'striped phases'-play an important role in determining the properties of the high-temperature superconductors. For example, recent neutron-scattering measurements on the YBa2Cu3O7-x family of materials show both spin and charge fluctuations that are consistent with the striped-phase picture. But the fluctuations associated with a striped phase are expected to be one-dimensional, whereas the magnetic fluctuations observed to date appear to display two-dimensional symmetry. We show here that this apparent two-dimensionality results from measurements on twinned crystals, and that similar measurements on substantially detwinned crystals of YBa2Cu3O6.6 reveal the one-dimensional character of the magnetic fluctuations, thus greatly strengthening the striped-phase interpretation. Moreover, our results also suggest that superconductivity originates in charge stripes that extend along the b crystal axis, where the superfluid density is found to be substantially larger than for the a direction.
C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Mook, HA (corresponding author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
EM ham@ornl.gov
NR 24
TC 215
Z9 228
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 729
EP 731
DI 10.1038/35008005
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600041
PM 10783878
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ingman, M
   Kaessmann, H
   Pääbo, S
   Gyllensten, U
AF Ingman, M
   Kaessmann, H
   Pääbo, S
   Gyllensten, U
TI Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID control region; dna; population; evolution; recombination; sequences; linkage
AB The analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been a potent tool in our understanding of human evolution, owing to characteristics such as high copy number, apparent lack of recombination(1), high substitution rate(2) and maternal mode of inheritance(3). However, almost all studies of human evolution based on mtDNA sequencing have been confined to the control region, which constitutes less than 7% of the mitochondrial genome. These studies are complicated by the extreme variation in substitution rate between sites, and the consequence of parallel mutations(4) causing difficulties in the estimation of genetic distance and making phylogenetic inferences questionable(5). Most comprehensive studies of the human mitochondrial molecule have been carried out through restriction-fragment length polymorphism analysis(6), providing data that are ill suited to estimations of mutation rate and therefore the timing of evolutionary events. Here, to improve the information obtained from the mitochondrial molecule for studies of human evolution, We describe the global mtDNA diversity in humans based on analyses of the complete mtDNA sequence of 53 humans of diverse origins. Our mtDNA data, in comparison with those of a parallel study of the Xq13.3 region(7) in the same individuals, provide a concurrent view on human evolution with respect to the age of modern humans.
C1 Uppsala Univ, Rudbeck Lab, Med Genet Sect, Dept Genet & Pathol, S-75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
C3 Uppsala University; Max Planck Society
RP Gyllensten, U (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, Rudbeck Lab, Med Genet Sect, Dept Genet & Pathol, S-75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
EM ulf.gyllensten@genpat.uu.se
NR 30
TC 1015
Z9 1243
U1 0
U2 314
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 708
EP 713
DI 10.1038/35047064
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200046
PM 11130070
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kamat, S
   Su, X
   Ballarini, R
   Heuer, AH
AF Kamat, S
   Su, X
   Ballarini, R
   Heuer, AH
TI Structural basis for the fracture toughness of the shell of the conch Strombus gigas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brittle
AB Natural composite materials are renowned for their mechanical strength and toughness: despite being highly mineralized, with the organic component constituting not more than a few per cent of the composite material, the fracture toughness exceeds that of single crystals of the pure mineral by two to three orders of magnitude(1). The judicious placement of the organic matrix, relative to the mineral phase, and the hierarchical structural architecture extending over several distinct length scales both play crucial roles in the mechanical response of natural composites to external loads(.)(2-4) Here we use transmission electron microscopy studies and beam bending experiments to show that the resistance of the shell of the conch Strombus gigas to catastrophic fracture can be understood quantitatively by invoking two energy-dissipating mechanisms: multiple microcracking in the outer layers at low mechanical loads, and crack bridging in the shell's tougher middle layers at higher loads. Both mechanisms are intimately associated with the so-called crossed lamellar microarchitecture of the shell, which provides for 'channel' cracking in the outer layers and uncracked structural features that bridge crack surfaces, thereby significantly increasing the work of fracture, and hence the toughness, of the material. Despite a high mineral content of about 99% (by volume) of aragonite, the shell of Strombus gigas can thus be considered a 'ceramic plywood', and can guide the biomimetic design of tough, lightweight structures.
C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University
RP Heuer, AH (corresponding author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
NR 12
TC 629
Z9 711
U1 8
U2 376
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1036
EP 1040
DI 10.1038/35016535
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700040
PM 10890440
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loeb, A
   Waxman, E
AF Loeb, A
   Waxman, E
TI Cosmic γ-ray background from structure formation in the intergalactic medium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coma-cluster; high-energy; luminosity function; acceleration; discovery; spectrum; emission; origin; absorption; galaxy
AB The Universe is filled with a diffuse background of gamma-ray radiation(1), the origin of which remains one of the unsolved puzzles of cosmology. Less than one-quarter of the gamma-ray flux can be attributed to unresolved discrete sources(2,3), such as active galactic nuclei; the remainder appears to constitute a truly diffuse background. Here we show that the shock waves induced by gravity in the gas of the intergalactic medium, during the formation of large-scale structures like filaments and sheets of galaxies, produce a population of highly relativistic electrons. These electrons scatter a small fraction of the cosmic microwave background photons in the local Universe up to gamma-ray energies, thereby providing the gamma-ray background. The predicted diffuse flux agrees with the observed background across more than four orders of magnitude in photon energy, and the model predicts that the gamma-ray background, though generated locally, is isotropic to better than five per cent on angular scales larger than a degree. Moreover, the agreement between the predicted and observed background fluxes implies a mean cosmological density of baryons that is consistent with Big Bang nucleosynthesis.
C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Loeb, A (corresponding author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 35
TC 176
Z9 184
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 156
EP 158
DI 10.1038/35012018
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100041
PM 10821264
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Souslova, V
   Cesare, P
   Ding, YN
   Akopian, AN
   Stanfa, L
   Suzuki, R
   Carpenter, K
   Dickenson, A
   Boyce, S
   Hill, R
   Nebenius-Oosthuizen, D
   Smith, AJH
   Kidd, EJ
   Wood, JN
AF Souslova, V
   Cesare, P
   Ding, YN
   Akopian, AN
   Stanfa, L
   Suzuki, R
   Carpenter, K
   Dickenson, A
   Boyce, S
   Hill, R
   Nebenius-Oosthuizen, D
   Smith, AJH
   Kidd, EJ
   Wood, JN
TI Warm-coding deficits and aberrant inflammatory pain in mice lacking P2X3 receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dorsal horn neurons; synaptic transmission; atp; rat; responses; nociception; activation
AB ATP activates damage-sensing neurons (nociceptors) and can evoke a sensation of pain(1). The ATP receptor P2X(3) is selectively expressed by nociceptors(2,3) and is one of seven ATP-gated, cation-selective ion channels(4-6). Here we demonstrate that ablation of the P2X(3) gene results in the loss of rapidly desensitizing ATP-gated cation currents in dorsal root ganglion neurons, and that the responses of nodose ganglion neurons to ATP show altered kinetics and pharmacology resulting from the loss of expression of P2X(2/3) heteromultimers. Null mutants have normal sensorimotor function. Behavioural responses to noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli are also normal, although formalin-induced pain behaviour is reduced. In contrast, deletion of the P2X(3) receptor causes enhanced thermal hyperalgesia in chronic inflammation. Notably, although dorsal-horn neuronal responses to mechanical and noxious heat application are normal, P2X(3)-null mice are unable to code the intensity of non-noxious 'warming' stimuli.
C1 UCL, Dept Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Dept Pharmacol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Merck Sharp & Dohme Res Labs, Terlings Pk CM20 2QR, Essex, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Genome Res, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Cardiff Univ, Welsh Sch Pharm, Cardiff CF1 3XF, S Glam, Wales.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; Merck & Company; Merck & Company United Kingdom; University of Edinburgh; Cardiff University
RP Wood, JN (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Biol, Mortimer St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM J.Wood@ucl.ac.uk
NR 21
TC 365
Z9 426
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6807
BP 1015
EP 1017
DI 10.1038/35039526
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 366XX
UT WOS:000090032500046
PM 11069182
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ims, RA
   Andreassen, HP
AF Ims, RA
   Andreassen, HP
TI Spatial synchronization of vole population dynamics by predatory birds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microtus-oeconomus; mustelid predators; traveling waves; cycles; hypothesis; mortality; patterns; mammals; phase
AB Northern vole populations exhibit large-scale, spatially synchronous population dynamics(1,2). Such cases of population synchrony provide excellent opportunities for distinguishing between local intrinsic and regional extrinsic mechanisms of population regulation(3). Analyses of large-scale survey data and theoretical modelling(4-6) have indicated several plausible synchronizing mechanisms. It is difficult, however, to determine the most important one without detailed data on local demographic processes(3,7). Here we combine results from two field studies in southeastern Norway-one identifies local demographic mechanisms and landscape-level annual synchrony among 28 enclosed experimental populations and the other examines region-level multi-annual synchrony in open natural populations. Despite fences eliminating predatory mammals and vole dispersal, the growth rates of the experimental populations were synchronized and moreover, perfectly linked with vole abundance in the region. The fates of 481 radio-marked voles showed that bird predation was the synchronizing mechanism. A higher frequency of risky dispersal movements in slowly growing populations appeared to accelerate predation rate. Thus, dispersal may induce a feedback-loop between predation and population growth that enhances synchrony.
C1 Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Div Zool, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
C3 University of Oslo
RP Ims, RA (corresponding author), NINA, Polar Environm Ctr, N-9005 Tromso, Norway.
NR 29
TC 205
Z9 230
U1 0
U2 57
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 194
EP 196
DI 10.1038/35041562
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400043
PM 11089971
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dawkins, MS
   Woodington, A
AF Dawkins, MS
   Woodington, A
TI Pattern recognition and active vision in chickens
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID orientation flights; wasps
AB Recognition of objects or environmental landmarks is problematic because appearance can vary widely depending on illumination, viewing distance, angle of view and so on(1). Storing a separate image or 'template' for every possible view requires vast numbers to be stored and scanned, has a high probability of recognition error and appears not to be the solution adopted by primates(2-3). However, some invertebrate template matching systems can achieve recognition by 'active vision' in which the animal's own behaviour is used to achieve a fit between template and object(4), for example by repeatedly following a set path(5-7). Recognition is thus limited to views from the set path but achieved with a minimal number of templates. Here we report the first evidence of similar active vision in a bird, in the form of locomotion and individually distinct head movements that give the eyes a similar series of views on different occasions. The hens' ability to recognize objects is also found to decrease when their normal paths are altered.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Dawkins, MS (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
EM marian.dawkins@zoo.ox.ac.uk
NR 13
TC 52
Z9 57
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 652
EP 655
DI 10.1038/35001064
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200052
PM 10688200
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Imai, S
   Armstrong, CM
   Kaeberlein, M
   Guarente, L
AF Imai, S
   Armstrong, CM
   Kaeberlein, M
   Guarente, L
TI Transcriptional silencing and longevity protein Sir2 is an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; adp-ribosylation; ribosomal dna; yeast; invivo; heterochromatin; recombination; acetylation; restriction; repression
AB Yeast Sir2 is a heterochromatin component that silences transcription at silent mating loci(1), telomeres(2) and the ribosomal DNA(3,4), and that also suppresses recombination in the rDNA(5) and extends replicative life span(6). Mutational studies indicate that lysine 16 in the amino-terminal tail of histone H4 and lysines 9, 14 and 18 in H3 are critically important in silencing, whereas lysines 5, 8 and 12 of H4 have more redundant functions(7-9). Lysines 9 and 14 of histone H3 and lysines 5, 8 and 16 of H4 are acetylated in active chromatin and hypoacetylated in silenced chromatin, and overexpression of Sir2 promotes global deacetylation of histones(9,10), indicating that Sir2. may be a histone deacetylase. Deacetylation of lysine 16 of H4 is necessary for binding the silencing protein, Sir3 (ref. 8). Here we show that yeast and mouse Sir2 proteins are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)dependent histone deacetylases, which deacetylate lysines 9 and 14 of H3 and specifically lysine 16 of H4. Our analysis of two SIR2 mutations supports the idea that this deacetylase activity accounts for silencing, recombination suppression and extension of life span in vivo. These findings provide a molecular framework of NAD-dependent histone deacetylation that connects metabolism, genomic silencing and ageing in yeast and, perhaps, in higher eukaryotes.
C1 MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Guarente, L (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Biol, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 30
TC 2954
Z9 3555
U1 2
U2 311
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 795
EP 800
DI 10.1038/35001622
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100058
PM 10693811
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neumann, P
   Koeniger, N
   Koeniger, G
   Tingek, S
   Kryger, P
   Moritz, RFA
AF Neumann, P
   Koeniger, N
   Koeniger, G
   Tingek, S
   Kryger, P
   Moritz, RFA
TI Entomology - Home-site fidelity in migratory honeybees
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dorsata; polyandry
C1 Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Zool, D-06099 Halle, Germany.
   Rhodes Univ, Dept Zool & Entomol, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa.
   Goethe Univ Frankfurt, D-61440 Oberursel, Germany.
   Agr Res Stn, Tenom 89908, Sabah, Malaysia.
   Univ Pretoria, Dept Zool & Entomol, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa.
C3 Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg; Rhodes University; Goethe University Frankfurt; University of Pretoria
RP Neumann, P (corresponding author), Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Zool, D-06099 Halle, Germany.
EM p.neumann@ru.ac.za
NR 12
TC 40
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 474
EP 475
DI 10.1038/35020193
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000033
PM 10952299
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kiger, AA
   White-Cooper, H
   Fuller, MT
AF Kiger, AA
   White-Cooper, H
   Fuller, MT
TI Somatic support cells restrict germline stem cell self-renewal and promote differentiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bag-of-marbles; egf receptor; drosophila-melanogaster; gene; morphogenesis; proliferation; maintenance; activation; oogenesis; fusome
AB Stem cells maintain populations of highly differentiated, short-lived cell-types, including blood, skin and sperm, throughout adult life(1). Understanding the mechanisms that regulate stem cell behaviour is crucial for realizing their potential in regenerative medicine(2). A fundamental characteristic of stem cells is their capacity for asymmetric division: daughter cells either retain stem cell identity or initiate differentiation. However, stem cells are also capable of symmetric division where both daughters remain stem cells(3-6), indicating that mechanisms must exist to balance self-renewal capacity with differentiation. Here we present evidence that support cells surrounding the stem cells restrict self-renewal and control stem cell number by ensuring asymmetric division. Loss of function of the Drosophila Epidermal growth factor receptor in somatic cells disrupted the balance of self-renewal versus differentiation in the male germline, increasing the number of germline stem cells. We propose that activation of this receptor specifies normal behaviour of somatic support cells; in turn, the somatic cells play a guardian role, providing information that prevents self-renewal of stem cell identity by the germ cell they enclose.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; University of Oxford
RP Fuller, MT (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM078176] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 284
Z9 363
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 750
EP 754
DI 10.1038/35037606
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900044
PM 11048722
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burks, DJ
   de Mora, JF
   Schubert, M
   Withers, DJ
   Myers, MG
   Towery, HH
   Altamuro, SL
   Flint, CL
   White, MF
AF Burks, DJ
   de Mora, JF
   Schubert, M
   Withers, DJ
   Myers, MG
   Towery, HH
   Altamuro, SL
   Flint, CL
   White, MF
TI IRS-2 pathways integrate female reproduction and energy homeostasis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor substrate family; phosphotyrosine protein; caenorhabditis-elegans; insulin-receptors; leptin receptor; food-intake; db/db mice; system; cell; hypothalamus
AB Severe dietary restriction, catabolic states and even short-term caloric deprivation impair fertility in mammals. Likewise, obesity is associated with infertile conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome(1,2). The reproductive status of lower organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans is also modulated by availability of nutrients(3,4). Thus, fertility requires the integration of reproductive and metabolic signals. Here we show that deletion of insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), a component of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signalling cascade, causes female infertility. Mice lacking IRS-2 have small, anovulatory ovaries with reduced numbers of follicles. Plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone, prolactin and sex steroids are low in these animals. Pituitaries are decreased in size and contain reduced numbers of gonadotrophs. Females lacking IRS-2 have increased food intake and obesity, despite elevated levels of leptin. Our findings indicate that insulin, together with leptin and other neuropeptides, may modulate hypothalamic control of appetite and reproductive endocrinology. Coupled with findings on the role of insulin-signalling pathways in the regulation of fertility, metabolism and longevity in C. elegans and Drosophila(3-5), we have identified an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in mammals that regulates both reproduction and energy homeostasis.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Joslin Diabet Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Salamanca, Fac Med, Ctr Invest Canc, Salamanca 37007, Spain.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc.; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC-USAL - Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular del Cancer de Salamanca (IBMCC); University of Salamanca; CSIC - Centro de Investigacion del Cancer (CIC)
RP White, MF (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Joslin Diabet Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 1 Joslin Pl, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
NR 30
TC 375
Z9 432
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 377
EP 382
DI 10.1038/35030105
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700047
PM 11014193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, KY
   Peters, MC
   Anderson, KW
   Mooney, DJ
AF Lee, KY
   Peters, MC
   Anderson, KW
   Mooney, DJ
TI Controlled growth factor release from synthetic extracellular matrices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein delivery; polymer matrices; tissue; hydrogels; invivo
AB Polymeric matrices can be used to grow new tissues and organs(1,2), and the delivery of growth factors from these matrices is one method to regenerate tissues(3,4). A problem with engineering tissues that exist in a mechanically dynamic environment, such as bone, muscle and blood vessels(5,6), is that most drug delivery systems have been designed to operate under static conditions. We thought that polymeric matrices, which release growth factors in response to mechanical signals, might provide a new approach to guide tissue formation in mechanically stressed environments. Critical design features for this type of system include the ability to undergo repeated deformation, and a reversible binding of the protein growth factors to polymeric matrices to allow for responses to repeated stimuli. Here we report a model delivery system that can respond to mechanical signalling and upregulate the release of a growth factor to promote blood vessel formation. This approach may rnd a number of applications, including regeneration and engineering of new tissues and more general drug-delivery applications.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Biol & Mat Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Biomed Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Mooney, DJ (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Biol & Mat Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
NR 20
TC 452
Z9 560
U1 2
U2 140
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 998
EP 1000
DI 10.1038/35050141
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100056
PM 11140690
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petcherski, AG
   Kimble, J
AF Petcherski, AG
   Kimble, J
TI LAG-3 is a putative transcriptional activator in the C-elegans Notch pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID of-function mutations; caenorhabditis-elegans; intracellular domain; signaling pathway; ankyrin repeats; cell fate; germ-line; glp-1; gene; protein
AB Notch signalling controls growth, differentiation and patterning during normal animal development(1,2); in humans, aberrant Notch signalling has been implicated in cancer and stroke(3,4). The mechanism of Notch signalling is thought to require cleavage of the receptor in response to ligand binding(5), movement of the receptor's intracellular domain to the nucleus(6,7), and binding of that intracellular domain to a CSL (for CBF1, Suppressor of Hairless, LAG-1)(8,9) protein. Here we identify LAG-3, a glutamine-rich protein that forms a ternary complex together with the LAG-1 DNA-binding protein(10) and the receptor's intracellular domain. Receptors with mutant ankyrin repeats that abrogate signal transduction are incapable of complex formation both in yeast and in vitro. Using RNA interference, we find that LAG-3 activity is crucial in Caenorhabditis elegans for both GLP-1 and LIN-12 signalling. LAG-3 is a potent transcriptional activator in yeast, and a Myc-tagged LAG-3 is predominantly nuclear in C. elegans. We propose that GLP-1 and LIN-12 promote signalling by recruiting LAG-3 to target promoters, where it functions as a transcriptional activator.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Kimble, J (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 433 Babcock Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM jekimble@facstaff.wisc.edu
NR 32
TC 152
Z9 227
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 364
EP 368
DI 10.1038/35012645
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700051
PM 10830967
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lundstrom, CC
AF Lundstrom, CC
TI Rapid diffusive infiltration of sodium into partially molten peridotite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocean-ridge basalt; abyssal peridotites; upwelling mantle; silicate melts; origin; mechanisms; xenoliths; pyroxene; behavior; alkalis
AB Recent seismological, geochemical and experimental observations suggest that, as mantle peridotite melts, the resulting basaltic liquid forms an interconnected network, culminating in the rapid ascent of the basalt relative to the surrounding solid matrix(1-3) Mantle melting is therefore a polybaric process, with melts produced over a range of pressures having differing chemical characteristics(4-6). Modelling and peridotite-melting experiments designed to simulate polybaric mantle melting generally assume that there is no interaction between melts generated at greater pressures and the overlying solid mantle at lower pressures(5,7). Beneath mid-ocean ridges, melts derived from greater depth are probably channelized during ascent, so preventing direct re-equilibration with shallow peridotites, as required by geochemical observations(6,9). I show here, however, that sodium in ascending melts will quickly diffuse into the melt formed within nearby peridotite at lower pressures. This process fundamentally changes the manner by which the peridotite melts, and can account for both the creation of silica-rich glass inclusions in mantle xenoliths and the anomalous melting modes recorded by abyssal peridotites, Increased melting of lithosphere and upwelling asthenosphere could result from this process without the need to invoke higher mantle temperatures.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 Brown University
RP Lundstrom, CC (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
NR 30
TC 54
Z9 58
U1 1
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 527
EP 530
DI 10.1038/35000546
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300045
PM 10676957
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Phan, TD
   Kistler, LM
   Klecker, B
   Haerendel, G
   Paschmann, G
   Sonnerup, BUÖ
   Baumjohann, W
   Bavassano-Cattaneo, MB
   Carlson, CW
   Dilellis, AM
   Fornacon, KH
   Frank, LA
   Fujimoto, M
   Georgescu, E
   Kokubun, S
   Moebius, E
   Mukai, T
   Oieroset, M
   Paterson, WR
   Reme, H
AF Phan, TD
   Kistler, LM
   Klecker, B
   Haerendel, G
   Paschmann, G
   Sonnerup, BUÖ
   Baumjohann, W
   Bavassano-Cattaneo, MB
   Carlson, CW
   Dilellis, AM
   Fornacon, KH
   Frank, LA
   Fujimoto, M
   Georgescu, E
   Kokubun, S
   Moebius, E
   Mukai, T
   Oieroset, M
   Paterson, WR
   Reme, H
TI Extended magnetic reconnection at the Earth's magnetopause from detection of bi-directional jets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID field
AB Magnetic reconnection is a process that converts magnetic energy into bi-directional plasma jets; it is believed to be the dominant process by which solar-wind energy enters the Earth's magnetosphere(1,2). This energy is subsequently dissipated by magnetic storms and aurorae(3,4). Previous single-spacecraft observations(5-7) revealed only single jets at the magnetopause-while the existence of a counter-streaming jet was implicitly assumed, no experimental confirmation was available. Here we report in situ two-spacecraft observations of bi-directional jets at the magnetopause, finding evidence for a stable and extended reconnection line; the latter implies substantial entry of the solar wind into the magnetosphere. We conclude that reconnection is determined by large-scale interactions between the solar wind and the magnetosphere, rather than by local conditions at the magnetopause.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85740 Garching, Germany.
   Dartmouth Coll, Thayer Sch Engn, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
   CNR, IFSI, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Tech Univ Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
   Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 152, Japan.
   Inst Space Sci, Bucharest 76900, Romania.
   Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Aichi 442, Japan.
   Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa 229, Japan.
   Univ Toulouse 3, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31029 Toulouse, France.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire; Max Planck Society; Dartmouth College; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Braunschweig University of Technology; University of Iowa; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Institute of Space Science; Nagoya University; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Institute of Space & Astronautical Science (ISAS); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier
RP Phan, TD (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 17
TC 216
Z9 228
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 848
EP 850
DI 10.1038/35009050
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000037
PM 10786785
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gardner, TS
   Cantor, CR
   Collins, JJ
AF Gardner, TS
   Cantor, CR
   Collins, JJ
TI Construction of a genetic toggle switch in Escherichia coli
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID logical analysis; networks; dynamics; expression; circuits; systems; lambda
AB It has been proposed(1) that gene-regulatory circuits with virtually any desired property can be constructed from networks of simple regulatory elements. These properties, which include multistability and oscillations, have been found in specialized gene circuits such as the bacteriophage lambda switch(2) and the Cyanobacteria circadian oscillator(3), However, these behaviours have not been demonstrated in networks of non-specialized regulatory components. Here we present the construction of a genetic toggle switch-a synthetic, bistable gene-regulatory network-in Escherichia coli and provide a simple theory that predicts the conditions necessary for bistability, The toggle is constructed from any two repressible promoters arranged in a mutually inhibitory network. It is flipped between stable states using transient chemical or thermal induction and exhibits a nearly ideal switching threshold. As a practical device, the toggle switch forms a synthetic, addressable cellular memory unit and has implications for biotechnology, biocomputing and gene therapy.
C1 Boston Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Ctr BioDynam, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Ctr Adv Biotechnol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Boston University; Boston University; Boston University
RP Collins, JJ (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, 44 Cummington St, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM jcollins@bu.edu
NR 26
TC 3219
Z9 4042
U1 28
U2 890
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 339
EP 342
DI 10.1038/35002131
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700060
PM 10659857
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wagner, FE
   Haslbeck, S
   Stievano, L
   Calogero, S
   Pankhurst, QA
   Martinek, P
AF Wagner, FE
   Haslbeck, S
   Stievano, L
   Calogero, S
   Pankhurst, QA
   Martinek, P
TI Before striking gold in gold-ruby glass
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Tech Univ Munich, Phys Dept E15, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Ca Foscari, Dipartimento Chim Fis, I-30123 Venice, Italy.
   UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   FX Nachtmann Bleikristallwerke GmbH, D-94566 Riedelhutte, Germany.
C3 Technical University of Munich; Universita Ca Foscari Venezia; University of London; University College London
RP Wagner, FE (corresponding author), Tech Univ Munich, Phys Dept E15, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
NR 11
TC 132
Z9 182
U1 0
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 691
EP 692
DI 10.1038/35037661
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900026
PM 11048705
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seemann, J
   Jokitalo, E
   Pypaert, M
   Warren, G
AF Seemann, J
   Jokitalo, E
   Pypaert, M
   Warren, G
TI Matrix proteins can generate the higher order architecture of the Golgi apparatus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coiled-coil proteins; brefeldin-a; endoplasmic-reticulum; transport; er; domain; cells; redistribution; cisternae; membranes
AB The Golgi apparatus in animal cells comprises a reticulum of linked stacks in the pericentriolar and often in the juxtanuclear regions of the cell(1). The unique architecture of this organelle is thought to depend on the cytoskeleton(2) and cytoplasmic matrix proteins(3,4)-the best characterized being the golgin family of fibrous, coiled-coil proteins and the GRASP family of stacking proteins(5-10). Here we show that these matrix proteins can be separated from oligosaccharide-modifying enzymes in the Golgi stack without affecting their ability to form a ribbon-like reticulum in the correct location near to the nucleus. Our data suggest that the Golgi is a structural scaffold that can exist independently of, but is normally populated by, the enzyme-containing membranes that modify transiting cargo. This new concept of the Golgi further indicates that the Golgi may be an autonomous organelle rather than one that is in simple dynamic equilibrium with the endoplasmic reticulum.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Bioctr, Inst Biotechnol, Electron Microscopy Unit, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
C3 Yale University
RP Warren, G (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, 333 Cedar St,POB 208002, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 29
TC 215
Z9 243
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6807
BP 1022
EP 1026
DI 10.1038/35039538
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 366XX
UT WOS:000090032500048
PM 11069184
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holmberg, J
   Clarke, DL
   Frisén, J
AF Holmberg, J
   Clarke, DL
   Frisén, J
TI Regulation of repulsion versus adhesion by different splice forms of an Eph receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural-tube defects; retinal axon guidance; tyrosine kinase; in-vitro; ephrins; identification; morphogenesis; expression; ligands; growth
AB Eph tyrosine kinase receptors and their membrane-bound ephrin ligands mediate cell interactions and participate in several developmental processes(1-4). Ligand binding to an Eph receptor results in tyrosine phosphorylation of the kinase domain, and repulsion of axonal growth cones and migrating cells. Here we report that a subpopulation of ephrin-A5 null mice display neural tube defects resembling anencephaly in man. This is caused by the failure of the neural folds to fuse in the dorsal midline, suggesting that ephrin-A5, in addition to its involvement in cell repulsion(5,6), can participate in cell adhesion. During neurulation, ephrin-A5 is coexpressed with its cognate receptor EphA7 in cells at the edges of the dorsal neural folds. Three different EphA7 splice variants(7,8), a full-length form and two truncated versions lacking kinase domains, are expressed in the neural folds. Co-expression of an endogenously expressed truncated form of EphA7 suppresses tyrosine phosphorylation of the full-length EphA7 receptor and shifts the cellular response from repulsion to adhesion in vitro. We conclude that alternative usage of different splice forms of a tyrosine kinase receptor can mediate cellular adhesion or repulsion during embryonic development.
C1 Karolinska Inst, Med Nobel Inst, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Karolinska Institutet
RP Frisén, J (corresponding author), Karolinska Inst, Med Nobel Inst, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
EM jonas.frisen@cmb.ki.se
NR 30
TC 283
Z9 347
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 203
EP 206
DI 10.1038/35041577
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400046
PM 11089974
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Didenko, YT
   McNamara, WB
   Suslick, KS
AF Didenko, YT
   McNamara, WB
   Suslick, KS
TI Molecular emission from single-bubble sonoluminescence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nonaqueous liquids; spectra; cavitation; water
AB Ultrasound can drive a single gas bubble in water into violent oscillation; as the bubble is compressed periodically, extremely short flashes of light (about 100 ps) are generated with clock-like regularity(1-4). This process, known as single-bubble sonoluminescence, gives rise to featureless continuum emission(4,5) in water (from 200 to 800 nm, with increasing intensity into the ultraviolet). In contrast, the emission of light from clouds of cavitating bubbles at higher acoustic pressures (multi-bubble sonoluminescence(1)) is dominated by atomic and molecular excited-state emission(6-11) at much lower temperatures(6). These observations have spurred intense effort to uncover the origin of sonoluminescence and to generalize the conditions necessary for its creation. Here we report a series of polar aprotic liquids that generate very strong single-bubble sonoluminescence, during which emission from molecular excited states is observed. Previously, single-bubble sonoluminescence from liquids other than water has proved extremely elusive(12,13). Our results give direct proof of the existence of chemical reactions and the formation of molecular excited states during single-bubble cavitation, and provide a spectroscopic link between single- and multi-bubble sonoluminescence.
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Suslick, KS (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, 600 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
NR 27
TC 167
Z9 183
U1 3
U2 76
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 877
EP 879
DI 10.1038/35038020
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900042
PM 11057659
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kent, GM
   Singh, SC
   Harding, AJ
   Sinha, MC
   Orcutt, JA
   Barton, PJ
   White, RS
   Bazin, S
   Hobbs, RW
   Tong, CH
   Pye, JW
AF Kent, GM
   Singh, SC
   Harding, AJ
   Sinha, MC
   Orcutt, JA
   Barton, PJ
   White, RS
   Bazin, S
   Hobbs, RW
   Tong, CH
   Pye, JW
TI Evidence from three-dimensional seismic reflectivity images for enhanced melt supply beneath mid-ocean-ridge discontinuities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; overlapping spreading centers; magma chamber beneath; axis discontinuity; crustal; layer; 9-degrees-03'n; segmentation; accretion; thickness
AB Quantifying the melt distribution and crustal structure across ridge-axis discontinuities is essential for understanding the relationship between magmatic, tectonic and petrologic segmentation of mid-ocean-ridge spreading centres. The geometry and continuity of magma bodies beneath features such as overlapping spreading centres can strongly influence the composition of erupted lavas(1) and may give insight into the underlying pattern of mantle flow. Here we present three-dimensional images of seismic reflectivity beneath a mid-ocean ridge to investigate the nature of melt distribution across a ridge-axis discontinuity. Reflectivity slices through the 9 degrees 03' N overlapping spreading centre on East Pacific Rise suggest that it has a robust magma supply, with melt bodies underlying both limbs and ponding of melt beneath large areas of the overlap basin. The geometry of melt distribution beneath this offset is inconsistent with large-scale, crustal redistribution of melt away from centres of upwelling(2,3). The complex distribution of melt seems instead to be caused by a combination of vertical melt transport from the underlying mantle and subsequent focusing of melt beneath a magma freezing boundary in the mid-crust.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Cecil H & Ida M Green Inst Geophys & Planetary Ph, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Bullard Labs, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, England.
   Univ Cambridge, British Inst Reflect Profiling Syndicate, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, England.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP Kent, GM (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Cecil H & Ida M Green Inst Geophys & Planetary Ph, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM gkent@ucsd.edu
NR 30
TC 95
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 614
EP 618
DI 10.1038/35020543
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800044
PM 10949299
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Piperno, DR
   Ranere, AJ
   Holst, I
   Hansell, P
AF Piperno, DR
   Ranere, AJ
   Holst, I
   Hansell, P
TI Starch grains reveal early root crop horticulture in the Panamanian tropical forest
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID manihot
AB Native American populations are known to have cultivated a large number of plants and domesticated them for their starch-rich underground organs(1). Suggestions(2,3) that the likely source of many of these crops, the tropical forest, was an early and influential centre of plant husbandry have long been controversial(4-6) because the organic remains of roots and tubers are poorly preserved in archaeological sediments from the humid tropics. Here we report the occurrence of starch grains identifiable as manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz), yams (Dioscorea sp.) and arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) on assemblages of plant milling stones from preceramic horizons at the Aguadulce Shelter, Panama, dated between 7,000 and 5,000 years before present (BP). The artefacts also contain maize starch (Zea mays L.), indicating that early horticultural systems in this region were mixtures of root and seed crops. The data provide the earliest direct evidence for root crop cultivation in the Americas, and support an ancient and independent emergence of plant domestication in the lowland Neotropical forest.
C1 Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama.
   Temple Univ, Dept Anthropol, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Temple University
RP Piperno, DR (corresponding author), Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Box 2072, Balboa, Panama.
NR 27
TC 246
Z9 313
U1 1
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 894
EP 897
DI 10.1038/35038055
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900048
PM 11057665
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jankowsky, E
   Gross, CH
   Shuman, S
   Pyle, AM
AF Jankowsky, E
   Gross, CH
   Shuman, S
   Pyle, AM
TI The DExH protein NPH-II is a processive and directional motor for unwinding RNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna; helicase; specificity; mechanisms; enzyme
AB All aspects of cellular RNA metabolism and processing involve DExH/D proteins, which are a family of enzymes that unwind or manipulate RNA in an ATP-dependent fashion(1). DExH/D proteins are also essential for the replication of many viruses, and therefore provide targets for the development of therapeutics(2). All DExH/D proteins characterized to date hydrolyse nucleoside triphosphates and, in most cases, this activity is stimulated by the addition of RNA or DNA(1). Several members of the family unwind RNA duplexes in an NTP-dependent fashion in vitro(1,3); therefore it has been proposed that DExH/D proteins couple NTP hydrolysis to RNA conformational chang-e in complex macromolecular assemblies(4). Despite the central role of DExH/D proteins, their mechanism of RNA helicase activity remains unknown. Here we show that the DExH protein NPH-II unwinds RNA duplexes in a processive, unidirectional fashion with a step size of roughly one-half helix turn. We show that there is a quantitative connection between ATP utilization and helicase processivity, thereby providing direct evidence that DExH/D proteins can function as molecular motors on RNA.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Sloan Kettering Inst, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Pyle, AM (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
NR 22
TC 193
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 447
EP 451
DI 10.1038/35000239
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100055
PM 10667799
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, Q
   Ghilardi, N
   Wang, H
   Baker, T
   Xie, MH
   Gurney, A
   Grewal, IS
   de Sauvage, FJ
AF Chen, Q
   Ghilardi, N
   Wang, H
   Baker, T
   Xie, MH
   Gurney, A
   Grewal, IS
   de Sauvage, FJ
TI Development of Th1-type immune responses requires the type I cytokine receptor TCCR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell subsets; interferon-gamma; deficient mice; th2 cells; il-4; stat6; generation; map
AB On antigen challenge, T-helper cells differentiate into two functionally distinct subsets, Th1 and Th2, characterized by the different effector cytokines that they secrete(1). Th1 cells produce interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and lymphotoxin-beta, which mediate pro-inflammatory functions critical for the development of cell-mediated immune responses, whereas Th2 cells secrete cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 that enhance humoral immunity(1,2). This process of T-helper cell differentiation is tightly regulated by cytokines. Here we report a new member of the type I cytokine receptor family, designated T-cell cytokine receptor (TCCR). When challenged in vivo with protein antigen, TCCR-deficient mice had impaired Th1 response as measured by IFN-gamma production. TCCR-deficient mice also had increased susceptibility to infection with an intracellular pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes. In addition, levels of antigen-specific immunoglobulin-gamma 2a, which are dependent on Th1 cells, were markedly reduced in these mice. Our results demonstrate the existence of a new cytokine receptor involved in regulating the adaptive immune response and critical to the generation of a Th1 response.
C1 Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Oncol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Biol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA
RP de Sauvage, FJ (corresponding author), Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Oncol, 1 DNA Way, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
EM sauvage@gene.com
NR 26
TC 351
Z9 413
U1 1
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 916
EP 920
DI 10.1038/35038103
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900055
PM 11057672
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Crone, B
   Dodabalapur, A
   Lin, YY
   Filas, RW
   Bao, Z
   LaDuca, A
   Sarpeshkar, R
   Katz, HE
   Li, W
AF Crone, B
   Dodabalapur, A
   Lin, YY
   Filas, RW
   Bao, Z
   LaDuca, A
   Sarpeshkar, R
   Katz, HE
   Li, W
TI Large-scale complementary integrated circuits based on organic transistors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin-film transistors
AB Thin-film transistors based on molecular and polymeric organic materials have been proposed for a number of applications, such as displays(1-3) and radio-frequency identification tags(4-6). The main factors motivating investigations of organic transistors are their lower cost and simpler packaging, relative to conventional inorganic electronics, and their compatibility with flexible substrates(7,8). In most digital circuitry, minimal power dissipation and stability of performance against transistor parameter variations are crucial. In silicon-based microelectronics, these are achieved through the use of complementary logic-which incorporates both p- and n-type transistors-and it is therefore reasonable to suppose that adoption of such an approach with organic semiconductors will similarly result in reduced power dissipation, improved noise margins and greater operational stability. Complementary inverters and ring oscillators have already been reported(9,10). Here we show that such an approach can realize much larger scales of integration (in the present case, up to 864 transistors per circuit) and operation speeds of similar to 1 kHz in clocked sequential complementary circuits.
C1 Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Lucent Technol, Allentown, PA 18103 USA.
C3 AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies
RP Dodabalapur, A (corresponding author), Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
EM ananth@bell-labs.com
NR 19
TC 1211
Z9 1395
U1 3
U2 561
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 521
EP 523
DI 10.1038/35000530
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300043
PM 10676955
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davidson, EA
   Trumbore, SE
   Amundson, R
AF Davidson, EA
   Trumbore, SE
   Amundson, R
TI Biogeochemistry - Soil warming and organic carbon content
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID respiration; decomposition; balance; matter
C1 Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Ecosyst Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Woodwell Climate Research Center; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Davidson, EA (corresponding author), Woods Hole Res Ctr, POB 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM edavidson@whrc.org
NR 15
TC 389
Z9 593
U1 5
U2 462
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 789
EP 790
DI 10.1038/35048672
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300032
PM 11130707
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kofman, AG
   Kurizki, G
AF Kofman, AG
   Kurizki, G
TI Acceleration of quantum decay processes by frequent observations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB In theory, the decay of any unstable quantum state can be inhibited by sufficiently frequent measurements-the quantum Zeno effect(1-10). Although this prediction has been tested only for transitions between two coupled, essentially stable states(5-8), the quantum Zeno effect is thought to be a general feature of quantum mechanics, applicable to radioactive(3) or radiative decay processes(6,9). This generality arises from the assumption that, in principle, successive observations can be made at time intervals too short for the system to change appreciably(1-4). Here we show not only that the quantum Zeno effect is fundamentally unattainable in radiative or radioactive decay (because the required measurement rates would cause the system to disintegrate), but also that these processes may be accelerated by frequent measurements. We find that the modification of the decay process is determined by the energy spread incurred by the measurements (as a result of the time-energy uncertainty relation),and the distribution of states to which the decaying state is coupled. Whereas the inhibitory quantum Zeno effect may be feasible in a limited class of systems, the opposite effect-accelerated decay-appears to be much more ubiquitous.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Chem Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Kurizki, G (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Chem Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
NR 17
TC 482
Z9 501
U1 2
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 546
EP 550
DI 10.1038/35014537
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500043
PM 10850708
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vreeland, RH
   Rosenzweig, WD
   Powers, DW
AF Vreeland, RH
   Rosenzweig, WD
   Powers, DW
TI Isolation of a 250 million-year-old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sp. nov.; dominican amber; new-mexico; evaporites; halobacteria; diversity; origin; genus
AB Bacteria have been found associated with a variety of ancient samples(1), however few studies are generally accepted due to questions about sample quality and contamination. When Cano and Borucki(2) isolated a strain of Bacillus sphaericus from an extinct bee trapped in 25-30 million-year-old amber, careful sample selection and stringent sterilization techniques were the keys to acceptance. Here we report the isolation and growth of a previously unrecognized spore-forming bacterium (Bacillus species, designated 2-9-3) from a brine inclusion within a 250 million-year-old salt crystal from the Permian Salado Formation. Complete gene sequences of the 16S ribosomal DNA show that the organism is part of the lineage of Bacillus marismortui and Virgibacillus pantothenticus. Delicate crystal structures and sedimentary features indicate the salt has not recrystallized since formation. Samples were rejected if brine inclusions showed physical signs of possible contamination. Surfaces of salt crystal samples were sterilized with strong alkali and acid before extracting brines from inclusions. Sterilization procedures reduce the probability of contamination to less than 1 in 10(9).
C1 W Chester Univ, Dept Biol, W Chester, PA 19383 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE); West Chester University of Pennsylvania
RP Vreeland, RH (corresponding author), W Chester Univ, Dept Biol, W Chester, PA 19383 USA.
EM rvreeland@wcupa.edu
NR 30
TC 507
Z9 612
U1 2
U2 175
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 897
EP 900
DI 10.1038/35038060
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900049
PM 11057666
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Swinbanks, D
   Cyranoski, D
AF Swinbanks, D
   Cyranoski, D
TI Taiwan backs experience in quest for biotech success
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 3
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 417
EP 426
DI 10.1038/35030326
PG 10
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700058
PM 11014201
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Richmond, BG
   Strait, DS
AF Richmond, BG
   Strait, DS
TI Evidence that humans evolved from a knuckle-walking ancestor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hominid; quadrupedalism; morphology; hominoids; pliocene; ethiopia; radius; origin; kenya; hand
AB Bipedalism has traditionally been regarded as the fundamental adaptation that sets hominids apart from other primates. Fossil I evidence demonstrates that by 4.1 million years ago(1), and perhaps earlier(2), hominids exhibited adaptations to bipedal walking. At present, however, the fossil record offers little information about the origin of bipedalism, and despite nearly a century of research on existing fossils and comparative anatomy, there is still no consensus concerning the mode of locomotion that preceded bipedalism(3-10). Here we present evidence that fossils attributed to Australopithecus anamensis (KNM-ER 20419)(11) and A. afarensis (AL 288-1)(12) retain specialized wrist morphology associated with knuckle-walking. This distal radial morphology differs from that of later hominids and non-knuckle-walking anthropoid primates, suggesting that knuckle-walking is a derived feature of the African ape and human clads. This removes key morphological evidence for a Pan-Gorilla clade, and suggests that bipedal hominids evolved from a knuckle-walking ancestor that was already partly terrestrial.
C1 George Washington Univ, Dept Anthropol, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
C3 George Washington University
RP Richmond, BG (corresponding author), George Washington Univ, Dept Anthropol, 2110 G St NW, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
EM brich@gwu.edu
NR 35
TC 199
Z9 245
U1 0
U2 118
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 382
EP 385
DI 10.1038/35006045
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000048
PM 10746723
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ketting, RF
   Plasterk, RHA
AF Ketting, RF
   Plasterk, RHA
TI A genetic link between co-suppression and RNA interference in C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; transgenic plants; expression; petunia; methylation; gld-1; virus; dna
AB Originally discovered in plants(1,2), the phenomenon of co-suppression by transgenic DNA has since been observed in many organisms from fungi(3) to animals(4-7): introduction of transgenic copies of a gene results in reduced expression of the transgene as well as the endogenous gene. The effect depends on sequence identity between transgene and endogenous gene. Some cases of cosuppression resemble RNA interference (the experimental silencing of genes by the introduction of double-stranded RNA)(8), as RNA seems to be both an important initiator and a target in these processes(9-13). Here we show that co-suppression in Caenorhabditis elegans is also probably mediated by RNA molecules. Both RNA interference(14,15) and co-suppression(16) have been implicated in the silencing of transposons. We now report that mutants of C. elegans that are defective in transposon silencing and RNA interference (mut-2, mut-7, mut-8 and mut-9) are in addition resistant to co-suppression. This indicates that RNA interference and co-suppression in C. elegans may be mediated at least in part by the same molecular machinery, possibly through RNA-guided degradation of messenger RNA molecules.
C1 Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Biol, Ctr Biomed Genet, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute
RP Plasterk, RHA (corresponding author), Ctr Biomed Genet, Hubrecht Lab, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM plasterk@niob.know.nl
NR 30
TC 168
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 296
EP 298
DI 10.1038/35005113
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200052
PM 10749214
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scholin, CA
   Gulland, F
   Doucette, GJ
   Benson, S
   Busman, M
   Chavez, FP
   Cordaro, J
   DeLong, R
   De Vogelaere, A
   Harvey, J
   Haulena, M
   Lefebvre, K
   Lipscomb, T
   Loscutoff, S
   Lowenstine, LJ
   Marin, R III
   Miller, PE
   McLellan, WA
   Moeller, PDR
   Powell, CL
   Rowles, T
   Silvagni, P
   Silver, M
   Spraker, T
   Trainer, V
   Van Dolah, FM
AF Scholin, CA
   Gulland, F
   Doucette, GJ
   Benson, S
   Busman, M
   Chavez, FP
   Cordaro, J
   DeLong, R
   De Vogelaere, A
   Harvey, J
   Haulena, M
   Lefebvre, K
   Lipscomb, T
   Loscutoff, S
   Lowenstine, LJ
   Marin, R III
   Miller, PE
   McLellan, WA
   Moeller, PDR
   Powell, CL
   Rowles, T
   Silvagni, P
   Silver, M
   Spraker, T
   Trainer, V
   Van Dolah, FM
TI Mortality of sea lions along the central California coast linked to a toxic diatom bloom
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID domoic acid; hippocampal damage; probes; mice
AB Over 400 California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) died and many others displayed signs of neurological dysfunction along the central California coast during May and June 1998. A bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia australis (diatom) was observed in the Monterey Bay region during the same period. This bloom was associated with production of domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin(1) that was also detected in planktivorous fish, including the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), and in sea lion body fluids. These and other concurrent observations demonstrate the trophic transfer of DA resulting in marine mammal mortality. In contrast to fish, blue mussels (Mytilus edulus) collected during the DA outbreak contained no DA or only trace amounts. Such findings reveal that monitoring of mussel toxicity alone does not necessarily provide adequate warning of DA entering the food web at levels sufficient to harm marine wildlife and perhaps humans.
C1 Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.
   Marin Headlands, Marine Mammal Ctr, Sausalito, CA 94965 USA.
   Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, NOAA, Charleston, SC 29412 USA.
   Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.
   Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Long Beach, CA 90802 USA.
   Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
   Monterey Bay Natl Marine Sanctuary, Monterey, CA 93940 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA.
   Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Food & Drug Branch, Sacramento, CA 94234 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA.
   Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA.
   Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
   Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, ECD, Seattle, WA 98112 USA.
C3 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; National Ocean Service, NOAA; Moss Landing Marine Laboratories; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; United States Department of Defense; California Department of Health Care Services; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Wilmington; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Scholin, CA (corresponding author), Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, 770 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.
EM scholin@mbari.org
NR 27
TC 643
Z9 741
U1 10
U2 190
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 80
EP 84
DI 10.1038/47481
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400046
PM 10638756
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pawlowski, B
   Dunbar, RIM
   Lipowicz, A
AF Pawlowski, B
   Dunbar, RIM
   Lipowicz, A
TI Evolutionary fitness - Tall men have more reproductive success
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID short stature; attractiveness
C1 Univ Wroclaw, Dept Anthropol, PL-50138 Wroclaw, Poland.
   Univ Liverpool, Sch Biol Sci, ESRC Res Ctr Econ Learning & Social Evolut, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
   Polish Acad Sci, Inst Anthropol, PL-50951 Wroclaw, Poland.
C3 University of Wroclaw; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC); University of Liverpool; Polish Academy of Sciences
RP Pawlowski, B (corresponding author), Univ Wroclaw, Dept Anthropol, Ul Kuznicza 35, PL-50138 Wroclaw, Poland.
EM rimd@liv.ac.uk
NR 12
TC 249
Z9 270
U1 1
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 156
EP 156
DI 10.1038/35003107
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300040
PM 10646589
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vielle-Calzada, JP
   Baskar, R
   Grossniklaus, U
AF Vielle-Calzada, JP
   Baskar, R
   Grossniklaus, U
TI Delayed activation of the paternal genome during seed development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arabidopsis-thaliana; pattern-formation; gene; embryo; embryogenesis; protein; gnom; trap
AB Little is known about the timing of the maternal-to-zygotic transition during seed development in flowering plants. Because plant embryos can develop from somatic cells or microspores(1), maternal contributions are not considered to be crucial in early embryogensis(2). Early-acting embryo-lethal mutants in Arabidopsis, including emb30/gnom which affects the first zygotic division(3,4) have fuelled the perception that both maternal and paternal genomes are active immediately after fertilization. Here we show that none of the paternally inherited alleles of 20 loci that we tested is expressed during early seed development in Arabidopsis. For genes that are expressed at later stages, the paternally inherited allele becomes active three to four days after fertilization. The genes that we tested are involved in various processes and distributed throughout the genome, indicating that most, if not all, of the paternal genome may be initially silenced. Our findings are corroborated by genetic studies showing that emb30/gnom has a maternal-effect phenotype that is paternally rescuable in addition to its zygotic lethality. Thus, contrary to previous interpretations, early embryo and endosperm development are mainly under maternal control.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP Grossniklaus, U (corresponding author), Friedrich Miescher Inst, Maulbeerstr 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
NR 29
TC 246
Z9 276
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 91
EP 94
DI 10.1038/35003595
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100052
PM 10716449
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hulleman, F
   van Kerkwijk, MH
   Kulkarni, SR
AF Hulleman, F
   van Kerkwijk, MH
   Kulkarni, SR
TI An optical counterpart to the anomalous X-ray pulsar 4U0142+61
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID white-dwarf; emission; stars
AB The energy source of the anomalous X-ray pulsars' (AXPs) is not understood, hence their designation as anomalous. Unlike binary X-ray pulsars, no companions are seen, so the energy cannot be supplied by accretion of matter from a companion star. The loss of rotational energy, which powers radio pulsars, is insufficient to power AXPs. Two models are generally considered: accretion from a large disk left over from the birth process(2,3), or decay of a very strong magnetic field (10(15) G) associated with a 'magnetar'(4). The lack of counterparts at other wavelengths has hampered progress in our understanding of these objects. Here we report deep optical observations of the field around 4U0142+61, which is the brightest AXP in X-rays. The source has no associated supernova remnant, which, together with its spin-down timescale of similar to 10(5)yr (ref. 5), suggests that it may be relatively old. We find an object with peculiar optical colours at the position of the X-ray source, and argue that it is the optical counterpart. The optical emission is too faint to admit the presence of a large accretion disk, but may be consistent with magnetospheric emission from a magnetar.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Astron Inst, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands.
   CALTECH, Palomar Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Utrecht University; California Institute of Technology
RP Hulleman, F (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Astron Inst, POB 80000, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM f.hulleman@astro.uu.nl
NR 31
TC 150
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 689
EP 692
DI 10.1038/35047024
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200040
PM 11130064
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yancopoulos, GD
   Davis, S
   Gale, NW
   Rudge, JS
   Wiegand, SJ
   Holash, J
AF Yancopoulos, GD
   Davis, S
   Gale, NW
   Rudge, JS
   Wiegand, SJ
   Holash, J
TI Vascular-specific growth factors and blood vessel formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor tyrosine kinase; tumor angiogenesis; cardiovascular development; diabetic-retinopathy; endothelial-cells; transgenic mice; lung-carcinoma; tie2 receptor; vegf gene; pdgf-b
AB A recent explosion in newly discovered vascular growth factors has coincided with exploitation of powerful new genetic approaches for studying vascular development. An emerging rule is that all of these factors must be used in perfect harmony to form functional vessels. These new findings also demand re-evaluation of therapeutic efforts aimed at regulating blood vessel growth in ischaemia, cancer and other pathological settings.
C1 Regeneron Pharmaceut Inc, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA.
C3 Regeneron
RP Yancopoulos, GD (corresponding author), Regeneron Pharmaceut Inc, 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA.
NR 73
TC 3145
Z9 3800
U1 4
U2 381
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 242
EP 248
DI 10.1038/35025215
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000060
PM 11001067
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sun, LF
   Xie, SS
   Liu, W
   Zhou, WY
   Liu, ZQ
   Tang, DS
   Wang, G
   Qian, LX
AF Sun, LF
   Xie, SS
   Liu, W
   Zhou, WY
   Liu, ZQ
   Tang, DS
   Wang, G
   Qian, LX
TI Materials - Creating the narrowest carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Ctr Condensed Matter Phys, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Physics, CAS
RP Sun, LF (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Ctr Condensed Matter Phys, POB 603, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China.
NR 7
TC 138
Z9 161
U1 2
U2 89
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 384
EP 384
DI 10.1038/35000290
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100037
PM 10667781
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnson, HP
   Hutnak, M
   Dziak, RP
   Fox, CG
   Urcuyo, I
   Cowen, JP
   Nabelek, J
   Fisher, C
AF Johnson, HP
   Hutnak, M
   Dziak, RP
   Fox, CG
   Urcuyo, I
   Cowen, JP
   Nabelek, J
   Fisher, C
TI Earthquake-induced changes in a hydrothermal system on the Juan de Fuca mid-ocean ridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Hydrothermal vents on mid-ocean ridges of the northeast Pacific Ocean are known to respond to seismic disturbances, with observed changes in vent temperature(1-4). But these disturbances resulted from submarine volcanic activity; until now, there have been no observations of the response of a vent system to nonmagmatic, tectonic events. Here we report measurements of hydrothermal vent temperature from several vents on the Juan de Fuca ridge in June 1999, before, during and after an earthquake swarm of apparent tectonic origin. Vent fluid temperatures began to rise 4-11 days after the first earthquake. Following this initial increase, the vent temperatures oscillated for about a month before settling down to higher values. We also observed a tenfold increase in fluid output from the hydrothermal system over a period of at least 80 days, extending along the entire ridge segment. Such a large, segment-wide thermal response to relatively modest tectonic activity is surprising, and raises questions about the sources of excess heat and fluid, and the possible effect on vent biological communities.
C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Newport, OR 97365 USA.
   NOAA, PMEL, Newport, OR 97365 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, COAS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Oregon State University; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Hawaii System; Oregon State University
RP Johnson, HP (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 11
TC 129
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 174
EP 177
DI 10.1038/35025040
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000044
PM 11001052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taylor, WR
AF Taylor, WR
TI A deeply knotted protein structure and how it might fold
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The search for knots in protein has uncovered little that would cause Alexander the Great to reach for his sword. Excluding knots formed by post-translational crosslinking, the few proteins considered to be knotted form simple trefoil knots with one end of the chain extending through a loop by only a few residues(1,2), ten in the 'best' example(3). A knot in an open chain (as distinct from a closed circle) is not rigorously defined and many weak protein knots disappear if the structure is viewed from a different angle. Here I describe a computer algorithm to detect knots in open chains that is not sensitive to viewpoint and that can define the region of the chain giving rise to the knot. It characterizes knots in proteins by the number of residues that must be removed from each end to abolish the knot. I applied this algorithm to the protein structure database and discovered a deep, figure-of-eight knot in the plant protein acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase(4). I propose a protein folding pathway that may explain how such a knot is formed.
C1 Natl Inst Med Res, Div Math Biol, London NW7 1AA, England.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP Taylor, WR (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, Div Math Biol, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
NR 11
TC 427
Z9 474
U1 1
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 916
EP 919
DI 10.1038/35022623
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600051
PM 10972297
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clapham, JC
   Arch, JRS
   Chapman, H
   Haynes, A
   Lister, C
   Moore, GBT
   Piercy, V
   Carter, SA
   Lehner, I
   Smith, SA
   Beeley, LJ
   Godden, RJ
   Herrity, N
   Skehel, M
   Changani, KK
   Hockings, PD
   Reid, DG
   Squires, SM
   Hatcher, J
   Trail, B
   Latcham, J
   Rastan, S
   Harper, AJ
   Cadenas, S
   Buckingham, JA
   Brand, MD
   Abuin, A
AF Clapham, JC
   Arch, JRS
   Chapman, H
   Haynes, A
   Lister, C
   Moore, GBT
   Piercy, V
   Carter, SA
   Lehner, I
   Smith, SA
   Beeley, LJ
   Godden, RJ
   Herrity, N
   Skehel, M
   Changani, KK
   Hockings, PD
   Reid, DG
   Squires, SM
   Hatcher, J
   Trail, B
   Latcham, J
   Rastan, S
   Harper, AJ
   Cadenas, S
   Buckingham, JA
   Brand, MD
   Abuin, A
TI Mice overexpressing human uncoupling protein-3 in skeletal muscle are hyperphagic and lean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID selective beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist; brown adipose-tissue; insulin action; fat oxidation; thermogenesis; obesity; gene; palatability; cl-316,243; product
AB Uncoupling protein-3 (UCP-3) is a recently identified member of the mitochondrial transporter superfamily(1,2) that is expressed predominantly in skeletal muscle(1,2). However, its close relative UCP-1 is expressed exclusively in brown adipose tissue, a tissue whose main function is fat combustion and thermogenesis. Studies on the expression of UCP-3 in animals and humans in different physiological situations support a role for UCP-3 in energy balance and lipid metabolism(3,4). However, direct evidence for these roles is lacking. Here we describe the creation of transgenic mice that overexpress human UCP-3 in skeletal muscle. These mice are hyperphagic but weigh less than their wild-type littermates. Magnetic resonance imaging shows a striking reduction in adipose tissue mass. The mice also exhibit lower fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels and an increased glucose clearance rate. This provides evidence that skeletal muscle UCP-3 has the potential to influence metabolic rate and glucose homeostasis in the whole animal.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Cambridge CB2 1QW, England.
   MRC, Dunn Human Nutr Unit, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
   Dept Safety Assessment, Welwyn Garden City AL6 9AR, Herts, England.
   Lab Anim Sci, Welwyn Garden City AL6 9AR, Herts, England.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Vasc Biol, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Bioinformat, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Mol Biol, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Gene Express Sci, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Bioanalyt Sci, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Neurobehav Res, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Comparat Genet, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC); MRC Human Nutrition Research; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom
RP Clapham, JC (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QW, England.
NR 27
TC 511
Z9 562
U1 2
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 415
EP 418
DI 10.1038/35019082
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800048
PM 10935638
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peng, CY
   Manning, L
   Albertson, R
   Doe, CQ
AF Peng, CY
   Manning, L
   Albertson, R
   Doe, CQ
TI The tumour-suppressor genes lgl and dlg regulate basal protein targeting in Drosophila neuroblasts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ii heavy-chain; asymmetric localization; cell; prospero; mitosis; melanogaster; mechanism; divisions; tomosyn; miranda
AB Drosophila neuroblasts are a model system for studying asymmetric cell division: they divide unequally to produce an apical neuroblast and a basal ganglion mother cell that differ in size, mitotic activity and developmental potential. During neuroblast mitosis, an apical protein complex orients the mitotic spindle and targets determinants of cell fate to the basal cortex(1), but the mechanism of each process is unknown. Here we show that the tumour-suppressor genes lethal giant larvae (lgl) and discs large (dlg) regulate basal protein targeting, but not apical complex formation or spindle orientation, in both embryonic and larval neuroblasts. Dlg protein is apically enriched and is required for maintaining cortical localization of Lgl protein. Basal protein targeting requires microfilament and myosin function, yet the lgl phenotype is strongly suppressed by reducing levels of myosin II. We conclude that Dlg and Lgl promote, and myosin II inhibits, actomyosin-dependent basal protein targeting in neuroblasts.
C1 Univ Oregon, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Inst Neurosci, Inst Mol Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
C3 University of Oregon; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Doe, CQ (corresponding author), Univ Oregon, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Inst Neurosci, Inst Mol Biol, 1254, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
NR 25
TC 293
Z9 348
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 596
EP 600
DI 10.1038/35046094
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600121
PM 11117748
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ostermann, A
   Waschipky, R
   Parak, FG
   Nienhaus, GU
AF Ostermann, A
   Waschipky, R
   Parak, FG
   Nienhaus, GU
TI Ligand binding and conformational motions in myoglobin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sperm whale myoglobin; carbonmonoxy-myoglobin; molecular-dynamics; heme-proteins; monoxide; crystallography; spectroscopy; transition; scattering; photolysis
AB Myoglobin, a small globular haem protein that binds gaseous ligands such as O-2, CO and NO reversibly at the haem iron, serves as a model for studying structural and dynamic aspects of protein reactions. Time-resolved spectroscopic measurements after photodissociation of the ligand revealed a complex ligand-binding reaction with multiple kinetic intermediates, resulting from protein relaxation and movements of the ligand within the protein(1-3). To observe the structural changes induced by ligand dissociation, we have carried out X-ray crystallographic investigations of carbon monoxy-myoglobin (MbCO mutant L29W) crystals illuminated below and above 180 K, complemented by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy of CO rebinding. Here we show that below 180 K photodissociated ligands migrate to specific sites within an internal cavity-the distal haem pocket-of an essentially immobilized, frozen protein, from where they subsequently rebind by thermally activated barrier crossing. Upon photodissociation above 180 K. Ligands escape from the distal pocket, aided by protein fluctuations that transiently open exit channels. We recover most of the ligands in a cavity on the opposite side of the haem group.
C1 Univ Ulm, Dept Biophys, D-89069 Ulm, Germany.
   Tech Univ Munich, Fak Phys E17, D-85747 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 Ulm University; Technical University of Munich; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Nienhaus, GU (corresponding author), Univ Ulm, Dept Biophys, D-89069 Ulm, Germany.
NR 31
TC 369
Z9 399
U1 0
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 205
EP 208
DI 10.1038/35004622
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900057
PM 10724176
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vogelauer, M
   Wu, JS
   Suka, N
   Grunstein, M
AF Vogelauer, M
   Wu, JS
   Suka, N
   Grunstein, M
TI Global histone acetylation and deacetylation in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymerase-ii holoenzyme; cell-cycle progression; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; in-vivo; pho5 promoter; acetyltransferase; chromatin; transcription; nucleosm; activation
AB Histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases can be targeted to promoters to activate or repress genes. For example, the histone acetyltransferase GCN5 is part of a yeast multiprotein complex that is recruited by the DNA-binding activator protein GCN4 (refs 1-3). The histone deacetylase RPD3 complex is recruited to DNA by the repressor UME6 (refs 4, 5); similar mechanisms exist in other eukaryotes(6). However, deletion of RPD3 also increases expression of the PHO5 gene(7) that is repressed by nucleosomes(8,9), and regulated by GCN5 (ref. 10) but not by UME6. We have determined whether acetylation and deacetylation are promoter specific at PHO5, by using antibodies against acetylated lysine residues and chromatin immunoprecipitation to examine the acetylation state of a 4.25-kilobase region surrounding the PHO5 gene. Here we show that this region is acetylated extensively by ESA1 and GCN5 and deacetylated by HDA1 and RPD3, and that widespread histone modification affects three separate chromosomal regions examined, which total 22 kb. Our data indicate that targeted modification occurs in a background of global acetylation and deacetylation that not only reduces basal transcription, but also allows a rapid return to the initial state of acetylation when targeting is removed.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Grunstein, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Boyer Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 29
TC 354
Z9 429
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 495
EP 498
DI 10.1038/35044127
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800054
PM 11100734
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DiTullio, GR
   Grebmeier, JM
   Arrigo, KR
   Lizotte, MP
   Robinson, DH
   Leventer, A
   Barry, JB
   VanWoert, ML
   Dunbar, RB
AF DiTullio, GR
   Grebmeier, JM
   Arrigo, KR
   Lizotte, MP
   Robinson, DH
   Leventer, A
   Barry, JB
   VanWoert, ML
   Dunbar, RB
TI Rapid and early export of Phaeocystis antarctica blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phytoplankton; carbon; dimethylsulfide; pouchetii; prymnesiophyceae; polynya; ocean; cycle
AB The Southern Ocean is very important for the potential sequestration of carbon dioxide in the oceans(1) and is expected to be vulnerable to changes in carbon export forced by anthropogenic climate warming(2). Annual phytoplankton blooms in seasonal ice zones are highly productive and are thought to contribute significantly to pCO(2) drawdown in the Southern Ocean. Diatoms are assumed to be the most important phytoplankton class with respect to export production in the Southern Ocean; however, the colonial prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis antarctica regularly forms huge blooms in seasonal ice zones and coastal Antarctic waters(3). There is little evidence regarding the fate of carbon produced by P. antarctica in the Southern Ocean, although remineralization in the upper water column has been proposed to be the main pathway in polar waters(4,5). Here we present evidence for early and rapid carbon export from P. antarctica blooms to deep water and sediments in the Ross Sea. Carbon sequestration from P. antarctica blooms may influence the carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean, especially if projected climatic changes lead to an alteration in the structure of the phytoplankton community(6,7).
C1 Univ Charleston, Grice Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA.
   Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Oshkosh, WI 54901 USA.
   San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA.
   Colgate Univ, Dept Geol, Hamilton, NY 13346 USA.
   Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.
   NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA.
   Natl Ice Ctr, Washington, DC 20395 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 College of Charleston; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; Stanford University; University of Wisconsin System; California State University System; San Francisco State University; Colgate University; Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Stanford University
RP DiTullio, GR (corresponding author), Univ Charleston, Grice Marine Lab, 205 Ft Johnson, Charleston, SC 29412 USA.
EM ditullioj@cofc.edu
NR 28
TC 275
Z9 317
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 595
EP 598
DI 10.1038/35007061
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100051
PM 10766240
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ball, P
AF Ball, P
TI Nanotechnology - Molecular movers and shakers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 8
TC 6
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 904
EP 904
DI 10.1038/35050261
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100018
PM 11140655
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wickware, P
AF Wickware, P
TI US minorities stake their claim in science and engineering
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 717
EP 718
DI 10.1038/35015276
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800057
PM 10864335
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wenk, HR
   Matthies, S
   Hemley, RJ
   Mao, HK
   Shu, J
AF Wenk, HR
   Matthies, S
   Hemley, RJ
   Mao, HK
   Shu, J
TI The plastic deformation of iron at pressures of the Earth's inner core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; travel-times; in-situ; anisotropy; temperature; convection; elasticity; zirconium; system; slip
AB Soon after the discovery of seismic anisotropy in the Earth's inner core(1), it was suggested that crystal alignment attained during deformation might be responsible(2). Since then, several other mechanisms have been proposed to account for the observed anisotropy(3,4), but the lack of deformation experiments performed at the extreme pressure conditions corresponding to the solid inner core has limited our ability to determine which deformation mechanism applies to this region of the Earth(5). Here we determine directly the elastic and plastic deformation mechanism of iron at pressures of the Earth's core, from synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements of iron, under imposed axial stress, in diamond-anvil cells. The epsilon-iron (hexagonally close packed) crystals display strong preferred orientation, with c-axes parallel to the axis of the diamond-anvil cell. Polycrystal plasticity theory predicts an alignment of c-axes parallel to the compression direction as a result of basal slip, if basal slip is either the primary or a secondary slip system. The experiments provide direct observations of deformation mechanisms that occur in the Earth's inner core, and introduce a method for investigating, within the laboratory, the rheology of materials at extreme pressures.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geol & Geophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Ctr High Pressure Res, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Carnegie Institution for Science; Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Wenk, HR (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geol & Geophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 30
TC 153
Z9 171
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1044
EP 1047
DI 10.1038/35016558
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700042
PM 10890442
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rhew, RC
   Miller, BR
   Weiss, RF
AF Rhew, RC
   Miller, BR
   Weiss, RF
TI Natural methyl bromide and methyl chloride emissions from coastal salt marshes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID higher-plants; biosynthesis; methane; halomethanes; flux
AB Atmospheric methyl bromide (CH3Br) and methyl chloride (CH3Cl), compounds that are involved in stratospheric ozone depletion, originate from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Current estimates of CH3Br and CH3Cl emissions from oceanic sources, terrestrial plants and fungi, biomass burning and anthropogenic inputs do not balance their losses owing to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals, oceanic degradation, and consumption in soils, suggesting that additional natural terrestrial sources may be important(1). Here we show that CH3Br and CH3Cl are released to the atmosphere from all vegetation zones of two coastal salt marshes. We see very large fluxes of CH3Br and CH3Cl per unit area: up to 42 and 570 mu mol m(-2) d(-1), respectively. The fluxes show large diurnal, seasonal and spatial variabilities, but there is a strong correlation between the fluxes of CH3Br and those of CH3Cl, with an average molar flux ratio of roughly 1:20. If our measurements are typical of salt marshes globally, they suggest that such ecosystems, even though they constitute less than 0.1% of the global surface area(2), may produce roughly 10% of the total fluxes of atmospheric CH3Br and CH3Cl.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP Rhew, RC (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 21
TC 220
Z9 247
U1 2
U2 87
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 292
EP 295
DI 10.1038/35002043
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700047
PM 10659844
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scully, R
   Livingston, DM
AF Scully, R
   Livingston, DM
TI In search of the tumour-suppressor functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcriptional activation; dna-damage; meiotic cells; gene brca1; strand; repair; breast; atm; phosphorylation; product
AB Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes can be caused by loss-of-function germline mutations in one of two tumour-suppressor genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2 (ref. 1). Each gene product interacts with recombination/DNA repair proteins in pathways that participate in preserving intact chromosome structure. However, it is unclear to what extent such functions specifically suppress breast and ovarian cancer. Here we analyse what is known of BRCA gene function and highlight some unanswered questions in the field.
C1 Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Livingston, DM (corresponding author), Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
FU NCI NIH HHS [K01 CA079576] Funding Source: Medline
NR 42
TC 543
Z9 647
U1 0
U2 79
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 429
EP 432
DI 10.1038/35044000
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800037
PM 11100717
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fischer, MB
   Roeckl, C
   Parizek, P
   Schwarz, HP
   Aguzzi, A
AF Fischer, MB
   Roeckl, C
   Parizek, P
   Schwarz, HP
   Aguzzi, A
TI Binding of disease-associated prion protein to plasminogen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mice; prp; activator; epitope; death
AB Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are associated with accumulation of PrPSc, a conformer of a cellular protein called PrPC. PrPSc is thought to replicate by imparting its conformation onto PrPC (ref. 1), yet conformational discrimination between PrPC and PrPSc has remained elusive. Because deposition of PrPSc alone is not enough to cause neuropathology(2), PrPSc probably damages the brain by interacting with other cellular constituents. Here we rnd activities in human and mouse blood which bind PrPSc and prion infectivity, but not PrPC. We identify plasminogen, a pro-protease implicated in neuronal excitotoxicity(3,4), as a PrPSc-binding protein. Binding is abolished if the conformation of PrPSc is disrupted by 6M urea or guanidine. The isolated lysine binding site 1 of plasminogen (kringles I-III) retains this binding activity, and binding can be competed for with lysine. Therefore, plasminogen represents the first endogenous factor discriminating between normal and pathological prion protein. This unexpected property may be exploited for diagnostic purposes.
C1 Univ Zurich Hosp, Inst Neuropathol, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Baxter Hyland Immuno, A-1221 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of Zurich; University Zurich Hospital
RP Aguzzi, A (corresponding author), Univ Zurich Hosp, Inst Neuropathol, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM adriano@pathol.unizh.ch
NR 20
TC 187
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 479
EP 483
DI 10.1038/35044100
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800050
PM 11100730
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ries, G
   Heller, W
   Puchta, H
   Sandermann, H
   Seidlitz, HK
   Hohn, B
AF Ries, G
   Heller, W
   Puchta, H
   Sandermann, H
   Seidlitz, HK
   Hohn, B
TI Elevated UV-B radiation reduces genome stability in plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intrachromosomal homologous recombination; dna-repair; ozone depletion; damage; rad51; protein; stress; maize; life
AB Long-term depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer contributes to an increase in terrestrial solar ultraviolet-B radiation(1-3). This has deleterious effects on living organisms, such as DNA damage(4,5). When exposed to elevated ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; 280-315 nm), plants display a wide variety of physiological and morphological responses characterized as acclimation and adaptation(6). Here we show, using special sun simulators, that elevated solar UV-B doses increase the frequency of somatic homologous DNA rearrangements in Arabidopsis and tobacco plants. Increases in recombination are accompanied by a strong induction of photolyase and Rad51 gene expression. These genes are putatively involved in major DNA repair pathways, photoreactivation and recombination repair(7,8). In mutant Arabidopsis plants that are deficient in photoreactivating ultraviolet-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, recombination under elevated UV-B regimes greatly exceeds wild-type levels. Our results show that homologous recombination repair pathways might be involved in eliminating UV-B-induced DNA lesions in plants. Thus, increases in terrestrial solar UV-B radiation as forecasted for the early 21st century may affect genome stability in plants.
C1 Friedrich Miescher Inst, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
   GSF Forschungszentrum Umwelt & Gesundheit, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
C3 Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health
RP Ries, G (corresponding author), Friedrich Miescher Inst, POB 2543, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
NR 30
TC 323
Z9 366
U1 1
U2 63
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 98
EP 101
DI 10.1038/35017595
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200053
PM 10894550
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU del Camino, D
   Holmgren, M
   Liu, Y
   Yellen, G
AF del Camino, D
   Holmgren, M
   Liu, Y
   Yellen, G
TI Blocker protection in the pore of a voltage-gated K+ channel and its structural implications
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shaker potassium channels; tetraethylammonium ion; inactivation; binding; site; mechanisms; region; cells
AB The structure of the bacterial potassium channel KcsA(1) has provided a framework for understanding the related voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv channels) that are used for signalling in neurons. Opening and closing of these Kv channels (gating) occurs at the intracellular entrance to the pore, and this is also the site at which many open channel blockers affect Kv channels(2-4). To learn more about the sites of blocker binding and about the structure of the open Ky channel, we investigated here. the ability of blockers to protect against chemical modification of cysteines introduced at sites in transmembrane segment S6, which contributes to the intracellular entrance. Within the intracellular half of S6 we found an abrupt cessation of protection for both large and small blockers that is inconsistent with the narrow 'inner pore' seen in the KcsA structure. These and other results are most readily explained by supposing that the structure of Ky channels differs from that of the non-voltage-gated bacterial channel by the introduction of a sharp bend in the inner (S6) helices. This bend would occur at a Pro-X-Pro sequence that is highly conserved in Ky channels, near the site of activation gating.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Yellen, G (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 27
TC 283
Z9 316
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 321
EP 325
DI 10.1038/35002099
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700055
PM 10659852
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bina, CR
   Navrotsky, A
AF Bina, CR
   Navrotsky, A
TI Possible presence of high-pressure ice in cold subducting slabs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deep earthquakes; dense h2o; vii; mantle; phase; water; zones; arc; transport; minerals
AB During the subduction of oceanic lithosphere, water is liberated from minerals by progressive dehydration reactions(1,2) and is thought to be critical to several geologically important processes such as island-arc volcanism(3), intermediate-depth seismicity(4) and chemical exchange between the subducting lithosphere and mantle(5). Although dehydration reactions would yield supercritical fluid water in most slabs, we report here that the stable phase of H2O should be solid ice VII in portions of the coldest slabs. The formation of ice VII as a dehydration product would affect the generation, storage, transport and release of water in cold subduction zones and equilibrium conditions of dehydration would shift, potentially affecting the depths of seismogenesis and magmagenesis. Large amounts of pure ice VII might accumulate during subduction and, as a sinking slab warms, eventual melting of the ice would release large amounts of water in a small region over a short period of time, with a significant positive volume change. Moreover, the decreasing availability of fluid water, owing to the accumulation of ice VII and its subsequent reaction products in a cooling planetary interior (for example, in Mars or the future Earth), might eventually lead to a decline in tectonic activity or its complete cessation.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Thermochem Facil, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Bina, CR (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
NR 32
TC 92
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 844
EP 847
DI 10.1038/35048555
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300046
PM 11130720
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU El-Omar, EM
   Carrington, M
   Chow, WH
   McColl, KEL
   Bream, JH
   Young, HA
   Herrera, J
   Lissowska, J
   Yuan, CC
   Rothman, N
   Lanyon, G
   Martin, M
   Fraumeni, JF Jr
   Rabkin, CS
AF El-Omar, EM
   Carrington, M
   Chow, WH
   McColl, KEL
   Bream, JH
   Young, HA
   Herrera, J
   Lissowska, J
   Yuan, CC
   Rothman, N
   Lanyon, G
   Martin, M
   Fraumeni, JF Jr
   Rabkin, CS
TI Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID helicobacter-pylori infection; necrosis-factor-alpha; duodenal-ulcer disease; acid-secretion; receptor; cells; pathways
AB Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with a variety of clinical outcomes including gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer disease(1). The reasons for this variation are not clear, but the gastric physiological response is influenced by the severity and anatomical distribution of gastritis induced by H. pylori. Thus, individuals with gastritis predominantly localized to the antrum retain normal (or even high) acid secretion(2), whereas individuals with extensive corpus gastritis develop hypochlorhydria and gastric atrophy(3), which are presumptive precursors of gastric cancer(4). Here we report that interleukin-1 gene cluster polymorphisms suspected of enhancing production of interleukin-1-beta are associated with an increased risk of both hypochlorhydria induced by H. pylori and gastric cancer. Two of these polymorphism are hi near-complete linkage disequilibrium and one is a TATA-box polymorphism that markedly affects DNA-protein interactions in vitro. The association with disease may be explained by the biological properties of interleukin-1-beta, which is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine(5) and a powerful inhibitor of gastric acid secretion(6,7). Host genetic factors that affect interleukin-1-beta may determine why some individuals infected with H. pylori develop gastric cancer while others do not.
C1 NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Aberdeen, Dept Med & Therapeut, Aberdeen, Scotland.
   NCI, Intramural Res Support Program, Sci Applicat Int Corp Frederick, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Glasgow, Western Infirm, Dept Med & Therapeut, Glasgow G11 6NT, Lanark, Scotland.
   NCI, Div Basic Sci, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   M Sklodowska Curie Inst Oncol, Warsaw, Poland.
   Ctr Canc, Div Canc Epidemiol & Prevent, Warsaw, Poland.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); NIH National Cancer Institute- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics; University of Aberdeen; Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); University of Glasgow; Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Division of Basic Sciences (DBS); Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology
RP El-Omar, EM (corresponding author), NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM elomare@mail.nih.gov
NR 30
TC 1874
Z9 2098
U1 0
U2 127
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 398
EP 402
DI 10.1038/35006081
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000053
PM 10746728
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rubin, KH
   Fletcher, CH
   Sherman, C
AF Rubin, KH
   Fletcher, CH
   Sherman, C
TI Fossiliferous Lana'i deposits formed by multiple events rather than a single giant tsunami
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID last interglacial period; sea-level; th-230 ages; hawaii; corals; oahu; island; wave; diagenesis; subsidence
AB Giant tsunamis, generated by submarine landslides in the Hawaiian Islands, have been thought to be responsible for the deposition of chaotic gravels high on the southern coastal slopes of the islands of Lana'i and Moloka'i, Hawaii. Here we investigate this hypothesis, using uranium-thorium dating of the Hulopoe gravel (on Lana'i) and a study of stratigraphic relationships, such as facies changes and hiatuses, within the deposit. The Hulopoe gravel contains corals of two age groups, representing marine isotope stages be and 7 (similar to 135,000 and 240,000 years ago, respectively), with significant geographical and stratigraphic ordering. We show that the Hulopoe gravel was formed by multiple depositional events, separated by considerable periods of time, thus invalidating the main premise of the 'giant wave' hypothesis. Instead, the gravels were probably deposited during interglacial periods (when sea level was relatively high) by typical Hawaiian shoreline processes such as seasonal wave patterns, storm events and possibly 'normal' tsunamis, and reached their present height by uplift: of Lana'i.
C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys, SOEST, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System
RP Rubin, KH (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys, SOEST, 2525 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
NR 37
TC 53
Z9 56
U1 1
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 675
EP 681
DI 10.1038/35047008
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200038
PM 11130062
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsunami, H
   Montmayeur, JP
   Buck, LB
AF Matsunami, H
   Montmayeur, JP
   Buck, LB
TI A family of candidate taste receptors in human and mouse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID putative pheromone receptors; multigene family; mammals; transduction; genetics; mice
AB The gustatory system of mammals can sense four basic taste qualities, bitter, sweet, salty and sour, as well as umami, the taste of glutamate(1-6). Previous studies suggested that the detection of bitter and sweet tastants by taste receptor cells in the mouth is likely to involve G-protein-coupled receptors(2,7,8). Although two putative G-protein-coupled bitter/sweet taste receptors have been identified(9), the chemical diversity of bitter and sweet compounds leads one to expect that there is a larger number of different receptors(8,10,11). Here we report the identification of a family of candidate taste receptors (the TRBs) that are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily and that are specifically expressed by taste receptor cells. A cluster of genes encoding human TRBs is located adjacent to a Prp gene locus(12), which in mouse is tightly linked to the SOA genetic locus that is involved in detecting the bitter compound sucrose octaacetate(13-15). Another TRB gene is found on a human contig assigned to chromosome 5p15, the location of a genetic locus (PROP) that controls the detection of the bitter compound 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil in humans(16,17).
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Buck, LB (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM lbuck@hms.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 581
Z9 679
U1 3
U2 75
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 601
EP +
DI 10.1038/35007072
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100053
PM 10766242
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chiang, T
AF Chiang, T
TI Catching crumbs from the table
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 11
Z9 16
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 517
EP 517
DI 10.1038/35014679
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500028
PM 10850694
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beekman, M
   Calis, JNM
   Boot, WJ
AF Beekman, M
   Calis, JNM
   Boot, WJ
TI Insect behaviour - Parasitic honeybees get royal treatment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apis-mellifera-capensis; caste differentiation; evolution; larvae
C1 Wageningen Univ Agr, Entomol Lab, NL-6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands.
C3 Wageningen University & Research
RP Beekman, M (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
NR 10
TC 55
Z9 61
U1 1
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 723
EP 723
DI 10.1038/35008148
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600039
PM 10783876
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chai, JJ
   Du, CY
   Wu, JW
   Kyin, S
   Wang, XD
   Shi, YG
AF Chai, JJ
   Du, CY
   Wu, JW
   Kyin, S
   Wang, XD
   Shi, YG
TI Structural and biochemical basis of apoptotic activation by Smac/DIABLO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell-death; cytochrome-c; procaspase-9 activation; dna fragmentation; protein xiap; inhibitor; oligomerization; caspases; apaf-1; datp
AB Apoptosis (programmed cell death), an essential process in the development and homeostasis of metazoans, is carried out by caspases. The mitochondrial protein Smac/DIABLO performs a critical function in apoptosis by eliminating the inhibitory effect of IAPs (inhibitor of apoptosis proteins) on caspases. Here we show that Smac/DIABLO promotes not only the proteolytic activation of procaspase-3 but also the enzymatic activity of mature caspase-3, both of which depend upon its ability to interact physically with IAPs. The crystal structure of Smac/DIABLO at 2.2 Angstrom resolution reveals that it homodimerizes through an extensive hydrophobic interface. Missense mutations inactivating this dimeric interface significantly compromise the function of Smac/DIABLO. As in the Drosophila proteins Reaper, Grim and Hid, the amino-terminal amino acids of Smac/DIABLO are indispensable for its function, and a seven-residue peptide derived from the amino terminus promotes procaspase-3 activation in vitro. These results establish an evolutionarily conserved structural and biochemical basis for the activation of apoptosis by Smac/DIABLO.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
C3 Princeton University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
RP Shi, YG (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Washington Rd, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM yshi@molbio.princeton.edu
NR 37
TC 694
Z9 881
U1 1
U2 147
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 855
EP 862
DI 10.1038/35022514
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600034
PM 10972280
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Greene, E
   Lyon, BE
   Muehter, VR
   Ratcliffe, L
   Oliver, SJ
   Boag, PT
AF Greene, E
   Lyon, BE
   Muehter, VR
   Ratcliffe, L
   Oliver, SJ
   Boag, PT
TI Disruptive sexual selection for plumage coloration in a passerine bird
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lazuli buntings; maturation; evolution; males; size
AB The theory of sexual selection was developed to explain the evolution of highly exaggerated sexual ornaments(1). Now supported by vast empirical evidence(2), sexual selection is generally considered to favour individuals with the most extreme trait expression(2-4). Here we describe disruptive selection on a sexual ornament, plumage coloration, in yearling male lazuli buntings (Passerina amoena). In habitats with limited good-quality nesting cover, the dullest and the brightest yearlings were more successful in obtaining high-quality territories, pairing with females and siring offspring, than yearlings with intermediate plumage. This pattern reflects the way that territorial adult males vary levels of aggression to influence the structure of their social neighbourhood. Adult males showed less aggression towards dull yearlings than intermediate and bright ones, permitting the dull yearlings to settle on good territories nearby. Fitness comparisons based on paternity analyses showed that both the adults and dull yearlings benefited genetically from this arrangement, revealing a rare example of sexually selected male-male cooperation(5,6).
C1 Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
   Boston Univ, Marine Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 University of Montana System; University of Montana; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Queens University - Canada; Boston University
RP Greene, E (corresponding author), Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.
EM egreene@selway.umt.edu
NR 30
TC 113
Z9 129
U1 1
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6807
BP 1000
EP 1003
DI 10.1038/35039500
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 366XX
UT WOS:000090032500042
PM 11069178
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fernandes, PG
   Brierley, AS
   Simmonds, EJ
   Millard, NW
   McPhail, SD
   Armstrong, F
   Stevenson, P
   Squiress, M
AF Fernandes, PG
   Brierley, AS
   Simmonds, EJ
   Millard, NW
   McPhail, SD
   Armstrong, F
   Stevenson, P
   Squiress, M
TI Oceanography - Fish do not avoid survey vessels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 FRS Marine Lab Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, Scotland.
   British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
   Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey; NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Southampton
RP Fernandes, PG (corresponding author), FRS Marine Lab Aberdeen, POB 101,Victoria Rd, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, Scotland.
NR 13
TC 97
Z9 106
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 35
EP 36
DI 10.1038/35003648
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100034
PM 10716432
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Phillips, BL
   Casey, WH
   Karlsson, M
AF Phillips, BL
   Casey, WH
   Karlsson, M
TI Bonding and reactivity at oxide mineral surfaces from model aqueous complexes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pressure nmr kinetics; magnetic-resonance; base hydrolysis; water exchange; dissolution; aluminum(iii); spectroscopy; substitution; adsorption; mechanisms
AB The kinetic stability of oxide surfaces affects a broad range of physical phenomena, including mineral dissolution(1-3) and sorption reactions(4), stable-isotope fractionation(5), and catalyst support degradation(6). Our knowledge of the rates of these processes derives mostly from the rates of net mass transfer between the bulk solid and fluid phases. But from such data it is difficult to determine rates of elementary steps that are needed to test theoretical models. Here we determine the rates of oxygen exchange between an aqueous fluid and specific sites on the 'Al(13)' polyoxocation-AlO(4)Al(12)(OH)(24)(H(2)O)(12)(7+)- the structure of which closely resembles the surfaces of some Al-(hydr)oxide minerals in soils and catalyst supports. Extrapolation of these data to 298 K (and near pH 5.3) yields half-lives for oxygen on the complex that range from similar to 0.6 milliseconds for bound water to 41 seconds and 13 hours for the two distinct, but structurally similar, bridging hydroxyls. This surprisingly large range of labilities (similar to 10(7)) indicates that reactivity is very sensitive to molecular structure. Moreover, these results indicate that well chosen aqueous complexes provide important information to relate bonding to reactivity at mineral surfaces.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Casey, WH (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM whcasey@ucdavis.edu
NR 26
TC 110
Z9 130
U1 0
U2 67
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 379
EP 382
DI 10.1038/35006036
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000047
PM 10746722
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Uhlén, P
   Laestadius, Å
   Jahnukainen, T
   Söderblom, T
   Bäckhed, F
   Celsi, G
   Brismar, H
   Normark, S
   Aperia, A
   Richter-Dahlfors, A
AF Uhlén, P
   Laestadius, Å
   Jahnukainen, T
   Söderblom, T
   Bäckhed, F
   Celsi, G
   Brismar, H
   Normark, S
   Aperia, A
   Richter-Dahlfors, A
TI α-Haemolysin of uropathogenic E-coli induces Ca2+ oscillations in renal epithelial cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; acute pyelonephritis; hemolysin; calcium; activation; expression
AB Pyelonephritis is one of the most common febrile diseases in children. If not treated appropriately, it causes irreversible renal damage and accounts for a large proportion of end stage renal failures(1). Renal scarring can occur in the absence of inflammatory cells, indicating that bacteria may have a direct signalling effect on renal cells(2). Intracellular calcium ([Ca2+](i)) oscillations can protect cells from the cytotoxic effects of prolonged increases in intracellular calcium(3,4). However, no pathophysiologically relevant protein that induces such oscillations has been identified. Here we show that infection by uropathogenic Escherichia coli induces a constant, low-frequency oscillatory [Ca2+](i) response in target primary rat renal epithelial cells induced by the secreted RTX (repeats-in-toxin) toxin alpha-haemolysin. The response depends on calcium influx through L-type calcium channels as well as from internal stores gated by inositol triphosphate. Internal calcium oscillations induced by alpha-haemolysin in a renal epithelial cell line stimulated production of cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. Our findings indicate a novel role for alpha-haemolysin in pyelonephritis: as an inducer of an oscillating second messenger response in target cells, which fine-tunes gene expression during the inflammatory response.
C1 Karolinska Inst, Ctr Microbiol & Tumor Biol, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Karolinska Inst, Astrid Lindgren Childrens Hosp, Dept Women & Child Hlth, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska Institutet
RP Richter-Dahlfors, A (corresponding author), Karolinska Inst, Ctr Microbiol & Tumor Biol, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
EM agneta.richter.dahlfors@mtc.ki.se
NR 25
TC 200
Z9 236
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 694
EP 697
DI 10.1038/35015091
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800049
PM 10864327
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kotz, RI
   Windhager, R
   Dominkus, M
   Robioneck, B
   Müller-Daniels, H
AF Kotz, RI
   Windhager, R
   Dominkus, M
   Robioneck, B
   Müller-Daniels, H
TI A self-extending paediatric leg implant -: This device spares the need for surgical intervention by simulating natural limb growth.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Vienna, Dept Orthopaed, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Graz Univ, Dept Orthopaed, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
   Stryker Howmed Osteon, D-24232 Schonkirchen, Germany.
C3 University of Vienna; University of Graz
RP Kotz, RI (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Dept Orthopaed, Wahringer Gurtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
NR 9
TC 20
Z9 26
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 143
EP 144
DI 10.1038/35018155
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100032
PM 10910342
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Forges, BR
   Koslow, JA
   Poore, GCB
AF de Forges, BR
   Koslow, JA
   Poore, GCB
TI Diversity and endemism of the benthic seamount fauna in the southwest Pacific
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biogeography; community; slope
AB Seamounts comprise a unique deep-sea environment, characterized by substantially enhanced currents and a fauna that is dominated by suspension feeders, such as corals(1-4). The potential importance of these steep-sided undersea mountains, which are generally of volcanic origin, to ocean biogeography and diversity was recognized over 40 years ago(5), but this environment has remained very poorly explored. A review(3) of seamount biota and biogeography reported a total of 597 invertebrate species recorded from seamounts worldwide since the Challenger expedition of 1872. Most reports, based on a single taxonomic group, were extremely limited: 5 seamounts of the estimated more than 30,000 seamounts in the world's oceans(4,6) accounted for 72% of the species recorded. Only 15% of the species occurring on seamounts were considered potential seamount endemics. Here we report the discovery of more than 850 macro- and megafaunal species from seamounts in the Tasman Sea and southeast Coral Sea, of which 29-34% are new to science and potential seamount endemics. Low species overlap between seamounts in different portions of the region indicates that the seamounts in clusters or along ridge systems function as 'island groups' or 'chains,' leading to highly localized species distributions and apparent speciation between groups or ridge systems that is exceptional for the deep sea. These results have substantial implications for the conservation of this fauna, which is threatened by fishing activity(7).
C1 CSIRO, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   Ctr IRD Noumea, Noumea 98848, New Caledonia.
   Museum Victoria, Abbotsford, Vic 3067, Australia.
C3 Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Museum Victoria
RP Koslow, JA (corresponding author), CSIRO, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
EM tony.koslow@marine.csiro.au
NR 26
TC 290
Z9 317
U1 0
U2 89
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 944
EP 947
DI 10.1038/35016066
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700049
PM 10879534
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bryant, P
   Nunes, T
   Snaith, R
AF Bryant, P
   Nunes, T
   Snaith, R
TI Orthography - Children learn an untaught rule of spelling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Expt Psychol, Oxford OX1 3UD, England.
   Univ London, Inst Educ, Dept Child Dev & Learning, London WC1H OAL, England.
   Univ Surrey, Dept Psychol, Guildford GU2 5XH, Surrey, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of London; University of Surrey
RP Bryant, P (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Expt Psychol, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3UD, England.
EM peter.bryant@psy.ox.ac.uk
NR 6
TC 18
Z9 19
U1 1
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 157
EP 158
DI 10.1038/35003114
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300042
PM 10646591
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU De Rosa, C
   Park, C
   Thomas, EL
   Lotz, B
AF De Rosa, C
   Park, C
   Thomas, EL
   Lotz, B
TI Microdomain patterns from directional eutectic solidification and epitaxy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID copolymer thin-films; diblock copolymer; electric-fields; crystallization; polyethylene; polymers; arrays
AB Creating a regular surface pattern on the nanometre scale is important for many technological applications, such as the periodic arrays constructed by optical microlithography that are used as separation media in electrophoresis(1), and island structures used for high-density magnetic recording devices(2). Block copolymer patterns can also be used for lithography on length scales below 30 nanometres (refs 3-5). But for such polymers to prove useful for thin-film technologies, chemically patterned surfaces need to be made substantially defect-free over large areas, and with tailored domain orientation and periodicity. So far, control over domain orientation has been achieved by several routes(6-9), using electric fields, temperature gradients, patterned substrates and neutral confining surfaces. Here we describe an extremely fast process that leads the formation of two-dimensional periodic thin films having large area and uniform thickness, and which possess vertically aligned cylindrical domains each containing precisely one crystalline lamella. The process involves rapid solidification of a semicrystalline block copolymer from a crystallizable solvent between glass substrates using directional solidification and epitaxy. The film is both chemically and structurally periodic, thereby providing new opportunities for more selective and versatile nanopatterned surfaces.
C1 Univ Naples, Dipartimento Chim, I-80134 Naples, Italy.
   MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   CNRS, Ctr Rech Macromol, F-67083 Strasbourg, France.
C3 University of Naples Federico II; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Thomas, EL (corresponding author), Univ Naples, Dipartimento Chim, Via Mezzocannone 4, I-80134 Naples, Italy.
NR 22
TC 345
Z9 399
U1 1
U2 153
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 433
EP 437
DI 10.1038/35013018
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000041
PM 10839533
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dieterich, J
   Cayol, V
   Okubo, P
AF Dieterich, J
   Cayol, V
   Okubo, P
TI The use of earthquake rate changes as a stress meter at Kilauea volcano
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID south flank; hawaii; deformation; magma; fault; seismicity; friction; beneath
AB Stress changes in the Earth's crust are generally estimated from model calculations that use near-surface deformation as an observational constraint. But the widespread correlation of changes of earthquake activity with stress(1-5) has led to suggestions that stress changes might be calculated from earthquake occurrence rates obtained from seismicity catalogues. Although this possibility has considerable appeal, because seismicity data are routinely collected and have good spatial and temporal resolution, the method has not yet proven successful, owing to the nonlinearity of earthquake rate changes with respect to both stress and time. Here, however, we present two methods for inverting earthquake rate data to infer stress changes, using a formulation for the stress- and time-dependence of earthquake rates(6). Application of these methods at Kilauea volcano, in Hawaii, yields good agreement with independent estimates, indicating that earthquake rates can provide a practical remote-sensing stress meter.
C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA.
   Univ Blaise Pascal, Clermont Ferrand, France.
   US Geol Survey, Hawaii Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Universite Clermont Auvergne (UCA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Dieterich, J (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA.
EM jdieterich@usgs.gov
NR 21
TC 181
Z9 192
U1 1
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 457
EP 460
DI 10.1038/35044054
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800044
PM 11100724
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wong, W
   Barlow, H
AF Wong, W
   Barlow, H
TI Pattern recognition - Tunes and templates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   Physiol Lab, Cambridge CB2 3EG, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP Wong, W (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
EM hbb10@cam.ac.uk
NR 4
TC 6
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 952
EP 953
DI 10.1038/35010196
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000043
PM 10801115
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Artandi, SE
   Chang, S
   Lee, SL
   Alson, S
   Gottlieb, GJ
   Chin, L
   DePinho, RA
AF Artandi, SE
   Chang, S
   Lee, SL
   Alson, S
   Gottlieb, GJ
   Chin, L
   DePinho, RA
TI Telomere dysfunction promotes non-reciprocal translocations and epithelial cancers in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID comparative genomic hybridization; carcinoma in-situ; mouse telomerase; v(d)j recombination; p53-deficient mice; human fibroblasts; expression; cells; breast; metastases
AB Aged humans sustain a high rate of epithelial cancers such as carcinomas of the breast and colon, whereas mice carrying common tumour suppressor gene mutations typically develop soft tissue sarcomas and lymphomas. Among the many factors that may contribute to this species variance are differences in telomere length and regulation. Telomeres comprise the nucleoprotein complexes that cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and are maintained by the reverse transcriptase, telomerase(1). In human cells, insufficient levels of telomerase lead to telomere attrition with cell division in culture(2) and possibly with ageing and tumorigenesis in vivo(3-5). In contrast, critical reduction in telomere length is not observed in the mouse owing to promiscuous telomerase expression and long telomeres(6-10). Here we provide evidence that telomere attrition in ageing telomerase-deficient p53 mutant mice promotes the development of epithelial cancers by a process of fusion-bridge breakage that leads to the formation of complex non-reciprocal translocations-a classical cytogenetic feature of human carcinomas. Our data suggest a model in which telomere dysfunction brought about by continual epithelial renewal during life generates the massive ploidy changes associated with the development of epithelial cancers.
C1 Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Adult Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   CPI Ameripath Lab, Beachwood, OH 44122 USA.
   Ackerman Acad Dermatopathol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP DePinho, RA (corresponding author), Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Adult Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
FU NIA NIH HHS [K08 AG001019] Funding Source: Medline
NR 32
TC 920
Z9 1044
U1 0
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 641
EP 645
DI 10.1038/35020592
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800051
PM 10949306
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Larison, JR
   Likens, GE
   Fitzpatrick, JW
   Crock, JG
AF Larison, JR
   Likens, GE
   Fitzpatrick, JW
   Crock, JG
TI Cadmium toxicity among wildlife in the Colorado Rocky Mountains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reproduction; aluminum; calcium; mercury; birds; lead
AB Cadmium is known to be both extremely toxic and ubiquitous in natural environments. It occurs in almost all soils, surface waters and plants(1-3), and it is readily mobilized by human activities such as mining(4). As a result, cadmium has been named as a potential health threat to wildlife species(5); however, because it exists most commonly in the environment as a trace constituent, reported incidences of cadmium toxicity are rare. Here we have measured trace metals in the food web and tissues of white-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus) in Colorado. Our results suggest that cadmium toxicity may be more common among natural populations of vertebrates than has been appreciated to date and that cadmium toxicity may often go undetected or unrecognized. In addition, our research shows that ingestion of even trace quantities of cadmium can influence not only the physiology and health of individual organisms, but also the demographics and the distribution of species.
C1 Cornell Univ, Sect Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA.
   Cornell Lab Ornithol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies; Cornell University; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Larison, JR (corresponding author), Oregon State Univ, 138 Strand Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
EM larisonj@ucs.orst.edu
NR 30
TC 199
Z9 224
U1 2
U2 95
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 181
EP 183
DI 10.1038/35018068
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100046
PM 10910356
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parlati, F
   McNew, JA
   Fukuda, R
   Miller, R
   Söllner, TH
   Rothman, JE
AF Parlati, F
   McNew, JA
   Fukuda, R
   Miller, R
   Söllner, TH
   Rothman, JE
TI Topological restriction of SNARE-dependent membrane fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast secretory pathway; golgi-complex; v-snare; endoplasmic-reticulum; vesicular transport; protein; vesicles; identification; activation; encodes
AB To fuse transport vesicles with target membranes, proteins of the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) complex must be located on both the vesicle (v-SNARE) and the target membrane (t-SNARE)(1). In yeast, four integral membrane proteins, Sed5, Bos1, Sec22 and Bet1 (refs 2-6), each probably contribute a single helix to form the SNARE complex that is needed for transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi(7-11). This generates a four-helix bundle(12), which ultimately mediates the actual fusion event(13). Here we explore how the anchoring arrangement of the four helices affects their ability to mediate fusion. We reconstituted two populations of phospholipid bilayer vesicles, with the individual SNARE proteins distributed in all possible combinations between them. Of the eight non-redundant permutations of four subunits distributed over two vesicle populations, only one results in membrane fusion. Fusion only occurs when the v-SNARE Bet1 is on one membrane and the syntaxin heavy chain Sed5 and its two light chains, Bos1 and Sec22, are on the other membrane where they form a functional t-SNARE. Thus, each SNARE protein is topologically restricted by design to function either as a v-SNARE or as part of a t-SNARE complex.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Rothman, JE (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, 1275 York Ave,Box 251, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 209
Z9 269
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 194
EP 198
DI 10.1038/35025076
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000050
PM 11001058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kleemann, R
   Hausser, A
   Geiger, G
   Mischke, R
   Burger-Kentischer, A
   Flieger, O
   Johannes, FJ
   Roger, T
   Calandra, T
   Kapurniotu, A
   Grell, M
   Finkelmeier, D
   Brunner, H
   Bernhagen, J
AF Kleemann, R
   Hausser, A
   Geiger, G
   Mischke, R
   Burger-Kentischer, A
   Flieger, O
   Johannes, FJ
   Roger, T
   Calandra, T
   Kapurniotu, A
   Grell, M
   Finkelmeier, D
   Brunner, H
   Bernhagen, J
TI Intracellular action of the cytokine MIF to modulate AP-1 activity and the cell cycle through Jab1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID migration-inhibitory factor; protein; genes; expression; subunits; binding; reveals
AB Cytokines are multifunctional mediators that classically modulate immune activity by receptor-mediated pathways. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine that has a critical role in several inflammatory conditions(1-3) but that also has endocrine(4,5) and enzymatic functions(6,7). The molecular targets of MIF action have so far remained unclear. Here we show that MIF specifically interacts with an intracellular protein, Jab1, which is a coactivator of AP-1 transcription(8,9) that also promotes degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) (ref. 10). MIF colocalizes with Jab1 in the cytosol, and both endogenous and exogenously added MIF following endocytosis bind Jab1. MIF inhibits Jab1- and stimulus-enhanced AP-1 activity, but does not interfere with the induction of the transcription factor NF kappaB. Jab1 activates c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) activity and enhances endogenous phospho-c-Jun levels, and MIF inhibits these effects. MIF also antagonizes Jab1-dependent cell-cycle regulation by increasing p27(Kip1) expression through stabilization of p27(Kip1) protein. Consequently, Jab1-mediated rescue of fibroblasts from growth arrest is blocked by MIF. Amino acids 50-65 and Cys 60 of MIF are important for Jab1 binding and modulation. We conclude that MIF may act broadly to negatively regulate Jab1-controlled pathways and that the MIF-Jab1 interaction may provide a molecular basis for key activities of MIF.
C1 Univ Stuttgart, Biochem Lab, Inst Interfacial Engn, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   Univ Stuttgart, Inst Cell Biol & Immunol, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   Fraunhofer IGB, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   CHU Vaudois, Div Infect Dis, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Univ Tubingen, Inst Physiol Chem, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 University of Stuttgart; University of Stuttgart; University of Lausanne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV); Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Bernhagen, J (corresponding author), Univ Stuttgart, Biochem Lab, Inst Interfacial Engn, Nobelstr 12, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
NR 30
TC 517
Z9 588
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 211
EP 216
DI 10.1038/35041591
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400048
PM 11089976
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Engelmann, J
   Hanke, W
   Mogdans, J
   Bleckmann, H
AF Engelmann, J
   Hanke, W
   Mogdans, J
   Bleckmann, H
TI Neurobiology - Hydrodynamic stimuli and the fish lateral line
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Bonn, Inst Zool, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
C3 University of Bonn
RP Engelmann, J (corresponding author), Univ Bonn, Inst Zool, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
NR 11
TC 189
Z9 215
U1 1
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 51
EP 52
DI 10.1038/35040706
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400046
PM 11081502
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chow, E
   Lin, SY
   Johnson, SG
   Villeneuve, PR
   Joannopoulos, JD
   Wendt, JR
   Vawter, GA
   Zubrzycki, W
   Hou, H
   Alleman, A
AF Chow, E
   Lin, SY
   Johnson, SG
   Villeneuve, PR
   Joannopoulos, JD
   Wendt, JR
   Vawter, GA
   Zubrzycki, W
   Hou, H
   Alleman, A
TI Three-dimensional control of light in a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID near-infrared wavelengths; band-gap structures; wave-guide; confinement; modes
AB Optoelectronic devices are increasingly important in communication and information technology. To achieve the necessary manipulation of light (which carries information in optoelectronic devices), considerable efforts are directed at the development of photonic crystals-periodic dielectric materials that have so-called photonic bandgaps, which prohibit the propagation of photons having energies within the bandgap region. Straightforward application of the bandgap concept is generally thought to require three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals(1-5); their two-dimensional (2D) counterparts confine light in the crystal plane(6,7), but not in the perpendicular z direction, which inevitably leads to diffraction losses. Nonetheless, 2D photonic crystals still attract interest(8-15) because they are potentially more amenable to fabrication by existing techniques and diffraction losses need not seriously impair utility. Here we report the fabrication of a waveguide-coupled photonic crystal slab (essentially a free-standing 2D photonic crystal) with a strong 2D bandgap at wavelengths of about 1.5 mum, yet which is capable of fully controlling light in all three dimensions. These features confirm theoretical calculations(16,17) on the possibility of achieving 3D light control using 2D bandgaps, with index guiding providing control in the third dimension, and raise the prospect of being able to realize unusual photonic-crystal devices, such as thresholdless lasers(1).
C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA.
   MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Lin, SY (corresponding author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA.
NR 24
TC 370
Z9 432
U1 1
U2 152
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6807
BP 983
EP 986
DI 10.1038/35039583
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 366XX
UT WOS:000090032500037
PM 11069173
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnson, KA
   Ashcroft, NW
AF Johnson, KA
   Ashcroft, NW
TI Structure and bandgap closure in dense hydrogen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solid molecular-hydrogen; megabar pressures; crystal-structure; metallization; state; transitions; absorption; equation; phase; metal
AB The possibility that steadily compressed hydrogen might undergo a transition from a proton-paired insulator to a monatomic metal was first suggested in 1935 (ref, 1). But experimental realization of metallic hydrogen in solid form has remained elusive, despite studies at pressures as high as 342 GPa (ref. 2). The pairing structure is known to be robust (from the persistence of its associated vibron mode(3)), leading to the suggestion of an alternative route to the metallic state, involving a band-overlap transition in which the pairing is preserved(4). Here we report density functional calculations within the local density approximation that predict a range of densities for hydrogen where a paired or molecular metallic state may be energetically preferred. The transition to this metallic state is naturally associated with the closing of an overall bandgap; but the pressures required to effect the transition are shown to change significantly when the gaps are corrected by approximate inclusion of many-electron effects. The implication is that a complete resolution of the structural and phase problem in dense hydrogen may require methods beyond the local density approximation.
C1 Cornell Univ, Atom & Solid State Phys Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Mat Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Cornell University
RP Ashcroft, NW (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Atom & Solid State Phys Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM nwa@ccmr.cornell.edu
NR 31
TC 177
Z9 188
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 632
EP 635
DI 10.1038/35001024
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200045
PM 10688193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wolfe, JM
   Alvarez, GA
   Horowitz, TS
AF Wolfe, JM
   Alvarez, GA
   Horowitz, TS
TI Attention is fast but volition is slow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Ctr Ophthalm Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital
RP Wolfe, JM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 3
TC 107
Z9 123
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 691
EP 691
DI 10.1038/35021132
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700031
PM 10963584
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eberhardt, MV
   Lee, CY
   Liu, RH
AF Eberhardt, MV
   Lee, CY
   Liu, RH
TI Nutrition - Antioxidant activity of fresh apples
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID assay
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Eberhardt, MV (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, 108 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM RL23@cornell.edu
NR 10
TC 940
Z9 1087
U1 2
U2 365
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 903
EP 904
DI 10.1038/35016151
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700036
PM 10879522
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI The lot of the dope police
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 125
EP 125
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000013
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Michler, P
   Imamoglu, A
   Mason, MD
   Carson, PJ
   Strouse, GF
   Buratto, SK
AF Michler, P
   Imamoglu, A
   Mason, MD
   Carson, PJ
   Strouse, GF
   Buratto, SK
TI Quantum correlation among photons from a single quantum dot at room temperature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nanocrystallites; fluorescence
AB Maxwell's equations successfully describe the statistical properties(1,2) of fluorescence from an ensemble of atoms or semiconductors in one or more dimensions. But quantization of the radiation field is required to explain the correlations of light generated by a single two-level quantum emitter, such as an atom, ion or single molecule(3-6). The observation of photon antibunching in resonance fluorescence from a single atom unequivocally demonstrated the non-classical nature of radiation(3). Here we report the experimental observation of photon antibunching from an artificial system-a single cadmium selenide quantum dot at room temperature. Apart from providing direct evidence for a solid-state non-classical light source, this result proves that a single quantum dot acts like an artificial atom, with a discrete anharmonic spectrum. In contrast, we rnd the photon-emission events from a cluster of several dots to be uncorrelated.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Biochem & Chem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Imamoglu, A (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
NR 14
TC 875
Z9 978
U1 1
U2 268
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 968
EP 970
DI 10.1038/35023100
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200037
PM 10984045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yuan, X
   Sobolev, SV
   Kind, R
   Oncken, O
   Bock, G
   Asch, G
   Schurr, B
   Graeber, F
   Rudloff, A
   Hanka, W
   Wylegalla, K
   TIbi, R
   Haberland, C
   Rietbrock, A
   Giese, P
   Wigger, P
   Röwer, P
   Zandt, G
   Beck, S
   Wallace, T
   Pardo, M
   Comte, D
AF Yuan, X
   Sobolev, SV
   Kind, R
   Oncken, O
   Bock, G
   Asch, G
   Schurr, B
   Graeber, F
   Rudloff, A
   Hanka, W
   Wylegalla, K
   TIbi, R
   Haberland, C
   Rietbrock, A
   Giese, P
   Wigger, P
   Röwer, P
   Zandt, G
   Beck, S
   Wallace, T
   Pardo, M
   Comte, D
TI Subduction and collision processes in the Central Andes constrained by converted seismic phases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID upper-mantle structure; southern tibet; crustal-thickness; earthquake data; altiplano-puna; plateau; beneath; argentina; bolivia; uplift
AB The Central Andes are the Earth's highest mountain belt formed by ocean-continent collision(1,2). Most of this uplift is thought to have occurred in the past 20 Myr, owing mainly to thickening of the continental crust(2-6), dominated by tectonic shortening(7-10). Here we use P-to-S (compressional-to-shear) converted teleseismic waves observed on several temporary networks in the Central Andes to image the deep structure associated with these tectonic processes. We rnd that the Moho (the Mohorovicic discontinuity-generally thought to separate crust from mantle) ranges from a depth of 75 km under the Altiplano plateau to 50 km beneath the 4-km-high Puna plateau. This relatively thin crust below such a high-elevation region indicates that thinning of the lithospheric mantle may have contributed to the uplift of the Puna plateau. We have also imaged the subducted crust of the Nazca oceanic plate down to 120 km depth, where it becomes invisible to converted teleseismic waves, probably owing to completion of the gabbro-eclogite transformation; this is direct evidence for the presence of kinetically delayed metamorphic reactions in subducting plates. Most of the intermediate-depth seismicity in the subducting plate stops at 120 km depth as well, suggesting a relation with this transformation. We see an intracrustal low-velocity zone, 10-20 km thick, below the entire Altiplano and Puna plateaux, which we interpret as a zone of continuing metamorphism and partial melting that decouples upper-crustal imbrication from lower-crustal thickening.
C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Free Univ Berlin, Facrichtung Geophys, D-12249 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Chile, Dept Geofis, Santiago, Chile.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences; Free University of Berlin; University of Arizona; Universidad de Chile
RP Kind, R (corresponding author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
NR 29
TC 334
Z9 367
U1 0
U2 78
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 958
EP 961
DI 10.1038/35050073
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100045
PM 11140679
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cuffey, KM
   Marshall, SJ
AF Cuffey, KM
   Marshall, SJ
TI Substantial contribution to sea-level rise during the last interglacial from the Greenland ice sheet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID core project; climate; record; temperatures; accumulation; delta-o-18; transition; elevation; interval; period
AB During the last interglacial period (the Eemian), global sea level was at least three metres, and probably more than five metres, higher than at present(1,2). Complete melting of either the West Antarctic ice sheet or the Greenland ice sheet would today raise sea levels by 6-7 metres. But the high sea levels during the last interglacial period have been proposed to result mainly from disintegration of the West Antarctic ice sheet(3), with model studies attributing only 1-2 m of sea-level rise to meltwater from Greenland(4,5). This result was considered consistent with ice core evidence(4), although earlier work had suggested a much reduced Greenland ice sheet during the last interglacial period(6). Here we reconsider the Eemian evolution of the Greenland ice sheet by combining numerical modelling with insights obtained from recent central Greenland ice-core analyses. Our results suggest that the Greenland ice sheet was considerably smaller and steeper during the Eemian, and plausibly contributed 4-5.5 m to the sealevel highstand during that period. We conclude that the high sea level during the last interglacial period most probably included a large contribution from Greenland meltwater and therefore should not be interpreted as evidence for a significant reduction of the West Antarctic ice sheet.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geog, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of British Columbia
RP Cuffey, KM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geog, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 30
TC 202
Z9 224
U1 3
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 591
EP 594
DI 10.1038/35007053
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100050
PM 10766239
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Narymbetov, B
   Omerzu, A
   Kabanov, VV
   Tokumoto, M
   Kobayashi, H
   Mihailovic, D
AF Narymbetov, B
   Omerzu, A
   Kabanov, VV
   Tokumoto, M
   Kobayashi, H
   Mihailovic, D
TI Origin of ferromagnetic exchange interactions in a fullerene-organic compound
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic-property; tdae-c-60; tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene; transition; nitroxide; tdae
AB Organic ferromagnets, which exhibit exchange interactions between unpaired electrons in pi-orbitals, are rare(1-6), and the origin of ferromagnetism in these compounds has so far remained unexplained. Tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene-fullerene[60] (TDAE-C-60) shows a transition to a ferromagnetic state with fully saturated s = 1/2 molecular spins at the relatively high Curie temperature (for organic materials) of 16 K (ref. 4). It has been suggested(7-9) that the orientations of the C-60 molecules may be important for ferromagnetism in this material, but in the absence of structural data at low temperatures there has been little progress towards understanding these microscopic interactions. Here we report the results of a comparative structural study of two different magnetic forms of TDAE-C-60 crystals at low temperatures, correlating the structural properties-in particular, the intermolecular orientations-with the magnetic properties. We rnd that both ferromagnetism and spin-glasslike ordering are possible in this material, and depend on the orientational state of C-60 molecules. This resolves the apparent contradictions posed by different macroscopic measurements(4,10-14), and opens the way to a microscopic understanding of pi-electron ferromagnetic exchange interactions in organic materials.
C1 Inst Josef Stefan, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
   Inst Mol Sci, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Electrotech Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan.
C3 Slovenian Academy of Sciences & Arts (SASA); Jozef Stefan Institute; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; Institute for Molecular Science (IMS); National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST)
RP Mihailovic, D (corresponding author), Inst Josef Stefan, Jamova 39, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
NR 19
TC 171
Z9 181
U1 2
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 883
EP 885
DI 10.1038/35038032
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900044
PM 11057661
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Downs, JA
   Lowndes, NF
   Jackson, SP
AF Downs, JA
   Lowndes, NF
   Jackson, SP
TI A role for Saccharomyces cerevisiae histone H2A in DNA repair
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-strand breaks; dependent protein-kinase; checkpoint pathways; chromatin structure; damage checkpoint; budding yeast; in-vivo; nucleosome; rad53; genes
AB Histone proteins associate with and compact eukaryotic nuclear DNA to form chromatin. The basic unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which is made up of 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around two of each of four core histones(1), H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. Chromatin structure and its regulation are important in transcription and DNA replication(2-4). We therefore thought that DNA-damage signalling and repair components might also modulate chromatin structure. Here we have characterized a conserved motif in the carboxy terminus of the core histone H2A from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that contains a consensus phosphorylation site for phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase related kinases (PIKKs). This motif is important for survival in the presence of agents that generate DNA double-strand breaks, and the phosphorylation of this motif in response to DNA damage is dependent on the PIKK family member Mec1. The motif is not necessary for Mec1-dependent cell-cycle or transcriptional responses to DNA damage, but is required for efficient DNA double-strand break repair by non-homologous end joining. In addition, the motif has a role in determining higher order chromatin structure. Thus, phosphorylation of a core histone in response to DNA damage may cause an alteration of chromatin structure that facilitates DNA repair.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust & Canc Res Campaign, Inst Canc & Dev Biol, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Imperial Canc Res Fund, Clare Hall Labs, CDC Lab, Potters Bar EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP Jackson, SP (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust & Canc Res Campaign, Inst Canc & Dev Biol, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
NR 27
TC 536
Z9 683
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 1001
EP 1004
DI 10.1038/35050000
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100057
PM 11140636
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zadnik, K
   Jones, LA
   Irvin, BC
   Kleinstein, RN
   Manny, RE
   Shin, JA
   Mutti, DO
AF Zadnik, K
   Jones, LA
   Irvin, BC
   Kleinstein, RN
   Manny, RE
   Shin, JA
   Mutti, DO
TI Vision - Myopia and ambient night-time lighting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Ohio State Univ, Coll Optometry, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Sch Optometry, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Houston, Coll Optometry, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
   So Calif Coll Optometry, Fullerton, CA 92831 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Houston System; University of Houston
RP Zadnik, K (corresponding author), Ohio State Univ, Coll Optometry, 338 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
FU NEI NIH HHS [U10 EY008893] Funding Source: Medline
NR 5
TC 62
Z9 73
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 143
EP 144
DI 10.1038/35004661
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900037
PM 10724157
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van der Laan, LJW
   Lockey, C
   Griffeth, BC
   Frasier, FS
   Wilson, CA
   Onions, DE
   Hering, BJ
   Long, ZF
   Otto, E
   Torbett, BE
   Salomon, DR
AF van der Laan, LJW
   Lockey, C
   Griffeth, BC
   Frasier, FS
   Wilson, CA
   Onions, DE
   Hering, BJ
   Long, ZF
   Otto, E
   Torbett, BE
   Salomon, DR
TI Infection by porcine endogenous retrovirus after islet xenotransplantation in SCID mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-cells; engraftment; pigs
AB Animal donors such as pigs could provide an alternative source of organs for transplantation. However, the promise of xenotransplantation is offset by the possible public health risk of a cross-species infection(1,2). All pigs contain several copies of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV)(3,4), and at least three variants of PERV can infect human cell lines in vitro in co-culture, infectivity and pseudotyping experiments(3,5-7). Thus, if xenotransplantation of pig tissues results in PERV viral replication, there is a risk of spreading and adaptation of this retrovirus to the human host. C-type retroviruses related to PERV are associated with malignancies of haematopoietic lineage cells in their natural hosts(8). Here we show that pig pancreatic islets produce PERV and can infect human cells in culture. After transplantation into NOD/SCID (non-obese diabetic, severe combined immunodeficiency) mice, we detect ongoing viral expression and several tissue compartments become infected. This is the first evidence that PERV is transcriptionally active and infectious cross-species in vivo after transplantation of pig tissues. These results show that a concern for PERV infection risk associated with pig islet xenotransplantation in immunosuppressed human patients may be justified.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol & Expt Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Genet Therapy Inc, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA.
   US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Glasgow, Dept Vet Pathol, Glasgow G61 1QH, Lanark, Scotland.
   Q One Biotech Ltd, Glasgow G20 OXA, Lanark, Scotland.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Surg, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Novartis; Novartis USA; US Food & Drug Administration (FDA); Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research (CBER); University of Glasgow; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Salomon, DR (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol & Expt Med, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 22
TC 298
Z9 324
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 90
EP 94
DI 10.1038/35024089
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000048
PM 10993079
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takasaki, T
   Hatakeyama, K
   Suzuki, G
   Watanabe, M
   Isogai, A
   Hinata, K
AF Takasaki, T
   Hatakeyama, K
   Suzuki, G
   Watanabe, M
   Isogai, A
   Hinata, K
TI The S receptor kinase determines self-incompatibility in Brassica stigma
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID campestris l; molecular-cloning; locus genes; rapa l; oleracea; transformation; alleles; glycoproteins; expression; sequence
AB The self-incompatibility possessed by Brassica is an intraspecific reproductive barrier by which the stigma rejects self-pollen but accepts non-self-pollen for fertilization. The molecular/biochemical bases of recognition and rejection have been intensively studied. Self-incompatibility in Brassica is sporophytically controlled by the polymorphic S locus(1). Two tightly linked polymorphic genes at the S locus, S receptor kinase gene (SRK) and S locus glycoprotein gene (SLG), are specifically expressed in the papillar cells of the stigma(2-4), and analyses of self-compatible lines(5-7) of Brassica have suggested that together they control stigma function in self-incompatibility interactions. Here we show, by transforming self-incompatible plants of Brassica rapa with an SRK28 and an SLG(28) transgene separately, that expression of SRK28 alone, but not SLG(28) alone, conferred the ability to reject self (S-28)-pollen on the transgenic plants. We also show that the ability of SRK28 to reject S-28 pollen was enhanced by SLG(28). We conclude that SRK alone determines S haplotype specificity of the stigma, and that SLG acts to promote a full manifestation of the self-incompatibility response.
C1 Seed Prod Co Ltd, Res Inst, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9893204, Japan.
   Kobe Univ, Fac Agr, Nada Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan.
   Osaka Kyoiku Univ, Div Nat Sci, Osaka 5828582, Japan.
   Iwate Univ, Fac Agr, Morioka, Iwate 0208550, Japan.
   Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Grad Sch Biol Sci, Ikoma 6300101, Japan.
C3 Kobe University; Osaka University of Education; Iwate University; Nara Institute of Science & Technology
RP Takasaki, T (corresponding author), Seed Prod Co Ltd, Res Inst, Aoba Ku, 6-6-3 Minamiyoshinari, Sendai, Miyagi 9893204, Japan.
NR 30
TC 416
Z9 536
U1 4
U2 113
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 913
EP 916
DI 10.1038/35002628
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200063
PM 10706292
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hart, AW
   Baeza, N
   Apelqvist, Å
   Edlund, H
AF Hart, AW
   Baeza, N
   Apelqvist, Å
   Edlund, H
TI Attenuation of FGF signalling in mouse β-cells leads to diabetes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID impaired glucose-tolerance; fibroblast growth-factors; insulin; gene; proinsulin; onset; mutations; niddm; differentiation; conversion
AB Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling has been implicated in patterning, proliferation and cell differentiation in many organs, including the developing pancreas(1,2). Here we show that the FGF receptors (FGFRs) 1 and 2, together with the ligands FGF1, FGF2, FGF4, FGF5, FGF7 and FGF10, are expressed in adult mouse beta -cells, indicating that FGF signalling may have a role in differentiated beta -cells. When we perturbed signalling by expressing dominant-negative forms of the receptors, FGFR1c and FGFR2b, in the pancreas, we found that that mice with attenuated FGFR1c signalling, but not those with reduced FGFR2b signalling, develop diabetes with age and exhibit a decreased number of beta -cells, impaired expression of glucose transporter 2 and increased proinsulin content in beta -cells owing to impaired expression of prohormone convertases 1/3 and 2. These defects are all characteristic of patients with type-2 diabetes. Mutations in the homeobox gene Ipf1/Pdx1 are linked to diabetes in both mouse and human. We also show that Ipf1/Pdx1 is required for the expression of FGFR1 signalling components in beta -cells, indicating that Ipf1/Pdx1 acts upstream of FGFR1 signalling in beta -cells to maintain proper glucose sensing, insulin processing and glucose homeostasis.
C1 Umea Univ, Dept Microbiol, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
   Umea Univ, ULMM, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
C3 Umea University; Umea University
RP Edlund, H (corresponding author), Umea Univ, Dept Microbiol, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
NR 30
TC 198
Z9 250
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 864
EP 868
DI 10.1038/35048589
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300052
PM 11130726
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brown, BE
   Dunne, RP
   Goodson, MS
   Douglas, AE
AF Brown, BE
   Dunne, RP
   Goodson, MS
   Douglas, AE
TI Marine ecology - Bleaching patterns in reef corals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID event
C1 Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Marine Sci & Coastal Management, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Univ York, Dept Biol, York YO10 5YW, N Yorkshire, England.
C3 Newcastle University - UK; University of York - UK
RP Brown, BE (corresponding author), Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Marine Sci & Coastal Management, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
NR 11
TC 151
Z9 176
U1 3
U2 70
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 142
EP 143
DI 10.1038/35004657
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900036
PM 10724156
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prins, LJ
   De Jong, F
   Timmerman, P
   Reinhoudt, DN
AF Prins, LJ
   De Jong, F
   Timmerman, P
   Reinhoudt, DN
TI An enantiomerically pure hydrogen-bonded assembly
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supramolecular chirality; molecular boxes; information; memory
AB Chiral molecules have asymmetric arrangements of atoms, forming structures that are non-superposable mirror images of each other. Specific mirror images ('enantiomers') may be obtained either from enantiomerically pure precursor compounds, through enantioselective synthesis, or by resolution of so-called racemic mixtures of opposite enantiomers, provided that racemization (the spontaneous interconversion of enantiomers) is sufficiently slow. Non-covalent assemblies can similarly adopt chiral supramolecular structures(1,2), and if they are held together by relatively strong interactions, such as metal coordination(3), methods analogous to those used to obtain chiral molecules yield enantiomerically pure non-covalent products. But the resolution of assemblies formed through weak interactions, such as hydrogen-bonding, remains challenging, reflecting their lower stability and significantly higher susceptibility to racemization. Here we report the design of supramolecular structures from achiral calix[4]arene dimelamines and cyanurates, which form multiple cooperative hydrogen bonds that together provide sufficient stability to allow the isolation of enantiomerically pure assemblies. Our design strategy is based on a non-covalent 'chiral memory' concept(4,5), whereby we first use chiral barbiturates to induce the supramolecular chirality in a hydrogen-bonded assembly(6), and then substitute them by achiral cyanurates. The stability of the resultant chiral assemblies in benzene, a non-polar solvent not competing for hydrogen bonds, is manifested by a half-life to racemization of more than four days at room temperature.
C1 Univ Twente, MESA Res Inst, Lab Supramol Chem & Technol, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
C3 University of Twente
RP Reinhoudt, DN (corresponding author), Univ Twente, MESA Res Inst, Lab Supramol Chem & Technol, POB 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
EM smct@ct.utwente.nl
NR 19
TC 286
Z9 301
U1 1
U2 134
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 181
EP 184
DI 10.1038/35041530
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400039
PM 11089967
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ye, K
   Cong, BL
   Ye, DI
AF Ye, K
   Cong, BL
   Ye, DI
TI The possible subduction of continental material to depths greater than 200 km
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-pressure; 300 kilometers; eastern china; alpe-arami; eclogite; transformation; peridotite; isotope; garnets; diamond
AB Determining the depth to which continental lithosphere can be subducted into the mantle at convergent plate boundaries is of importance for understanding the long-term growth of supercontinents as well as the dynamic processes that shape such margins. Recent discoveries of coesite and diamond in regional ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks has demonstrated that continental material can be subducted to depths of at least 120 km (ref. 1), and subduction to depths of 150-300 km has been inferred from garnet peridotites in orogenic UHP belts based on several indirect observations(2-5). But continental subduction to such depths is difficult to trace directly in natural UHP metamorphic crustal rocks by conventional mineralogical and petrological methods because of extensive late-stage recrystallization and the lack of a suitable pressure indicator. It has been predicted from experimental work, however, that solid-state dissolution of pyroxene should occur in garnet at depths greater than 150 km (refs 6-8). Here we report the observation of high concentrations of clinopyroxene, rutile and apatite exsolutions in garnet within eclogites from Yangkou in the Sulu UHP metamorphic belt, China. We interpret these data as resulting from the high-pressure formation of pyroxene solid solutions in subducted continental material. Appropriate conditions for the Na2O concentrations and octahedral silicon observed in these samples are met at depths greater than 200 km.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geol & Geophys, Lab Lithosphere Tecton Evolut, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Geology & Geophysics, CAS
RP Ye, K (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geol & Geophys, Lab Lithosphere Tecton Evolut, POB 9825, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China.
NR 28
TC 588
Z9 741
U1 0
U2 126
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 734
EP 736
DI 10.1038/35037566
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900039
PM 11048717
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wickware, P
AF Wickware, P
TI Insiders advise on first steps to a career
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 466
EP 466
DI 10.1038/35000347
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100061
PM 10667804
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Waldvogel, D
   van Gelderen, P
   Muellbacher, W
   Ziemann, U
   Immisch, I
   Hallett, M
AF Waldvogel, D
   van Gelderen, P
   Muellbacher, W
   Ziemann, U
   Immisch, I
   Hallett, M
TI The relative metabolic demand of inhibition and excitation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebral blood-flow; positron emission tomography; presupplementary motor area; finger movements; normal values; stimulation; brain; cortex; activation; cells
AB By using the (C-14)2-deoxyglucose method(1), inhibition has been shown to be a metabolically active process at the level of the synapse(2,3). This is supported by recent results from magnetic resonance spectroscopy that related the changes in neuroenergetics occurring with functional activation to neurotransmitter cycling(4). However, inhibitory synapses are less numerous and strategically better located than excitatory synapses, indicating that inhibition may be more efficient, and therefore less energy-consuming, than excitation. Here we test this hypothesis using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging in volunteers whose motor cortex was inhibited during the no-go condition of a go/no-go task, as demonstrated by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Unlike excitation, inhibition evoked no measurable change in the blood-oxygenation-level-dependent signal in the motor cortex, indicating that inhibition is less metabolically demanding. Therefore, the 'activation' seen in functional imaging studies probably results from excitation rather than inhibition.
C1 NINDS, Human Motor Control Sect, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NINDS, In Vivo NMR Res Ctr, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
RP Hallett, M (corresponding author), NINDS, Human Motor Control Sect, NIH, Bldg 10,10 Ctr Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
FU National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [ZIANS002669] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 223
Z9 248
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 995
EP 998
DI 10.1038/35023171
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200045
PM 10984053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bortolotto, ZA
   Clarke, VRJ
   Delany, CM
   Vignes, M
   Collingridge, GL
AF Bortolotto, ZA
   Clarke, VRJ
   Delany, CM
   Vignes, M
   Collingridge, GL
TI Neurobiology - Kainate receptors and synaptic plasticity - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation
C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Med, Dept Anat, MRC,Ctr Synapt Plast, Bristol BS8 1TD, Avon, England.
   Univ Montpellier 2, Lab Plast Cerebrale, CNRS, EP 628, F-34095 Montpellier 05, France.
C3 University of Bristol; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Montpellier
RP Bortolotto, ZA (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Sch Med, Dept Anat, MRC,Ctr Synapt Plast, Bristol BS8 1TD, Avon, England.
NR 4
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 957
EP 957
DI 10.1038/35023077
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dixon, MJ
   Smilek, D
   Cudahy, C
   Merikle, PM
AF Dixon, MJ
   Smilek, D
   Cudahy, C
   Merikle, PM
TI Five plus two equals yellow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID digit
C1 Univ Waterloo, Dept Psychol, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
C3 University of Waterloo
RP Dixon, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Waterloo, Dept Psychol, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
NR 6
TC 197
Z9 208
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 365
EP 365
DI 10.1038/35019148
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800030
PM 10935623
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohno, H
   Chiba, D
   Matsukura, F
   Omiya, T
   Abe, E
   Dietl, T
   Ohno, Y
   Ohtani, K
AF Ohno, H
   Chiba, D
   Matsukura, F
   Omiya, T
   Abe, E
   Dietl, T
   Ohno, Y
   Ohtani, K
TI Electric-field control of ferromagnetism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID iii-v semiconductors; diluted magnetic semiconductors; magnetoelectronics; heterostructures; injection
AB It is often assumed that it is not possible to alter the properties of magnetic materials once they have been prepared and put into use. For example, although magnetic materials are used in information technology to store trillions of bits (in the form of magnetization directions established by applying external magnetic fields), the properties of the magnetic medium itself remain unchanged on magnetization reversal. The ability to externally control the properties of magnetic materials would be highly desirable from fundamental and technological viewpoints, particularly in view of recent developments in magnetoelectronics and spintronics(1,2). In semiconductors, the conductivity can be varied by applying an electric field, but the electrical manipulation of magnetism has proved elusive. Here we demonstrate electric-field control of ferromagnetism in a thin-film semiconducting alloy, using an insulating-gate field-effect transistor structure. By applying electric fields, we are able to vary isothermally and reversibly the transition temperature of hole-induced ferromagnetism.
C1 Tohoku Univ, Elect Commun Res Inst, Lab Elect Intelligent Syst, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
C3 Tohoku University
RP Ohno, H (corresponding author), Tohoku Univ, Elect Commun Res Inst, Lab Elect Intelligent Syst, Aoba Ku, Katahira 2-1-1, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
NR 20
TC 1936
Z9 2123
U1 12
U2 697
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 944
EP 946
DI 10.1038/35050040
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100040
PM 11140674
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eiler, JM
   Schiano, P
   Kitchen, N
   Stolper, EM
AF Eiler, JM
   Schiano, P
   Kitchen, N
   Stolper, EM
TI Oxygen-isotype evidence for recycled crust in the sources of mid-ocean-ridge basalts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID element geochemistry; upper-mantle; isotope; heterogeneity; origin; geodynamics; systematics; scale; h2o
AB Mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORBs) are the most abundant terrestrial magmas and are believed to form by partial melting of a globally extensive reservoir of ultramafic rocks in the upper mantle(1). MORBs vary in their abundances of incompatible elements (that is, those that partition into silicate liquids during partial melting) and in the isotopic ratios of several radiogenic isotope systems(2-4). These variations define a spectrum between 'depleted' and 'enriched' compositions, characterized by respectively low and high abundances of incompatible elements(5,6). Compositional variations in the sources of MORBs could reflect recycling of subducted crustal materials into the source reservoir(7), or any of a number of processes of intramantle differentiation(8-10). Variations in (18)O/(16)O (principally sensitive to the interaction of rocks with the Earth's hydrosphere) offer a test of these alternatives. Here we show that (18)O/(16)O ratios of MORBs are correlated with aspects of their incompatible-element chemistry. These correlations are consistent with control of the oxygen-isotope and incompatible-element geochemistry of MORBs by a component of recycled crust that is variably distributed throughout their upper mantle sources.
C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Inst Phys Globe, Lab Geochim Cosmochim, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
   Univ Clermont Ferrand, Unite Mixte Rech Magmas & Volcans 6524, F-63038 Clermont Ferrand, France.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Universite Paris Cite; Universite Clermont Auvergne (UCA)
RP Eiler, JM (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM eiler@gps.caltech.edu
NR 29
TC 215
Z9 231
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 530
EP 534
DI 10.1038/35000553
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300046
PM 10676958
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bermudez, V
   Capron, N
   Gase, T
   Gatti, FG
   Kajzar, F
   Leigh, DA
   Zerbetto, F
   Zhang, SW
AF Bermudez, V
   Capron, N
   Gase, T
   Gatti, FG
   Kajzar, F
   Leigh, DA
   Zerbetto, F
   Zhang, SW
TI Influencing intramolecular motion with an alternating electric field
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular shuttle; birefringence; mechanics; rotaxanes; machines; dynamics; water
AB Analogues of mechanical devices that operate on the molecular level(1-5), such as shuttles(6-10), brakes(11), ratchets(12,13), turnstiles(14) and unidirectional spinning motors(15,16), are current targets of both synthetic chemistry and nanotechnology. These structures are designed to restrict the degrees of freedom of submolecular components such that they can only move with respect to each other in a predetermined manner, ideally under the influence of some external stimuli. Alternating-current (a.c.) electric fields are commonly used to probe electronic structure, but can also change the orientation of molecules(17-19) (a phenomenon exploited in liquid crystal displays), or interact with large-scale molecular motions, such as the backbone fluctuations of semi-rigid polymers(20,21). Here we show that modest a.c. fields can be used to monitor and influence the relative motion within certain rotaxanes(22), molecules comprising a ring that rotates around a linear 'thread' carrying bulky 'stoppers' at each end. We observe strong birefringence at frequencies that correspond to the rate at which the molecular ring pirouettes about the thread, with the frequency of maximum birefringence, and by inference also the rate of ring pirouetting giving rise to it, changing as the electric field strength is varied. Computer simulations and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy show the ring rotation to be the only dynamic process occurring on a timescale corresponding to the frequency of maximum birefringence, thus confirming that mechanical motion within the rotaxanes can be addressed, and to some extent controlled, by oscillating electric fields.
C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Chem, Ctr Supramol & Macromol Chem, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
   Ctr Etud Saclay, LETI, CEA Technol Avancees, DEIN,SPE GCO, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Chim G Ciamician, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
C3 University of Warwick; CEA; University of Bologna
RP Leigh, DA (corresponding author), Univ Warwick, Dept Chem, Ctr Supramol & Macromol Chem, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
NR 30
TC 206
Z9 226
U1 0
U2 86
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 608
EP 611
DI 10.1038/35020531
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800042
PM 10949297
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sait, SM
   Liu, WC
   Thompson, DJ
   Godfray, HCJ
   Begon, M
AF Sait, SM
   Liu, WC
   Thompson, DJ
   Godfray, HCJ
   Begon, M
TI Invasion sequence affects predator-prey dynamics in a multi-species interaction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID indian meal moth; plodia-interpunctella; population-dynamics; granulosis-virus; pathogen interactions; cycles; models; stochasticity; persistence; discrete
AB Ecologists seek to understand the rules that govern the assembly, coexistence and persistence of communities of interacting species. There is, however, a variety of sequences in which a multi-species community can be assembled-unlike more familiar one- and two-species systems. Ecological systems can exhibit contrasting dynamics depending on initial conditions(1), but studies have been focused on simple communities initiated at different densities, not on multi-species communities constructed in different sequences. Investigations of permanence and convergence in ecological communities(2-4) have been concerned with the flux of whole species (presence or absence)(4) but have not addressed the central issues concerning the dynamics exhibited by individual species in particular interactions. Here we examine data for replicated three-species systems and demonstrate that the dynamic trajectories of both a predator and its prey within the system are determined by the sequence in which it is constructed, and that for one construction-sequence alternative dynamic patterns are possible.
C1 Univ Liverpool, Sch Biol Sci, Populat & Evolut Biol Res Grp, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, NERC, Ctr Populat Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
C3 University of Liverpool; Imperial College London; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); Imperial College London
RP Sait, SM (corresponding author), Univ Liverpool, Sch Biol Sci, Populat & Evolut Biol Res Grp, Nicholson Bldg,POB 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
NR 26
TC 56
Z9 61
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 448
EP 450
DI 10.1038/35013045
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000046
PM 10839538
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pestova, TV
   Lomakin, IB
   Lee, JH
   Choi, SK
   Dever, TE
   Hellen, CUT
AF Pestova, TV
   Lomakin, IB
   Lee, JH
   Choi, SK
   Dever, TE
   Hellen, CUT
TI The joining of ribosomal subunits in eukaryotes requires eIF5B
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID translation initiation; protein-synthesis; rabbit reticulocytes; factor-5; purification; complex; binding; codon
AB Initiation of eukaryotic protein synthesis begins with the ribosome separated into its 40S and 60S subunits(1). The 40S subunit first binds eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 3 and an eIF2-GTP-initiator transfer RNA ternary complex. The resulting complex requires eIF1, eIF1A, eIF4A, eIF4B and eIF4F to bind to a messenger RNA and to scan to the initiation codon(2). eIF5 stimulates hydrolysis of eIF2-bound GTP and eIF2 is released from the 48S complex formed at the initiation codon before it is joined by a 60S subunit to form an active 80S ribosome(3-8). Here we show that hydrolysis of eIF2-bound GTP induced by eIF5 in 48S complexes is necessary but not sufficient for the subunits to join. A second factor termed eIF5B (relative molecular mass 175,000) is essential for this process. It is a homologue of the prokaryotic initiation factor IF2 (refs 6, 7) and, like it(8-12), mediates joining of subunits and has a ribosome-dependent GTPase activity that is essential for its function.
C1 SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA.
   Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, AN Belozersky Inst Physicochem Biol, Moscow 119899, Russia.
   NICHHD, Lab Eukaryot Gene Regulat, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University; Lomonosov Moscow State University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
RP Pestova, TV (corresponding author), SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, 450 Clarkson Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA.
FU Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [ZIAHD001004, ZIAHD001010] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 17
TC 325
Z9 457
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 332
EP 335
DI 10.1038/35002118
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700058
PM 10659855
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bock, H
   Gharagozloo-Hubmann, K
   Sievert, M
   Prisner, T
   Havlas, Z
AF Bock, H
   Gharagozloo-Hubmann, K
   Sievert, M
   Prisner, T
   Havlas, Z
TI Single crystals of an ionic anthracene aggregate with a triplet ground state
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anions; crystallization; tetraanion; charge; spin
AB Crystalline supramolecular aggregates consisting of charged organic molecules, held together through metal-duster-mediated Coulomb interactions, have attracted interest owing to their unusual structural, chemical and electronic properties(1-3). Aggregates containing metal cation dusters 'wrapped' by lipophilic molecular anions have, for example, been shown(4,5) to be kinetically stable and soluble in nonpolar liquids such as saturated hydrocarbons. The formation of supramolecular aggregates can even be exploited to generate aromatic hydrocarbons that carry four negative charges and crystallize in the form of organic poly(metal cation) clusters(6,7) or helical polymers(8). Here we report the anaerobic crystallization of an ionic organic aggregate-a contact ion septuple consisting of a fourfold negatively charged 'tripledecker' of three anthracene molecules bridged by four solvated potassium cations, Its electronic ground state is shown experimentally, using temperature-dependent electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, to be a triplet, Although the spins in this biradical ionic solid are separated by a considerable distance, density functional theory calculations(9) indicate that the triplet ground state is 84 kJ mol(-1) more stable than the first excited singlet state. We expect that the successful crystallization of the ionic solid we report here, and that of a covalent organic compound with a triplet ground state(10) at room temperature, will stimulate further attempts to develop new triplet-ground-state materials for practical use.
C1 Univ Frankfurt, Dept Chem, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Organ Chem & Biochem, CZ-16610 Prague, Czech Republic.
C3 Goethe University Frankfurt; Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
RP Bock, H (corresponding author), Univ Frankfurt, Dept Chem, Marie Curie Str 11, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany.
NR 17
TC 61
Z9 66
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 267
EP 269
DI 10.1038/35005048
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200043
PM 10749205
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhu, GF
   Spellman, PT
   Volpe, T
   Brown, PO
   Botstein, D
   Davis, TN
   Futcher, B
AF Zhu, GF
   Spellman, PT
   Volpe, T
   Brown, PO
   Botstein, D
   Davis, TN
   Futcher, B
TI Two yeast forkhead genes regulate the cell cycle and pseudohyphal growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; filamentous growth; transcription; swi5; head; expression; protein; kinase; mcm1; chitinase
AB There are about 800 genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae whose transcription is cell-cycle regulated(1,2). Some of these form clusters of co-regulated genes(1). The 'CLB2' cluster contains 33 genes whose transcription peaks early in mitosis, including CLB1, CLB2, SWI5, ACE2, CDC5, CDC20 and other genes important for mitosis(1). Here we rnd that the genes in this cluster lose their cell cycle regulation in a mutant that lacks two forkhead transcription factors, Fkh1 and Fkh2. Fkh2 protein is associated with the promoters of CLB2, SWI5 and other genes of the cluster. These results indicate that Fkh proteins are transcription factors for the CLB2 cluster. The fkh1 fkh2 mutant also displays aberrant regulation of the 'SIC1' cluster(1), whose member genes are expressed in the M-G1 interval and are involved in mitotic exit. This aberrant regulation may be due to aberrant expression of the transcription factors Swi5 and Ace2, which are members of the CLB2 cluster and controllers of the SIC1 cluster. Thus, a cascade of transcription factors operates late in the cell cycle. Finally, the fkh1 fkh2 mutant displays a constitutive pseudohyphal morphology, indicating that Fkh1 and Fkh2 may help control the switch to this mode of growth.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Biochem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94306 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Grad Program Genet, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Stanford, CA 94306 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Stanford University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Stanford University
RP Futcher, B (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, POB 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
NR 26
TC 297
Z9 358
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 90
EP 94
DI 10.1038/35017581
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200051
PM 10894548
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elser, JJ
   Fagan, WF
   Denno, RF
   Dobberfuhl, DR
   Folarin, A
   Huberty, A
   Interlandi, S
   Kilham, SS
   McCauley, E
   Schulz, KL
   Siemann, EH
   Sterner, RW
AF Elser, JJ
   Fagan, WF
   Denno, RF
   Dobberfuhl, DR
   Folarin, A
   Huberty, A
   Interlandi, S
   Kilham, SS
   McCauley, E
   Schulz, KL
   Siemann, EH
   Sterner, RW
TI Nutritional constraints in terrestrial and freshwater food webs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID n-p stoichiometry; ecosystems; phosphorus; growth; phytoplankton; zooplankton; limitation; patterns; daphnia; plants
AB Biological and environmental contrasts between aquatic and terrestrial systems have hindered analyses of community and ecosystem structure across Earth's diverse habitats. Ecological stoichiometry(1,2) provides an integrative approach for such analyses, as all organisms are composed of the same major elements (C, N, P) whose balance affects production, nutrient cycling, and food-web dynamics(3,4). Here we show both similarities and differences in the C:N:P ratios of primary producers (autotrophs) and invertebrate primary consumers (herbivores) across habitats. Terrestrial food webs are built on an extremely nutrient-poor autotroph base with C:P and C:N ratios higher than in lake particulate matter, although the N:P ratios are nearly identical. Terrestrial herbivores (insects) and their freshwater counterparts (zooplankton) are nutrient-rich and indistinguishable in C:N:P stoichiometry. In both lakes and terrestrial systems, herbivores should have low growth efficiencies (10-30%) when consuming autotrophs with typical carbon-to-nutrient ratios. These stoichiometric constraints on herbivore growth appear to be qualitatively similar and widespread in both environments.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Drexel Univ, Sch Environm Sci Engn & Policy, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, Div Ecol, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
   SUNY Syracuse, Dept Environm & Forest Biol, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.
   Rice Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Drexel University; University of Calgary; State University of New York (SUNY) System; State University of New York (SUNY) College of Environmental Science & Forestry; Rice University; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Elser, JJ (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
NR 25
TC 1286
Z9 1923
U1 27
U2 1539
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 578
EP 580
DI 10.1038/35046058
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600116
PM 11117743
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maiorano, D
   Moreau, J
   Méchali, M
AF Maiorano, D
   Moreau, J
   Méchali, M
TI XCDT1 is required for the assembly of pre-replicative complexes in Xenopus laevis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID origin recognition complex; dna-replication; cell-cycle; licensing system; mcm proteins; cdc6 protein; s-phase; chromatin; initiation; extracts
AB In eukaryotic cells, chromosomal DNA replication begins with the formation of pre-replication complexes at replication origins. Formation and maintenance of pre-replication complexes is dependent upon CDC6 (ref. 1), a protein which allows assembly of MCM2-7 proteins(2-4), which are putative replicative helicases(5). The functional assembly of MCM proteins into chromatin corresponds to replication licensing. Removal of these proteins from chromatin in S phase is crucial in origins firing regulation(6). We have identified a protein that is required for the assembly of prereplication complexes, in a screen for maternally expressed genes in Xenopus. This factor (XCDT1) is a relative of fission yeast cdt1, a protein proposed to function in DNA replication(7), and is the first to be identified in vertebrates. Here we show, using Xenopus in vitro systems, that XCDT1 is required for chromosomal DNA replication. XCDT1 associates with pre-replicative chromatin in a manner dependent on ORC protein and is removed from chromatin at the time of initiation of DNA synthesis. Immunodepletion and reconstitution experiments show that XCDT1 is required to load MCM2-7 proteins onto pre-replicative chromatin. These findings indicate that XCDT1 is an essential component of the system that regulates origins firing during S phase.
C1 CNRS, Inst Human Genet, F-34396 Montpellier 5, France.
   Univ Paris 07, Inst Jacques Monod, Paris 05, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Montpellier; Universite Paris Cite
RP Méchali, M (corresponding author), CNRS, Inst Human Genet, 141 Rue Cardonille, F-34396 Montpellier 5, France.
EM mechali@igh.cnrs.fr
NR 25
TC 297
Z9 357
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 622
EP 625
DI 10.1038/35007104
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100058
PM 10766247
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhitenev, NB
   Fulton, TA
   Yacoby, A
   Hess, HF
   Pfeiffer, LN
   West, KW
AF Zhitenev, NB
   Fulton, TA
   Yacoby, A
   Hess, HF
   Pfeiffer, LN
   West, KW
TI Imaging of localized electronic states in the quantum Hall regime
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID density; gas
AB The concept of electron localization has long been accepted to be essential to the physics of the quantum Hall effect(1,2) in a two-dimensional electron gas. The exact quantization of the Ball resistance and the zero of the diagonal resistance over a range of filling factors close to integral are attributed to the localization of electronic states at the Fermi level in the interior of the gas. As the electron density is changed, charging of the individual localized states may occur by single-electron jumps(3,4), causing associated oscillations in the local electrostatic potential. Here we search for such a manifestation of localized states in the quantum Hall regime, using a scanning electrometer probe(5,6). We observe localized potential signals, at numerous locations, that oscillate with changing electron density. In general, the corresponding spatial patterns are complex, but well-defined objects are often seen which evidently arise from individual localized states. These objects interact, and at times form a lattice-like arrangement.
C1 Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Phasemetr Inc, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
C3 Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Zhitenev, NB (corresponding author), Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 12
TC 86
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 473
EP 476
DI 10.1038/35006591
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700040
PM 10761909
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gajiwala, KS
   Chen, H
   Cornille, F
   Roques, BP
   Reith, W
   Mach, B
   Burley, SK
AF Gajiwala, KS
   Chen, H
   Cornille, F
   Roques, BP
   Reith, W
   Mach, B
   Burley, SK
TI Structure of the winged-helix protein hRFX1 reveals a new mode of DNA binding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID linker histone h5; globular domain; nucleosome binding; crystal-structure; site; identification; recognition; family; motif; head
AB Regulatory factor X (RFX) proteins are transcriptional activators that recognize X-boxes (DNA of the sequence 5'-GTNRCC(0-3N) RGYAAC-3', where N is any nucleotide, R is a purine and Y is a pyrimidine) using a highly conserved 76-residue DNA-binding domain (DBD). DNA-binding defects in the protein RFX5 cause bare lymphocyte syndrome or major histocompatibility antigen class II defciency(1), RFXI, -2 and -3 regulate expression of other medically important gene products (for example, interleukin-5 receptor alpha chain, IL-5R alpha)(2). Fusions of the ligand-binding domain of the oestrogen receptor with the DBD of RFX4 occur in some human breast tumours'. Here we present a 1.5 Angstrom-resolution structure of two copies of the DBD of human RFXI (hRFX1) binding cooperatively to a symmetrical X-box(4,5), hRFX1 is an unusual member of the winged-helix subfamily of helix-turn-helix proteins(6) because it uses a beta-hairpin (or wing) to recognize DNA instead of the recognition helix typical of helix-turn-helix proteins. A new model for interactions between linker histones and DNA is proposed.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Pels Family Ctr Biochem & Struct Biol, Labs Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   UFR Sci Pharmaceut & Biol, Dept Pharmacol Mol & Struct, CNRS,URA D1500, INSERM,U266, F-75720 Paris, France.
   Ctr Med Univ Geneva, Dept Genet & Microbiol, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
C3 Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Cite; University of Geneva
RP Burley, SK (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Pels Family Ctr Biochem & Struct Biol, Labs Mol Biophys, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 25
TC 285
Z9 331
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 916
EP 921
DI 10.1038/35002634
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200064
PM 10706293
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gylfe, Å
   Bergström, S
   Lunström, J
   Olsen, B
AF Gylfe, Å
   Bergström, S
   Lunström, J
   Olsen, B
TI Epidemiology - Reactivation of Borrelia infection in birds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID burgdorferi sensu-lato
C1 Umea Univ, Dept Microbiol, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden.
   Uppsala Univ, Dept Populat Biol, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Umea Univ, Dept Infect Dis, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden.
   Kalmar Cty Hosp, Dept Infect Dis, SE-39185 Kalmar, Sweden.
C3 Umea University; Uppsala University; Umea University
RP Gylfe, Å (corresponding author), Umea Univ, Dept Microbiol, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden.
EM bjornol@ltkalmar.se
NR 11
TC 151
Z9 168
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 724
EP 725
DI 10.1038/35001663
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100039
PM 10693792
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Camba, R
AF Camba, R
TI Start making sense - Scientists must stop isolating themselves behind walls of jargon.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Inorgan Chem Lab, Oxford OX1 3QR, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Camba, R (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Inorgan Chem Lab, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QR, England.
NR 0
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 461
EP 461
DI 10.1038/35020154
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000021
PM 10952288
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cunningham, EJA
   Russell, AF
AF Cunningham, EJA
   Russell, AF
TI Egg investment is influenced by male attractiveness in the mallard
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID differential-allocation hypothesis; extra-pair paternity; reproductive effort; blue tit; survival; size; quality; viability; peacocks; trains
AB Why females prefer to copulate with particular males is a contentious issue. Attention is currently focused on whether females choose males on the basis of their genetic quality, in order to produce more viable offspring(1). Support for this hypothesis in birds has come from studies showing that preferred males tend to father offspring of better condition or with increased survivorship(2-8). Before attributing greater offspring viability to a male's heritable genetic quality, however, it is important: to discount effects arising from confounding sources, including maternal effects. This has generally been addressed by comparing offspring viability from two different breeding attempts by the same female: one when offspring; are sired by a preferred male, and one when offspring are sired by a less preferred male, However, here we show that individual female mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) lay larger eggs after copulating: with preferred males and smaller eggs after copulating with less preferred males. As a result, females produced offspring of better body condition when paired with preferred males. After controlling: for these differences in maternal investment, we found no effect: of paternity on offspring condition. This shows that differences between half-sibs cannot always be attributed to paternal or maternal genetic effects.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Sheffield
RP Cunningham, EJA (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
EM ejac3@hermes.cam.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 303
Z9 334
U1 1
U2 117
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 74
EP 77
DI 10.1038/35003565
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100047
PM 10716444
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Warburton, RJ
   Schäflein, C
   Haft, D
   Bickel, F
   Lorke, A
   Karrai, K
   Garcia, JM
   Schoenfeld, W
   Petroff, PM
AF Warburton, RJ
   Schäflein, C
   Haft, D
   Bickel, F
   Lorke, A
   Karrai, K
   Garcia, JM
   Schoenfeld, W
   Petroff, PM
TI Optical emission from a charge-tunable quantum ring
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron ground-states; exchange interaction; carrier relaxation; magnetic-field; fine-structure; dots; spectroscopy; excitons; spectrum; storage
AB Quantum dots or rings are artificial nanometre-sized clusters that confine electrons in all three directions. They can be fabricated in a semiconductor system by embedding an island of low-bandgap material in a sea of material with a higher bandgap. Quantum dots are often referred to as artificial atoms because, when filled sequentially with electrons, the charging energies are pronounced for particular electron numbers(1-3); this is analogous to Hund's rules in atomic physics. But semiconductors also have a valence band with strong optical transitions to the conduction band. These transitions are the basis for the application of quantum dots as laser emitters(4), storage devices(5-7) and fluorescence markers(8). Here we report how the optical emission (photoluminescence) of a single quantum ring changes as electrons are added one-by-one. We find that the emission energy changes abruptly whenever an electron is added to the artificial atom, and that the sizes of the jumps reveal a shell structure.
C1 Univ Munich, Sekt Phys, D-80539 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, QUEST, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Munich, Ctr Nanosci, D-80539 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Munich; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of Munich
RP Warburton, RJ (corresponding author), Heriot Watt Univ, Dept Phys, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 24
TC 857
Z9 897
U1 1
U2 125
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 926
EP 929
DI 10.1038/35016030
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700043
PM 10879528
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Solanki, SK
   Schüssler, M
   Fligge, M
AF Solanki, SK
   Schüssler, M
   Fligge, M
TI Evolution of the Sun's large-scale magnetic field since the Maunder minimum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar-activity cycle; flux; climate; model
AB The most striking feature of the Sun's magnetic field is its cyclic behaviour. The number of sunspots, which are dark regions of strong magnetic field on the Sun's surface, varies with a period of about 11 years. Superposed on this cycle are secular changes that occur on timescales of centuries and events like the Maunder minimum in the second half of the seventeenth century, when there were very few sunspots(1,2). A part of the Sun's magnetic field reaches out from the surface into interplanetary space, and it was recently discovered(3) that the average strength of this interplanetary field has doubled in the past 100 years. There has hitherto been no clear explanation for this doubling. Here we present a model describing the long-term evolution of the Sun's large-scale magnetic field, which reproduces the doubling of the interplanetary field. The model indicates that there is a direct connection between the length of the sunspot cycle and the secular variations.
C1 Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
   ETH Zentrum, Astron Inst, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Max Planck Society; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Solanki, SK (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
EM solanki@linmpi.mpg.de
NR 24
TC 236
Z9 247
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 445
EP 447
DI 10.1038/35044027
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800040
PM 11100720
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Polleux, F
   Morrow, T
   Ghosh, A
AF Polleux, F
   Morrow, T
   Ghosh, A
TI Semaphorin 3A is a chemoattractant for cortical apical dendrites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-cortex; growth; projections; expression; neuropilin; receptor; cells; iv
AB The apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons integrate inputs from various cortical layers and are central to information processing. Here we show that the growth of apical dendrites towards the pial surface is regulated by a diffusible chemoattractant present at high levels near the marginal zone. A major component of this signal is semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), which was previously characterized as a chemorepellant for cortical axons. Soluble guanylate cyclase is asymmetrically localized to the developing apical dendrite, and is required for the chemoattractive effect of Sema3A. Thus the asymmetric localization of soluble guanylate cyclase confers distinct Sema3A responses to axons and dendrites. These observations reveal a mechanism by which a single chemotropic signal can pattern both axons and dendrites during development.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP Ghosh, A (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, 725 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
NR 30
TC 571
Z9 701
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 567
EP 573
DI 10.1038/35007001
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100043
PM 10766232
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Milonni, PW
AF Milonni, PW
TI Quantum decay - A watched pot boils quicker
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Milonni, PW (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
NR 9
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 525
EP +
DI 10.1038/35014719
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500033
PM 10850699
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rehkämper, M
AF Rehkämper, M
TI Geochemistry -: Tracing the Earth's evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID upper mantle; constraints
C1 ETH Zurich, Inst Isotope Geol & Mineral Resources, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Rehkämper, M (corresponding author), ETH Zurich, Inst Isotope Geol & Mineral Resources, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 9
TC 2
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 848
EP 849
DI 10.1038/35038190
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900031
PM 11057649
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mittermeier, RA
AF Mittermeier, RA
TI Conservation International and biodiversity conservation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Conservat Int, Washington, DC 20037 USA.
C3 Conservation International
RP Mittermeier, RA (corresponding author), Conservat Int, Washington, DC 20037 USA.
NR 0
TC 5
Z9 11
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 254B
EP 254B
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100065
PM 10821287
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smaglik, P
AF Smaglik, P
TI US industry starts to think big by acting small
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 621
EP 622
DI 10.1038/35046285
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600133
PM 11117755
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burmester, T
   Weich, B
   Reinhardt, S
   Hankeln, T
AF Burmester, T
   Weich, B
   Reinhardt, S
   Hankeln, T
TI A vertebrate globin expressed in the brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amino-acid-sequence; glycera-dibranchiata; intracellular hemoglobin; intron gain; gene; myoglobin; evolution; tissue; rna
AB Haemoglobins and myoglobins constitute related protein families that function in oxygen transport and storage in humans and other vertebrates(1,2). Here we report the identification of a third globin type in man and mouse. This protein is predominantly expressed in the brain, and therefore we have called it neuroglobin. Mouse neuroglobin is a monomer with a high oxygen affinity (half saturation pressure, P(50) approximate to 2 torr). Analogous to myoglobin, neuroglobin may increase the availability of oxygen to brain tissue. The human neuroglobin gene (NGB), located on chromosome 14q24, has a unique exon-intron structure. Neuroglobin represents a distinct protein family that diverged early in metazoan evolution, probably before the Protostomia/Deuterostomia split.
C1 Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Zool, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
   Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Mol Genet Biosafety Res & Consulting, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
   Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Physiol Chem, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
C3 Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz
RP Burmester, T (corresponding author), Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Zool, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
EM burmeste@mail.uni-mainz.de
NR 28
TC 897
Z9 1102
U1 0
U2 85
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 520
EP 523
DI 10.1038/35035093
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400052
PM 11029004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zoorob, ME
   Charlton, MDB
   Parker, GJ
   Baumberg, JJ
   Netti, MC
AF Zoorob, ME
   Charlton, MDB
   Parker, GJ
   Baumberg, JJ
   Netti, MC
TI Complete photonic bandgaps in 12-fold symmetric quasicrystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID near-infrared wavelengths; quasi-crystals; gap structures; light
AB Photonic crystals are attracting current interest for a variety of reasons, such as their ability to inhibit the spontaneous emission of light(1,2). This and related properties arise from the formation of photonic bandgaps, whereby multiple scattering of photons by lattices of periodically varying refractive indices acts to prevent the propagation of electromagnetic waves having certain wavelengths. One route to forming photonic crystals is to etch two-dimensional periodic lattices of vertical air holes into dielectric slab waveguides(3-7). Such structures can show complete photonic bandgaps(8-10), but only for large-diameter air holes in materials of high refractive index (such as gallium arsenide, n = 3.69), which unfortunately leads to significantly reduced optical transmission when combined with optical fibres of low refractive index. It has been suggested that quasicrystalline (rather than periodic) lattices can also possess photonic bandgaps(11-14). Here we demonstrate this concept experimentally and show that it enables complete photonic bandgaps-non-directional and for any polarization-to be realized with small air holes in silicon nitride (n = 2.02), and even glass (n = 1.45). These properties make photonic quasicrystals promising for application in a range of optical devices(14-18).
C1 Univ Southampton, Dept Elect & Comp Sci, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England.
   Univ Southampton, Dept Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England.
C3 University of Southampton; University of Southampton
RP Parker, GJ (corresponding author), Univ Southampton, Dept Elect & Comp Sci, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England.
EM gjp@ecs.soton.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 491
Z9 541
U1 1
U2 124
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 740
EP 743
DI 10.1038/35008023
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600045
PM 10783882
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sata, N
   Eberman, K
   Eberl, K
   Maier, J
AF Sata, N
   Eberman, K
   Eberl, K
   Maier, J
TI Mesoscopic fast ion conduction in nanometre-scale planar heterostructures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID space-charge regions; solid 2-phase systems; defect chemistry; enhancement; electrolytes; films; phase
AB Ion conduction is of prime importance for solid-state reactions in ionic systems, and for devices such as high-temperature batteries and fuel cells, chemical filters and sensors(1,2). Ionic conductivity in solid electrolytes can be improved by dissolving appropriate impurities into the structure or by introducing interfaces that cause the redistribution of ions in the space-charge regions(3-11). Heterojunctions in two-phase systems should be particularly efficient at improving ionic conduction(3,4), and a qualitatively different conductivity behaviour is expected when interface spacing is comparable to or smaller than the width of the space-charge regions in comparatively large crystals(12-15). Here we report the preparation, by molecular-beam epitaxy, of defined heterolayered films composed of CaF2 and BaF2 that exhibit ionic conductivity (parallel to the interfaces) increasing proportionally with interface density-for interfacial spacing greater than 50 nanometres. The results are in excellent agreement with semi-infinite space-charge calculations(3), assuming a redistribution of fluoride ions at the interfaces. If the spacing is reduced further, the boundary zones overlap and the predicted mesoscopic size effect(3,12) is observed. At this point, the single layers lose their individuality and an artificial ionically conducting material with anomalous transport properties is generated. Our results should lead to fundamental insight into ionic contact processes and to tailored ionic conductors of potential relevance for medium-temperature applications.
C1 Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Maier, J (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
NR 23
TC 746
Z9 812
U1 6
U2 481
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 946
EP 949
DI 10.1038/35050047
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100041
PM 11140675
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Borovikova, LV
   Ivanova, S
   Zhang, MH
   Yang, H
   Botchkina, GI
   Watkins, LR
   Wang, HC
   Abumrad, N
   Eaton, JW
   Tracey, KJ
AF Borovikova, LV
   Ivanova, S
   Zhang, MH
   Yang, H
   Botchkina, GI
   Watkins, LR
   Wang, HC
   Abumrad, N
   Eaton, JW
   Tracey, KJ
TI Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; subdiaphragmatic vagotomy; transdermal nicotine; brain communication; ulcerative-colitis; mononuclear-cells; activation; alpha; interleukin-1; mediation
AB Vertebrates achieve internal homeostasis during infection or injury by balancing the activities of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways. Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), produced by all gram-negative bacteria, activates macrophages to release cytokines that are potentially lethal(1-4). The central nervous system regulates systemic inflammatory responses to endotoxin through humoral mechanisms(5-8). Activation of afferent vagus nerve fibres by endotoxin or cytokines stimulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal anti-inflammatory responses(9-11). However, comparatively little is known about the role of efferent vagus nerve signalling in modulating inflammation. Here, we describe a previously unrecognized, parasympathetic anti-inflammatory pathway by which the brain modulates systemic inflammatory responses to endotoxin. Acetylcholine, the principle vagal neurotransmitter, significantly attenuated the release of cytokines (tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6 and IL-18), but not the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human macrophage cultures. Direct electrical stimulation of the peripheral vagus nerve in vivo during lethal endotoxaemia in rats inhibited TNF synthesis in liver, attenuated peak serum TNF amounts, and prevented the development of shock.
C1 Picower Inst Med Res, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Psychol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   N Shore Univ Hosp, Dept Emergency Med, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA.
   N Shore Univ Hosp, Dept Surg, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Northwell Health; North Shore University Hospital; Northwell Health; North Shore University Hospital; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Borovikova, LV (corresponding author), Picower Inst Med Res, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA.
EM lborovikova@mindspring.com; kjtracey@sprynet.com
NR 28
TC 3229
Z9 3999
U1 9
U2 380
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 458
EP 462
DI 10.1038/35013070
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000049
PM 10839541
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoshi, E
   Tanji, J
AF Hoshi, E
   Tanji, J
TI Integration of target and body-part information in the premotor cortex when planning action
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superior parietal lobule; neuronal-activity; primate premotor; prefrontal cortex; macaque monkey; motor; movement; area; organization; direction
AB To plan an action, we must first select an object to act on and the body part (or parts) to use to accomplish our intention. To plan the motor task of reaching, we specify both the target to reach for and the arm to use. In the process of planning and preparing a motor task, information about the motor target and the arm to use must be integrated before a motor program can be formulated to generate the appropriate limb movement. One of the structures in the brain that is probably involved in integrating these two sets of information is the premotor area in the cerebral cortex of primates(1-5). The lateral sector of the dorsal premotor cortex is known to receive both visual and somatosensory input(6-8), and we show here that neurons in this area gather information about both the target and the body part, while subsequent activity specifies the planned action.
C1 Tohoku Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808575, Japan.
   Core Res Evolut Sci & Technol Program, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan.
C3 Tohoku University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Tanji, J (corresponding author), Tohoku Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Aoba Ku, 2-1 Seiryo Cho, Sendai, Miyagi 9808575, Japan.
EM tanjij@mail.cc.tohoku.ac.jp
NR 23
TC 200
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 466
EP 470
DI 10.1038/35044075
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800047
PM 11100727
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ford, JM
AF Ford, JM
TI In the days of the comet - Dispatch 135 from the Oort Cloud Survey.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 889
EP 889
DI 10.1038/35016169
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700025
PM 10879513
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sharma, K
   Leonard, AE
   Lettieri, K
   Pfaff, SL
AF Sharma, K
   Leonard, AE
   Lettieri, K
   Pfaff, SL
TI Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms contribute to motor neuron pathfinding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motoneuron projection patterns; embryonic stem-cells; spinal-cord; innervation; expression; requirement; musculature; identity; subtypes; wings
AB Many lines of evidence indicate that genetically distinct subtypes of motor neurons are specified during development(1), with each type having characteristic properties of axon guidance and cell-body migration(2). Motor neuron subtypes express unique combinations of LIM-type homeodomain factors that may act as intrinsic genetic regulators of the cytoskeletal events that mediate cell migration, axon navigation or both(3-7). Although experimentally displaced motor neurons can pioneer new routes to their targets(8-11), in many cases the axons of motor neurons in complete isolation from their normal territories passively follow stereotypical pathways dictated by the environment(12-16). To investigate the nonspecific versus genetically controlled regulation of motor connectivity we forced all motor neurons to express ectopically a LIM gene combination appropriate for the subgroup that innervates axial muscles. Here we show that this genetic alteration is sufficient to convert the cell body settling pattern, gene-expression profile and axonal projections of all motor neurons to that of the axial subclass. Nevertheless, elevated occupancy of the axial pathway can override their genetic program, causing some axons to project to alternative targets.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Gene Express Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
RP Pfaff, SL (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Gene Express Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 27
TC 105
Z9 136
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 515
EP 519
DI 10.1038/35020078
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000046
PM 10952312
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI Vaccine centres unite specialists in the battle against infectious diseases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 753
EP 754
DI 10.1038/35047215
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200059
PM 11130080
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neuzil, CE
AF Neuzil, CE
TI Osmotic generation of 'anomalous' fluid pressures in geological environments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pierre shale; model; basin
AB Osmotic pressures are generated by differences in chemical potential of a solution across a membrane. But whether osmosis can have a significant effect on the pressure of fluids in geological environments has been controversial, because the membrane properties of geological media are poorly understood(1). 'Anomalous' pressures-large departures from hydrostatic pressure that are not explicable in terms of topographic or fluid-density effects-are widely found in geological settings, and are commonly considered to result from processes that alter the pore or fluid volurne(2), which in turn implies crustal changes happening at a rate too slow to observe directly. Yet if osmosis can explain some anomalies, there is no need to invoke such dynamic geological processes in those cases, Here I report results of a nine-year in situ measurement of fluid pressures and solute concentrations in shale that are consistent with the generation of large (up to 20 MPa) osmotic-pressure anomalies which could persist for tens of millions of years. Osmotic pressures of this magnitude and duration can explain many of the pressure anomalies observed in geological settings. They require, however,small shale porosity and large contrasts in the amount of dissolved solids in the pore waters-criteria that may help to distinguish between osmotic and crustal-dynamic origins of anomalous pressures.
C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Neuzil, CE (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA.
NR 17
TC 148
Z9 170
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 182
EP 184
DI 10.1038/35003174
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300051
PM 10646600
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giraldo, O
   Brock, SL
   Marquez, M
   Suib, SL
   Hillhouse, H
   Tsapatsis, M
AF Giraldo, O
   Brock, SL
   Marquez, M
   Suib, SL
   Hillhouse, H
   Tsapatsis, M
TI Materials - Spontaneous formation of inorganic helices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-sieves; silica
C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Chem, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
   Univ Connecticut, Dept Chem Engn, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
   Univ Connecticut, Inst Mat Sci, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem Engn, Goessmann Lab 159, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
C3 University of Connecticut; University of Connecticut; University of Connecticut; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst
RP Giraldo, O (corresponding author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Chem, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
NR 12
TC 81
Z9 89
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 38
EP 38
DI 10.1038/35011139
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600041
PM 10811209
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yu, L
   Frey, EA
   Pfuetzner, RA
   Creagh, AL
   Knoechel, DG
   Haynes, CA
   Finlay, BB
   Strynadka, NCJ
AF Yu, L
   Frey, EA
   Pfuetzner, RA
   Creagh, AL
   Knoechel, DG
   Haynes, CA
   Finlay, BB
   Strynadka, NCJ
TI Crystal structure of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli intimin-receptor complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding protein; models; cells; tir; replacement; diffraction; infection; adhesion
AB Intimin and its translocated intimin receptor (Tir) are bacterial proteins that mediate adhesion between mammalian cells and attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogens. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) causes significant paediatric morbidity and mortality world-wide(1). A related A/E pathogen, enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC; O157:H7) is one of the most important food-borne pathogens in North America, Europe and Japan. A unique and essential feature of A/E bacterial pathogens is the formation of actin-rich pedestals beneath the intimately adherent bacteria and localized destruction of the intestinal brush border(2). The bacterial outer membrane adhesin, intimin(3), is necessary for the production of the A/E lesion and diarrhoea(4). The A/E bacteria translocate their own receptor for intimin, Tir(5), into the membrane of mammalian cells using the type III secretion system. The translocated Tir triggers additional host signalling events and actin nucleation, which are essential for lesion formation. Here we describe the the crystal structures of an EPEC intimin carboxyterminal fragment alone and in complex with the EPEC Tir intimin-binding domain, giving insight into the molecular mechanisms of adhesion of A/E pathogens.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Biotechnol Lab, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
C3 University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia
RP Strynadka, NCJ (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
NR 30
TC 254
Z9 291
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1073
EP 1077
DI 10.1038/35016618
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700051
PM 10890451
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aldhous, P
   Abbott, A
AF Aldhous, P
   Abbott, A
TI Neurodegeneration - Battling the killer proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amyloid precursor protein; beta-secretase
NR 13
TC 2
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 902
EP 903
DI 10.1038/35050255
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100016
PM 11140653
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adams, KL
   Daley, DO
   Qiu, YL
   Whelan, J
   Palmer, JD
AF Adams, KL
   Daley, DO
   Qiu, YL
   Whelan, J
   Palmer, JD
TI Repeated, recent and diverse transfers of a mitochondrial gene to the nucleus in flowering plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-cloning; sweet-potato; evolution; genm; subunit; import; presequence; protein; signals; oxidase
AB A central component of the endosymbiotic theory for the bacterial origin of the mitochondrion is that many of its genes were transferred to the nucleus. Most of this transfer occurred early in mitochondrial evolution(1); functional transfer of mitochondrial genes has ceased in animals(2). Although mitochondrial gene transfer continues to occur in plants(3), no comprehensive study of the frequency and timing of transfers during plant evolution has been conducted. Here we report frequent loss (26 times) and transfer to the nucleus of the mitochondrial gene rps10 among 277 diverse angiosperms. Characterization of nuclear rps10 genes from 16 out of 26 loss lineages implies that many independent, RNA-mediated rps10 transfers occurred during recent angiosperm evolution; each of the genes may represent a separate functional gene transfer. Thus, rps10 has been transferred to the nucleus at a surprisingly high rate during angiosperm evolution. The structures of several nuclear rps10 genes reveal diverse mechanisms by which transferred genes become activated, including parasitism of pre-existing nuclear genes for mitochondrial or cytoplasmic proteins, and activation without gain of a mitochondrial targeting sequence.
C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
   Univ Western Australia, Dept Biochem, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; University of Western Australia
RP Palmer, JD (corresponding author), Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
NR 27
TC 177
Z9 198
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 354
EP 357
DI 10.1038/35042567
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000044
PM 11099041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Manabe, M
   Barrett, PM
   Isaji, S
AF Manabe, M
   Barrett, PM
   Isaji, S
TI Palaeontology - A refugium for relicts?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Museum Nat Sci, Dept Geol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1690073, Japan.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Chiba Prefectural Museum Nat Hist, Chiba 2600682, Japan.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Manabe, M (corresponding author), Museum Nat Sci, Dept Geol, Shinjuku Ku, 3-23-1 Hyakunin Cho, Tokyo 1690073, Japan.
EM paul.barrett@zoo.ox.ac.uk
NR 13
TC 44
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 953
EP 953
DI 10.1038/35010199
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000044
PM 10801116
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Groombridge, JJ
   Jones, CG
   Bruford, MW
   Nichols, RA
AF Groombridge, JJ
   Jones, CG
   Bruford, MW
   Nichols, RA
TI Conservation biology - 'Ghost' alleles of the Mauritius kestrel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID populations; birds
C1 Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England.
   Mauritius Wildlife Fdn, Black River, Mauritius.
   Queen Mary Univ London, Sch Biol Sci, London E1 4NS, England.
C3 Zoological Society of London; University of London; Queen Mary University London
RP Groombridge, JJ (corresponding author), Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, Regents Pk, London NW1 4RY, England.
NR 11
TC 135
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 75
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 616
EP 616
DI 10.1038/35001148
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200040
PM 10688188
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lunde, C
   Jensen, PE
   Haldrup, A
   Knoetzel, J
   Scheller, HV
AF Lunde, C
   Jensen, PE
   Haldrup, A
   Knoetzel, J
   Scheller, HV
TI The PSI-H subunit of photosystem I is essential for state transitions in plant photosynthesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-phosphorylation; chlamydomonas-reinhardtii; chlorophyll-proteins; arabidopsis-thaliana; excitation-energy; thylakoids; expression; mutants; maize
AB Photosynthesis in plants involves two photosystems responsible for converting light energy into redox processes. The photosystems, PSI and PSII, operate largely in series, and therefore their excitation must be balanced in order to optimize photosynthetic performance(1). When plants are exposed to illumination favouring either PSII or PSI they can redistribute excitation towards the light-limited photosystem. Long-term changes in illumination lead to changes in photosystem stoichiometry(2,3). In contrast, state transition is a dynamic mechanism that enables plants to respond rapidly to changes in illumination. When PSII is favoured (state 2), the redox conditions in the thylakoids change and result in activation of a protein kinase(4-6). The kinase phosphorylates the main light-harvesting complex (LHCII) and the mobile antenna complex is detached from PSII. It has not been clear if attachment of LHCII to PSI in state 2 is important in state transitions. Here we show that in the absence of a specific PSI subunit, PSI-H, LHCII cannot transfer energy to PSI, and state transitions are impaired.
C1 Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Plant Biochem Lab, DK-1871 Copenhagen C, Denmark.
C3 University of Copenhagen
RP Scheller, HV (corresponding author), Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Plant Biochem Lab, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Copenhagen C, Denmark.
NR 24
TC 305
Z9 347
U1 3
U2 66
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 613
EP 615
DI 10.1038/35046121
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600125
PM 11117752
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, ZA
   Ong, NP
   Wang, Y
   Kakeshita, T
   Uchida, S
AF Xu, ZA
   Ong, NP
   Wang, Y
   Kakeshita, T
   Uchida, S
TI Vortex-like excitations and the onset of superconducting phase fluctuation in underdoped La2-xSrxCuO4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-c superconductors; normal-state; nernst; bi2sr2cacu2o8+delta; pseudogap
AB Two general features of a superconductor, which appear at the critical temperature, are the formation of an energy gap and the expulsion of magnetic flux (the Meissner effect). In underdoped copper oxides, there is strong evidence that an energy gap (the pseudogap 1) opens up at a temperature significantly higher than the critical temperature (by 100-220 K). Certain features of the pseudogap suggest that it is closely related to the gap that appears at the critical temperature (for example, the variation of the gap magnitudes around the Fermi surface and their maximum amplitudes are very similar(2,3)). However, the Meissner effect is absent in the pseudogap state. The nature of the pseudogap state, and its relation (if any) to the superconducting state are central issues in understanding copper oxide superconductivity. Recent evidence suggests that, in the underdoped regime, the Meissner state is destroyed above the critical temperature by strong phase fluctuations(1,4-7) (as opposed to a vanishing of the superfluid density). Here we report evidence for vortices (or vortex-like excitations) in La2-xSrxCuO4 at temperatures significantly above the critical temperature. A thermal gradient is applied to the sample in a magnetic field. Vortices are detected by the large transverse electric field produced as they diffuse down the gradient (the Nernst effect). We rnd that the Nernst signal is anomalously enhanced at temperatures as high as 150 K.
C1 Princeton Univ, Joseph Henry Labs Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Sch Frontier Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
C3 Princeton University; University of Tokyo
RP Ong, NP (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Joseph Henry Labs Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM npo@princeton.edu
NR 15
TC 617
Z9 675
U1 2
U2 118
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 486
EP 488
DI 10.1038/35020016
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000037
PM 10952303
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cheben, P
   del Monte, F
   Worsfold, DJ
   Carlsson, DJ
   Grover, CP
   Mackenzie, JD
AF Cheben, P
   del Monte, F
   Worsfold, DJ
   Carlsson, DJ
   Grover, CP
   Mackenzie, JD
TI A photorefractive organically modified silica glass with high optical gain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID room-temperature; polymeric films; efficiency
AB Photorefractive materials(1) exhibit a spatial modulation of the refractive index due to redistribution of photogenerated charges in an optically nonlinear medium. As such, they have the ability to manipulate light and are potentially important for optical applications(1) including image processing, optical storage, programmable optical interconnects and simulation of neural networks. Photorefractive materials are generally crystals, polymers and glasses with electro-optic or birefringent properties and noncentrosymmetric structure(2). Here we report the photorefractive effect in both non-centrosymmetric and centrosymmetric azo-dye-doped silica glasses, in which refractive index gratings that are spatially phase-shifted with respect to the incident light intensity pattern are observed. The effect results from a nonlocal response of the material to optical illumination, and enables the transfer of energy between two interfering light beams (asymmetric two-beam coupling). Although the writing time for the present grating is relatively slow, we have achieved a two-beam coupling optical gain of 188 cm(-1) in the centrosymmetric glasses, and a gain of 444 cm(-1) in the non-centrosymmetric structures. The latter are fabricated using a corona discharge process 3 to induce a permanent arrangement of azo-dye chromophores.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Natl Measurement Stand, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
   CSIC, Inst Ciencia Mat Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
   Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Chem Proc & Environm Technol, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Research Council Canada; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM); National Research Council Canada
RP Cheben, P (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 23
TC 128
Z9 134
U1 1
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 64
EP 67
DI 10.1038/35040513
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400049
PM 11081505
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Albarède, F
   Blichert-Toft, J
   Vervoort, JD
   Gleason, JD
   Rosing, M
AF Albarède, F
   Blichert-Toft, J
   Vervoort, JD
   Gleason, JD
   Rosing, M
TI Hf-Nd isotope evidence for a transient dynamic regime in the early terrestrial mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early earth differentiation; archean mantle; evolution; crust; systematics; constraints; chondrites; basalts; models; lu-176
AB Modern basalts have seemingly lost all 'memory' of the primitive Earth's mantle except for an ambiguous isotopic signal observed in some rare gases(1,2). Although the Earth is expected to have reached a thermal steady state within several hundred million years (refs 3, 4) of accretion, it is not known how and when the initial chemical fractionations left over from planetary accretion (and perhaps a stage involving a magma ocean) were overshadowed by fractionations imposed by modern-style geodynamics. Because of the lack of samples older than 4 Gyr, this early dynamic regime of the Earth is poorly understood. Here we compare published Hf-Nd isotope data on supracrustals from Isua, Greenland, with similar data on lunar rocks and the SNC (martian) meteorites, and show that, about 3.8 Gyr ago, the geochemical signature of the Archaean mantle was partly inherited from the initial differentiation of the Earth. The observed features seem to indicate that the planet at that time was still losing a substantial amount of primordial heat. The survival of remnants from an early layering in the modern deep mantle may account for some unexplained seismological, thermal and geochemical characteristics of the Earth as observed today.
C1 Ecole Normale Super Lyon, F-69364 Lyon 7, France.
   Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Geol Museum, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
C3 Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); University of Arizona
RP Albarède, F (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super Lyon, 46 Allee Italie, F-69364 Lyon 7, France.
NR 34
TC 52
Z9 57
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 488
EP 490
DI 10.1038/35006621
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700045
PM 10761914
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU GrandPré, T
   Nakamura, F
   Vartanian, T
   Strittmatter, SM
AF GrandPré, T
   Nakamura, F
   Vartanian, T
   Strittmatter, SM
TI Identification of the Nogo inhibitor of axon regeneration as a Reticulon protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID myelin-associated glycoprotein; family encoding reticulons; growth cone collapse; neurite growth; genomic organization; gene; expression
AB Adult mammalian axon regeneration is generally successful in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) but is dismally poor in the central nervous system (CNS), However, many classes of CNS axons can extend for long distances in peripheral nerve grafts(1). A comparison of myelin from the CNS and the PNS has revealed that CNS white matter is selectively inhibitory for axonal outgrowth(2). Several components of CNS white matter, NI35, NI250(Nogo) and MAG, that have inhibitory activity for axon extension have been described(3-7) The IN-1 antibody, which recognizes NI35 and NI250(Nogo), allows moderate degrees of axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury(8,9). Here we identify Nogo as a member of the Reticulon family, Reticulon 4-A. Nogo is expressed by oligodendrocytes but not by Schwann cells, and associates primarily with the endoplasmic reticulum. A 66-residue lumenal/extracellular domain inhibits axonal extension and collapses dorsal root ganglion growth cones. In contrast to Nogo, Reticulon 1 and 3 ape not expressed by oligodendrocytes, and the 66-residue lumenal/extracellular domains from Reticulon 1, 2 and 3 do not inhibit axonal regeneration. These data provide a molecular basis to assess the contribution of Nogo to the failure of axonal regeneration in the adult CNS.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Neurobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Harvard Inst Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School
RP Strittmatter, SM (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
EM stephen.strittmatter@yale.edu
NR 25
TC 984
Z9 1253
U1 1
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 439
EP 444
DI 10.1038/35000226
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100053
PM 10667797
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Piwon, N
   Günther, W
   Schwake, M
   Bösl, MR
   Jentsch, TJ
AF Piwon, N
   Günther, W
   Schwake, M
   Bösl, MR
   Jentsch, TJ
TI CIC-5Cl--channel disruption impairs endocytosis in a mouse model for Dent's disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-weight proteinuria; chloride channel gene; p-i; kidney; clc-5; receptor; megalin; mice; hypercalciuria; expression
AB Dent's disease is an X-linked disorder associated with the urinary loss of low-molecular-weight proteins, phosphate and calcium, which often leads to kidney stones(1,2). It is caused by mutations(3) in ClC-5, a renal chloride channel(4,5) that is expressed in endosomes of the proximal tubule(6,7). Here we show that disruption of the mouse clcn5 gene causes proteinuria by strongly reducing apical proximal tubular endocytosis. Both receptor-mediated and fluid-phase endocytosis are affected, and the internalization of the apical transporters NaPi-2 and NHE3 is slowed. At steady state, however, both proteins are redistributed from the plasma membrane to intracellular vesicles. This may be caused by an increased stimulation of luminal parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptors owing to the observed decreased tubular endocytosis of PTH. The rise in luminal PTH concentration should also stimulate the hydroxylation of 25(OH) vitamin D-3 to the active hormone. However, this is counteracted by a urinary loss of the precursor 25(OH) vitamin D-3. The balance between these opposing effects, both of which are secondary to the defect in proximal tubular endocytosis, probably determines whether there will be hypercalciuria and kidney stones.
C1 Univ Hamburg, ZMNH, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 University of Hamburg
RP Jentsch, TJ (corresponding author), Univ Hamburg, ZMNH, Martinistr 85, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
NR 30
TC 467
Z9 512
U1 1
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 369
EP 373
DI 10.1038/35042597
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000048
PM 11099045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aurbach, D
   Lu, Z
   Schechter, A
   Gofer, Y
   Gizbar, H
   Turgeman, R
   Cohen, Y
   Moshkovich, M
   Levi, E
AF Aurbach, D
   Lu, Z
   Schechter, A
   Gofer, Y
   Gizbar, H
   Turgeman, R
   Cohen, Y
   Moshkovich, M
   Levi, E
TI Prototype systems for rechargeable magnesium batteries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrolyte-solutions; nonaqueous battery; lithium; deposition; behavior; phases
AB The thermodynamic properties of magnesium make it a natural choice for use as an anode material in rechargeable batteries, because it may provide a considerably higher energy density than the commonly used lead-acid and nickel-cadmium systems. Moreover, in contrast to lead and cadmium, magnesium is inexpensive, environmentally friendly and safe to handle. But the development of Mg batteries has been hindered by two problems. First, owing to the chemical activity of Mg, only solutions that neither donate nor accept protons are suitable as electrolytes; but most of these solutions allow the growth of passivating surface films, which inhibit any electrochemical reaction(1-3). Second, the choice of cathode materials has been limited by the difficulty of intercalating Mg ions in many hosts(4). Following previous studies of the electrochemistry of Mg electrodes in various non-aqueous solutions(1,5), and of a variety of intercalation electrodes(6,7), we have now developed rechargeable Mg battery systems that show promise for applications. The systems comprise electrolyte solutions based on Mg organohaloaluminate salts, and MgxMo3S4 cathodes, into which Mg ions can be intercalated reversibly, and with relatively fast kinetics. We expect that further improvements in the energy density will make these batteries a viable alternative to existing systems.
C1 Bar Ilan Univ, Dept Chem, IL-52900 Ramat Gan, Israel.
C3 Bar Ilan University
RP Aurbach, D (corresponding author), Bar Ilan Univ, Dept Chem, IL-52900 Ramat Gan, Israel.
EM aurbach@mail.biu.ac.il
NR 19
TC 2135
Z9 2381
U1 36
U2 1926
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 724
EP 727
DI 10.1038/35037553
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900036
PM 11048714
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blanco, A
   Chomski, E
   Grabtchak, S
   Ibisate, M
   John, S
   Leonard, SW
   Lopez, C
   Meseguer, F
   Miguez, H
   Mondia, JP
   Ozin, GA
   Toader, O
   van Driel, HM
AF Blanco, A
   Chomski, E
   Grabtchak, S
   Ibisate, M
   John, S
   Leonard, SW
   Lopez, C
   Meseguer, F
   Miguez, H
   Mondia, JP
   Ozin, GA
   Toader, O
   van Driel, HM
TI Large-scale synthesis of a silicon photonic crystal with a complete three-dimensional bandgap near 1.5 micrometres
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-organizing systems; optical wavelengths; disordered medium; localization; light; gap; existence; clusters; spheres; liquid
AB Photonic technology, using light instead of electrons as the information carrier, is increasingly replacing electronics in communication and information management systems. Microscopic light manipulation, for this purpose, is achievable through photonic bandgap materials(1,2), a special class of photonic crystals in which three-dimensional, periodic dielectric constant variations controllably prohibit electromagnetic propagation throughout a specified frequency band. This can result in the localization of photons(3-6), thus providing a mechanism for controlling and inhibiting spontaneous light emission that can be exploited for photonic device fabrication. In fact, carefully engineered line defects could act as waveguides connecting photonic devices in all-optical microchips(7), and infiltration of the photonic material with suitable liquid crystals might produce photonic bandgap structures (and hence light-flow patterns) fully tunable by an externally applied voltage(8-10). However, the realization of this technology requires a strategy for the efficient synthesis of high-quality, large-scale photonic crystals with photonic bandgaps at micrometre and sub-micrometre wavelengths, and with rationally designed line and point defects for optical circuitry. Here we describe single crystals of silicon inverse opal with a complete three-dimensional photonic bandgap centred on 1.46 mu m, produced by growing silicon inside the voids of an opal template of close-packed silica spheres that are connected by small 'necks' formed during sintering, followed by removal of the silica template. The synthesis method is simple and inexpensive, yielding photonic crystals of pure silicon that are easily integrated with existing silicon-based microelectronics.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
   Univ Politecn Valencia, CSIC, Unidad Asociada, Valencia 46022, Spain.
   CSIC, Inst Ciencia Mat Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); Universitat Politecnica de Valencia; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM); University of Toronto
RP John, S (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, 60 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
EM john@physics.utoronto.ca
NR 29
TC 1473
Z9 1700
U1 6
U2 727
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 437
EP 440
DI 10.1038/35013024
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000042
PM 10839534
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Magavi, SS
   Leavitt, BR
   Macklis, JD
AF Magavi, SS
   Leavitt, BR
   Macklis, JD
TI Induction of neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microtubule-associated protein; neural stem-cells; subventricular zone; mammalian forebrain; embryonic neurons; generated neurons; growth-factor; mouse brain; rat; migration
AB Neurogenesis normally only occurs in limited areas of the adult mammalian brain-the hippocampus(1), olfactory bulb(2-4) and epithelium(5), and at low levels in some regions of macaque cortex(6). Here we show that endogenous neural precursors can be induced in situ to differentiate into mature neurons, in regions of adult mammalian neocortex that do not normally undergo any neurogenesis. This differentiation occurs in a layer- and region-specific manner, and the neurons can re-form appropriate corticothalamic connections. We induced synchronous apoptotic degeneration(7,8) of corticothalamic neurons in layer VI of anterior cortex of adult mice and examined the fates of dividing cells within cortex, using markers for DNA replication (5-bromodeoxyuridine; BrdU) and progressive neuronal differentiation. Newly made, BrdU-positive cells expressed NeuN, a mature neuronal marker, in regions of cortex undergoing targeted neuronal death and survived for at least 28 weeks. Subsets of BrdU+ precursors expressed Doublecortin, a protein found exclusively in migrating neurons(9,10), and Hu, an early neuronal marker(11,12). Retrograde labelling from thalamus demonstrated that BrdU+ neurons can form long-distance corticothalamic connections. Our results indicate that neuronal replacement therapies for neurodegenerative disease and CNS injury may be possible through manipulation of endogenous neural precursors in situ.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Div Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Program Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Macklis, JD (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Div Neurosci, Enders 350,320 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 31
TC 1038
Z9 1209
U1 0
U2 85
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 951
EP 955
DI 10.1038/35016083
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700051
PM 10879536
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vogelstein, B
   Lane, D
   Levine, AJ
AF Vogelstein, B
   Lane, D
   Levine, AJ
TI Surfing the p53 network
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cancer; apoptosis; genes
C1 Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Oncol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Univ Dundee, Ninewells Hosp, Dept Surg & Mol Oncol, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Canc Biol Genet & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; University of Dundee; Rockefeller University
RP Vogelstein, B (corresponding author), Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
EM vogelbe@welch.jhu.edu; d.p.lane@dundee.ac.uk; alevine@rockvax.rockefeller.edu
NR 41
TC 5866
Z9 6842
U1 2
U2 593
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 307
EP 310
DI 10.1038/35042675
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000031
PM 11099028
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gaensler, BM
   Frail, DA
AF Gaensler, BM
   Frail, DA
TI A large age for the pulsar B1757-24 from an upper limit on its proper motion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supernova-remnants; young pulsars; neutron-stars; radio-sources; wind nebulae; velocity; g5.4-1.2; lifetime; dynamics; fields
AB The 'characteristic age'(1) of a pulsar is usually considered to approximate its true age, but this assumption has led to some puzzling results, including the fact that many pulsars with small characteristic ages have no associated supernova remnants(2,3). The pulsar B1757-24 is located just outside the edge of a supernova remnant(4-6); the properties of the system indicate that the pulsar was born at the centre of the remnant with a substantial velocity, and that it has subsequently overtaken the expanding blast wave(5-8). With a characteristic age of 16,000 yr, the pulsar is expected(8) to have a proper motion of 63-80 milliarcseconds (mas) per year. Here we report observations of the nebula surrounding the pulsar, which limit its proper motion to less than 25 mas yr(-1), implying a minimum age of 39,000 yr. A more detailed analysis argues that the true age may be as great as 170,000 yr, which is significantly larger than the characteristic age. We conclude from this result and other discrepancies associated with pulsars that characteristic ages greatly underestimate the true ages of pulsars.
C1 MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
RP Gaensler, BM (corresponding author), MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 30
TC 66
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 158
EP 160
DI 10.1038/35018010
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100038
PM 10910348
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sze, JY
   Victor, M
   Loer, C
   Shi, Y
   Ruvkun, G
AF Sze, JY
   Victor, M
   Loer, C
   Shi, Y
   Ruvkun, G
TI Food and metabolic signaling defects in a Caenorhabditis elegans serotonin-synthesis mutant
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; proteins; expression; longevity; genetics; neurons; long; pheromone; behavior; daf-2
AB The functions of serotonin have been assigned through serotonin-receptor-specific drugs and mutants(1,2); however because a constellation of receptors remains when a single receptor subtype is inhibited, the coordinate responses to modulation of serotonin levels may be missed. Here we report the analysis of behavioural and neuroendocrine defects caused by a complete lack of serotonin signalling. Analysis of the C. elegans genome sequence showed that there is a single tryptophan hydroxylase gene (tph-1)-the key enzyme for serotonin biosynthesis. Animals bearing a tph-1 deletion mutation do not synthesize serotonin but are fully viable. The tph-1 mutant shows abnormalities in behaviour and metabolism that are normally coupled with the sensation and ingestion of food: rates of feeding and egg laying are decreased; large amounts of fat are stored; reproductive lifespan is increased; and some animals arrest at the metabolically inactive dauer stage. This metabolic dysregulation is, in part, due to downregulation of tranforming growth factor-beta and insulin-like neuroendocrine signals. The action of the C. elegans serotonergic system in metabolic control is similar to mammalian serotonergic input to metabolism and obesity.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ San Diego, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92110 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of San Diego
RP Ruvkun, G (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM ruvkun@frodo.mgh.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 512
Z9 635
U1 2
U2 97
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 560
EP 564
DI 10.1038/35000609
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300054
PM 10676966
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guo, S
   Yamaguchi, Y
   Schilbach, S
   Wada, T
   Lee, J
   Goddard, A
   French, D
   Handa, H
   Rosenthal, A
AF Guo, S
   Yamaguchi, Y
   Schilbach, S
   Wada, T
   Lee, J
   Goddard, A
   French, D
   Handa, H
   Rosenthal, A
TI A regulator of transcriptional elongation controls vertebrate neuronal development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; spt5; dsif; protein; genes; expression; zebrafish; cells
AB The development of distinct vertebrate neurons is defined by the unique profiles of genes that neurons express. It is accepted that neural genes are regulated at the point of transcription initiation, but the role of messenger RNA elongation in neural gene regulation has not been examined(1-3). Here we describe the mutant foggy, identified in a genetic screen for mutations that affect neuronal development in zebrafish(4), that displayed a reduction of dopamine-containing neurons and a corresponding surplus of serotonin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus. Positional cloning disclosed that Foggy is a brain-enriched nuclear protein that is structurally related to the transcription elongation factor Spt5 (refs 5-12). Foggy is not part of the basic transcription apparatus but a phosphorylation-dependent, dual regulator of transcription elongation. The mutation disrupts its repressive but not its stimulatory activity. Our results provide molecular, genetic and biochemical evidence that negative regulators of transcription elongation control key aspects of neuronal development.
C1 Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Biol, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Pathol, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Biol Informat, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268501, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Frontier Collaborat Res Ctr, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268501, Japan.
C3 Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology
RP Rosenthal, A (corresponding author), Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Biol, 1 DNA Way, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
NR 25
TC 141
Z9 170
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 366
EP 369
DI 10.1038/35042590
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000047
PM 11099044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Komiyama, S
   Astafiev, O
   Antonov, V
   Kutsuwa, T
   Hirai, H
AF Komiyama, S
   Astafiev, O
   Antonov, V
   Kutsuwa, T
   Hirai, H
TI A single-photon detector in the far-infrared range
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum; wavelengths
AB The far-infrared region (wavelengths in the range 10 mu m-1 mm) is one of the richest areas of spectroscopic research(1), encompassing the rotational spectra of molecules and vibrational spectra of solids, liquids and gases. But studies in this spectral region are hampered by the absence of sensitive detectors(2-5)-despite recent efforts to improve superconducting bolometers(6), attainable sensitivities are currently far below the level of single-photon detection. This is in marked contrast to the visible and near-infrared regions (wavelengths shorter than about 1.5 mu m), in which single-photon counting is possible using photomultiplier tubes. Here we report the detection of single far-infrared photons in the wavelength range 175-210 mu m (6.0-7.1 meV), using a single-electron transistor consisting of a semiconductor quantum dot in high magnetic field. We detect, with a time resolution of a millisecond, an incident flux of 0.1 photons per second on an effective detector area of 0.1 mm(2)-a sensitivity that exceeds previously reported values by a factor of more than 10(4). The sensitivity is a consequence of the unconventional detection mechanism, in which one absorbed photon leads to a current of 10(6)-10(12) electrons through the quantum dot By contrast, mechanisms of conventional detectors(2-6) or photon assisted tunnelling(7) in single-electron transistors produce only a few electrons per incident photon.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Basic Sci, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 153, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Komiyama, S (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Basic Sci, Meguro Ku, Komaba 3-8-1, Tokyo 153, Japan.
EM csusumu@ASone.c.u.-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 14
TC 339
Z9 376
U1 4
U2 202
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 405
EP 407
DI 10.1038/35000166
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100043
PM 10667787
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Delfs, JM
   Zhu, Y
   Druhan, JP
   Aston-Jones, G
AF Delfs, JM
   Zhu, Y
   Druhan, JP
   Aston-Jones, G
TI Noradrenaline in the ventral forebrain is critical for opiate withdrawal-induced aversion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleus-accumbens; opioid withdrawal; clonidine; rats; lesions; medulla; locus; retrograde; morphine; naloxone
AB Cessation of drug use in chronic opiate abusers produces a severe withdrawal syndrome that is highly aversive, and avoidance of withdrawal or associated stimuli is a major factor contributing to opiate abuse(1,2). Increased noradrenaline in the brain has long been implicated in opiate withdrawal(3), but it has not been clear which noradrenergic systems are invoked. Here we show that microinjection of beta-noradrenergic-receptor antagonists, or of an alpha 2-receptor agonist, into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in rats markedly attenuates opiate-withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion, Immunohistochemical studies revealed that numerous BNST-projecting cells in the A1 and A2 noradrenergic cell groups of the caudal medulla were activated during withdrawal Lesion of these ascending medullary projections also greatly reduced opiate-withdrawal-induced place aversion. whereas lesion of locus coeruleus noradrenergic projections had no effect on opiate-withdrawal behaviour. We conclude that noradrenergic inputs to the BNST from the caudal medulla are critically involved in the aversiveness of opiate withdrawal.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, VA Med Ctr 151, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
RP Aston-Jones, G (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, VA Med Ctr 151, Univ & Woodland Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
NR 30
TC 384
Z9 451
U1 2
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 430
EP 434
DI 10.1038/35000212
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100051
PM 10667795
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gonzalez, S
   Kitchener, AC
   Lister, AM
AF Gonzalez, S
   Kitchener, AC
   Lister, AM
TI Survival of the Irish elk into the Holocene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID megaloceros-giganteus
C1 Liverpool John Moores Univ, Sch Biol & Earth Sci, Liverpool L3 3AF, Merseyside, England.
   UCL, Dept Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Natl Museums Scotland, Dept Geol & Zool, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 Liverpool John Moores University; University of London; University College London
RP Gonzalez, S (corresponding author), Liverpool John Moores Univ, Sch Biol & Earth Sci, Byrom St, Liverpool L3 3AF, Merseyside, England.
EM A.Lister@ucl.ac.uk
NR 15
TC 24
Z9 28
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 753
EP 754
DI 10.1038/35015668
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600035
PM 10866185
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cumings, J
   Collins, PG
   Zettl, A
AF Cumings, J
   Collins, PG
   Zettl, A
TI Materials - Peeling and sharpening multiwall nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID walled carbon nanotubes
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Cumings, J (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM azettl@physics.berkeley.edu
NR 10
TC 143
Z9 157
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 586
EP 586
DI 10.1038/35020698
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800036
PM 10949291
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, F
   Wan, Q
   Pristupa, ZB
   Yu, XM
   Wang, YT
   Niznik, HB
AF Liu, F
   Wan, Q
   Pristupa, ZB
   Yu, XM
   Wang, YT
   Niznik, HB
TI Direct protein-protein coupling enables cross-talk between dopamine D5 and γ-aminobutyric acid A receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gaba(a) receptors; beta-subunits; phosphorylation; subtypes; currents; d1; schizophrenia; modulation; diversity; synapses
AB GABAA (gamma-aminobutyric-acid A) and dopamine D1 and D5 receptors represent two structurally and functionally divergent families of neurotransmitter receptors, The former comprises a class of multi-subunit ligand-gated channels mediating fast interneuronal synaptic transmission, whereas the latter belongs to the seven-transmembrane-domain single-polypeptide receptor superfamily that exerts its biological effects, including the modulation of GABA(A) receptor function, through the activation of second-messenger signalling cascades by G proteins, Here we show that GABA(A)-ligand-gated channels complex selectively with D5 receptors through the direct binding of the D5 carboxy-terminal domain with the second intracellular loop of the GABA(A) gamma 2(short) receptor subunit, This physical association enables mutually inhibitory functional interactions between these receptor systems, The data highlight a previously unknown signal transduction mechanism whereby subtype-selective G-protein-coupled receptors dynamically regulate synaptic strength independently of classically defined second-messenger systems, and provide a heuristic framework in which to view these receptor systems in the maintenance of psychomotor disease states.
C1 Hosp Sick Children, Program Brain & Behav, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Hosp Sick Children, Div Pathol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Psychiat, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Pharmacol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Oral Physiol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Inst Med Sci, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Ctr Addict & Mental Hlth, Mol Neurobiol Sect, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Centre for Addiction & Mental Health - Canada
RP Wang, YT (corresponding author), Hosp Sick Children, Program Brain & Behav, 555 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
NR 49
TC 378
Z9 428
U1 1
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 274
EP 280
DI 10.1038/35002014
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700042
PM 10659839
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Strick, TR
   Croquette, V
   Bensimon, D
AF Strick, TR
   Croquette, V
   Bensimon, D
TI Single-molecule analysis of DNA uncoiling by a type II topoisomerase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID steady-state analysis; supercoiled dna; atp hydrolysis; drosophila-melanogaster; double helix; mechanism; elasticity; transport; topology
AB Type II DNA topoisomerases are ubiquitous ATP-dependent enzymes capable of transporting a DNA through a transient double-strand break in a second DNA segment(1). This enables them to untangle DNA(2-6) and relax the interwound supercoils (plectonemes) that arise in twisted DNA(7). In vivo, they are responsible for untangling replicated chromosomes and their absence at mitosis or meiosis ultimately causes cell death(8,9). Here we describe a micromanipulation experiment in which we follow in real time a single Drosophila melanogaster topoisomerase II acting on a linear DNA molecule which is mechanically stretched and supercoiled(10-13). By monitoring the DNA's extension in the presence of ATP, we directly observe the relaxation of two supercoils during a single catalytic turnover. By controlling the force pulling on the molecule, we determine the variation of the reaction rate with the applied stress. Finally, in the absence of ATP, we observe the clamping of a DNA crossover by a single topoisomerase on at least two different timescales (configurations). These results show that single molecule experiments are a powerful new tool for the study of topoisomerases.
C1 Univ Paris 06, Ecole Normale Super, Lab Phys Stat, CNRS,UMR 8550, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
   Univ Paris 07, F-75231 Paris, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP); Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Cite; Universite Paris Cite
RP Strick, TR (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06, Ecole Normale Super, Lab Phys Stat, CNRS,UMR 8550, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
NR 25
TC 297
Z9 350
U1 0
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 901
EP 904
DI 10.1038/35009144
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000052
PM 10786800
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Channell, R
   Lomolino, MV
AF Channell, R
   Lomolino, MV
TI Dynamic biogeography and conservation of endangered species
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extinction; patterns; translocation; abundance; australia; birds
AB As one moves from the core to the periphery of a species' geographical range, populations occupy less favourable habitats and exhibit lower and more variable densities(1-4). Populations along the periphery of the range tend to be more fragmented and, as a result, are less likely to receive immigrants from other populations. A population's probability of extinction is directly correlated with its variability and inversely correlated with density and immigration rate(5-9). This has led to the prediction that, when a species becomes endangered, its geographical range should contract inwards, with the core populations persisting until the final stages of decline(2,10). Convinced by these logical but untested deductions, conservation biologists and wildlife managers have been instructed to avoid the range periphery when planning conservation strategies or allocating resources for endangered species(11-13). We have analysed range contraction in 245 species from a broad range of taxonomic groups and geographical regions, Here we report that observed patterns of range contraction do not support the above predictions and that most species examined persist in the periphery of their historical geographical ranges.
C1 Ft Hays State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Hays, KS 67601 USA.
   Univ Oklahoma, Dept Zool, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
   Oklahoma Nat Heritage Inventory, Oklahoma Biol Survey, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
C3 University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman
RP Channell, R (corresponding author), Ft Hays State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Hays, KS 67601 USA.
EM Rchannel@FHSU.edu
NR 23
TC 486
Z9 575
U1 1
U2 240
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 84
EP 86
DI 10.1038/47487
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400047
PM 10638757
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wuite, GJL
   Smith, SB
   Young, M
   Keller, D
   Bustamante, C
AF Wuite, GJL
   Smith, SB
   Young, M
   Keller, D
   Bustamante, C
TI Single-molecule studies of the effect of template tension on T7 DNA polymerase activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacteriophage-t7; exonuclease; fidelity; enzyme
AB T7 DNA polymerase(1,2) catalyses DNA replication in vitro at rates of more than 100 bases per second and has a 3'--> 5' exonuclease (nucleotide removing) activity at a separate active site. This enzyme possesses a 'right hand' shape which is common to most polymerases with fingers, palm and thumb domains(3,4). The rate-limiting step for replication is thought to involve a conformational change between an 'open fingers' state in which the active site samples nucleotides, and a 'closed' state in which nucleotide incorporation occurs(3,5). DNA polymerase must function as a molecular motor converting chemical energy into mechanical force as it moves over the template. Here we show, using a single-molecule assay based on the differential elasticity of single-stranded and double-stranded DNA, that mechanical force is generated during the rate-limiting step and that the motor can work against a maximum template tension of similar to 34 pN. Estimates of the mechanical and entropic work done by the enzyme show that T7 DNA polymerase organizes two template bases in the polymerization site during each catalytic cycle. We also find a force-induced 100-fold increase in exonucleolysis above 40pN.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Oregon, Inst Mol Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Oregon; University of New Mexico
RP Bustamante, C (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 19
TC 426
Z9 528
U1 1
U2 78
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 103
EP 106
DI 10.1038/35003614
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100055
PM 10716452
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schlag, J
   Cai, RH
   Dorfman, A
   Mohempour, A
   Schlag-Rey, M
AF Schlag, J
   Cai, RH
   Dorfman, A
   Mohempour, A
   Schlag-Rey, M
TI Neuroscience - Extrapolating movement without retinal motion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID latency
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
RP Schlag, J (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 6
TC 38
Z9 39
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 38
EP 39
DI 10.1038/47402
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400032
PM 10638742
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Amico, G
   Aizen, MA
AF Amico, G
   Aizen, MA
TI Ecology - Mistletoe seed dispersal by a marsupial
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperate
C1 Univ Nacl Comahue, CRUB, Lab Ecotono, RA-8400 Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina.
C3 Universidad Nacional del Comahue
RP Amico, G (corresponding author), Univ Nacl Comahue, CRUB, Lab Ecotono, Unidad Postal Univ, RA-8400 Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina.
NR 12
TC 131
Z9 146
U1 2
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 929
EP 930
DI 10.1038/35050170
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100037
PM 11140671
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raber, J
   Wong, D
   Yu, GQ
   Buttini, M
   Mahley, RW
   Pitas, RE
   Mucke, L
AF Raber, J
   Wong, D
   Yu, GQ
   Buttini, M
   Mahley, RW
   Pitas, RE
   Mucke, L
TI Alzheimer's disease - Apolipoprotein E and cognitive performance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Gladstone Inst Neurol Dis, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Inst Cardiovasc Res, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Inst Cardiovasc Res, Dept Neurol, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Inst Cardiovasc Res, Dept Pathol, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Inst Cardiovasc Res, Program Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; The J David Gladstone Institutes; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Raber, J (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Gladstone Inst Neurol Dis, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
NR 13
TC 206
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 352
EP 354
DI 10.1038/35006165
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000038
PM 10746713
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Strassmann, JE
   Zhu, Y
   Queller, DC
AF Strassmann, JE
   Zhu, Y
   Queller, DC
TI Altruism and social cheating in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cellular slime-molds; evolution; heterocytosis; chimeras; behavior
AB The social amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum, is widely used as a simple model organism for multicellular development(1,2), but its multicellular fruiting stage is really a society. Most of the time, D. discoideum lives as haploid, free-living, amoeboid cells that divide asexually. When starved, 10(4)-10(5) of these cells aggregate into a slug. The anterior 20% of the slug altruistically differentiates into a non-viable stalk, supporting the remaining cells, most of which become viable spores(3-5). If aggregating cells come from multiple clones, there should be selection for clones to exploit other clones by contributing less than their proportional share to the sterile stalk. Here we use microsatellite markers to show that different clones collected from a field population readily mix to form chimaeras. Half of the chimaeric mixtures show a clear cheater and victim. Thus, unlike the clonal and highly cooperative development of most multicellular organisms, the development of D. discoideum is partly competitive, with conflicts of interests among cells. These conflicts complicate the use of D. discoideum as a model for some aspects of development, but they make it highly attractive as a model system for social evolution.
C1 Rice Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
C3 Rice University
RP Strassmann, JE (corresponding author), Rice Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, POB 1892, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
EM strassm@rice.edu
NR 30
TC 366
Z9 422
U1 1
U2 120
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 965
EP 967
DI 10.1038/35050087
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100047
PM 11140681
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, IW
   Wang, XH
AF Chen, IW
   Wang, XH
TI Sintering dense nanocrystalline ceramics without final-stage grain growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oxide powders; alumina
AB Sintering is the process whereby interparticle pores in a granular material are eliminated by atomic diffusion driven by capillary forces. It is the preferred manufacturing method for industrial ceramics. The observation of Burke and Coble(1,2) that certain crystalline granular solids could gain full density and translucency by solid-state sintering was an important milestone for modern technical ceramics. But these final-stage sintering processes are always accompanied by rapid grain growth(3,6), because the capillary driving forces for sintering (involving surfaces) and grain growth (involving grain boundaries) are comparable in magnitude, both being proportional to the reciprocal grain size. This has greatly hampered efforts to produce dense materials with nanometre-scale structure (grain size less than 100 nm)(4,8), leading many researchers to resort to the 'brute force' approach of high-pressure consolidation at elevated temperatures(7-9). Here we show that fully dense cubic Y2O3 (melting point, 2,439 degrees C) with a grain size of 60 nm can be prepared by a simple two-step sintering method, at temperatures of about 1,000 degrees C without applied pressure. The suppression of the final-stage grain growth is achieved by exploiting the difference in kinetics between grain-boundary diffusion and grain-boundary migration. Such a process should facilitate the cost-effective preparation of other nanocrystalline materials for practical applications.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
RP Chen, IW (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 3231 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
NR 25
TC 1373
Z9 1559
U1 27
U2 1158
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 168
EP 171
DI 10.1038/35004548
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900046
PM 10724165
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whitmore, D
   Foulkes, NS
   Sassone-Corsi, P
AF Whitmore, D
   Foulkes, NS
   Sassone-Corsi, P
TI Light acts directly on organs and cells in culture to set the vertebrate circadian clock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila; zebrafish; gene; entrainment; expression
AB The expression of dock genes in vertebrates is widespread and not restricted to classical dock structures(1,2). The expression of the Clock gene in zebrafish shows a strong circadian oscillation in many tissues in vivo and in culture, showing that endogenous oscillators exist in peripheral organs(3). A defining feature of circadian clocks is that they can be set or entrained to local time, usually by the environmental light-dark cycle(4,5). An important question is whether peripheral oscillators are entrained to local time by signals from central pacemakers such as the eyes or are themselves directly light-responsive. Here we show that the peripheral organ docks of zebrafish are set by light-dark cycles in culture. We also show that a zebrafish-derived cell line contains a circadian oscillator, which is also directly light entrained.
C1 Univ Strasbourg 1, INSERM, CNRS, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, CU Strasbour, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP Sassone-Corsi, P (corresponding author), Univ Strasbourg 1, INSERM, CNRS, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, CU Strasbourg, France.
EM paolosc@titus.u-strasbg.fr
NR 29
TC 386
Z9 428
U1 0
U2 59
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 87
EP 91
DI 10.1038/35003589
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100051
PM 10716448
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Samuelson, JC
   Chen, MY
   Jiang, FL
   Möller, I
   Wiedmann, M
   Kuhn, A
   Phillips, GJ
   Dalbey, RE
AF Samuelson, JC
   Chen, MY
   Jiang, FL
   Möller, I
   Wiedmann, M
   Kuhn, A
   Phillips, GJ
   Dalbey, RE
TI YidC mediates membrane protein insertion in bacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal recognition particle; escherichia-coli; endoplasmic-reticulum; targeting pathway; nuclear gene; mitochondria; translocation; export; biogenesis; machinery
AB The basic machinery for the translocation of proteins into or across membranes is remarkably conserved from Escherichia coli to humans. In eukaryotes, proteins are inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum using the signal recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor, as well as the integral membrane Sec61 trimeric complex (composed of alpha, beta and gamma subunits)(1). In bacteria, most proteins are inserted by a related pathway that includes the SRP homologue Ffh(2-5), the SRP receptor FtsY(6,7), and the SecYEG trimeric complex(8), where Y and E are related to the Sec61 alpha and gamma subunits, respectively. Proteins in bacteria that exhibit no dependence on the Sec translocase were previously thought to insert into the membrane directly without the aid of a protein machinery(9,10). Here we show that membrane insertion of two Sec-independent proteins requires YidC. YidC is essential for E. coli viability and homologues are present in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Depletion of YidC also interferes with insertion of Sec-dependent membrane proteins, but it has only a minor effect on the export of secretory proteins. These results provide evidence for an additional component of the translocation machinery that is specialized for the integration of membrane proteins.
C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Hohenheim, Inst Microbiol & Mol Biol, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
   Iowa State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; University Hohenheim; Iowa State University
RP Dalbey, RE (corresponding author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem, 120 W 18th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
EM dalbey@chemistry.ohio-state.edu
NR 30
TC 441
Z9 513
U1 3
U2 125
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 637
EP 641
DI 10.1038/35020586
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800050
PM 10949305
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Allen, TM
   O'Connor, DH
   Jing, PC
   Dzuris, JL
   Mothé, BR
   Vogel, TU
   Dunphy, E
   Liebl, ME
   Emerson, C
   Wilson, N
   Kunstman, KJ
   Wang, XC
   Allison, DB
   Hughes, AL
   Desrosiers, RC
   Altman, JD
   Wolinsky, SM
   Sette, A
   Watkins, DI
AF Allen, TM
   O'Connor, DH
   Jing, PC
   Dzuris, JL
   Mothé, BR
   Vogel, TU
   Dunphy, E
   Liebl, ME
   Emerson, C
   Wilson, N
   Kunstman, KJ
   Wang, XC
   Allison, DB
   Hughes, AL
   Desrosiers, RC
   Altman, JD
   Wolinsky, SM
   Sette, A
   Watkins, DI
TI Tat-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes select for SIV escape variants during resolution of primary viraemia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID simian immunodeficiency virus; primary infection; genetic-variation; nef protein; epitope; aids; ctl; mamu-a-asterisk-01; recognition; progression
AB Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections are characterized by early peaks of viraemia that decline as strong cellular immune responses develop(1,2). Although it has been shown that virus-specific CD8-positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) exert selective pressure during HIV and SIV infection(3-11), the data have been controversial(12,13). Here we show that Tat-specific CD8-positive T-lymphocyte responses select for new viral escape variants during the acute phase of infection. We sequenced the entire virus immediately after the acute phase, and found that amino-acid replacements accumulated primarily in Tat CTL epitopes. This implies that Tat-specific CTLs may be significantly involved in controlling wild-type virus replication, and suggests that responses against viral proteins that are expressed early during the viral life cycle might be attractive targets for HIV vaccine development.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Wisconsin Reg Primate Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53715 USA.
   Epimmune, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
   Emory Univ, Sch Med, Emory Vaccine Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   St Lukes Roosevelt Hosp, Obes Res Ctr, New York, NY 10025 USA.
   Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
   New England Reg Primate Res Ctr, Southborough, MA 01772 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Epimmune Inc.; Northwestern University; Emory University; Mount Sinai West; Mount Sinai Morningside; University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Watkins, DI (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Wisconsin Reg Primate Res Ctr, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715 USA.
NR 28
TC 620
Z9 686
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 386
EP 390
DI 10.1038/35030124
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700049
PM 11014195
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ajayan, PM
   Nugent, JM
   Siegel, RW
   Wei, B
   Kohler-Redlich, P
AF Ajayan, PM
   Nugent, JM
   Siegel, RW
   Wei, B
   Kohler-Redlich, P
TI Growth of carbon micro-trees - Carbon deposition under extreme conditions causes tree-like structures to spring up.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Met Forsch, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany.
C3 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Max Planck Society
RP Ajayan, PM (corresponding author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA.
NR 3
TC 126
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 243
EP 243
DI 10.1038/35005161
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200035
PM 10749197
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Andreyev, AN
   Huyse, M
   Van Duppen, P
   Weissman, L
   Ackermann, D
   Gerl, J
   Hessberger, FP
   Hofmann, S
   Kleinböhl, A
   Münzenberg, G
   Reshitko, S
   Schlegel, C
   Schaffner, H
   Cagarda, P
   Matos, M
   Saro, S
   Keenan, A
   Moore, C
   O'Leary, CD
   Page, RD
   Taylor, M
   Kettunen, H
   Leino, M
   Lavrentiev, A
   Wyss, R
   Heyde, K
AF Andreyev, AN
   Huyse, M
   Van Duppen, P
   Weissman, L
   Ackermann, D
   Gerl, J
   Hessberger, FP
   Hofmann, S
   Kleinböhl, A
   Münzenberg, G
   Reshitko, S
   Schlegel, C
   Schaffner, H
   Cagarda, P
   Matos, M
   Saro, S
   Keenan, A
   Moore, C
   O'Leary, CD
   Page, RD
   Taylor, M
   Kettunen, H
   Leino, M
   Lavrentiev, A
   Wyss, R
   Heyde, K
TI A triplet of differently shaped spin-zero states in the atomic nucleus 186Pb
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-decay; fine-structure; intruder states; mass nuclei; shell; coexistence; isotopes; po-191; identification; spectroscopy
AB Understanding the fundamental excitations of many-fermion systems is of significant current interest. In atomic nuclei with even numbers of neutrons and protons, the low-lying excitation spectrum is generally formed by nucleon pair breaking and nuclear vibrations or rotations. However, for certain numbers of protons and neutrons, a subtle rearrangement of only a few nucleons among the orbitals at the Fermi surface can result in a different elementary mode: a macroscopic shape change(1-3). The first experimental evidence for this phenomenon came from the observation of shape coexistence in O-16 (ref. 4). Other unexpected examples came with the discovery of fission isomers(5) and superdeformed nuclei(6). Here we find experimentally that the lowest three states in the energy spectrum of the neutron deficient nucleus Pb-186 are spherical, oblate and prolate. The states are populated by the alpha-decay of a parent nucleus; to identify them, we combine knowledge of the particular features of this decay(7) with sensitive measurement techniques (a highly efficient velocity filter(8) with strong background reduction, and an extremely selective recoil-alpha-electron coincidence tagging method(8-10)). The existence of this apparently unique shape triplet is permitted only by the specific conditions that are met around this particular nucleus.
C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Kern & Stralingsfys, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
   Gesell Schwerionenforsch Inst Darmstadt, D-6100 Darmstadt, Germany.
   Comenius Univ, Dept Nucl Phys, Bratislava, Slovakia.
   Univ Liverpool, Oliver Lodge Lab, Dept Phys, Liverpool L69 7ZE, Merseyside, England.
   Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Phys, FIN-40351 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
   Joint Inst Nucl Res, Flerov Lab Nucl React, Dubna 141980, Russia.
   Royal Inst Technol, Dept Phys, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Kalmar Univ, Dept Technol, S-39129 Kalmar, Sweden.
   Inst Theoret Phys, Vakgrp Subatomaire & Stralingsfys, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
C3 KU Leuven; Helmholtz Association; GSI Helmholtz-Center for Heavy Ion Research; Comenius University Bratislava; University of Liverpool; University of Jyvaskyla; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research - Russia; Royal Institute of Technology; Linnaeus University; University of Kalmar
RP Huyse, M (corresponding author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Kern & Stralingsfys, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
NR 28
TC 426
Z9 455
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 430
EP 433
DI 10.1038/35013012
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000040
PM 10839532
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Messenger, S
AF Messenger, S
TI Identification of molecular-cloud material in interplanetary dust particles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isotopic composition; carbon; meteorites; origin; water
AB Interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) collected in the Earth's stratosphere and meteorites are fragments of comets and asteroids. These are 'primitive' meteorites in part because they have preserved materials which predate the formation of the Solar System. The most primitive (least altered) meteorites contain a few parts per million of micrometre-sized dust which formed in the atmospheres of giant stars(1). Some meteorites(2) have elevated D/H and N-15/N-14 ratios that are attributed to surviving interstellar organic molecules which have probably been strongly diluted and altered by parent-body processes(2). Most IDPs are chemically, mineralogically, and texturally primitive in comparison to meteorites(3,4). Here I show that H and N isotopic anomalies among fragile 'cluster' IDPs are far larger, more common, and less equilibrated than those previously observed in other IDPs or meteorites. In some cases, the D/H ratios that we measure reach the values of interstellar molecules, suggesting that molecular-cloud material has survived intact. These observations indicate that cluster IDPs are the most primitive class of Solar System materials currently available for laboratory analysis.
C1 Washington Univ, Dept Phys, McDonnell Ctr Space Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Messenger, S (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Dept Phys, McDonnell Ctr Space Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
EM dbunny@howdy.wustl.edu
NR 25
TC 295
Z9 305
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 968
EP 971
DI 10.1038/35010053
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000047
PM 10801119
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smaglik, P
AF Smaglik, P
TI 'Quiet revolution' in chemistry could revive public and private sectors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 16
Z9 19
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 807
EP 808
DI 10.1038/35021181
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700060
PM 10963612
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stoddard, JL
   Jeffries, DS
   Lükewille, A
   Forsius, M
   Mannio, J
   Wilander, A
AF Stoddard, JL
   Jeffries, DS
   Lükewille, A
   Forsius, M
   Mannio, J
   Wilander, A
TI Environmental chemistry -: Is acidification still an ecological threat?: Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trends
C1 US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA.
   Environm Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada.
C3 United States Environmental Protection Agency; Environment & Climate Change Canada
RP Stoddard, JL (corresponding author), US EPA, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA.
NR 5
TC 6
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 857
EP 858
DI 10.1038/35038161
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kiefer, JR
   Pawlitz, JL
   Moreland, KT
   Stegeman, RA
   Hood, WF
   Gierse, JK
   Stevens, AM
   Goodwin, DC
   Rowlinson, SW
   Marnett, LJ
   Stallings, WC
   Kurumbail, RG
AF Kiefer, JR
   Pawlitz, JL
   Moreland, KT
   Stegeman, RA
   Hood, WF
   Gierse, JK
   Stevens, AM
   Goodwin, DC
   Rowlinson, SW
   Marnett, LJ
   Stallings, WC
   Kurumbail, RG
TI Structural insights into the stereochemistry of the cyclooxygenase reaction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID prostaglandin-h synthase; higher oxidation-states; x-ray-diffraction; endoperoxide synthase; peroxidase reaction; arachidonic-acid; active-site; catalysis; activation; binding
AB Cyclooxygenases are bifunctional enzymes that catalyse the first committed step in the synthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes and other eicosanoids(1-3). The two known cyclooxygenases isoforms share a high degree of amino-acid sequence similarity(1-4), structural topology(5-7) and an identical catalytic mechanism(1-3). Cyclooxygenase enzymes catalyse two sequential reactions in spatially distinct, but mechanistically coupled active sites(8-11). The initial cyclooxygenase reaction converts arachidonic acid (which is achiral) to prostaglandin G(2) (which has five chiral centres). The subsequent peroxidase reaction reduces prostaglandin G(2) to prostaglandin H-2. Here we report the co-crystal structures of murine apo-cyclooxygenase-2 in complex with arachidonic acid and prostaglandin. These structures suggest the molecular basis for the stereospecificity of prostaglandin G(2) synthesis.
C1 Monsanto Co, Searle Discovery Res, St Louis, MO 63198 USA.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Vanderbilt Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
C3 Monsanto; Vanderbilt University
RP Kurumbail, RG (corresponding author), Monsanto Co, Searle Discovery Res, 700 Chesterfield Pkwy N, St Louis, MO 63198 USA.
NR 30
TC 209
Z9 238
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 97
EP 101
DI 10.1038/35011103
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600059
PM 10811226
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Emery, P
   Stanewsky, R
   Hall, JC
   Rosbash, M
AF Emery, P
   Stanewsky, R
   Hall, JC
   Rosbash, M
TI Drosophila cryptochromes -: A unique circadian-rhythm photoreceptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID clock; photosensitivity
C1 Brandeis Univ, NSF Ctr Biol Timing, Dept Biol, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Univ Regensburg, Inst Zool, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
C3 Brandeis University; National Science Foundation (NSF); Brandeis University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Regensburg
RP Emery, P (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, NSF Ctr Biol Timing, Dept Biol, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
NR 10
TC 221
Z9 259
U1 6
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 456
EP 457
DI 10.1038/35006558
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700035
PM 10761904
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de la Rubia, TD
   Zbib, HM
   Khraishi, TA
   Wirth, BD
   Victoria, M
   Caturla, MJ
AF de la Rubia, TD
   Zbib, HM
   Khraishi, TA
   Wirth, BD
   Victoria, M
   Caturla, MJ
TI Multiscale modelling of plastic flow localization in irradiated materials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID energy displacement cascades; molecular-dynamics; computer-simulation; interstitial loops; defect production; single-crystals; metals; damage; microstructure; dislocations
AB The irradiation of metals by energetic particles causes significant degradation of the mechanical properties(1,2), most notably an increased yield stress and decreased ductility, often accompanied by plastic flow localization. Such effects limit the lifetime of pressure vessels in nuclear power plants(3), and constrain the choice of materials for fusion-based alternative energy sources(4). Although these phenomena have been known for many years(1), the underlying fundamental mechanisms and their relation to the irradiation field have not been clearly demonstrated. Here we use three-dimensional multiscale simulations of irradiated metals to reveal the mechanisms underlying plastic flow localization in defect-free channels. We observe dislocation pinning by irradiation-induced clusters of defects, subsequent unpinning as defects are absorbed by the dislocations, and cross-slip of the latter as the stress is increased. The width of the plastic flow channels is limited by the interaction among opposing dislocation dipole segments and the remaining defect clusters.
C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Washington State Univ, Sch Mech & Mat Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
   EPFL, CRPP, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Washington State University; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
RP de la Rubia, TD (corresponding author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave,L-353, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
EM delarubia@llnl.gov
NR 29
TC 293
Z9 317
U1 6
U2 179
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 871
EP 874
DI 
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600038
PM 10972284
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barkai, N
   Leibler, S
AF Barkai, N
   Leibler, S
TI Biological rhythms - Circadian clocks limited by noise
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Barkai, N (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 12
TC 406
Z9 464
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 267
EP 268
DI 10.1038/35002258
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700040
PM 10659837
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cha, JN
   Stucky, GD
   Morse, DE
   Deming, TJ
AF Cha, JN
   Stucky, GD
   Morse, DE
   Deming, TJ
TI Biomimetic synthesis of ordered silica structures mediated by block copolypeptides
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mesoporous silica; protein; diatom; acid
AB In biological systems such as diatoms and sponges, the formation of solid silica structures with precisely controlled morphologies is directed by proteins and polysaccharides and occurs in water at neutral:pH and ambient temperature(1-4). Laboratory methods, in contrast, have to rely on extreme pH conditions and/or surfactants to induce the condensation of silica precursors into specific morphologies or patterned structures(5-10), This contrast in processing conditions and the growing demand for benign synthesis methods that minimize adverse environmental effects have spurred much interest in biomimetic approaches in materials science(4,5), The recent demonstration that silicatein-a protein found in the silica spicules of the sponge Tethya aurantia(11)-can hydrolyse and condense the precursor molecule tetraethoxysilane to form silica structures with controlled shapes at ambient conditions(12-14) seems particularly promising in this context, Here we describe synthetic cysteine-lysine block copolypeptides that mimic the properties of silicatein: the copolypeptides self-assemble into structured aggregates that hydrolyse tetraethoxysilane while simultaneously directing the formation of ordered silica morphologies. We find that oxidation of the cysteine sulphydryl groups, which is known to affect the assembly of the block copolypeptide(15), allows us to produce different structures: hard silica spheres and well-defined columns of amorphous silica are produced using the fully reduced and the oxidized forms of the copolymer, respectively.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Deming, TJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
NR 25
TC 623
Z9 719
U1 2
U2 317
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 289
EP 292
DI 10.1038/35002038
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700046
PM 10659843
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baker, D
   Pryce, G
   Croxford, JL
   Brown, P
   Pertwee, RG
   Huffman, JW
   Layward, L
AF Baker, D
   Pryce, G
   Croxford, JL
   Brown, P
   Pertwee, RG
   Huffman, JW
   Layward, L
TI Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; cb1
AB Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (CREAE) is an autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis(1). Although both these diseases are typified by relapsing-remitting paralytic episodes, after CREAE induction by sensitization to myelin antigens(1) Biozzi ABH mice also develop spasticity and tremor. These symptoms also occur during multiple sclerosis and are difficult to control. This has prompted some patients to find alternative medicines, and to perceive benefit from cannabis use(2), Although this benefit has been backed up by small clinical studies, mainly With non-quantifiable outcomes(3-7) the value of cannabis use in multiple sclerosis remains anecdotal. Here we show that cannabinoid (CB) receptor agonism using R(+)-WIN 55,212, Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, methanandamide and JWH-133 (ref. 8) quantitatively ameliorated both tremor and spasticity in diseased mice. The exacerbation Of these signs after antagonism of the CB(1) and CB(2) receptors, notably the CB(1) receptor, using SR141716A and SR144528 (ref. 8) indicative that the endogenous cannabinoid system may be tonically active in the control of tremor and spasticity. This provides a rationale for patients' indications of the therapeutic potential of cannabis in the control of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis(2), and provides a means of evaluating more selective cannabinoids in the future.
C1 UCL, Inst Neurol, Dept Neurochem, Neuroinflammat Grp, London WC1N 1PJ, England.
   UCL, Inst Ophthalmol, London EC1V 9EL, England.
   Natl Hosp Neurol & Neurosurg, MRC, Human Movement & Balance Unit, London WC1N 3BG, England.
   Univ Aberdeen, Inst Med Sci, Dept Biomed Sci, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland.
   Clemson Univ, Dept Chem, Clemson, SC 29634 USA.
   Multiple Sclerosis Soc Great Britain & No Ireland, London SW6 1EE, England.
C3 University of London; King's College London; University College London; University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; UCL Medical School; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery; University of Aberdeen; Clemson University
RP Baker, D (corresponding author), UCL, Inst Neurol, Dept Neurochem, Neuroinflammat Grp, 1 Wakefield St, London WC1N 1PJ, England.
EM D.Baker@ion.ucl.ac.uk
FU Multiple Sclerosis Society [541] Funding Source: Medline
NR 20
TC 432
Z9 536
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 84
EP 87
DI 10.1038/35003583
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100050
PM 10716447
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wallenfang, MR
   Seydoux, G
AF Wallenfang, MR
   Seydoux, G
TI Polarization of the anterior-posterior axis of C. elegans is a microtubule-directed process
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; embryos; polarity; granules; segregation; kinase; par-1; localization; disruption; spindle
AB In Caenorhabditis elegans, polarity along the anterior-posterior (A/P) axis is established shortly after fertilization and is determined by the sperm, whose position specifies the posterior end of the embryo(1). Although many factors required for the establishment of A/P polarity have been described(2,3), the nature of the spatial cue provided by the sperm remains unknown. Here we show that a microtubule-organizing centre is necessary and sufficient to establish several aspects of A/P polarity. In wildtype embryos, appearance of the first molecular asymmetries along the A/P axis correlates with and requires nucleation of microtubules by the sperm-derived centrosomes (sperm asters). In mutant embryos arrested in meiosis, sperm asters fail to form, and posterior is defined by the position of the persistent meiotic spindle rather than by the position of the sperm. Together, our data indicate that the primary spatial cue for A/P polarity in C. elegans derives from microtubules emanating from the sperm asters. Our findings support a parallel(4-7) between C. elegans zygotes and other cells, such as Drosophila oocytes, which rely on microtubules to regulate polarity.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP Seydoux, G (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM gseydoux@jhmi.edu
NR 29
TC 154
Z9 183
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 89
EP 92
DI 10.1038/35040562
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400057
PM 11081513
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gallopin, T
   Fort, P
   Eggermann, E
   Cauli, B
   Luppi, PH
   Rossier, J
   Audinat, E
   Mühlethaler, M
   Serafin, M
AF Gallopin, T
   Fort, P
   Eggermann, E
   Cauli, B
   Luppi, PH
   Rossier, J
   Audinat, E
   Mühlethaler, M
   Serafin, M
TI Identification of sleep-promoting neurons in vitro
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebellar slices; basal forebrain; in-vitro; rat; invitro; cells; nucleus; arousal
AB The neurons responsible for the onset of sleep are thought to be located in the preoptic area(1-3) and more specifically, in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO)(4-6). Here we identify sleep-promoting neurons in vitro and show that they represent an homogeneous population of cells that must be inhibited by systems of arousal during the waking state. We rnd that two-thirds of the VLPO neurons are multipolar triangular cells that show a low-threshold spike. This proportion matches that of cells active during sleep in the same region(6). We then show, using single-cell reverse transcriptase followed by polymerase chain reaction, that these neurons probably contain g-aminobutyric acid (GABA). We also show that these neurons are inhibited by noradrenaline and acetylcholine, both of which are transmitters of wakefulness(3,7,8). As most of these cells are also inhibited by serotonin but unaffected by histamine, their overall inhibition by transmitters of wakefulness is in agreement with their relative inactivity during waking with respect to sleep(6). We propose that the reciprocal inhibitory interaction of such VLPO neurons with the noradrenergic, serotoninergic and cholinergic waking systems to which they project(5,9,10) is a key factor for promoting sleep.
C1 Ctr Med Univ Geneva, Dept Physiol, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
   Neurobiol Etats Sommeil & Eveil, F-69373 Lyon, France.
   ESPCI, CNRS, UMR 7637, Lab Neurobiol & Divers Cellulaire, F-75005 Paris, France.
C3 University of Geneva; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite PSL; Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI)
RP Mühlethaler, M (corresponding author), Ctr Med Univ Geneva, Dept Physiol, 1 Rue Michel Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
NR 27
TC 360
Z9 415
U1 3
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 992
EP 995
DI 10.1038/35010109
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000055
PM 10801127
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bryk, R
   Griffin, P
   Nathan, C
AF Bryk, R
   Griffin, P
   Nathan, C
TI Peroxynitrite reductase activity of bacterial peroxiredoxins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alkyl hydroperoxide reductase; salmonella-typhimurium; nitric-oxide; hydrogen-peroxide; oxidative stress; redox regulation; sulfenic acid; ahpc; enzyme; decomposition
AB Nitric oxide (NO) is present in soil and air, and is produced by bacteria, animals and plants. Superoxide (O-2(-)) arises in all organisms inhabiting aerobic environments. Thus, many organisms are likely to encounter peroxynitrite (OONO-), a product of NO and O-2(-) that forms at near diffusion-limited rates, and rapidly decomposes upon protonation through isomerization to nitrate (NO3-; ref. 1) while generating hydroxyl radical ((OH)-O-.) and nitrogen dioxide radical ((NO2)-N-.) (refs 2, 3), both more reactive than peroxynitrite's precursors. The oxidative, inflammatory, mutagenic and cytotoxic potential (ref. 4) of peroxynitrite contrasts with the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective properties ascribed to NO itself(5). Thus, the ability of cells to cope with peroxynitrite is central in determining the biological consequences of NO production. We considered whether cells might be equipped with enzymes to detoxify peroxynitrite. Peroxiredoxins have been identified in most genomes sequenced, but their functions are only partly understood. Here we show that the peroxiredoxin alkylhydroperoxide reductase subunit C (AhpC) from Salmonella typhimurium catalytically detoxifies peroxynitrite to nitrite fast enough to forestall the oxidation of bystander molecules such as DNA. Results are similar with peroxiredoxins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Helicobacter pylori. Thus, peroxynitrite reductase activity may be widespread among bacterial genera.
C1 Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Merck Res Labs, Basic Chem Analyt Support, Rahway, NJ 07065 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Merck & Company
RP Nathan, C (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM cnathan@med.cornell.edu
NR 29
TC 556
Z9 631
U1 2
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 211
EP 215
DI 10.1038/35025109
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000054
PM 11001062
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanaka, H
   Arakawa, H
   Yamaguchi, T
   Shiraishi, K
   Fukuda, S
   Matsui, K
   Takei, Y
   Nakamura, Y
AF Tanaka, H
   Arakawa, H
   Yamaguchi, T
   Shiraishi, K
   Fukuda, S
   Matsui, K
   Takei, Y
   Nakamura, Y
TI A ribonucleotide reductase gene involved in a p53-dependent cell-cycle checkpoint for DNA damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wild-type p53; small-subunit; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; mammalian-cells; uv irradiation; protein; expression; repair; sensitivity; agents
AB The p53 gene is frequently inactivated in human cancers. Here we have isolated a p53-inducible gene, p53R2,by using differential display to examine messenger RNAs in a cancer-derived human cell line carrying a highly regulated wild-type p53 expression system. p53R2 contains a p53-binding sequence in intron 1 and encodes a 351-amino-acid peptide with striking similarity to the ribonucleotide reductase small subunit(R2), which is important in DNA synthesis during cell division. Expression of p53R2, but not R2, was induced by ultraviolet and gamma-irradiation and adriamycin treatment in a wild-type p53-dependent manner. Induction of p53R2 in p53-deficient cells caused G2/M arrest and prevented cells from death in response to adriamycin, Inhibition of endogenous p53R2 expression in cells that have an intact p53-dependent DNA damage checkpoint reduced ribonucleotide reductase activity, DNA repair and cell survival after exposure to various genotoxins. Our results indicate that p53R2 encodes a ribonucleotide reductase that is directly involved in the p53 checkpoint for repair of damaged DNA, The discovery of p53R2 clarifies a relationship between a ribonucleotide reductase activity involved in repair of damaged DNA and tumour suppression by p53.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Mol Med Lab, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Nakamura, Y (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Mol Med Lab, Minato Ku, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
NR 41
TC 762
Z9 876
U1 1
U2 64
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 42
EP 49
DI 10.1038/35003506
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100038
PM 10716435
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bray, GA
   Tartaglia, LA
AF Bray, GA
   Tartaglia, LA
TI Medicinal strategies in the treatment of obesity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID uncoupling protein homolog; leptin receptor; feeding-behavior; food-intake; body-composition; controlled trial; weight-loss; humans; gene; identification
AB When prevention fails, medicinal treatment of obesity may become a necessity Any strategic medicinal development must recognize that obesity is a chronic, stigmatized and costly disease that is increasing in prevalence. Because obesity can rarely be cured, treatment strategies are effective only as long as they are used, and combined therapy may be more effective than monotherapy. For a drug to have significant impact on body weight it must ultimately reduce energy intake, Increase energy expenditure, or both, Currently approved drugs for long-term treatment of obesity include sibutramine, which inhibits food intake, and orlistat, which blocks fat digestion.
C1 Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA.
   Millennium Pharmaceut Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Louisiana State University System; Louisiana State University; Pennington Biomedical Research Center; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd; Millennium Pharmaceuticals
RP Bray, GA (corresponding author), Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA.
EM BrayGA@pbrc.edu
NR 93
TC 313
Z9 352
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 672
EP 677
DI 10.1038/35007544
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100067
PM 10766254
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grimson, MJ
   Coates, JC
   Reynolds, JP
   Shipman, M
   Blanton, RL
   Harwood, AJ
AF Grimson, MJ
   Coates, JC
   Reynolds, JP
   Shipman, M
   Blanton, RL
   Harwood, AJ
TI Adherens junctions and β-catenin-mediated cell signalling in a non-metazoan organism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor lef-1; dictyostelium-discoideum; cytoplasmic domain; adhesion molecule; c-elegans; protein; vacuole; binding; specification; inheritance
AB Mechanical forces between cells have a principal role in the organization of animal tissues. Adherens junctions are an important component of these tissues, connecting cells through their actin cytoskeleton and allowing the assembly of tensile structures(1-4). At least one adherens junction protein, beta -catenin, also acts as a signalling molecule, directly regulating gene expression(5-7). To date, adherens junctions have only been detected in metazoa, and therefore we looked for them outside the animal kingdom to examine their evolutionary origins. The non-metazoan Dictyostelium discoideum forms a multicellular, differentiated structure(8). Here we describe the discovery of actin-associated intercellular junctions in Dictyostelium. We have isolated a gene encoding a beta -catenin homologue, aardvark, which is a component of the junctional complex, and, independently, is required for cell signalling. Our discovery of adherens junctions outside the animal kingdom shows that the dual role of beta -catenin in cell-cell adhesion and cell sig-nailing evolved before the origins of metazoa.
C1 UCL, MRC, Mol Cell Biol Lab, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA.
C3 University of London; University College London; Texas Tech University System; Texas Tech University
RP Harwood, AJ (corresponding author), UCL, MRC, Mol Cell Biol Lab, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM a.harwood@ucl.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 117
Z9 139
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 727
EP 731
DI 10.1038/35047099
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200051
PM 11130075
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Houghton, RA
   Skole, DL
   Nobre, CA
   Hackler, JL
   Lawrence, KT
   Chomentowski, WH
AF Houghton, RA
   Skole, DL
   Nobre, CA
   Hackler, JL
   Lawrence, KT
   Chomentowski, WH
TI Annual fluxes or carbon from deforestation and regrowth in the Brazilian Amazon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pasture soils; land-use; forest; biomass; budget
AB The distribution of sources and sinks of carbon among the world's ecosystems is uncertain. Some analyses show northern midlatitude lands to be a large sink, whereas the tropics are a net source(1); other analyses show the tropics to be nearly neutral. whereas northern mid-latitudes are a small sink(2,3). Here we show that the annual flux of carbon from deforestation and abandonment of agricultural lands in the Brazilian Amazon was a source of about 0.2 g C yr(-1) over the period 1989-1998 (1 Pg is 10(15) g). This estimate is based on annual rates of deforestation and spatially detailed estimates of deforestation, regrowing forests and biomass. Logging may add another 5-10% to this estimate(4), and fires may double the magnitude of the source in years following a drought(4), The annual source of carbon from land-use change and fire approximately offsets the sink calculated for natural ecosystems in the region(5,6). Thus this large area of tropical forest is nearly balanced with respect to carbon, but has an interannual variability of +/- 0.2 PgC yr(-1).
C1 Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Geog, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12201970 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
C3 Woodwell Climate Research Center; Michigan State University; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)
RP Houghton, RA (corresponding author), Woods Hole Res Ctr, POB 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
NR 30
TC 533
Z9 700
U1 2
U2 214
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 301
EP 304
DI 10.1038/35002062
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700050
PM 10659847
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ragazzoni, R
   Marchetti, E
   Valente, G
AF Ragazzoni, R
   Marchetti, E
   Valente, G
TI Adaptive-optics corrections available for the whole sky
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID italian-national-telescope; atmospheric-turbulence; galileo; compensation; image
AB Adaptive-optics systems can in principle allow a telescope to achieve performance at its theoretical maximum (Limited only by diffraction), by correcting in real time for the distortion of starlight by atmospheric turbulence(1). For such a system installed on an 8-m-class telescope(2,3), the spatial resolution and sensitivity could be up to 100 times better than conventional imaging(4,5). Adaptive-optics corrections have hitherto been achieved only for regions of the sky within a few arcseconds of a bright reference source. But it has been proposed theoretically that by using multiple guide stars, the tomography of atmospheric turbulence could be probed and used to extend adaptive-optics corrections to the whole sky(6,7). Here we report the experimental verification of such tomographic(8) corrections, using three off-axis reference stars similar to 15 arcsec from the central star. We used the observations of the off-axis stars to calculate the deformations of the wavefront of the central star, and then compare them with the real measured values. This tomographic approach is found to reduce variations in the wavefront by similar to 92%. Our result demonstrates that a serious barrier to achieving diffraction-limited seeing over the whole sky has been removed.
C1 Astron Observ Padova, I-35122 Padua, Italy.
   Ctr Galileo Galilei, E-38700 Santa Cruz De La Palma, Spain.
   Univ Padua, Dept Phys, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
   Univ Padua, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez PD, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
C3 University of Padua; University of Padua; University of Padua; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)
RP Ragazzoni, R (corresponding author), Astron Observ Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padua, Italy.
EM ragazzoni@pd.astro.it
NR 26
TC 141
Z9 153
U1 1
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 54
EP 56
DI 10.1038/47425
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400037
PM 10638747
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Swaddle, JP
   Biewener, AA
AF Swaddle, JP
   Biewener, AA
TI Physiology - Exercise and reduced muscle mass in starlings
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID body-mass; pectoralis-muscle; flight-muscle; adaptations; hypertrophy
C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Behav Biol, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England.
   Harvard Univ, MCZ, Concord Field Stn, Bedford, MA 01730 USA.
C3 University of Bristol; Harvard University
RP Swaddle, JP (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Behav Biol, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England.
NR 12
TC 30
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 585
EP 586
DI 10.1038/35020695
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800035
PM 10949290
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Glynne, R
   Akkaraju, S
   Healy, JI
   Rayner, J
   Goodnow, CC
   Mack, DH
AF Glynne, R
   Akkaraju, S
   Healy, JI
   Rayner, J
   Goodnow, CC
   Mack, DH
TI How self-tolerance and the immunosuppressive drug FK506 prevent B-cell mitogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor; cyclosporine-a; lymphocytes; activation; receptor; protein; gene; immunoglobulin; proliferation; expression
AB Therapy for transplant rejection, autoimmune disease and allergy must target mature lymphocytes that have escaped censoring during their development. FK506 and cyclosporin are immunosuppressants which block three antigen-receptor signalling pathways (NFAT, NF kappa B and JNK), through inhibition of calcineurin(1), and inhibit mature lymphocyte proliferation to antigen(2-4) Neither drug induces long-lived tolerance in vivo, however, necessitating chronic use with adverse side effects. Physiological mechanisms of peripheral tolerance to self-antigens provide an opportunity to emulate these processes pharmacologically. Here we use gene-expression arrays to provide a molecular explanation for the loss of mitogenic response in peripheral B-cell anergy, one aspect of immunological tolerance(5). Self-antigen induces a set of genes that includes negative regulators of signalling and transcription but not genes that promote proliferation. FK506 interferes with calcium-dependent components of the tolerance response and blocks an unexpectedly small fraction of the activation response. Many genes that were not previously connected to self-tolerance are revealed, and our findings provide a molecular fingerprint for the development of improved immunosuppressants that prevent lymphocyte activation without blocking peripheral tolerance.
C1 Stanford Univ, Beckman Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Australian Natl Univ, John Curtin Sch Med Res, Med Genome Ctr, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   Eos Biotechnol, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Australian National University; John Curtin School of Medical Research
RP Goodnow, CC (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Beckman Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 30
TC 146
Z9 169
U1 1
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 672
EP 676
DI 10.1038/35001102
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200058
PM 10688206
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moloney, DJ
   Panin, VM
   Johnston, SH
   Chen, JH
   Shao, L
   Wilson, R
   Wang, Y
   Stanley, P
   Irvine, KD
   Haltiwanger, RS
   Vogt, TF
AF Moloney, DJ
   Panin, VM
   Johnston, SH
   Chen, JH
   Shao, L
   Wilson, R
   Wang, Y
   Stanley, P
   Irvine, KD
   Haltiwanger, RS
   Vogt, TF
TI Fringe is a glycosyltransferase that modifies Notch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hamster ovary cells; o-linked fucose; drosophila wing development; resistant cho cells; gdp-fucose; glycosylation pathway; signaling pathway; molecular-cloning; serrate; dorsal
AB Notch receptors function in highly conserved intercellular signalling pathways that direct cell-fate decisions, proliferation and apoptosis in metazoans. Fringe proteins can positively and negatively modulate the ability of Notch ligands to activate the Notch receptor. Here we establish the biochemical mechanism of Fringe action. Drosophila and mammalian Fringe proteins possess a fucose-specific beta 1,3 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity that initiates elongation of O-linked fucose residues attached to epidermal growth factor-like sequence repeats of Notch. We obtained biological evidence that Fringe-dependent elongation of O-linked fucose on Notch modulates Notch signalling by using co-culture assays in mammalian cells and by expression of an enzymatically inactive Fringe mutant in Drosophila. The post-translational modification of Notch by Fringe represents a striking example of modulation of a signalling event by differential receptor glycosylation and identifies a mechanism that is likely to be relevant to other signalling pathways.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Biochem & Cell Biol, Inst Cell & Dev Biol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Waksman Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Metab & Pharmacokinet, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Princeton University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech
RP Haltiwanger, RS (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Biochem & Cell Biol, Inst Cell & Dev Biol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
NR 49
TC 734
Z9 865
U1 1
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 369
EP 375
DI 10.1038/35019000
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800036
PM 10935626
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bloxham, J
AF Bloxham, J
TI Sensitivity of the geomagnetic axial dipole to thermal core-mantle interactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID field; frequency; reversals; geodynamo; symmetry
AB Since the work of William Gilbert in 1600 (ref. 1), it has been widely believed that the Earth's magnetic field, when suitably time-averaged, is that of a magnetic dipole positioned at the Earth's centre and aligned with the rotational axis. This 'geocentric axial dipole' (GAD) hypothesis has been the central model for the study of the Earth's magnetic field-it underpins almost all interpretations of palaeomagnetic data, whether for studies of palaeomagnetic secular variation, for plate tectonic reconstructions, or for studies of palaeoclimate(2). Although the GAD hypothesis appears to provide a good description of the Earth's magnetic field over at least the past 100 Myr (ref. 2), it is difficult to test the hypothesis for earlier periods, and there is some evidence that a more complicated model is required for the period before 250 Myr ago(3). Kent and Smethurst(3) suggested that this additional complexity might be because the inner core would have been smaller at that time. Here I use a numerical geodynamo model and find that reducing the size of the inner core does not significantly change the character of the magnetic field. I also consider an alternative process that could lead to the breakdown of the GAD hypothesis on this timescale, the evolution of heat-flux variations at the core-mantle boundary, induced by mantle convection. I find that a simple pattern of heat-flux variations at the core-mantle boundary, which is plausible for times before the Mesozoic era, results in a strong octupolar contribution to the field, consistent with previous findings(3).
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Bloxham, J (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM jeremy_bloxham@harvard.edu
NR 21
TC 67
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 63
EP 65
DI 10.1038/35011045
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600050
PM 10811217
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Theologis, A
   Ecker, JR
   Palm, CJ
   Federspiel, NA
   Kaul, S
   White, O
   Alonso, J
   Altafi, H
   Araujo, R
   Bowman, CL
   Brooks, SY
   Buehler, E
   Chan, A
   Chao, QM
   Chen, HM
   Cheuk, RF
   Chin, CW
   Chung, MK
   Conn, L
   Conway, AB
   Conway, AR
   Creasy, TH
   Dewar, K
   Dunn, P
   Etgu, P
   Feldblyum, TV
   Feng, JD
   Fong, B
   Fujii, CY
   Gill, JE
   Goldsmith, AD
   Haas, B
   Hansen, NF
   Hughes, B
   Huizar, L
   Hunter, JL
   Jenkins, J
   Johnson-Hopson, C
   Khan, S
   Khaykin, E
   Kim, CJ
   Koo, HL
   Kremenetskaia, I
   Kurtz, DB
   Kwan, A
   Lam, B
   Langin-Hooper, S
   Lee, A
   Lee, JM
   Lenz, CA
   Li, JH
   Li, YP
   Lin, XY
   Liu, SX
   Liu, ZA
   Luros, JS
   Maiti, R
   Marziali, A
   Militscher, J
   Miranda, M
   Nguyen, M
   Nierman, WC
   Osborne, BI
   Pai, G
   Peterson, J
   Pham, PK
   Rizzo, M
   Rooney, T
   Rowley, D
   Sakano, H
   Salzberg, SL
   Schwartz, JR
   Shinn, P
   Southwick, AM
   Sun, H
   Tallon, LJ
   Tambunga, G
   Toriumi, MJ
   Town, CD
   Utterback, T
   Van Aken, S
   Vaysberg, M
   Vysotskaia, VS
   Walker, M
   Wu, DY
   Yu, GX
   Fraser, CM
   Venter, JC
   Davis, RW
AF Theologis, A
   Ecker, JR
   Palm, CJ
   Federspiel, NA
   Kaul, S
   White, O
   Alonso, J
   Altafi, H
   Araujo, R
   Bowman, CL
   Brooks, SY
   Buehler, E
   Chan, A
   Chao, QM
   Chen, HM
   Cheuk, RF
   Chin, CW
   Chung, MK
   Conn, L
   Conway, AB
   Conway, AR
   Creasy, TH
   Dewar, K
   Dunn, P
   Etgu, P
   Feldblyum, TV
   Feng, JD
   Fong, B
   Fujii, CY
   Gill, JE
   Goldsmith, AD
   Haas, B
   Hansen, NF
   Hughes, B
   Huizar, L
   Hunter, JL
   Jenkins, J
   Johnson-Hopson, C
   Khan, S
   Khaykin, E
   Kim, CJ
   Koo, HL
   Kremenetskaia, I
   Kurtz, DB
   Kwan, A
   Lam, B
   Langin-Hooper, S
   Lee, A
   Lee, JM
   Lenz, CA
   Li, JH
   Li, YP
   Lin, XY
   Liu, SX
   Liu, ZA
   Luros, JS
   Maiti, R
   Marziali, A
   Militscher, J
   Miranda, M
   Nguyen, M
   Nierman, WC
   Osborne, BI
   Pai, G
   Peterson, J
   Pham, PK
   Rizzo, M
   Rooney, T
   Rowley, D
   Sakano, H
   Salzberg, SL
   Schwartz, JR
   Shinn, P
   Southwick, AM
   Sun, H
   Tallon, LJ
   Tambunga, G
   Toriumi, MJ
   Town, CD
   Utterback, T
   Van Aken, S
   Vaysberg, M
   Vysotskaia, VS
   Walker, M
   Wu, DY
   Yu, GX
   Fraser, CM
   Venter, JC
   Davis, RW
TI Sequence and analysis of chromosome 1 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genome sequence; dna; library; genes; construction; regions; system; tool; map
AB The genome of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana has five chromosomes(1,2). Here we report the sequence of the largest, chromosome 1, in two contigs of around 14.2 and 14.6 megabases. The contigs extend from the telomeres to the centromeric borders, regions rich in transposons, retrotransposons and repetitive elements such as the 180-base-pair repeat. The chromosome represents 25% of the genome and contains about 6,850 open reading frames, 236 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and 12 small nuclear RNAs. There are two clusters of tRNA genes at different places on the chromosome. One consists of 27 tRNA Pro genes and the other contains 27 tandem repeats of tRNA(Tyr)-tRNA(Tyr)-tRNA(Ser) genes. Chromosome 1 contains about 300 gene families with clustered duplications. There are also many repeat elements, representing 8% of the sequence.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Inst Plant Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Stanford Genome Technol Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
C3 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Pennsylvania; Stanford University; J. Craig Venter Institute
RP Theologis, A (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA.
EM theo@nature.berkeley.edu; ecker@salk.edu
NR 43
TC 187
Z9 4536
U1 3
U2 164
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 816
EP 820
DI 10.1038/35048500
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300038
PM 11130712
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Worthylake, DK
   Rossman, KL
   Sondek, J
AF Worthylake, DK
   Rossman, KL
   Sondek, J
TI Crystal structure of Rac1 in complex with the guanine nucleotide exchange region of Tiam1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pleckstrin homology domains; rho-family; dbl family; activation; protein; ras; invasion; binding; gtpase; cell
AB The principal guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rho family G proteins contain tandem Dbl-homology (DH) and pleckstrin-homology (PH) domains that catalyse nucleotide exchange and the activation of G proteins. Here we have determined the crystal structure of the DH and PH domains of the T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis factor 1 (Tiam1) protein in complex with its cognate Rho family G protein, Rac1. The two switch regions of Rac1 are stabilized in conformations that disrupt both magnesium binding and guanine nucleotide interaction. The resulting cleft in Rac1 is devoid of nucleotide and highly exposed to solvent. The PH domain of Tiam1 does not contact Rac1, and the position and orientation of the PH domain is markedly altered relative to the structure of the uncomplexed, GTPase-free DH/PH element from Sos1. The Tiam1/Rac1 structure highlights the interactions that catalyse nucleotide exchange on Rho family G proteins, and illustrates structural determinants dictating specificity between individual Rho family members and their associated Dbl-related guanine nucleotide exchange factors.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Sondek, J (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
NR 43
TC 305
Z9 396
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 682
EP 688
DI 10.1038/35047014
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200039
PM 11130063
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chiourel, M
AF Chiourel, M
TI Mathematical biology - Life is a game of numbers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID network
NR 4
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 900
EP 901
DI 10.1038/35050249
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100014
PM 11140651
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sekiyama, A
   Iwasaki, T
   Matsuda, K
   Saitoh, Y
   Onuki, Y
   Suga, S
AF Sekiyama, A
   Iwasaki, T
   Matsuda, K
   Saitoh, Y
   Onuki, Y
   Suga, S
TI Probing bulk states of correlated electron systems by high-resolution resonance photoemission
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ce compounds; model; spectroscopy; cerium; ceru2si2; metal
AB Electron correlations are known to play an important role in determining the unusual physical properties of a variety of compounds. Such properties include high-temperature superconductivity(1), heavy fermion behaviour(2,3) and metal-to-insulator transitions(4,5). High-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) provides a means of directly probing the electronic states (particularly those near the Fermi level) in these materials, but the; short photoelectron mean free paths(6) (less than or equal to 5 Angstrom) associated with the low excitation energies conventionally used (less than or equal to 120 eV) make this a surface-sensitive technique. Now that high-resolution PES is possible at much higher energies(7), with mean free paths as long as 15 Angstrom (ref. 6), it should become feasible to probe the bulk electronic states in these materials. Here we demonstrate the power of this technique by applying it to the cerium compounds CeRu2Si2 and CeRu2. Previous PES studies of these compounds revealed very similar spectra for the Ce 4f electronic states(8-13), yet it is expected that such states should be different owing to their differing degrees of hybridization with other valence bands. Our determination of the bulk Ce 4f electronic states of these compounds resolves these differences.
C1 Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn Sci, Dept Mat Phys, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
   Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Kansai Res Esteb, Dept Synchrotron Res, Mikazuki, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Phys, Osaka 5600043, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; Japan Atomic Energy Agency; University of Osaka
RP Sekiyama, A (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn Sci, Dept Mat Phys, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
NR 25
TC 262
Z9 267
U1 1
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 396
EP 398
DI 10.1038/35000140
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100040
PM 10667784
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pavesi, L
   Dal Negro, L
   Mazzoleni, C
   Franzò, G
   Priolo, F
AF Pavesi, L
   Dal Negro, L
   Mazzoleni, C
   Franzò, G
   Priolo, F
TI Optical gain in silicon nanocrystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID si nanocrystals; quantum confinement; porous silicon; light-emission; crystalline silicon; luminescence; absorption; photoluminescence; optoelectronics; wavelength
AB Adding optical functionality to a silicon microelectronic chip is one of the most challenging problems of materials research. Silicon is an indirect-bandgap semiconductor and so is an inefficient emitter of light. For this reason, integration of optically functional elements with silicon microelectronic circuitry has largely been achieved through the use of direct-bandgap compound semiconductors. For optoelectronic applications, the key device is the light source-a laser. Compound semiconductor lasers exploit low-dimensional electronic systems, such as quantum wells and quantum dots, as the active optical amplifying medium. Here we demonstrate that light amplification is possible using silicon itself, in the form of quantum dots dispersed in a silicon dioxide matrix. Net optical gain is seen in both waveguide and transmission configurations, with the material gain being of the same order as that of direct-bandgap quantum dots. We explain the observations using a model based on population inversion of radiative states associated with the Si/SiO2 interface. These findings open a route to the fabrication of a silicon laser.
C1 Univ Trent, INFM, I-38050 Trento, Italy.
   Univ Catania, INFM, I-95129 Catania, Italy.
   Univ Catania, Dipartimento Fis & Astron, I-95129 Catania, Italy.
   Univ Trent, Dipartimento Fis, I-38050 Trento, Italy.
C3 University of Trento; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); University of Catania; University of Catania; University of Trento
RP Pavesi, L (corresponding author), Univ Trent, INFM, Via Sommar 14, I-38050 Trento, Italy.
EM pavesi@science.unitn.it
NR 31
TC 2264
Z9 2505
U1 9
U2 695
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 440
EP 444
DI 10.1038/35044012
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800039
PM 11100719
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pearson, PN
   Palmer, MR
AF Pearson, PN
   Palmer, MR
TI Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID boron isotopic composition; equatorial pacific; ocean ph; eocene; co2; foraminifera; climate; photosynthesis; dissociation; temperatures
AB Knowledge of the evolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations throughout the Earth's history is important for a reconstruction of the links between climate and radiative forcing of the Earth's surface temperatures. Although atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations in the early Cenozoic era (about 60 Myr ago) are widely believed to have been higher than at present, there is disagreement regarding the exact carbon dioxide levels, the timing of the decline and the mechanisms that are most important for the control of CO2 concentrations over geological timescales. Here we use the boron-isotope ratios of ancient planktonic foraminifer shells to estimate the pH of surface-layer sea water throughout the past 60 million years, which can be used to reconstruct atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We estimate CO2 concentrations of more than 2,000 p.p.m. for the late Palaeocene and earliest Eocene periods (from about 60 to 52 Myr ago), and rnd an erratic decline between 55 and 40 Myr ago that may have been caused by reduced CO2 outgassing from ocean ridges, volcanoes and metamorphic belts and increased carbon burial. Since the early Miocene (about 24 Myr ago), atmospheric CO2 concentrations appear to have remained below 500 p.p.m. and were more stable than before, although transient intervals of CO2 reduction may have occurred during periods of rapid cooling approximately 15 and 3 Myr ago.
C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, TH Huxley Sch, London SW7 2BP, England.
C3 University of Bristol; Imperial College London
RP Pearson, PN (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Queens Rd, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
EM Paul.Pearson@Bristol.ac.uk
NR 50
TC 1123
Z9 1369
U1 9
U2 697
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 695
EP 699
DI 10.1038/35021000
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700034
PM 10963587
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coughlin, SR
AF Coughlin, SR
TI Thrombin signalling and protease-activated receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endothelial barrier function; g-proteins; platelet activation; p-selectin; molecular-cloning; plasma-membrane; tissue factor; p115 rhogef; cells; coagulation
AB How does the coagulation protease thrombin regulate cellular behaviour? The protease-activated receptors (PARs) provide one answer. In concert with the coagulation cascade, these receptors provide an elegant mechanism linking mechanical information in the form of tissue injury or vascular leakage to cellular responses. Roles for PARs are beginning to emerge in haemostasis and thrombosis, inflammation, and perhaps even blood vessel development.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Cardiovasc Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Coughlin, SR (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Cardiovasc Res Inst, HSE-1300,505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 64
TC 2120
Z9 2424
U1 0
U2 200
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 258
EP 264
DI 10.1038/35025229
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000062
PM 11001069
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thompson, PM
   Giedd, JN
   Woods, RP
   MacDonald, D
   Evans, AC
   Toga, AW
AF Thompson, PM
   Giedd, JN
   Woods, RP
   MacDonald, D
   Evans, AC
   Toga, AW
TI Growth patterns in the developing brain detected by using continuum mechanical tensor maps
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alzheimers-disease; images
AB The dynamic nature of growth and degenerative disease processes requires the design of sensitive strategies to detect, track and quantify structural change in the brain in its full spatial and temporal complexity(1). Although volumes of brain substructures are known to change during development(2), detailed maps of these dynamic growth processes have been unavailable. Here we report the creation of spatially complex, four-dimensional quantitative maps of growth patterns in the developing human brain, detected using a tensor mapping strategy with greater spatial detail and sensitivity than previously obtainable. By repeatedly scanning children (aged 3-15 years) across time spans of up to four years, a rostro-caudal wave of growth was detected at the corpus callosum, a fibre system that relays information between brain hemispheres. Peak growth rates, in fibres innervating association and language cortices, were attenuated after puberty, and contrasted sharply with a severe, spatially localized loss of subcortical grey matter. Conversely, at ages 3-6 years, the fastest growth rates occurred in frontal networks that regulate the planning of new actions. Local rates, profiles, and principal directions of growth were visualized in each individual child.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Div Brain Mapping, Dept Neurol,Lab Neuroimaging, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   NIMH, Child Psychiat Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   McGill Univ, Montreal Neurol Inst, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); McGill University
RP Thompson, PM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Div Brain Mapping, Dept Neurol,Lab Neuroimaging, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM thompson@loni.ucla.edu
NR 18
TC 676
Z9 773
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 190
EP 193
DI 10.1038/35004593
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900053
PM 10724172
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mantovani, A
AF Mantovani, A
TI Immunology - Investigating T-cell memory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, I-20157 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Brescia, Dept Biotechnol, Sect Gen Pathol, I-25123 Brescia, Italy.
C3 Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS; University of Brescia
RP Mantovani, A (corresponding author), Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Via Eritrea 62, I-20157 Milan, Italy.
NR 4
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 40
EP 40
DI 10.1038/35024159
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000033
PM 10993065
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aldhous, P
AF Aldhous, P
TI Genomics - Beyond the book of life
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-sequence
NR 20
TC 6
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 894
EP 896
DI 10.1038/35050235
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100010
PM 11140647
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sackett, CA
   Kielpinski, D
   King, BE
   Langer, C
   Meyer, V
   Myatt, CJ
   Rowe, M
   Turchette, QA
   Itano, WM
   Wineland, DJ
   Monroe, C
AF Sackett, CA
   Kielpinski, D
   King, BE
   Langer, C
   Meyer, V
   Myatt, CJ
   Rowe, M
   Turchette, QA
   Itano, WM
   Wineland, DJ
   Monroe, C
TI Experimental entanglement of four particles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cold trapped ions; quantum; generation; states; pairs
AB Quantum mechanics allows for many-particle wavefunctions that cannot be factorized into a product of single-particle wavefunctions, even when the constituent particles are entirely distinct Such 'entangled' states explicitly demonstrate the non-local character of quantum theory(1), having potential applications in high-precision spectroscopy(2), quantum communication, cryptography and computation(3). In general, the more particles that can be entangled, the more dearly nonclassical effects are exhibited(4,5)-and the more useful the states are for quantum applications. Here we implement a recently proposed entanglement technique(6) to generate entangled states of two and four trapped ions. Coupling between the ions is provided through their collective motional degrees of freedom, but actual motional excitation is minimized. Entanglement is achieved using a single laser pulse, and the method can in principle be applied to any number of ions.
C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
   Res Electroopt, Boulder, CO 80301 USA.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Monroe, C (corresponding author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
EM monroe@boulder.nist.gov
NR 30
TC 1245
Z9 1371
U1 1
U2 128
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 256
EP 259
DI 10.1038/35005011
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200039
PM 10749201
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, TD
   Farlow, JO
   Ruben, JA
   Henderson, DM
   Hillenius, WJ
AF Jones, TD
   Farlow, JO
   Ruben, JA
   Henderson, DM
   Hillenius, WJ
TI Cursoriality in bipedal archosaurs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hind-limb function; dinosaurs; locomotion; evolution; china
AB Modern birds have markedly foreshortened tails and their body mass is centred anteriorly, near the wings(1-5). To provide stability during powered flight, the avian centre of mass is far from the pelvis, which poses potential balance problems for cursorial birds. To compensate, avians adapted to running maintain the femur subhorizontally, with its distal end situated anteriorly, close to the animal's centre of mass; stride generation stems largely from parasagittal rotation of the lower leg about the knee joint(6-12). In contrast, bipedal dinosaurs had a centre of mass near the hip joint and rotated the entire hindlimb during stride generation(4-8,11-13). Here we show that these contrasting styles of cursoriality are tightly linked to longer relative total hindlimb length in cursorial birds than in bipedal dinosaurs. Surprisingly, Caudipteryx, described as a theropod dinosaur(14,15), possessed an anterior centre of mass and hindlimb proportions resembling those of cursorial birds. Accordingly, Caudipteryx probably used a running mechanism more similar to that of modern cursorial birds than to that of all other bipedal dinosaurs. These observations provide valuable clues about cursoriality in Caudipteryx, but may also have implications for interpreting the locomotory status of its ancestors.
C1 Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Geosci, Ft Wayne, IN 46805 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Coll Charleston, Dept Biol, Charleston, SC 29424 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
C3 Purdue University System; Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne; Johns Hopkins University; College of Charleston; Oregon State University
RP Jones, TD (corresponding author), Stephen F Austin State Univ, Dept Biol, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA.
NR 26
TC 56
Z9 65
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 716
EP 718
DI 10.1038/35021041
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700041
PM 10963594
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Doron-Mor, H
   Hatzor, A
   Vaskevich, A
   van der Boom-Moav, T
   Shanzer, A
   Rubinstein, I
   Cohen, H
AF Doron-Mor, H
   Hatzor, A
   Vaskevich, A
   van der Boom-Moav, T
   Shanzer, A
   Rubinstein, I
   Cohen, H
TI Controlled surface charging as a depth-profiling probe for mesoscopic layers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gold surfaces; thin-films; xps; spectroscopy
AB Probing the structure of material layers just a few nanometres thick requires analytical techniques with high depth sensitivity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(1) (XPS) provides one such method, but obtaining vertically resolved structural information from the raw data is not straightforward. There are several XPS depth-profiling methods, including ion etching(2), angle-resolved XPS (ref. 2) and Tougaard's approach(3), but all suffer various limitations(2-5). Here we report a simple, non-destructive XPS depth-profiling method that yields accurate depth information with nanometre resolution. We demonstrate the technique using self-assembled multilayers on gold surfaces; the former contain 'marker' monolayers that have been inserted at predetermined depths. A controllable potential gradient is established vertically through the sample by charging the surface of the dielectric overlayer with an electron flood gun. The local potential is probed by measuring XPS line shifts, which correlate directly with the vertical position of atoms. We term the method 'controlled surface charging', and expect it to be generally applicable to a large variety of mesoscopic heterostructures.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Mat & Interfaces, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Organ Chem, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Chem Serv, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Weizmann Institute of Science; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Rubinstein, I (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Mat & Interfaces, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
NR 18
TC 154
Z9 164
U1 6
U2 145
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 382
EP 385
DI 10.1038/35019025
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800039
PM 10935629
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wimberly, BT
   Brodersen, DE
   Clemons, WM
   Morgan-Warren, RJ
   Carter, AP
   Vonrhein, C
   Hartsch, T
   Ramakrishnan, V
AF Wimberly, BT
   Brodersen, DE
   Clemons, WM
   Morgan-Warren, RJ
   Carter, AP
   Vonrhein, C
   Hartsch, T
   Ramakrishnan, V
TI Structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermus-thermophilus; escherichia-coli; angstrom resolution; crystal-structure; binding motif; protein s15; rna; reveals; model; s4
AB Genetic information encoded in messenger RNA is translated into protein by the ribosome, which is a large nucleoprotein complex comprising two subunits, denoted 30S and 50S in bacteria. Here we report the crystal structure of the 30S subunit from Thermus thermophilus, refined to 3 Angstrom resolution. The final atomic model rationalizes over four decades of biochemical data on the ribosome, and provides a wealth of information about RNA and protein structure, protein-RNA interactions and ribosome assembly. It is also a structural basis for analysis of the functions of the 30S subunit, such as decoding, and for understanding the action of antibiotics. The structure will facilitate the interpretation in molecular terms of lower resolution structural data on several functional states of the ribosome from electron microscopy and crystallography.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   Univ Utah, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA.
   Global Phasing Ltd, Cambridge CB3 0AX, England.
   Univ Gottingen, Inst Mikrobiol & Genet, Gottingen Genom Lab, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Global Phasing Limited; University of Gottingen
RP Ramakrishnan, V (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [F31 GM019384] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 1697
Z9 2100
U1 3
U2 189
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 327
EP 339
DI 10.1038/35030006
PG 13
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700036
PM 11014182
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wei, P
   Zhang, J
   Egan-Hafley, M
   Liang, SG
   Moore, DD
AF Wei, P
   Zhang, J
   Egan-Hafley, M
   Liang, SG
   Moore, DD
TI The nuclear receptor CAR mediates specific xenobiotic induction of drug metabolism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; 1,4-bis<2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)>benzene; hepatotoxicity; carcinogens; expression; liver; pxr
AB Organisms encounter a wide range of foreign compounds-or 'xenobiotics'-with potentially harmful consequences. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes metabolize xenobiotics and thus are a primary defence against these compounds. Increased expression of specific CYP genes in response to particular xenobiotics is a central component of this defence(1), although such induction can also increase production of toxic metabolites. Here we show that the nuclear receptor CAR mediates the response evoked by a class of xenobiotics known as the 'phenobarbital-like inducers'. The strong activation of Cyp2b10 gene expression by phenobarbital, or by the more potent TCPOBOP, is absent in mice lacking the CAR gene. These animals also show decreased metabolism of the classic CYP substrate zoxazolamine and a complete loss of the liver hypertrophic and hyperplastic responses to these inducers. Cocaine causes acute hepatotoxicity in wild-type mice previously exposed to phenobarbital-like inducers and this toxicity is also absent in the CAR-deficient animals. Thus, loss of CAR function alters sensitivity to toxins, increasing or decreasing it depending on the compound. Modulation of CAR activity in humans may significantly affect metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine
RP Moore, DD (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 22
TC 575
Z9 644
U1 0
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 920
EP 923
DI 10.1038/35038112
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900056
PM 11057673
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU O'Connor, JM
   Stoffers, P
   Wijbrans, JR
   Shannon, PM
   Morrissey, T
AF O'Connor, JM
   Stoffers, P
   Wijbrans, JR
   Shannon, PM
   Morrissey, T
TI Evidence from episodic seamount volcanism for pulsing of the Iceland plume in the past 70 Myr
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rockall trough; flood basalts; continental margins; greenland; magmatism; mantle; geochronology; evolution
AB The North Atlantic volcanic province has been attributed to continental rifting about 60 Myr ago over an Iceland plume head with a diameter of 1,000-2,000 km (refs 1, 2). But evidence from a few igneous centres(3,4) has been used to infer that earlier plume activity occurred in this region. The three seamounts in the Rockall trough off the Atlantic coast of Scotland are among the few accessible remnants of such early plume activity. Here we present Ar-40-(39) Ar incremental-heating ages of samples from these seamounts, which show that volcanism began there in the late Cretaceous period (70 +/- 1 Myr ago), and then continued for the next 30 Myr in at least four discrete phases: 62, 52, 47 and 42 Myr ago. We relate this activity to pulsing of large masses (similar to 10(8) km(3)) of hot Iceland plume material on timescales of 5-10 Myr. This significantly extends the time span for Iceland plume activity both backwards and forwards in time, and provides a possible alternative to the 'plume head' models for the formation of continental flood basalts.
C1 Geomar, Res Ctr Marine Geosci, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
   Univ Kiel, Inst Geosci, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Isotope Geochem, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Dublin, Dept Geol, Dublin 4, Ireland.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel; University of Kiel; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; University College Dublin
RP O'Connor, JM (corresponding author), Geomar, Res Ctr Marine Geosci, Wischhofstr 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
NR 32
TC 53
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 954
EP 958
DI 10.1038/35050066
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100044
PM 11140678
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Khakh, BS
   Zhou, XP
   Sydes, J
   Galligan, JJ
   Lester, HA
AF Khakh, BS
   Zhou, XP
   Sydes, J
   Galligan, JJ
   Lester, HA
TI State-dependent cross-inhibition between transmitter-gated cation channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nicotinic acetylcholine-receptors; parasympathetic cardiac ganglia; guinea-pig; ion channels; sympathetic neurons; evoked currents; mice lacking; atp; dysfunction; adenosine
AB Transmitter-gated cation channels are detectors of excitatory chemical signals at synapses in the nervous system(1). Here we show that structurally distinct alpha 3 beta 4 nicotinic and P2X(2) channels influence each other when co-activated. The activation of one channel type affects distinct kinetic and conductance states of the other, and co-activation results in non-additive responses owing to inhibition of both channel types. State-dependent inhibition of nicotinic channels is revealed most clearly with mutant P2X(2) channels, and inhibition is decreased at lower densities of channel expression. In synaptically coupled myenteric neurons, nicotinic fast excitatory postsynaptic currents are occluded during activation of endogenously co-expressed P2X channels. Our data provide a molecular basis and a synaptic context for cross-inhibition between transmitter-gated channels.
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Program Neurosci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Michigan State University; Michigan State University
RP Khakh, BS (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 27
TC 153
Z9 176
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 405
EP 410
DI 10.1038/35019066
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800046
PM 10935636
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eisenberg, D
   Marcotte, EM
   Xenarios, I
   Yeates, TO
AF Eisenberg, D
   Marcotte, EM
   Xenarios, I
   Yeates, TO
TI Protein function in the post-genomic era
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast; microarrays; genes
AB Faced with the avalanche of genomic sequences and data on messenger RNA expression, biological scientists are confronting a frightening prospect: piles of information but only flakes of knowledge. How can the thousands of sequences being determined and deposited, and the thousands of expression profiles being generated by the new array methods, be synthesized into useful knowledge? What form will this knowledge take? These are questions being addressed by scientists in the field known as 'functional genomics'.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, UCLA DOA Lab Struct Biol & Mol Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Eisenberg, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Box 951570, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM david@mbi.ucla.edu
NR 26
TC 570
Z9 717
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 823
EP 826
DI 10.1038/35015694
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600060
PM 10866208
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seeber, L
   Armbruster, JG
AF Seeber, L
   Armbruster, JG
TI Earthquakes as beacons of stress change
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern-california; static stress; 1992 landers; loma-prieta; aftershocks; sequence
AB Aftershocks occurring on faults in the far-field of a large earthquake rupture can generally be accounted for by changes in static stress on these faults caused by the rupture(1,2). This implies that faults interact, and that the timing of an earthquake can be affected by previous nearby ruptures(3-6). Here we explore the potential of small earthquakes to act as 'beacons' for the mechanical state of the crust. We investigate the static-stress changes resulting from the 1992 Landers earthquake in southern California which occurred in an area of high seismic activity stemming from many faults. We first gauge the response of the regional seismicity to the Landers event with a new technique, and then apply the same method to the inverse problem of determining the slip distribution on the main rupture from the seismicity. Assuming justifiable parameters, we derive credible matches to slip profiles obtained directly from the Landers mainshock(7,8). Our results provide a way to monitor mechanical conditions in the upper crust, and to investigate processes leading to fault failure.
C1 Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Seeber, L (corresponding author), Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
NR 20
TC 61
Z9 80
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 69
EP 72
DI 10.1038/35024055
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000042
PM 10993073
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Graves, LM
   Guy, HI
   Kozlowski, P
   Huang, M
   Lazarowski, E
   Pope, RM
   Collins, MA
   Dahlstrand, EN
   Earp, HS
   Evans, DR
AF Graves, LM
   Guy, HI
   Kozlowski, P
   Huang, M
   Lazarowski, E
   Pope, RM
   Collins, MA
   Dahlstrand, EN
   Earp, HS
   Evans, DR
TI Regulation of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase by MAP kinase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis; protein-kinase; multifunctional protein; escherichia-coli; phosphorylation; activation; cells; enzymes; cad
AB The de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides is required for mammalian cells to proliferate. The rate-limiting step in this pathway is catalysed by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS II), part of the multifunctional enzyme CAD(1,2). Here we describe the regulation of CAD by the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade. When phosphorylated by MAP kinase in vitro or activated by epidermal growth factor in vivo, CAD lost its feedback inhibition (which is dependent on uridine triphosphate) and became more sensitive to activation (which depends upon phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate). Both these allosteric regulatory changes favour biosynthesis of pyrimidines for growth(2). They were accompanied by increased epidermal growth factor-dependent phosphorylation of CAD in vivo and were prevented by inhibition of MAP kinase. Mutation of a consensus MAP kinase phosphorylation site abolished the changes in CAD allosteric regulation that were stimulated by growth factors. Finally, consistent with an effect of MAP kinase signalling on CPS II activity, epidermal growth factor increased cellular uridine triphosphate and this increase was reversed by inhibition of MAP kinase. Hence these studies may indicate a direct link between activation of the MAP kinase cascade and de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychiat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Wayne State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Wayne State University
RP Graves, LM (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM060371] Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 193
Z9 234
U1 1
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 328
EP 332
DI 10.1038/35002111
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700057
PM 10659854
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coronado, E
   Galán-Mascarós, JR
   Gómez-García, CJ
   Laukhin, V
AF Coronado, E
   Galán-Mascarós, JR
   Gómez-García, CJ
   Laukhin, V
TI Coexistence of ferromagnetism and metallic conductivity in a molecule-based layered compound
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID donor molecule; magnets; fe
AB Crystal engineering-the planning and construction of crystalline supramolecular architectures from modular building blocks-permits the rational design of functional molecular materials that exhibit technologically useful behaviour such as conductivity and superconductivity(1), ferromagnetism(2) and nonlinear optical properties(3). Because the presence of two cooperative properties in the same crystal lattice might result in new physical phenomena and novel applications, a particularly attractive goal is the design of molecular materials with two properties that are difficult or impossible to combine in a conventional inorganic solid with a continuous lattice. A promising strategy for creating this type of 'bi-functionality' targets hybrid organic/inorganic crystals comprising two functional sub-lattices exhibiting distinct properties. In this way, the organic pi -electron donor bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF) and its derivatives, which form the basis of most known molecular conductors and superconductors(1), have been combined with molecular magnetic anions, yielding predominantly materials with conventional semiconducting or conducting properties(4,5), but also systems that are both superconducting and paramagnetic(6,7). But interesting bulk magnetic properties fail to develop, owing to the discrete nature of the inorganic anions. Another strategy for achieving cooperative magnetism involves insertion of functional bulky cations into a polymeric magnetic anion, such as the bimetallic oxalato complex [(MnCrIII)-Cr-II (C2O4)(3)](-), but only insoluble powders have been obtained in most cases(8-12). Here we report the synthesis of single crystals formed by infinite sheets of this magnetic coordination polymer interleaved with layers of conducting BEDT-TTF cations, and show that this molecule-based compound displays ferromagnetism and metallic conductivity.
C1 Univ Valencia, Inst Ciencia Mol, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain.
C3 University of Valencia
RP Coronado, E (corresponding author), Univ Valencia, Inst Ciencia Mol, Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain.
NR 15
TC 1303
Z9 1355
U1 4
U2 1510
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 447
EP 449
DI 10.1038/35044035
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800041
PM 11100721
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Benford, G
AF Benford, G
TI Taking control - Great moments in megaengineering.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Benford, G (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717 USA.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 462
EP 462
DI 10.1038/35020157
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000022
PM 10952289
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DiVincenzo, DP
   Bacon, D
   Kempe, J
   Burkard, G
   Whaley, KB
AF DiVincenzo, DP
   Bacon, D
   Kempe, J
   Burkard, G
   Whaley, KB
TI Universal quantum computation with the exchange interaction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID decoherence-free subspaces; environment; computer; gates; codes; dots
AB Various physical implementations of quantum computers are being investigated, although the requirements(1) that must be met to make such devices a reality in the laboratory at present involve capabilities well beyond the state of the art. Recent solid-state approaches have used quantum dots(2), donor-atom nuclear spins(3) or electron spins(4); in these architectures, the basic two-qubit quantum gate is generated by a tunable exchange interaction between spins (a Heisenberg interaction), whereas the one-qubit gates require control over a local magnetic field. Compared to the Heisenberg operation, the one-qubit operations are significantly slower, requiring substantially greater materials and device complexity-potentially contributing to a detrimental increase in the decoherence rate. Here we introduced an explicit scheme in which the Heisenberg interaction alone suffices to implement exactly any quantum computer circuit. This capability comes at a price of a factor of three in additional qubits, and about a factor of ten in additional two-qubit operations. Even at this cost, the ability to eliminate the complexity of one-qubit operations should accelerate progress towards solid-state implementations of quantum computation(1).
C1 IBM Corp, Div Res, TJ Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Math, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Ecole Natl Super Telecommun, F-75634 Paris 13, France.
   Univ Basel, Dept Phys & Astron, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; IMT - Institut Mines-Telecom; Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Telecom Paris; University of Basel
RP DiVincenzo, DP (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Div Res, TJ Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 USA.
NR 23
TC 810
Z9 906
U1 3
U2 106
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 339
EP 342
DI 10.1038/35042541
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000039
PM 11099036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fricke, H
   Hissmann, K
   Schauer, J
   Erdmann, M
   Moosa, MK
   Plante, R
AF Fricke, H
   Hissmann, K
   Schauer, J
   Erdmann, M
   Moosa, MK
   Plante, R
TI Conservation - Biogeography of the Indonesian coelacanths
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID home
C1 Max Planck Inst Verhaltensphysiol, D-82319 Seewiesen, Germany.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Indonesian Inst Sci, Jakarta 11048, Indonesia.
   Ctr Oceanol Marseille, Marine Endoume Stn, F-13007 Marseille, France.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Research & Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN)
RP Fricke, H (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Verhaltensphysiol, D-82319 Seewiesen, Germany.
NR 7
TC 23
Z9 26
U1 1
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 38
EP 38
DI 10.1038/47400
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400031
PM 10638741
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adam, D
AF Adam, D
TI Now for the hard ones
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 16
Z9 20
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 792
EP 793
DI 10.1038/35048680
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300035
PM 11130709
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takamori, S
   Rhee, JS
   Rosenmund, C
   Jahn, R
AF Takamori, S
   Rhee, JS
   Rosenmund, C
   Jahn, R
TI Identification of a vesicular glutamate transporter that defines a glutamatergic phenotype in neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inorganic-phosphate cotransporter; brain synaptic vesicles; caenorhabditis-elegans; functional reconstitution; energy-dependence; neurotransmission; expression; localization; proteins; cloning
AB Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Synaptic vesicles are loaded with neurotransmitter by means of specific vesicular transporters. Here we show that expression of BNPI, a vesicle-bound transporter associated with sodium-dependent phosphate transport(1-3), results in glutamate uptake by intracellular vesicles. Substrate specificity and energy dependence are very similar to glutamate uptake by synaptic vesicles. Stimulation of exocytosis-fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane and release of their contents-resulted in quantal release of glutamate from BNPI-expressing cells. Furthermore, we expressed BNPI in neurons containing GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and maintained them as cultures of single, isolated neurons that form synapses to themselves. After stimulation of these neurons, a component of the postsynaptic current is mediated by glutamate as it is blocked by a combination of the glutamate receptor antagonists, but is insensitive to a GABA(A) receptor antagonist. We conclude that BNPI functions as vesicular glutamate transporter and that expression of BNPI suffices to define a glutamatergic phenotype in neurons.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Neurobiol, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Membrane Biophys, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
RP Jahn, R (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Neurobiol, Fassberg 11, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
NR 23
TC 703
Z9 807
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 189
EP 194
DI 10.1038/35025070
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000049
PM 11001057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fuentes-Prior, P
   Iwanaga, Y
   Huber, R
   Pagila, R
   Rumennik, G
   Seto, M
   Morser, J
   Light, DR
   Bode, W
AF Fuentes-Prior, P
   Iwanaga, Y
   Huber, R
   Pagila, R
   Rumennik, G
   Seto, M
   Morser, J
   Light, DR
   Bode, W
TI Structural basis for the anticoagulant activity of the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ray crystal-structure; factor-like domains; egf-like domain; protein-c; molecular mechanisms; cofactor activity; binding-site; coagulation; activation; surface
AB The serine proteinase alpha-thrombin causes blood clotting through proteolytic cleavage of fibrinogen and protease-activated receptors and amplifies its own generation by activating the essential clotting factors V and VIII1, Thrombomodulin(2), a transmembrane thrombin receptor with six contiguous epidermal growth factor-like domains (TME1-6), profoundly alters the substrate specificity of thrombin from pro- to anticoagulant by activating protein C (see, for example, reference 2). Activated protein C then deactivates the coagulation cascade by degrading activated factors V and VIII2. The thrombin-thrombomodulin complex inhibits fibrinolysis by activating the procarboxypeptidase thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor(3). Here we present the 2.3 Angstrom crystal structure of human alpha-thrombin bound to the smallest thrombomodulin fragment required for full protein-C co-factor activity, TME456. The Y-shaped thrombomodulin fragment binds to thrombin's anion-binding exosite-I, preventing binding of procoagulant substrates. Thrombomodulin binding does not seem to induce marked allosteric structural rearrangements at the thrombin active site. Rather, docking of a protein C model to thrombin-TME456 indicates that TME45 may bind substrates in such a manner that their zymogen-activation cleavage sites are presented optimally to the unaltered thrombin active site.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biochem, Abt Strukturforsch, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
   Berlex Biosci, Richmond, CA 94804 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Fuentes-Prior, P (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biochem, Abt Strukturforsch, Klopferspitz 18A, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
EM fuentes@biochem.mpg.de; bode@biochem.mpg.de
NR 37
TC 282
Z9 359
U1 5
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 518
EP 525
DI 10.1038/35006683
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700054
PM 10761923
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rozan, TF
   Lassman, ME
   Ridge, DP
   Luther, GW
AF Rozan, TF
   Lassman, ME
   Ridge, DP
   Luther, GW
TI Evidence for iron, copper and zinc complexation as multinuclear sulphide clusters in oxic rivers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sulfide complexation; organic-matter; seawater; phytoplankton; voltammetry; toxicity; cu2+
AB The availability and toxicity of trace metals in fresh water are known to be regulated by the complexation of free metal ions with dissolved organic matter(1-3). The potential role of inorganic sulphides in binding trace metals has been largely ignored because of the reduced persistence of sulphides in these oxic waters. However, nanomolar concentrations of copper and zinc sulphides have been observed in four rivers in Connecticut and Maryland(4,5). Here we report dissolved (< 0.2 mu m particle diameter) sulphide concentrations ranging up to 600 nM, with more than 90% being complexed by copper, iron and zinc. These complexes account for up to 20% of the total dissolved Fe and Zn and 45% of the total dissolved Cu. Fourier transform mass spectrometry reveals that these complexes are not simple M(HS)(+) protonated species(6,7) but are higher-order unprotonated clusters (M3S3, M4S6, M2S4), similar to those found in laboratory solutions(8-10) and bio-inorganic molecules(11). These extended structures have high stability constants(8,10) and are resistant to oxidation and dissociation(10,12), which may help control the toxicity of these and other less abundant, but more toxic, trace metals, such as silver, cadmium and mercury.
C1 Univ Delaware, Coll Marine Studies, Lewes, DE 19958 USA.
   Univ Delaware, Lamont DuPont Lab, Dept Chem & Biochem, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
C3 University of Delaware; University of Delaware
RP Rozan, TF (corresponding author), Univ Delaware, Coll Marine Studies, 700 Pilottown Rd, Lewes, DE 19958 USA.
NR 25
TC 192
Z9 219
U1 4
U2 127
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 879
EP 882
DI 10.1038/35022561
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600041
PM 10972287
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gerton, JM
   Strekalov, D
   Prodan, I
   Hulet, RG
AF Gerton, JM
   Strekalov, D
   Prodan, I
   Hulet, RG
TI Direct observation of growth and collapse of a Bose-Einstein condensate with attractive interactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID negative scattering length; lithium; gas; atoms
AB Quantum theory predicts that Bose-Einstein condensation of a spatially homogeneous gas with attractive interactions is precluded by a conventional phase transition into either a liquid or solid(1). When confined to a trap, however, such a condensate can form(2), provided that its occupation number does not exceed a limiting value(3,4). The stability limit is determined by a balance between the self-attractive fortes and a repulsion that arises from position-momentum uncertainty under conditions of spatial confinement. Near the stability limit, self-attraction can overwhelm the repulsion, causing the condensate to collapse(5-8). Growth of the condensate is therefore punctuated by intermittent collapses(9,10) that are triggered by either macroscopic quantum tunnelling or thermal fluctuation. Previous observations of growth and collapse dynamics have been hampered by the stochastic nature of these mechanisms. Here we report direct observations of the growth and subsequent collapse of a Li-7 condensate with attractive interactions, using phase-contrast imaging. The success of the measurement lies in our ability to reduce the stochasticity in the dynamics by controlling the initial number of condensate atoms using a two-photon transition to a diatomic molecular state.
C1 Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
   Rice Univ, Rice Quantum Inst, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
C3 Rice University; Rice University
RP Hulet, RG (corresponding author), Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, MS 61, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
NR 19
TC 264
Z9 285
U1 1
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 692
EP 695
DI 10.1038/35047030
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200041
PM 11130065
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jarvis, P
   Linder, S
AF Jarvis, P
   Linder, S
TI Botany - Constraints to growth of boreal forests
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon balance; norway spruce; water
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Prod Engn, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 University of Edinburgh; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
RP Jarvis, P (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Kings Bldg,Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 10
TC 340
Z9 389
U1 3
U2 111
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 904
EP 905
DI 10.1038/35016154
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700037
PM 10879523
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Queller, DC
AF Queller, DC
TI Pax Argentinica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ant
C1 Rice Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
C3 Rice University
RP Queller, DC (corresponding author), Rice Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, POB 1892, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
NR 10
TC 22
Z9 25
U1 1
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 519
EP 520
DI 10.1038/35014705
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500029
PM 10850695
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kulmala, M
   Pirjola, U
   Mäkelä, JM
AF Kulmala, M
   Pirjola, U
   Mäkelä, JM
TI Stable sulphate clusters as a source of new atmospheric particles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marine boundary-layer; condensation nucleus counter; free-troposphere; aerosol-particles; nucleation; nm; growth; atlantic; ace-1
AB The formation of new atmospheric particles with diameters of 3-10 nn has been observed at a variety of altitudes and locations. Such aerosol particles have the potential to grow into cloud condensation nuclei, thus affecting cloud formation as well as the global radiation budget. In some cases, the observed formation rates of new particles have been adequately explained by binary nucleation, involving water and sulphuric acid(1), but in certain locations-particularly those within the marine boundary layer(1,2) and at continental sites(1,3)-observed ambient nucleation rates exceed those predicted by the binary scheme. In these locations, ambient sulphuric acid (H2SO4) levels are typically lower than required for binary nucleation(1), but ape sufficient for ternary nucleation(4) (sulphuric acid-ammonia-water). Here we present results from an aerosol dynamics model with a ternary nucleation scheme which indicate that nucleation in the troposphere should be ubiquitous, and yield a reservoir of thermodynamically stable clusters 1-3 nn in size. We suggest that the growth of these clusters to a delectable size (> 3 nm particle diameter) is restricted by the availability of condensable vapour. Observations of atmospheric particle formation and growth from a continental and a coastal sire support this hypothesis, indicating that a growth process including ternary nucleation is likely to be responsible for the formation of cloud condensation nuclei.
C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
C3 University of Helsinki
RP Kulmala, M (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, POB 9, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
EM markku.kulmala@helsinki.fi
NR 30
TC 514
Z9 576
U1 1
U2 268
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 66
EP 69
DI 10.1038/35003550
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100044
PM 10716441
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wickware, P
AF Wickware, P
TI Progress from a fragile start
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 466
EP 466
DI 10.1038/35000347
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100060
PM 10667804
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kang, W
   Stormer, HL
   Pfeiffer, LN
   Baldwin, KW
   West, KW
AF Kang, W
   Stormer, HL
   Pfeiffer, LN
   Baldwin, KW
   West, KW
TI Tunnelling between the edges of two lateral quantum Hall systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon nanotubes; electron-gas; backscattering; conductance; currents; regime; charge; wires
AB The edge of a two-dimensional electron system in a magnetic field consists of one-dimensional channels that arise from the confining electric field at the edge of the system(1-3). The crossed electric and magnetic fields cause electrons to drift parallel to the sample boundary, creating a chiral current that travels along the edge in only one direction. In an ideal two-dimensional electron system in the quantum Hall regime, all the current flows along the edge(4-6). Quantization of the Hall resistance arises from occupation of N one-dimensional edge channels, each contributing a conductance of e(2)/h (refs 7-11), Here we report differential conductance measurements, in the integer quantum Hall regime, of tunnelling between the edges of a pair of two-dimensional electron systems that are separated by an atomically precise, high-quality, tunnel barrier. The resultant interaction between the edge states leads to the formation of new energy gaps and an intriguing dispersion relation for electrons travelling along the barrier: for example, we see a persistent conductance peak at zero bias voltage and an absence of tunnelling features due to electron spin, These features are unexpected and are not consistent with a model of weakly interacting edge states, Remnant disorder along the barrier and charge screening may each play a role, although detailed numerical studies will be required to elucidate these effects.
C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago; AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Kang, W (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 23
TC 90
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 59
EP 61
DI 10.1038/47436
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400039
PM 10638749
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schön, JH
   Kloc, C
   Batlogg, B
AF Schön, JH
   Kloc, C
   Batlogg, B
TI RETRACTED: Superconductivity at 52 K in hole-doped C60 (Retracted article. See vol 422 pg 93 2003)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID electrical-resistivity; volume
AB Superconductivity in electron-doped C-60 was first observed almost ten years ago. The metallic state and superconductivity result from the transfer of electrons from alkaline or alkaline-earth ions to the C-60 molecule, which is known to be a strong electron acceptor. For this reason, it is very difficult to remove electrons from C-60-yet one might expect to see superconductivity at higher temperatures in hole-doped than in electron-doped C-60, because of the higher density of electronic states in the valence band than in the conduction band. We have used the technique of gate-induced doping in a reld-effect transistor conrguration to introduce signircant densities of holes into C-60. We observe superconductivity over an extended range of hole density, with a smoothly varying transition temperature T-c that peaks at 52 K. By comparison with the well established dependence of T-c on the lattice parameter in electron-doped C-60, we anticipate that T-c values signircantly in excess of 100 K should be achievable in a suitably expanded, hole-doped C-60 lattice.
C1 Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies
RP Batlogg, B (corresponding author), Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
EM batlogg@lucent.com
NR 25
TC 225
Z9 234
U1 0
U2 85
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 549
EP 552
DI 10.1038/35046008
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600108
PM 11117735
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taipale, J
   Chen, JK
   Cooper, MK
   Wang, BL
   Mann, RK
   Milenkovic, L
   Scott, MP
   Beachy, PA
AF Taipale, J
   Chen, JK
   Cooper, MK
   Wang, BL
   Mann, RK
   Milenkovic, L
   Scott, MP
   Beachy, PA
TI Effects of oncogenic mutations in Smoothened and Patched can be reversed by cyclopamine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID basal-cell carcinomas; sonic hedgehog; human homolog; cubitus-interruptus; protein; mice; gene; medulloblastomas; repressor
AB Basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and other human tumours are associated with mutations that activate the proto-oncogene Smoothened (SMO) or that inactivate the tumour suppressor Patched (PTCH). Smoothened and Patched mediate the cellular response to the Hedgehog (Hh) secreted protein signal, and oncogenic mutations affecting these proteins cause excess activity of the Hh response pathway(1,2). Here we show that the plant-derived teratogen cyclopamine, which inhibits the Hh response(3,4), is a potential 'mechanism-based' therapeutic agent for treatment of these tumours. We show that cyclopamine or synthetic derivatives with improved potency block activation of the Hh response pathway and abnormal cell growth associated with both types of oncogenic mutation. Our results also indicate that cyclopamine may act by influencing the balance between active and inactive forms of Smoothened.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Beachy, PA (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 1115
Z9 1326
U1 0
U2 82
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 1005
EP 1009
DI 10.1038/35023008
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200048
PM 10984056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Muir, G
   Fleming, CC
   Schlötterer, C
AF Muir, G
   Fleming, CC
   Schlötterer, C
TI Taxonomy -: Species status of hybridizing oaks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quercus-petraea
C1 Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Appl Plant Sci, Belfast BT9 5PX, Antrim, North Ireland.
   Vet Med Univ Wien, Inst Tierzucht & Genet, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
C3 Queens University Belfast; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna
RP Muir, G (corresponding author), Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Appl Plant Sci, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, Antrim, North Ireland.
NR 11
TC 125
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1016
EP 1016
DI 10.1038/35016640
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700034
PM 10890434
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johansson, LC
   Norberg, UML
AF Johansson, LC
   Norberg, UML
TI Biomechanics - Asymmetric toes aid underwater swimming
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Gothenburg Univ, Dept Zool, S-41390 Gothenburg, Sweden.
C3 University of Gothenburg
RP Johansson, LC (corresponding author), Gothenburg Univ, Dept Zool, S-41390 Gothenburg, Sweden.
NR 7
TC 22
Z9 27
U1 1
U2 125
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 582
EP 583
DI 10.1038/35036689
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800033
PM 11034197
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gravenor, MB
   Cox, DR
   Hoinville, LJ
   Hoek, A
   McLean, AR
AF Gravenor, MB
   Cox, DR
   Hoinville, LJ
   Hoek, A
   McLean, AR
TI Encephalopathies - Scrapie in Britain during the BSE years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bovine spongiform encephalopathy; variant cjd; sheep; agent
C1 Inst Anim Hlth, Compton RG20 7NN, Berks, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Stat, Oxford OX1 3TG, England.
   Vet Labs Agcy, Dept Epidemiol, Addelestone KT15 3NB, Surrey, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Pirbright Institute; University of Oxford
RP Gravenor, MB (corresponding author), Inst Anim Hlth, Compton RG20 7NN, Berks, England.
NR 10
TC 20
Z9 22
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 584
EP 585
DI 10.1038/35020692
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800034
PM 10949289
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brook, BW
   O'Grady, JJ
   Chapman, AP
   Burgman, MA
   Akçakaya, HR
   Frankham, R
AF Brook, BW
   O'Grady, JJ
   Chapman, AP
   Burgman, MA
   Akçakaya, HR
   Frankham, R
TI Predictive accuracy of population viability analysis in conservation biology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID models; validation; ecology; risk
AB Population viability analysis (PVA) is widely applied in conservation biology to predict extinction risks for threatened species and to compare alternative options for their mangement(1-4). It can also be used as a basis for listing species as endangered under World Conservation Union criteria(5), However, there is considerable scepticism regarding the predictive accuracy of PVA, mainly because of a lack of validation in real systems(2,6-8). Here we conducted a retrospective test of PVA based on 21 long-term ecological studies-the first comprehensive and replicated evaluation of the predictive powers of PVA. Parameters were estimated from the first half of each data set and the second half was used to evaluate the performance of the model. Contrary to recent criticisms, we found that PVA predictions were surprisingly accurate. The risk of population decline closely matched observed outcomes, there was no significant bias, and population size projections did not differ significantly from reality. Furthermore, the predictions of the five PVA software packages were highly concordant. We conclude that PVA is a valid and sufficiently accurate tool for categorizing and managing endangered species.
C1 Univ Melbourne, Sch Bot, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
   Appl Biomath, Setauket, NY 11733 USA.
   Macquarie Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Key Ctr Biodivers & Bioresources, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
C3 University of Melbourne; Macquarie University
RP Brook, BW (corresponding author), No Terr Univ, Key Ctr Trop Wildlife Management, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia.
NR 28
TC 431
Z9 545
U1 3
U2 249
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 385
EP 387
DI 10.1038/35006050
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000049
PM 10746724
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Filchak, KE
   Roethele, JB
   Feder, JL
AF Filchak, KE
   Roethele, JB
   Feder, JL
TI Natural selection and sympatric divergence in the apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID host races; trade-offs; field-test; fly; tephritidae; diptera; speciation; fly
AB In On the Origin of Species, Darwin proposed that natural selection had a fundamental role in speciation(1). But this view receded during the Modern Synthesis when allopatric (geographic) models of speciation were integrated with genetic studies of hybrid sterility and inviability(2,3). The sympatric hypothesis posits that ecological specialization after a host shift can result in speciation in the absence of complete geographic isolation(4,5). The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella, is a model for sympatric speciation in progress(4,5). Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) is the native host for R. pomonella in N. America(5). But in the mid-1800s, a new population formed on introduced, domesticated apple (Malus pumila)(4,5). Recent studies(6-10) have conferred `host race' status on apple flies as a potentially incipient species, partially isolated from haw flies owing to host-related adaptation. However, the source of selection that differentiates apple and haw flies is unresolved. Here we document a gene-environment interaction (fitness trade-off) that is related to host phenology and that genetically differentiates the races.
C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Galvin Life Sci Ctr, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
C3 University of Notre Dame
RP Filchak, KE (corresponding author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Galvin Life Sci Ctr, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
NR 26
TC 314
Z9 364
U1 0
U2 169
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 739
EP 742
DI 10.1038/35037578
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900041
PM 11048719
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Craig, O
   Mulville, J
   Pearson, MP
   Sokol, R
   Gelsthorpe, K
   Stacey, R
   Collins, M
AF Craig, O
   Mulville, J
   Pearson, MP
   Sokol, R
   Gelsthorpe, K
   Stacey, R
   Collins, M
TI Archaeology - Detecting milk proteins in ancient pots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, NRG, Fossil Fuels & Environm Geochem, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Oxford Univ Museum, English Heritage, Oxford OX1 3PW, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Archaeol & Prehist, Sheffield S1 4ET, S Yorkshire, England.
   Reg Blood Transfus Ctr, Sheffield S5 7JN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Bradford, Dept Archaeol Sci, Bradford BD7 1DP, W Yorkshire, England.
C3 Newcastle University - UK; University of Sheffield; University of Bradford
RP Craig, O (corresponding author), Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, NRG, Fossil Fuels & Environm Geochem, Drummond Bldg, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
NR 11
TC 57
Z9 65
U1 2
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 312
EP 312
DI 10.1038/35042684
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000033
PM 11099030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Park, SD
   Vohs, JM
   Gorte, RJ
AF Park, SD
   Vohs, JM
   Gorte, RJ
TI Direct oxidation of hydrocarbons in a solid-oxide fuel cell
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID methane; ceria
AB The direct electrochemical oxidation of dry hydrocarbon fuels to generate electrical power has the potential to accelerate substantially the use of fuel cells in transportation and distributed-power applications(1). Most fuel-cell research has involved the use of hydrogen as the fuel, although the practical generation and storage of hydrogen remains an important technological hurdle(2). Methane has been successfully oxidized electrochemically(3-6), but the susceptibility to carbon formation from other hydrocarbons that may be present or poor power densities have prevented the application of this simple fuel in practical applications(1). Here we report the direct, electrochemical oxidation of various hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, 1-butene, n-butane and toluene) using a solid-oxide fuel cell at 973 and 1,073 K with a composite anode of copper and ceria (or samaria-doped ceria). We demonstrate that the final products of the oxidation are CO2 and water, and that reasonable power densities can be achieved. The observation that a solid-oxide fuel cell can be operated on dry hydrocarbons, including liquid fuels, without reforming suggests that this type of fuel cell could provide an alternative to hydrogen-based fuel-cell technologies.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Chem Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
RP Gorte, RJ (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Chem Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM gorte@seas.upenn.edu
NR 12
TC 1763
Z9 1985
U1 6
U2 843
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 265
EP 267
DI 10.1038/35005040
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200042
PM 10749204
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sidebottom, C
   Buckley, S
   Pudney, P
   Twigg, S
   Jarman, C
   Holt, C
   Telford, J
   McArthur, A
   Worrall, D
   Hubbard, R
   Lillford, P
AF Sidebottom, C
   Buckley, S
   Pudney, P
   Twigg, S
   Jarman, C
   Holt, C
   Telford, J
   McArthur, A
   Worrall, D
   Hubbard, R
   Lillford, P
TI Phytochemistry - Heat-stable antifreeze protein from grass
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice; recrystallization; mechanism
C1 Unilever Res, Colworth House, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, Beds, England.
   Univ York, Dept Biol, Plant Lab, York YO1 5YW, N Yorkshire, England.
C3 Unilever; University of York - UK
RP Sidebottom, C (corresponding author), Unilever Res, Colworth House, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, Beds, England.
EM Chris.Sidebottom@unilever.com
NR 13
TC 219
Z9 298
U1 2
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 256
EP 256
DI 10.1038/35018639
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900036
PM 10917518
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Simoncini, T
   Hafezl-Moghadam, A
   Brazil, DP
   Ley, K
   Chin, WW
   Liao, JK
AF Simoncini, T
   Hafezl-Moghadam, A
   Brazil, DP
   Ley, K
   Chin, WW
   Liao, JK
TI Interaction of oestrogen receptor with the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitric-oxide synthase; endothelial growth-factor; human estrogen-receptor; phosphoinositide 3-kinase; protein; activation; cells; akt; insulin; phosphorylation
AB Oestrogen produces diverse biological effects through binding to the oestrogen receptor (ER)(1). The ER is a steroid hormone nuclear receptor, which, when bound to oestrogen, modulates the transcriptional activity of target genes(2). Controversy exists, however, concerning whether ER has a role outside the nucleus(3), particularly in mediating the cardiovascular protective effects of oestrogen(4). Here we show that the ER isoform, ER alpha, binds in a ligand-dependent manner to the p85 alpha regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K). Stimulation with oestrogen increases ER alpha-associated PI(3)K activity, leading to the activation of protein kinase B/Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Recruitment and activation of PI(3)K by ligand-bound ERa are independent of gene transcription, do not involve phosphotyrosine adapter molecules or src-homology domains of p85 alpha, and extend to other steroid hormone receptors. Mice treated with oestrogen show increased eNOS activity and decreased vascular leukocyte accumulation after ischaemia and reperfusion injury. This vascular protective effect of oestrogen was abolished in the presence of PI(3)K or eNOS inhibitors. Our findings define a physiologically important non-nuclear oestrogen-signalling pathway involving the direct interaction of ERa with PI(3)K.
C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Div Cardiovasc, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Div Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biomed Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Joslin Diabet Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Virginia; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc.
RP Liao, JK (corresponding author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Div Cardiovasc, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL052233, P01 HL048743, R01 HL070274] Funding Source: Medline; NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK062729] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1192
Z9 1329
U1 2
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 538
EP 541
DI 10.1038/35035131
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400057
PM 11029009
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mulryan, K
   Gitterman, DP
   Lewis, CJ
   Vial, C
   Leckie, BJ
   Cobb, AL
   Brown, JE
   Conley, EC
   Buell, G
   Pritchard, CA
   Evans, RJ
AF Mulryan, K
   Gitterman, DP
   Lewis, CJ
   Vial, C
   Leckie, BJ
   Cobb, AL
   Brown, JE
   Conley, EC
   Buell, G
   Pritchard, CA
   Evans, RJ
TI Reduced vas deferens contraction and male infertility in mice lacking P2X1 receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gated ion channels; alpha,beta-methylene atp; purine nucleotides; guinea-pig; rat; mouse
AB P2X(1) receptors for ATP are ligand-gated cation channels, present on many excitable cells including vas deferens smooth muscle cells(1-5). A substantial component of the contractile response of the vas deferens to sympathetic nerve stimulation, which propels sperm into the ejaculate. is mediated through P2X receptors'. Here we show that male fertility is reduced by similar to 90% in mice with a targeted deletion of the P2X(1) receptor gene. Male mice copulate normally-reduced fertility results from a reduction of sperm in the ejaculate and not from sperm dysfunction. Female mice and heterozygote mice are unaffected. In P2X(1)-receptor-deficient mice, contraction of the vas deferens to sympathetic nerve stimulation is reduced by up to 60% and responses to P2X receptor agonists are abolished. These results show that P2X(1) receptors are essential for normal male reproductive function and suggest that the development of selective P2X(1) receptor antagonists may provide an effective non-hormonal male contraceptive pill. Also, agents that potentiate the actions of ATP at P2X(1) receptors may be useful in the treatment of male infertility.
C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Cell Physiol & Pharmacol, Leicester LE1 9HN, Leics, England.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Med, Transgen Unit, Biomed Serv, Leicester LE1 9HN, Leics, England.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Pathol, Leicester LE1 9HN, Leics, England.
   Univ Leicester, Ctr Mechanisms Human Tox, Leicester LE1 9HN, Leics, England.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Biochem, Leicester LE1 9HN, Leics, England.
   Glaxo Wellcome Geneva Biomed Res Inst, CH-1228 Geneva, Switzerland.
C3 University of Leicester; University of Leicester; University of Leicester; University of Leicester; University of Leicester; GlaxoSmithKline; GlaxoSmithKline Switzerland
RP Evans, RJ (corresponding author), Univ Leicester, Dept Cell Physiol & Pharmacol, Med Sci Bldg, Leicester LE1 9HN, Leics, England.
NR 21
TC 325
Z9 345
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 86
EP 89
DI 10.1038/47495
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400048
PM 10638758
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sullivan, NJ
   Sanchez, A
   Rollin, PE
   Yang, ZY
   Nabel, GJ
AF Sullivan, NJ
   Sanchez, A
   Rollin, PE
   Yang, ZY
   Nabel, GJ
TI Development of a preventive vaccine for Ebola virus infection in primates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell induction; protective efficacy; immune-responses; recombinant; immunization; adenovirus; protein; malaria; immunogenicity; therapy
AB Outbreaks of haemorrhagic fever caused by the Ebola virus are associated with high mortality rates that are a distinguishing feature of this human pathogen. The highest lethality is associated with the Zaire subtype, one of four strains identified to date(1,2). Its rapid progression allows little opportunity to develop natural immunity, and there is currently no effective anti-viral therapy. Therefore, vaccination offers a promising intervention to prevent infection and limit spread. Here we describe a highly effective vaccine strategy for Ebola virus infection in non-human primates. A combination of DNA immunization and boosting with adenoviral vectors that encode viral proteins generated cellular and humoral immunity in cynomolgus macaques. Challenge with a lethal dose of the highly pathogenic, wild-type, 1976 Mayinga strain of Ebola Zaire virus resulted in uniform infection in controls, who progressed to a moribund state and death in less than one week. In contrast, all vaccinated animals were asymptomatic for more than six months, with no detectable virus after the initial challenge. These findings demonstrate that it is possible to develop a preventive vaccine against Ebola virus infection in primates.
C1 NIH, Vaccine Res Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA
RP Nabel, GJ (corresponding author), NIH, Vaccine Res Ctr, 40 Convent Dr,MSC-3005, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 29
TC 556
Z9 656
U1 0
U2 517
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 605
EP 609
DI 10.1038/35046108
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600123
PM 11117750
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jaime, M
   Movshovich, R
   Stewart, GR
   Beyermann, WP
   Berisso, MG
   Hundley, MF
   Canfield, PC
   Sarrao, JL
AF Jaime, M
   Movshovich, R
   Stewart, GR
   Beyermann, WP
   Berisso, MG
   Hundley, MF
   Canfield, PC
   Sarrao, JL
TI Closing the spin gap in the Kondo insulator Ce3Bi4Pt3 at high magnetic fields
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ybb12; heat; state; smb6
AB Kondo insulator materials(1)-such as CeRhAs, CeRhSb, YbB12, Ce3Bi4Pt3 and SmB6-are 3d, 4f and 5f intermetallic compounds that have attracted considerable interest in recent years(2-5). At high temperatures, they behave like metals. But as temperature is reduced, an energy gap opens in the conduction band at the Fermi energy and the materials become insulating. This contrasts with other f-electron compounds, which are metallic at all temperatures. The formation of the gap in Kondo insulators has been proposed to be a consequence of hybridization between the conduction band and the f-electron levels(6,7), giving a 'spin' gap. If this is indeed the case, metallic behaviour should be recovered when the gap is closed by changing external parameters, such as magnetic field or pressure. Some experimental evidence suggests that the gap can be closed in SmB6 (refs 5, 8) and YbB12 (ref. 9). Here we present specific-heat measurements of Ce3Bi4Pt3 in d.c. and pulsed magnetic fields up to 60 tesla. Numerical results and the analysis of our data using the Coqblin-Schrieffer model demonstrate unambiguously a field-induced insulator-to-metal transition.
C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Ctr Atom Bariloche, RA-8400 Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina.
   Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
   Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; University of California System; University of California Riverside; Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica (CNEA); Centro Atomico Bariloche; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Ames National Laboratory; Iowa State University; Iowa State University
RP Jaime, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
NR 25
TC 109
Z9 114
U1 1
U2 68
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 160
EP 163
DI 10.1038/35012027
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100043
PM 10821266
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guo, HF
   Tong, JY
   Hannan, F
   Luo, L
   Zhong, Y
AF Guo, HF
   Tong, JY
   Hannan, F
   Luo, L
   Zhong, Y
TI A neurofibromatosis-1-regulated pathway is required for learning in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-kinase-a; adenylate-cyclase; mushroom body; term-memory; gene; nf1; type-1; ras; melanogaster; rutabaga
AB The tumour-suppressor gene Neurofibromatosis 1 (Nf1) encodes a Ras-specific GTPase activating protein (Ras-GAP)(1-5). In addition to being involved in tumour formation(6,7), NF1 has been reported to cause learning defects in humans(8-10) and Nf1 knockout mice(11) However, it remains to be determined whether the observed learning defect is secondary to abnormal development. The Drosophila NF1 protein is highly conserved, showing 60% identity of its 2,803 amino acids with human NF1 (ref. 12), Previous studies have suggested that Drosophila NF1 acts not only as a Ras-GAP but also as a possible regulator of the cAMP pathway that involves the rutabaga (rut)-encoded adenylyl cyclase(13). Because rut was isolated as a learning and short-term memory mutant(14,15), we have pursued the hypothesis that NF1 may affect learning through its control of the Rut-adenylyl cyclase/cAMP pathway. Here we show that NF1 affects learning and short-term memory independently of its developmental effects. We show that G-protein-activated adenylyl cyclase activity consists of NF1-independent and NF1-dependent components, and that the mechanism of the NF1-dependent activation of the Rut-adenylyl cyclase pathway is essential for mediating Drosophila learning and memory.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP Guo, HF (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, POB 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
NR 29
TC 202
Z9 239
U1 1
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 895
EP 898
DI 10.1038/35002593
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200058
PM 10706287
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jousson, O
   Pawlowski, J
   Zaninetti, L
   Zechman, FW
   Dini, F
   Di Guiseppe, G
   Woodfield, R
   Millar, A
   Meinesz, A
AF Jousson, O
   Pawlowski, J
   Zaninetti, L
   Zechman, FW
   Dini, F
   Di Guiseppe, G
   Woodfield, R
   Millar, A
   Meinesz, A
TI Invasive alga reaches California - The alga has been identified that threatens to smother Californian coastal ecosystems.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caulerpa-taxifolia; mediterranean-sea; origin
C1 Univ Geneva, Dept Zool & Biol Anim, CH-1224 Chene Bougeries, Switzerland.
   Calif State Univ Fresno, Dept Biol, Fresno, CA 93740 USA.
   Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Etol Ecol & Evoluz, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
   Merkel & Associates, San Diego, CA 92123 USA.
   Royal Bot Gardens, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
   Univ Nice, Lab Environm Marin Littoral, F-06108 Nice, France.
C3 University of Geneva; California State University System; California State University Fresno; University of Pisa; Universite Cote d'Azur
RP Jousson, O (corresponding author), Univ Geneva, Dept Zool & Biol Anim, CH-1224 Chene Bougeries, Switzerland.
NR 9
TC 168
Z9 192
U1 2
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 157
EP 158
DI 10.1038/35041623
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400030
PM 11089959
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Park, SH
   Bendelac, A
AF Park, SH
   Bendelac, A
TI CD1-restricted T-cell responses and microbial infection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nkt cells; mouse cd1; lipoglycan antigens; cutting edge; recognition; glycolipids; binding; ligand; mice; differentiation
AB CD1, a conserved family of major histocompatibility (MHC)-like glycoproteins in mammals, specializes in capturing lipid rather than peptide antigen for presentation to T lymphocytes. The principles and mechanisms of this newly discovered immune strategy differ markedly from those governing classical MHC-peptide presentation. They might be exploited for the design of new lipid-based microbial vaccines and adjuvants.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University
RP Park, SH (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 48
TC 99
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 788
EP 792
DI 10.1038/35021233
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700056
PM 10963609
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Woodward, J
   Orr, M
   Cordray, K
   Greenbaum, E
AF Woodward, J
   Orr, M
   Cordray, K
   Greenbaum, E
TI Biotechnology - Enzymatic production of biohydrogen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrogen-production
C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory
RP Woodward, J (corresponding author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
EM woodwardj@ornl.gov
NR 13
TC 225
Z9 281
U1 1
U2 92
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1014
EP 1015
DI 10.1038/35016633
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700032
PM 10890432
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Uetz, P
   Giot, L
   Cagney, G
   Mansfield, TA
   Judson, RS
   Knight, JR
   Lockshon, D
   Narayan, V
   Srinivasan, M
   Pochart, P
   Qureshi-Emili, A
   Li, Y
   Godwin, B
   Conover, D
   Kalbfleisch, T
   Vijayadamodar, G
   Yang, MJ
   Johnston, M
   Fields, S
   Rothberg, JM
AF Uetz, P
   Giot, L
   Cagney, G
   Mansfield, TA
   Judson, RS
   Knight, JR
   Lockshon, D
   Narayan, V
   Srinivasan, M
   Pochart, P
   Qureshi-Emili, A
   Li, Y
   Godwin, B
   Conover, D
   Kalbfleisch, T
   Vijayadamodar, G
   Yang, MJ
   Johnston, M
   Fields, S
   Rothberg, JM
TI A comprehensive analysis of protein-protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spindle checkpoint; complex-formation; 3-hybrid system; budding yeast; recombination; genes; cytoplasm; vacuole; association; autophagy
AB Two large-scale yeast two-hybrid screens were undertaken to identify protein-protein interactions between full-length open reading frames predicted from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome sequence. In one approach, we constructed a protein array of about 6,000 yeast transformants, with each transformant expressing one of the open reading frames as a fusion to an activation domain. This array was screened by a simple and automated procedure for 192 yeast proteins, with positive responses identified by their positions in the array, In a second approach, we pooled cells expressing one of about 6,000 activation domain fusions to generate a library. We used a high-throughput screening procedure to screen nearly all of the 6,000 predicted yeast proteins, expressed as Gal4 DNA-binding domain fusion proteins, against the library, and characterized positives by sequence analysis. These approaches resulted in the detection of 957 putative interactions involving 1,004 S. cerevisiae proteins, These data reveal interactions that place functionally unclassified proteins in a biological context, interactions between proteins involved in the same biological function, and interactions that link biological functions together into larger cellular processes. The results of these screens are shown here.
C1 CuraGen Corp, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Genet, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 CuraGen Corporation; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Rothberg, JM (corresponding author), CuraGen Corp, 555 Long Wharf Dr,11th Floor, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
NR 42
TC 3710
Z9 4398
U1 3
U2 552
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 623
EP 627
DI 10.1038/35001009
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200042
PM 10688190
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lewis, FD
   Liu, XY
   Liu, JQ
   Miller, SE
   Hayes, RT
   Wasielewski, MR
AF Lewis, FD
   Liu, XY
   Liu, JQ
   Miller, SE
   Hayes, RT
   Wasielewski, MR
TI Direct measurement of hole transport dynamics in DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-transfer; distance; mechanism; hairpins; sequence; damage
AB Our understanding of oxidative damage to double helical DNA and the design of DNA-based devices for molecular electronics is crucially dependent upon elucidation of the mechanism and dynamics of electron and hole transport in DNA(1-4). Electrons and holes can migrate from the locus of formation to trap sites(1,5), and such migration can occur through either a single-step "superexchange'' mechanism or a multistep charge transport "hopping'' mechanism(6-17). The rates of single-step charge separation and charge recombination processes are found to decrease rapidly with increasing transfer distances(6-9), whereas multistep hole transport processes are only weakly distance dependent(10-13). However, the dynamics of hole transport has not yet been directly determined. Here we report spectroscopic measurements of photoinduced electron transfer in synthetic DNA that yield rate constants of similar to 5 x 10(7) s(-1) and 5 x 10(6) s(-1), respectively, for the forward and return hole transport from a single guanine base to a double guanine base step across a single adenine. These rates are faster than processes leading to strand cleavage, such as the reaction of guanine cation radical with water(2), thus permitting holes to migrate over long distances in DNA. However, they are too slow to compete with charge recombination in contact ion pairs(6,7), a process which protects DNA from photochemical damage.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 Northwestern University
RP Lewis, FD (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM lewis@chem.nwu.edu
NR 22
TC 313
Z9 342
U1 0
U2 69
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 51
EP 53
DI 10.1038/35017524
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200039
PM 10894536
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gross, M
   Müller, DC
   Nothofer, HG
   Scherf, U
   Neher, D
   Bräuchle, C
   Meerholz, K
AF Gross, M
   Müller, DC
   Nothofer, HG
   Scherf, U
   Neher, D
   Bräuchle, C
   Meerholz, K
TI Improving the performance of doped π-conjugated polymers for use in organic light-emitting diodes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-layer; electrical characteristics; electroluminescence; efficiency; spectroscopy; anodes
AB Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) represent a promising technology for large, flexible, lightweight, flat-panel displays(1-3). Such devices consist of one or several semiconducting organic layer(s) sandwiched between two electrodes. When an electric field is applied, electrons are injected by the cathode into the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the adjacent molecules (simultaneously, holes are injected by the anode into the highest occupied molecular orbital). The two types of carriers migrate towards each other and a fraction of them recombine to form excitons, some of which decay radiatively to the ground state by spontaneous emission. Doped pi-conjugated polymer layers improve the injection of holes in OLED devices(4-9); this is thought to result from the more favourable work function of these injection layers compared with the more commonly used layer material (indium tin oxide). Here we demonstrate that by increasing the doping level of such polymers, the barrier to hole injection can be continuously reduced. The use of combinatorial devices allows us to quickly screen for the optimum doping level. We apply this concept in OLED devices with hole-limited electroluminescence (such as polyfluorene-based systems(10-12)), finding that it is possible to significantly reduce the operating voltage while improving the light output and efficiency.
C1 Univ Munich, Inst Phys Chem, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Polymer Res, D-55037 Mainz, Germany.
   Univ Potsdam, Inst Expt Phys, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
C3 University of Munich; Max Planck Society; University of Potsdam
RP Meerholz, K (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Inst Phys Chem, Butenandtstr 11, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
EM klaus.meerholz@cup.uni-muenchen.de
NR 21
TC 580
Z9 654
U1 1
U2 339
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 661
EP 665
DI 10.1038/35015037
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800040
PM 10864318
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rosin-Arbesfeld, R
   Townsley, F
   Bienz, M
AF Rosin-Arbesfeld, R
   Townsley, F
   Bienz, M
TI The APC tumour suppressor has a nuclear export function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polyposis-coli protein; beta-catenin; adenomatous polyposis; somatic mutation; signal; crm1; gene; association; activation; gsk3-beta
AB The adenomatous polpyposis coli (APC) protein is mutated in most colorectal tumours(1). Nearly all APC mutations are truncations, and many of these terminate in the mutation cluster region located halfway through the protein(2-4). In cancer cells expressing mutant APC, beta-catenin is stabilized(5,6) and translocates into the nucleus to act as a transcriptional co-activator of T-cell factor(7). During normal development, APC also promotes the destabilization of beta-catenin and Drosophila Armadillo(8-11). It does so by binding to the Axin complex which earmarks beta-catenin/Armadillo for degradation by the proteasome pathway(12). APC has a regulatory role in this process(13,14), which is poorly understood. Here we show that APC contains highly conserved nuclear export signals 3' adjacent to the mutation cluster region that enable it to exit from the nucleus. This ability is lost in APC mutant cancer cells, and we provide evidence that beta-catenin accumulates in the nucleus as a result. Thus, the ability of APC to exit from the nucleus appears to be critical for its tumour suppressor function.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Bienz, M (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
NR 30
TC 288
Z9 332
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 1009
EP 1012
DI 10.1038/35023016
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200049
PM 10984057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ihinger, PD
   Zink, SI
AF Ihinger, PD
   Zink, SI
TI Determination of relative growth rates of natural quartz crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-valley; minerals; water; cathodoluminescence; spectroscopy; phenocrysts; mantle
AB Although the theory describing crystal growth in the geological environment is well established(1-3), there are few quantitative studies that delimit the absolute time involved in the growth of natural crystals(4-6). The actual mechanisms responsible for the variation in size and shape of individual crystal faces are, in fact, not well understood. Here we describe a micro-infrared spectroscopic study of a single, gem-quality quartz crystal that allows us to measure the size, shape and relative growth rate of each of the crystal faces that are active throughout its growth history. We demonstrate that the abundances of hydrogen-bearing impurities can serve as 'speedometers' to monitor the growth rate of advancing crystal faces. Our technique can be applied to crystals from a variety of geological environments to determine their growth histories. Within the electronics industry, the technique might facilitate the production of defect-free synthetic crystals required for high-quality resonators and, ultimately, might allow determination of the absolute time involved in geological processes such as the crystallization of magmas, fluid flow in metamorphism and the sealing of open cracks in earthquake rupture zones.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP Ihinger, PD (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, POB 6666, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 31
TC 50
Z9 53
U1 2
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 865
EP 869
DI 10.1038/35009091
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000043
PM 10786791
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fu, HX
   Cohen, RE
AF Fu, HX
   Cohen, RE
TI Polarization rotation mechanism for ultrahigh electromechanical response in single-crystal piezoelectrics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID first-principles; behavior; oxides; batio3
AB Piezoelectric materials, which convert mechanical to electrical energy(and vice versa), are crucial in medical imaging, telecommunication and ultrasonic devices(1,2). A new generation of single-crystal materials(3), such as Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3) O-3-PbTiO3 (PZN-PT) and Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT), exhibit a piezoelectric effect that is ten times larger than conventional ceramics, and may revolutionize(4) these applications. However, the mechanism underlying the ultrahigh performance of these new materials-and consequently the possibilities for further improvements-are not at present clear. Here we report a first-principles study of the ferroelectric perovskite, BaTiO3, which is similar(5) to single-crystal PZN-PT but is a simpler system to analyse. We show that a large piezoelectric response can be driven by polarization rotation induced by an external electric field; Out computations suggest how to design materials with better performance, and may stimulate further interest in the fundamental theory of dielectric systems in finite electric fields.
C1 Carnegie Inst Sci, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Cohen, RE (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Sci, 5251 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
EM cohen@gl.ciw.edu
NR 18
TC 2065
Z9 2223
U1 25
U2 1226
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 281
EP 283
DI 10.1038/35002022
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700043
PM 10659840
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stern, D
   Eisenhardt, P
   Spinrad, H
   Dawson, S
   van Breugel, W
   Dey, A
   de Vries, W
   Stanford, SA
AF Stern, D
   Eisenhardt, P
   Spinrad, H
   Dawson, S
   van Breugel, W
   Dey, A
   de Vries, W
   Stanford, SA
TI Evidence against a redshift z &gt; 6 for the galaxy STIS123627+621755
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID luminosity density; white-dwarf; field; universe
AB The identification of galaxies at extreme distances provides the most direct information about the earliest phases of galaxy formation. But at redshifts z>5 even the most luminous galaxies appear faint; the interpretation of low signal-to-noise ratio data is difficult and misidentifications do occur. Here we report optical and near-infrared observations of the source STIS123627+621755, which was previously suggested to be at a redshift of 6.68 (ref. 1). At that redshift, and with the reported 1 spectral energy distribution, the galaxy should be essentially invisible at wavelengths less than 9,300 Angstrom, because the intervening intergalactic medium absorbs almost all light energetic enough to ionize neutral hydrogen-that is, with wavelengths less than the redshifted Lyman limit of lambda = (1 + z) x 912 Angstrom. At near-infrared wavelengths, however, the galaxy should be relatively bright. Here we report a detection of the galaxy at 6,700 Angstrom and a non-detection at a wavelength of 1.2 mum, contrary to expectations for z approximate to 6.68. The data conservatively require that STIS123627+621755 has a redshift z< 6.
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Kitt Peak Natl Observ, Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; National Optical Astronomy Observatory; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Dawson, S (corresponding author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 169-327, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
EM stern@zwolfkinder.jpl.nasa.gov
NR 18
TC 13
Z9 14
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 560
EP 562
DI 10.1038/35046027
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600110
PM 11117737
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McWatters, HG
   Bastow, RM
   Hall, A
   Millar, AJ
AF McWatters, HG
   Bastow, RM
   Hall, A
   Millar, AJ
TI The ELF3 zeitnehmer regulates light signalling to the circadian clock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arabidopsis-thaliana; dysfunction; expression; mutants
AB The circadian system regulates 24-hour biological rhythms' and seasonal rhythms, such as flowering(2). Long-day flowering plants like Arabidopsis thaliana, measure day length with a rhythm that is not reset at lights-off(3), whereas short-day plants measure night length on the basis of circadian rhythm of light sensitivity that is set from dusk(2). early flowering 3 (elf3) mutants of Arabinopsis are aphotoperiodic(4) and exhibit light-conditional arrhythmia(5,6). Here we show that the elf3-7 mutant retains oscillator function in the light but blunts circadian gating of CAB gene activation, indicating that deregulated phototransduction may mask rhythmicity. Furthermore, elf3 mutations confer the resetting pattern of short-day photoperiodism, indicating that gating of phototransduction may control resetting. Temperature entrainment can bypass the requirement for normal ELF3 function for the oscillator and partially restore rhythmic CAB expression. Therefore, ELF3 specifically affects light input to the oscillator, similar to its function in gating CAB activation, allowing oscillator progression past a light-sensitive phase in the subjective evening. ELF3 provides experimental demonstration of the zeitnehmer ('time-taker') Concept(7,8).
C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Biol Sci, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
C3 University of Warwick
RP Millar, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Warwick, Dept Biol Sci, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
NR 17
TC 280
Z9 311
U1 2
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 716
EP 720
DI 10.1038/35047079
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200048
PM 11130072
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hong, K
   Nishiyama, M
   Henley, J
   Tessier-Lavigne, M
   Poo, MM
AF Hong, K
   Nishiyama, M
   Henley, J
   Tessier-Lavigne, M
   Poo, MM
TI Calcium signalling in the guidance of nerve growth by netrin-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cones; cells; inhibition; modulation; receptor; neurons; ca-2+
AB Pathfinding by growing axons in the developing nervous system is guided by diffusible or bound factors that attract or repel the axonal growth cone(1,2). The cytoplasmic signalling mechanisms that trigger the responses of the growth cone to guidance factors are mostly unknown(3). Previous studies have shown that the level and temporal patterns of cytoplasmic Ca2+ can regulate the rate of growth-cone extension in vitro(4-8) and in vivo(9). Here we report that Ca2+ also mediates the turning behaviour of the growth cones of cultured Xenopus neurons that are induced by an extracellular gradient of netrin-1, an established diffusible guidance factor in vivo(1,10). The netrin-1-induced turning response depends on Ca2+ influx through plasma membrane Ca2+ channels, as well as Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from cytoplasmic stores(11). Reduction of Ca2+ signals by blocking either of these two Ca2+ sources converted the netrin-1-induced response from attraction to repulsion. Activation of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from internal stores with a gradient of ryanodine in the absence of netrin-1 was Sufficient to trigger either attractive or repulsive responses, depending on the ryanodine concentration used. These results support the model that cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals mediate growth-cone guidance by netrin-1, and different patterns of Ca2+ elevation trigger attractive and repulsive turning responses.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Poo, MM (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 30
TC 311
Z9 387
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 93
EP 98
DI 10.1038/47507
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400050
PM 10638760
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stevenson, IR
   Bryant, DM
AF Stevenson, IR
   Bryant, DM
TI Avian phenology - Climate change and constraints on breeding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID egg-laying trends; great tits; temperature
C1 Univ Stirling, Inst Biol Sci, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland.
C3 University of Stirling
RP Stevenson, IR (corresponding author), Univ Stirling, Inst Biol Sci, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland.
NR 14
TC 195
Z9 220
U1 0
U2 94
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 366
EP 367
DI 10.1038/35019151
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800031
PM 10935624
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scolnick, DM
   Halazonetis, TD
AF Scolnick, DM
   Halazonetis, TD
TI Chfr defines a mitotic stress checkpoint that delays entry into metaphase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human cancers; dna-damage; cell-lines; identification; mitosis; mutation; targets; finger; domain; genes
AB Chemicals that target microtubules induce mitotic stress by affecting several processes that occur during mitosis. These processes include separation of the centrosomes in prophase, alignment of the chromosomes on the spindle in metaphase and sister-chromatid separation in anaphase(1,2). Many human cancers are sensitive to mitotic stress. This sensitivity is being exploited for therapy and implies checkpoint defects(2-8). The known mitotic checkpoint genes, which prevent entry into anaphase when the chromosomes are not properly aligned on the mitotic spindle, are, however, rarely inactivated in human cancer(9-13). Here we describe the chfr gene, which is inactivated owing to lack of expression or by mutation in four out of eight human cancer cell lines examined. Normal primary cells and tumour cell lines that express wild-type chfr exhibited delayed entry into metaphase when centrosome separation was inhibited by mitotic stress. In contrast, the tumour cell lines that had lost chfr function entered metaphase without delay. Ectopic expression of wild-type chfr restored the cell cycle delay and increased the ability of the cells to survive mitotic stress. Thus, chfr defines a checkpoint that delays entry into metaphase in response to mitotic stress.
C1 Wistar Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Grad Program Biochem, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 The Wistar Institute; University of Pennsylvania
RP Halazonetis, TD (corresponding author), Wistar Inst, 3601 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
NR 24
TC 330
Z9 369
U1 0
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 430
EP 435
DI 10.1038/35019108
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800052
PM 10935642
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, MS
   Barash, S
AF Zhang, MS
   Barash, S
TI Neuronal switching of sensorimotor transformations for antisaccades
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral intraparietal area; posterior parietal cortex; saccade-related activity; superior colliculus; task; responses; macaque; monkey
AB The influence of cognitive context on orienting behaviour can be explored using the mixed memory-prosaccade, memory-antisaccade task. A symbolic cue, such as the colour of a visual stimulus, instructs the subject to make a brief, rapid eye movement (a saccade) either towards the stimulus (prosaccade) or in the opposite direction (antisaccade)(1-3). Thus, the appropriate sensorimotor transformation must be switched on to execute the instructed task. Despite advances in our understanding of the neuronal processing of antisaccades(4-8), it remains unclear how the brain selects and computes the sensorimotor transformation leading to an antisaccade. Here we show that area LIP of the posterior parietal cortex is involved in these processes. LIP's population activity turns from the visual direction to the motor direction during memory-antisaccade trials. About one-third of the visual neurons in LIP produce a brisk, transient discharge in certain memory-antisaccade trials. We call this discharge 'paradoxical' because its timing is visual-like but its direction is motor. The paradoxical discharge shows, first, that switching occurs already at the level of visual cells, as previously proposed by Schlag-Rey and colleagues(5); and second, that this switching is accomplished very rapidly, within 50 ms from the arrival of the visual signals in LIP.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Neurobiol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Barash, S (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Neurobiol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
NR 24
TC 207
Z9 241
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 971
EP 975
DI 10.1038/35050097
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100049
PM 11140683
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gao, YJ
   Ferguson, DO
   Xie, W
   Manis, JP
   Sekiguchi, J
   Frank, KM
   Chaudhuri, J
   Horner, J
   DePinho, RA
   Alt, FW
AF Gao, YJ
   Ferguson, DO
   Xie, W
   Manis, JP
   Sekiguchi, J
   Frank, KM
   Chaudhuri, J
   Horner, J
   DePinho, RA
   Alt, FW
TI Interplay of p53 and DNA-repair protein XRCC4 in tumorigenesis, genomic stability and development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strand break repair; v(d)j recombination; translocations; transposition; cells; rag1; mice
AB XRCC4 is a non-homologous end-joining protein employed in DNA double strand break repair and in V(D)J recombination(1,2). In mice, XRCC4-deficiency causes a pleiotropic phenotype, which includes embryonic lethality and massive neuronal apoptosis 2. When DNA damage is not repaired, activation of the cell cycle checkpoint protein p53 can lead to apoptosis(3). Here we show that p53-deficiency rescues several aspects of the XRCC4-deficient phenotype, including embryonic lethality, neuronal apoptosis, and impaired cellular proliferation. However, there was no significant rescue of impaired V(D)J recombination or lymphocyte development. Although p53-deficiency allowed postnatal survival of XRCC4-deficient mice, they routinely succumbed to pro-B-cell lymphomas which had chromosomal translocations linking amplified c-myc oncogene and IgH locus sequences. Moreover, even XRCC4-deficient embryonic fibroblasts exhibited marked genomic instability including chromosomal translocations. Our findings support a crucial role for the non-homologous end-joining pathway as a caretaker of the mammalian genome, a role required both for normal development and for suppression of tumours.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Blood Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Adult Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med & Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
RP Alt, FW (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM alt@rascal.med.harvard.edu
NR 25
TC 503
Z9 581
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 897
EP 900
DI 10.1038/35009138
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000051
PM 10786799
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Srianand, R
   Petitjean, P
   Ledoux, C
AF Srianand, R
   Petitjean, P
   Ledoux, C
TI The cosmic microwave background radiation temperature at a redshift of 2.34
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diffuse interstellar clouds; c-i; abundances; excitation; galaxy; carbon
AB The existence of the cosmic microwave background radiation is a fundamental prediction of hot Big Bang cosmology, and its temperature should increase with increasing redshift. At the present time (redshift z = 0), the temperature has been determined with high precision to be T-CMBR(0) = 2.726 +/- 0.010 K. In principle, the background temperature can be determined using measurements of the relative populations of atomic fine-structure levels, which are excited by the background radiation. But all previous measurements have achieved only upper limits, thus still formally permitting the radiation temperature to be constant with increasing redshift. Here we report the detection of absorption lines from the first and second fine-structure levels of neutral carbon atoms in an isolated cloud of gas at z = 2.3371. We also detected absorption due to several rotational transitions of molecular hydrogen, and fine-structure lines of singly ionized carbon. These constraints enable us to determine that the background radiation was indeed warmer in the past: we rnd that T-CMBR(z = 2.3371) is between 6.0 and 14 K. This is in accord with the temperature of 9.1 K predicted by hot Big Bang cosmology.
C1 IUCAA, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India.
   CNRS, Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Observ Paris Meudon, CNRS, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 Inter-University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; European Southern Observatory
RP Srianand, R (corresponding author), IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India.
NR 28
TC 163
Z9 170
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 931
EP 935
DI 10.1038/35050020
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100038
PM 11140672
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hesselbo, SP
   Gröcke, DR
   Jenkyns, HC
   Bjerrum, CJ
   Farrimond, P
   Bell, HSM
   Green, OR
AF Hesselbo, SP
   Gröcke, DR
   Jenkyns, HC
   Bjerrum, CJ
   Farrimond, P
   Bell, HSM
   Green, OR
TI Massive dissociation of gas hydrate during a Jurassic oceanic anoxic event
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-level change; toarcian; climate
AB In the Jurassic period, the Early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (about 183 million years ago) is associated with exceptionally high rates of organic-carbon burial, high palaeotemperatures and significant mass extinction(1-4). Heavy carbon-isotope compositions in rocks and fossils of this age have been linked to the global burial of organic carbon, which is isotopically light. In contrast, examples of light carbon-isotope values from marine organic matter of Early Toarcian age have been explained principally in terms of localized upwelling of bottom water enriched in C-12 versus C-13 (refs 1,2,5,6). Here, however, we report carbon-isotope analyses of fossil wood which demonstrate that isotopically light carbon dominated all the upper oceanic, biospheric and atmospheric carbon reservoirs, and that this occurred despite the enhanced burial of organic carbon. We propose that-as has been suggested for the Late Palaeocene thermal maximum, some 55 million years ago(7)-the observed patterns were produced by voluminous and extremely rapid release of methane from gas hydrate contained in marine continental-margin sediments.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
   Univ Copenhagen, Danish Ctr Earth Syst Sci, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Newcastle Univ, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Univ Copenhagen, Inst Geol, DK-1168 Copenhagen, Denmark.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Copenhagen; Newcastle University - UK; University of Copenhagen
RP Hesselbo, SP (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
EM stephen.hesselbo@earth.ox.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 884
Z9 1008
U1 4
U2 244
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 392
EP 395
DI 10.1038/35019044
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800042
PM 10935632
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boal, AK
   Ilhan, F
   DeRouchey, JE
   Thurn-Albrecht, T
   Russell, TP
   Rotello, VM
AF Boal, AK
   Ilhan, F
   DeRouchey, JE
   Thurn-Albrecht, T
   Russell, TP
   Rotello, VM
TI Self-assembly of nanoparticles into structured spherical and network aggregates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna; molecules; thymine
AB Multi-scale ordering of materials is central for the application of molecular systems(1-3) in macroscopic devices(4,5). Self-assembly based on selective control of non-covalent interactions(6-8) provides a powerful tool for the creation of structured systems at a molecular level, and application of this methodology to macromolecular systems provides a means for extending such structures to macroscopic length scale(9-11). Monolayer-functionalized nanoparticles can be made with a wide variety of metallic and nonmetallic cores, providing a versatile building block for such approaches. Here we present a polymer-mediated 'bricks and mortar' strategy for the ordering of nanoparticles into structured assemblies. This methodology allows monolayer-protected gold particles to self-assemble into structured aggregates while thermally controlling their size and morphology. Using 2-nm gold particles as building blocks, we show that spherical aggregates of size 97 +/- 17 nm can be produced at 23 degrees C, and that 0.5-1 mu m spherical assemblies with (5-40) x 10(5) individual subunits form at -20 degrees C. Intriguingly, extended networks of similar to 50-nm subunits are formed at 10 degrees C, illustrating the potential of our approach for the formation of diverse structural motifs such as wires and rods. These findings demonstrate that the assembly process provides control over the resulting aggregates, while the modularity of the 'bricks and mortar' approach allows combinatorial control over the constituents, providing a versatile route to new materials systems.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst
RP Rotello, VM (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
NR 25
TC 1078
Z9 1220
U1 4
U2 619
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 746
EP 748
DI 10.1038/35008037
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600047
PM 10783884
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seo, JS
   Whang, D
   Lee, H
   Jun, SI
   Oh, J
   Jeon, YJ
   Kim, K
AF Seo, JS
   Whang, D
   Lee, H
   Jun, SI
   Oh, J
   Jeon, YJ
   Kim, K
TI A homochiral metal-organic porous material for enantioselective separation and catalysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrogen-bonded networks; framework; solids; chemistry; channels; analogs
AB Inorganic zeolites are used for many practical applications that exploit the microporosity intrinsic to their crystal structures. Organic analogues, which are assembled from modular organic building blocks linked through non-covalent interactions, are of interest for similar applications. These range from catalysis, separation and sensor technology to optoelectronics(1-3), with enantioselective separation and catalysis being especially important for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The modular construction of these analogues allows flexible and rational design, as both the architecture and chemical functionality of the micropores can, in principle, be precisely controlled. Porous organic solids with large voids and high framework stability have been produced(14,15), and investigations into the range of accessible pore functionalities have been initiated(7,11,12,16-23). For example, catalytically active organic zeolite analogues are known(13,22,23), as are chiral metal-organic open-framework materials. However, the latter are only available as racemic mixtures(24,25), or lack the degree of framework stability or void space that is required for practical applications(26,27). Here we report the synthesis of a homochiral metal-organic porous material that allows the enantioselective inclusion of metal complexes in its pores and catalyses a transesterification reaction in an enantioselective manner. Our synthesis strategy, which uses enantiopure metal-organic clusters as secondary building blocks(14), should be readily applicable to chemically modified cluster components and thus provide access to a wide range of porous organic materials suitable for enantioselective separation and catalysis.
C1 Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Natl Creat Res Initiat Ctr Smart Supramol, Pohang 790784, South Korea.
   Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Chem, Div Mol & Life Sci, Pohang 790784, South Korea.
C3 Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH); Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH)
RP Kim, K (corresponding author), Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Natl Creat Res Initiat Ctr Smart Supramol, San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790784, South Korea.
NR 28
TC 3791
Z9 4080
U1 27
U2 1869
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 982
EP 986
DI 10.1038/35010088
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000052
PM 10801124
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wikelski, M
   Thom, C
AF Wikelski, M
   Thom, C
TI Marine iguanas shrink to survive El Nino - Changes in bone metabolism enable these adult lizards to reversibly alter their length.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amblyrhynchus-cristatus; body-size; galapagos
AB Changes in bone metabolism enable these adult lizards to reversibly alter their length.
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Ecol Ethol & Evolut, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Behav Physiol, D-82319 Seewiesen, Germany.
   Univ Bielefeld, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
   Univ Wurzburg, Dept Biol, D-97072 Wurzburg, Germany.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Max Planck Society; University of Bielefeld; University of Wurzburg
RP Wikelski, M (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Ecol Ethol & Evolut, 515 Morrill Hall,505 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
NR 15
TC 176
Z9 195
U1 1
U2 138
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 37
EP 38
DI 10.1038/47396
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400030
PM 10638740
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tang, MJ
   Pham, P
   Shen, X
   Taylor, JS
   O'Donnell, M
   Woodgate, R
   Goodman, MF
AF Tang, MJ
   Pham, P
   Shen, X
   Taylor, JS
   O'Donnell, M
   Woodgate, R
   Goodman, MF
TI Roles of E-coli DNA polymerases IV and V in lesion-targeted and untargeted SOS mutagenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-stranded vector; escherichia-coli; reca protein; cis-syn; ultraviolet-light; mouse homologs; replication; mutation; bypass; photoproducts
AB The expression of the Escherichia coli DNA polymerases pol V (UmuD'(2) C complex)(1,2) and pol IV (DinB)(3) increases in response to DNA damage(4). The induction of pol V is accompanied by a substantial increase in mutations targeted at DNA template lesions in a process called SOS-induced error-prone repair(4). Here we show that the common DNA template lesions, TT (6-4) photoproducts, TT cis-syn photodimers and abasic sites, are efficiently bypassed within 30 seconds by pol V in the presence of activated RecA protein (RecA*), single-stranded binding protein (SSB) and pol III's processivity beta,gamma-complex. There is no detectable bypass by either pol IV or pol III on this time scale. A mutagenic 'signature' for pol V is its incorporation of guanine opposite the 3'-thymine of a TT (6-4) photoproduct, in agreement with mutational spectra. In contrast, pol III and pol IV incorporate adenine almost exclusively. When copying undamaged DNA, pol V exhibits low fidelity with error rates of around 10(-3) to 10(-4), with pol IV being 5- to 10-fold more accurate. The effects of RecA protein on pol V, and beta,gamma-complex on pol IV, cause a 15,000- and 3,000-fold increase in DNA synthesis efficiency, respectively. However, both polymerases exhibit low processivity, adding 6 to 8 nucleotides before dissociating. Lesion bypass by pol V does not require beta,gamma-complex in the presence of non-hydrolysable ATP gamma S, indicating that an intact RecA filament may be required for translesion synthesis.
C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci & Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Chem, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   NICHHD, Sect DNA Replicat Repair & Mutagenesis, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of Southern California; Washington University (WUSTL); Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
RP Goodman, MF (corresponding author), Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci & Chem, Univ Pk, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
FU Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [ZIAHD001500] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 382
Z9 475
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 1014
EP 1018
DI 10.1038/35010020
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000061
PM 10801133
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ramer, MS
   Priestley, JV
   McMahon, SB
AF Ramer, MS
   Priestley, JV
   McMahon, SB
TI Functional regeneration of sensory axone into the adult spinal cord
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dorsal-root axons; nerve growth-factor; transplants; neurons; rat; lesion; expression; receptors; targets; brain
AB The arrest of dorsal root axonal regeneration at the transitional zone between the peripheral and central nervous system has been repeatedly described since the early twentieth century(1). Here we show that, with trophic support to damaged sensory axons, this regenerative barrier is surmountable. In adult rats with injured dorsal roots, treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3 (NT3) and glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), but not brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), resulted in selective regrowth of damaged axons across the dorsal root entry zone and into the spinal cord. Dorsal horn neurons were found to be synaptically driven by peripheral nerve stimulation in rats treated with NGF, NT3 and GDNF, demonstrating functional reconnection. In behavioural studies, rats treated with NGF and GDNF recovered sensitivity to noxious heat and pressure. The observed effects of neurotrophic factors corresponded to their known actions on distinct subpopulations of sensory neurons. Neurotrophic factor treatment may thus serve as a viable treatment in promoting recovery from root avulsion injuries.
C1 Guys Kings & St Thomas Sch Biomed Sci, Neurosci Res Ctr, London SE1 7EH, England.
   Univ London Queen Mary & Westfield Coll, Div Biomed Sci, Neurosci Sect, London E1 4NS, England.
C3 University of London; King's College London; University of London; Queen Mary University London
RP Ramer, MS (corresponding author), Guys Kings & St Thomas Sch Biomed Sci, Neurosci Res Ctr, St Thomas Campus,Lambeth Palace Rd, London SE1 7EH, England.
NR 27
TC 415
Z9 496
U1 1
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 312
EP 316
DI 10.1038/35002084
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700053
PM 10659850
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Korswagen, HC
   Herman, MA
   Clevers, HC
AF Korswagen, HC
   Herman, MA
   Clevers, HC
TI Distinct β-catenins mediate adhesion and signalling functions in C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hox gene-expression; caenorhabditis-elegans; polarity signals; axis formation; cell-adhesion; map kinase; protein; homolog; embryos; drosophila
AB In flies and vertebrates, Armadillo/beta-catenin forms a complex with Tcf/Lef-1 transcription factors, serving as an essential coactivator to mediate Wnt signalling. It also associates with cadherins to mediate adhesion. In Caenorhabditis elegans, three putative beta-catenin homologues have been identified: WRM-1, BAR-1 and HMP-2. WRM-1 and the Tcf homologue POP-1 mediate Wnt signalling by a mechanism that has challenged current views of the Wnt pathway(1-3). Here we show that BAR-1 is the only beta-catenin homologue that interacts directly with POP-1. BAR-1 mediates Wnt signalling by forming a BAR-1/POP-1 bipartite transcription factor that activates expression of Wnt target genes such as the Hox gene mab-5. HMP-2 is the only beta-catenin homologue that interacts with the single cadherin of C. elegans, HMR-1. We conclude that a canonical Wnt pathway exists in C. elegans. Furthermore, our analysis shows that the functions of C. elegans beta-catenins in adhesion and in signalling are performed by separate proteins.
C1 Univ Med Ctr Utrecht, Dept Immunol, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Med Ctr Utrecht, Ctr Biomed Genet, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Program Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA.
C3 Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center; Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center; Kansas State University
RP Korswagen, HC (corresponding author), Univ Med Ctr Utrecht, Dept Immunol, Heidelberglaan 100, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.
NR 30
TC 178
Z9 239
U1 1
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 527
EP 532
DI 10.1038/35020099
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000049
PM 10952315
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knill, E
   Laflamme, R
   Martinez, R
   Tseng, CH
AF Knill, E
   Laflamme, R
   Martinez, R
   Tseng, CH
TI An algorithmic benchmark for quantum information processing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID computation; nmr; resonance; computer
AB Quantum information processing offers potentially great advantages over classical information processing, both for efficient algorithms(1,2) and for secure communication(3,4). Therefore, it is important to establish that scalable control of a large number of quantum bits (qubits) can be achieved in practice. There are a rapidly growing number of proposed device technologies(5-11) for quantum information processing. Of these technologies, those exploiting nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been the first to demonstrate non-trivial quantum algorithms with small numbers of qubits(12-16). To compare different physical realizations of quantum information processors, it is necessary to establish benchmark experiments that are independent of the underlying physical system, and that demonstrate reliable and coherent control of a reasonable number of qubits. Here we report an experimental realization of an algorithmic benchmark using an NMR technique that involves coherent manipulation of seven qubits. Moreover, our experimental procedure can be used as a reliable and efficient method for creating a standard pseudopure state, the first step for implementing traditional quantum algorithms in liquid state NMR systems. The benchmark and the techniques can be adapted for use with other proposed quantum devices.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   MIT, Dept Nucl Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Knill, E (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS B265, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM knill@lanl.gov
NR 30
TC 236
Z9 258
U1 2
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 368
EP 370
DI 10.1038/35006012
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000043
PM 10746718
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hulot, FD
   Lacroix, G
   Lescher-Moutoué, FO
   Loreau, M
AF Hulot, FD
   Lacroix, G
   Lescher-Moutoué, FO
   Loreau, M
TI Functional diversity governs ecosystem response to nutrient enrichment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trophic interactions; ratio-dependence; bottom-up; food webs; top-down; productivity; community; stability; predators; patterns
AB The relationship between species diversity and ecosystem functioning is a central topic in ecology today(1,2). Classical approaches to studying ecosystem responses to nutrient enrichment have considered linear food chains(3,4). To what extent ecosystem structure, that is, the network of species interactions, affects such responses is currently unknown. This severely limits our ability to predict which species or functional groups will benefit or suffer from nutrient enrichment and to understand the underlying mechanisms(5-8). Here our approach takes ecosystem complexity into account(6,9,10) by considering functional diversity at each trophic level(11-14). We conducted a mesocosm experiment to test the effects of nutrient enrichment in a lake ecosystem. We developed a model of intermediate complexity, which separates trophic levels into functional groups according to size and diet. This model successfully predicted the experimental results, whereas linear food-chain models did not. Our model shows the importance of functional diversity and indirect interactions in the response of ecosystems to perturbations, and indicates that new approaches are needed for the management of freshwater ecosystems subject to eutrophication.
C1 Ecole Normale Super, UMR 7625, Ecol Lab, F-75230 Paris 05, France.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS)
RP Hulot, FD (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super, UMR 7625, Ecol Lab, 46 Rue Ulm, F-75230 Paris 05, France.
NR 30
TC 216
Z9 260
U1 4
U2 235
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 340
EP 344
DI 10.1038/35012591
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700045
PM 10830961
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tegze, M
   Faigel, G
   Marchesini, S
   Belakhovsky, M
   Ulrich, O
AF Tegze, M
   Faigel, G
   Marchesini, S
   Belakhovsky, M
   Ulrich, O
TI Structure resolution - Imaging light atoms by X-ray holography
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID images
C1 Res Inst Solid State Phys & Opt, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary.
   CEA Grenoble, Dept Rech Fondamentale Mat Condensee, Serv Phys Mat & Microstruct, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
C3 HUN-REN; HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics; Institute for Solid State Physics & Optics - HAS; CEA
RP Tegze, M (corresponding author), Res Inst Solid State Phys & Opt, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary.
NR 8
TC 71
Z9 74
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 38
EP 38
DI 10.1038/35024153
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000031
PM 10993063
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, MA
   Brandt, J
   Shadmehr, R
AF Smith, MA
   Brandt, J
   Shadmehr, R
TI Motor disorder in Huntington's disease begins as a dysfunction in error feedback control
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID somatosensory evoked-potentials; striatal glucose consumption; basal ganglia volume; gene; carriers; memory; dynamics; model; risk
AB A steady progression of motor dysfunction takes place in Huntington's disease(1) (HD), The origin of this disturbance with relation to the motor control process is not understood. Here we studied reaching movements in asymptomatic HD gene-carriers (AGCs) and subjects with manifest HD. We found that movement jerkiness, which characterizes the smoothness and efficiency of motion, was a sensitive indicator of presymptomatic HD progression. A large fraction of AGCs displayed elevated jerk even when more than seven years remained until predicted disease onset. Movement termination was disturbed much more than initiation and was highly variable from trial to trial. Analysis of this variability revealed that the sensitivity of end-movement jerk to subtle, self-generated early-movement errors was greater in HD subjects than in controls. Additionally, we found that HD corrective responses to externally-generated force pulses were greatly disturbed, indicating that HD subjects display aberrant responses to both external and self-generated errors. Because feedback corrections are driven by error and are delayed such that they predominantly affect movement termination, these findings suggest that a dysfunction in error correction characterizes the motor control deficit in early HD. This dysfunction may be observed years before clinical disease onset and grows worse as the disease progresses.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Smith, MA (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM007057] Funding Source: Medline; NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS037422] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 287
Z9 333
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 544
EP 549
DI 10.1038/35000576
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300050
PM 10676962
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rosenfeld, D
   Woodley, WL
AF Rosenfeld, D
   Woodley, WL
TI Deep convective clouds with sustained supercooled liquid water down to-37.5 °C
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homogeneous ice nucleation
AB In cirrus(1) and orographic wave clouds(2), highly supercooled water has been observed in small quantities (less than 0.15 g m(-3)). This high degree of supercooling was attributed to the small droplet size and the lack of ice nuclei at the heights of these clouds(1,2). For deep convective clouds, which have much larger droplets near their tops and which take in aerosols from near the ground, no such measurements have hitherto been reported. However, satellite data suggest that highly supercooled water (down to -38 degrees C) frequently occurs in vigorous continental convective storms(3). Here we report in situ measurements in deep convective clouds from an aircraft, showing that most of the condensed water remains liquid down to -37.5 degrees C. The droplets reach a median volume diameter of 17 mu m and amount to 1.8 g m(-3), one order of magnitude more than previously reported 2. At slightly colder temperatures only ice was found, suggesting homogeneous freezing. Because of the poor knowledge of mixed-phase cloud processes(4), the simulation of clouds using numerical models is difficult at present. Our observations will help to understand these cloud processes, such as rainfall, hail, and cloud electrification, together with their implications for the climate system.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Woodley White Consultants, Littleton, CO 80127 USA.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Rosenfeld, D (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
NR 12
TC 417
Z9 482
U1 1
U2 96
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 440
EP 442
DI 10.1038/35013030
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000043
PM 10839535
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Simmons, NA
   Gurrola, H
AF Simmons, NA
   Gurrola, H
TI Multiple seismic discontinuities near the base of the transition zone in the Earth's mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 660 km discontinuity; receiver functions; beneath; temperature; velocity; slopes; join
AB The seismologically defined boundary between the transition zone in the Earth's mantle (410-660 km depth) and the underlying lower mantle is generally interpreted to result from the breakdown of the gamma-spinel phase of olivine(1) to magnesium-perovskite and magnesiowustite(2). Laboratory measurements of these transformations of olivine have determined that the phase boundary has a negative Clapeyron slope and does indeed occur near pressures corresponding to the base of the transition zone(2,3). But a computational study has indicated that, because of the presence of garnet minerals, multiple seismic discontinuities might exist near a depth of 660 km (ref. 4), which would alter the simple negative correlation of changes in temperature with changes in the depth of the phase boundary. In particular, garnet minerals undergo exothermic transformations near this depth, acting to complicate the phase relations(5-9) and possibly effecting mantle convection processes in some regions(9). Here we present seismic evidence that supports the existence of such multiple transitions near a depth of 660 km beneath southern California. The observations are consistent with having been generated by garnet transformations coupling with the dissociation of the gamma-spinel phase of olivine. Temperature anomalies calculated from the imaged discontinuity depths-using Clapeyron slopes determined for the various transformations(4)-generally match those predicted from an independent P-wave velocity model of the region.
C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Geosci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA.
C3 Texas Tech University System; Texas Tech University
RP Gurrola, H (corresponding author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Geosci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA.
NR 24
TC 114
Z9 132
U1 1
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 559
EP 562
DI 10.1038/35014589
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500047
PM 10850712
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parrish-Novak, J
   Dillon, SR
   Nelson, A
   Hammond, A
   Sprecher, C
   Gross, JA
   Johnston, J
   Madden, K
   Xu, WF
   West, J
   Schrader, S
   Burkhead, S
   Heipel, M
   Brandt, C
   Kuijper, JL
   Kramer, J
   Conklin, D
   Presnell, SR
   Berry, J
   Shiota, F
   Bort, S
   Hambly, K
   Mudri, S
   Clegg, C
   Moore, M
   Grant, FJ
   Lofton-Day, C
   Gilbert, T
   Raymond, F
   Ching, A
   Yao, L
   Smith, D
   Webster, P
   Whitmore, T
   Maurer, M
   Kaushansky, K
   Holly, RD
   Foster, D
AF Parrish-Novak, J
   Dillon, SR
   Nelson, A
   Hammond, A
   Sprecher, C
   Gross, JA
   Johnston, J
   Madden, K
   Xu, WF
   West, J
   Schrader, S
   Burkhead, S
   Heipel, M
   Brandt, C
   Kuijper, JL
   Kramer, J
   Conklin, D
   Presnell, SR
   Berry, J
   Shiota, F
   Bort, S
   Hambly, K
   Mudri, S
   Clegg, C
   Moore, M
   Grant, FJ
   Lofton-Day, C
   Gilbert, T
   Raymond, F
   Ching, A
   Yao, L
   Smith, D
   Webster, P
   Whitmore, T
   Maurer, M
   Kaushansky, K
   Holly, RD
   Foster, D
TI Interleukin 21 and its receptor are involved in NK cell expansion and regulation of lymphocyte function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-killer-cells; mpl cytoplasmic domain; c-mpl; signal; superfamily; ligand; cd40; progenitor; cytokines; location
AB Cytokines are important in the regulation of haematopoiesis and immune responses, and can influence lymphocyte development. Here we have identified a class I cytokine receptor that is selectively expressed in lymphoid tissues and is capable of signal transduction. The full-length receptor was expressed in BaF3 cells, which created a functional assay for ligand detection and cloning. Conditioned media from activated human CD3(+) T cells supported proliferation of the assay cell line. We constructed a complementary DNA expression library from activated human CD3+ T cells, and identified a cytokine with a four-helix-bundle structure using functional cloning. This cytokine is most closely related to IL2 and IL15, and has been designated IL21 with the receptor designated IL21R. In vitro assays suggest that IL21 has a role in the proliferation and maturation of natural killer (NK) cell populations from bone marrow, in the proliferation of mature B-cell populations co-stimulated with anti-CD40, and in the proliferation of T cells co-stimulated with anti-CD3.
C1 Zymogenet Inc, Dept Funct Cloning, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
   Zymogenet Inc, Dept Immunol, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
   Zymogenet Inc, Dept Prot Biochem, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
   Zymogenet Inc, Dept Biol Informat, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
   Zymogenet Inc, Dept Genet, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Med, Div Hematol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Zymogenet Inc.; Zymogenet Inc.; Zymogenet Inc.; Zymogenet Inc.; Zymogenet Inc.; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Foster, D (corresponding author), Zymogenet Inc, Dept Funct Cloning, 1201 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
NR 29
TC 1029
Z9 1297
U1 3
U2 74
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 57
EP 63
DI 10.1038/35040504
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400048
PM 11081504
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krakauer, DC
   Mira, A
AF Krakauer, DC
   Mira, A
TI Reproductive biology - Mitochondria and the death of oocytes - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Inst Adv Study, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 Institute for Advanced Study - USA; University of Arizona
RP Krakauer, DC (corresponding author), Inst Adv Study, Olden Lane, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
NR 4
TC 12
Z9 14
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 501
EP 501
DI 10.1038/35000654
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lanzetti, L
   Rybin, V
   Malabarba, MG
   Christoforidis, S
   Scita, G
   Zerial, M
   Di Fiore, PP
AF Lanzetti, L
   Rybin, V
   Malabarba, MG
   Christoforidis, S
   Scita, G
   Zerial, M
   Di Fiore, PP
TI The Eps8 protein coordinates EGF receptor signalling through Rac and trafficking through Rab5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gtpase-activating proteins; endocytic pathway; binding-protein; sh3 domain; growth; kinase; substrate; fusion; e3b1
AB How epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling is linked to EGFR trafficking is largely unknown. Signalling and trafficking involve small GTPases of the Rho and Rab families, respectively. But it remains unknown whether the signalling relying on these two classes of GTPases is integrated, and, if it is, what molecular machinery is involved. Here we report that the protein Eps8 connects these signalling pathways. Eps8 is a substrate of the EGFR(1), which is held in a complex with Sos1 by the adaptor protein E3b1 (ref. 2), thereby mediating activation of Rac(2). Through its src homology-3 domain, Eps8 interacts with RN-tre(3). We show that RN-tre is a Rab5 GTPase-activating protein, whose activity is regulated by the EGFR. By entering in a complex with Eps8, RN-tre acts on Rab5 and inhibits internalization of the EGFR. Furthermore, RN-tre diverts Eps8 from its Rac-activating function, resulting in the attenuation of Rac signalling. Thus, depending on its state of association with E3b1 or RN-tre, Eps8 participates in both EGFR signalling through Rac, and trafficking through Rab5.
C1 European Inst Oncol, Dept Expt Oncol, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   FIRC Inst Mol Oncol, IFOM, I-20134 Milan, Italy.
C3 IRCCS European Institute of Oncology (IEO); European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Max Planck Society; IFOM - FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology
RP Di Fiore, PP (corresponding author), European Inst Oncol, Dept Expt Oncol, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
NR 24
TC 243
Z9 300
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 374
EP 377
DI 10.1038/35042605
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000049
PM 11099046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tatsuo, H
   Ono, N
   Tanaka, K
   Yanagi, Y
AF Tatsuo, H
   Ono, N
   Tanaka, K
   Yanagi, Y
TI SLAM (CDw150) is a cellular receptor for measles virus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID differential down-regulation; activation molecule slam; human b-lymphocytes; wild-type; cd46; protein; hemagglutinin; proliferation; glycoprotein; strains
AB Measles virus continues to be a major killer of children, claiming roughly one million lives a year(1). Measles virus infection causes profound immunosuppression, which makes measles patients susceptible to secondary infections accounting for high morbidity and mortality(2). The Edmonston strain of measles virus, and vaccine strains derived from it, use as a cellular receptor human CD46 (refs 3, 4), which is expressed on all nucleated cells; however, most clinical isolates of measles virus cannot use CD46 as a receptor(5). Here we show that human SLAM (signalling lymphocyte-activation molecule; also known as CDw150), a recently discovered membrane glycoprotein expressed on some T and B cells(6), is a cellular receptor for measles virus, including the Edmonston strain. Transfection with a human SLAM complementary DNA enables non-susceptible cell lines to bind measles virus, support measles virus replication and develop cytopathic effects. The distribution of SLAM on various cell lines is consistent with their susceptibility to clinical isolates of measles virus. The identification of SLAM as a receptor for measles virus opens the way to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of measles virus infection, especially the immunosuppression induced by measles virus.
C1 Kyushu Univ, Fac Med, Dept Virol, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
C3 Kyushu University
RP Yanagi, Y (corresponding author), Kyushu Univ, Fac Med, Dept Virol, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
NR 30
TC 887
Z9 1021
U1 2
U2 56
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 893
EP 897
DI 10.1038/35022579
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600045
PM 10972291
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, YJ
   Gao, JH
   Liu, HL
   Fox, PT
AF Liu, YJ
   Gao, JH
   Liu, HL
   Fox, PT
TI The temporal response of the brain after eating revealed by functional MRI
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID positron-emission-tomography; taste perception; hypothalamus; satiation; cortex; humans; food
AB After eating, the human brain senses a biochemical change and then signals satiation, but precisely when this occurs is unknown. Even for well-established physiological systems like glucose-insulin regulation, the timing of interaction between hormonal processes and neural events is inferred mostly from blood sampling(1-6). Recently, neuroimaging studies have provided in vivo information about the neuroanatomical correlates of the regulation of energy intake(7-10). Temporal orchestration of such systems, however, is crucial to the integration of neuronal and hormonal signals that control eating behaviour(11). The challenge of this functional magnetic resonance imaging study is to map not only where but also when the brain will respond after food ingestion. Here we use a temporal clustering analysis technique to demonstrate that eating-related neural activity peaks at two different times with distinct localization. Importantly, the differentiated responses are interacting with an internal signal, the plasma insulin. These results support the concept of temporal parcellation of brain activity(12), which reflects the different natures of stimuli and responses. Moreover, this study provides a neuroimaging basis for detecting dynamic processes without prior knowledge of their timing, such as the acute effects of medication and nutrition in the brain.
C1 Univ Florida, Dept Psychiat, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.
   Univ Florida, Inst Brain, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.
   Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Res Imaging Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA.
   Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Physiol, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio; University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio
RP Liu, YJ (corresponding author), Univ Florida, Dept Psychiat, 100 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.
EM yijunliu@ufl.edu; gao@uthscsa.edu
NR 30
TC 236
Z9 270
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1058
EP 1062
DI 10.1038/35016590
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700047
PM 10890447
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, GQ
   Chen, KS
   Knox, J
   Inglis, J
   Bernard, A
   Martin, SJ
   Justice, A
   McConlogue, L
   Games, D
   Freedman, SB
   Morris, RGM
AF Chen, GQ
   Chen, KS
   Knox, J
   Inglis, J
   Bernard, A
   Martin, SJ
   Justice, A
   McConlogue, L
   Games, D
   Freedman, SB
   Morris, RGM
TI A learning deficit related to age and β-amyloid plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID precursor protein; transgenic mice; memory; pathology; rats
AB ;Mice that overexpress the human mutant amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) show learning deficits, but the apparent lack of a relationship between these deficits and the progressive beta -amyloid plaque formation that the hAPP mice display is puzzling. In the water maze(1), hAPP mice are impaired before and after amyloid plaque deposition(2-7). Here we show, using a new water-maze training protocol, that PDAPP mice(8) also exhibit a separate age-related deficit in learning a series of spatial locations. This impairment correlates with b-amyloid plaque burden and is shown in both cross-sectional and longitudinal experimental designs. Cued navigation and object-recognition memory are normal. These findings indicate that Ab overexpression and/or Ab plaques are associated with disturbed cognitive function and, importantly, suggest that some but not all forms of learning and memory are suitable behavioural assays of the progressive cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer's-disease-type pathologies.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Dept Neurosci, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Elan Pharmaceut, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 University of Edinburgh; Perrigo Company PLC; Perrigo Company PLC North America
RP Morris, RGM (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Dept Neurosci, 1 George Sq, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 28
TC 651
Z9 754
U1 3
U2 56
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 975
EP 979
DI 10.1038/35050103
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100050
PM 11140684
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barsbold, R
   Currie, PJ
   Myhrvold, NP
   Osmólska, H
   Tsogtbaatar, K
   Watabe, M
AF Barsbold, R
   Currie, PJ
   Myhrvold, NP
   Osmólska, H
   Tsogtbaatar, K
   Watabe, M
TI A pygostyle from a non-avian theropod - The independent evolution of a bird-like tail has been discovered in an oviraptorosaur.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-america
C1 Mongolian Acad Sci, Inst Geol, Ulan Bator 210351, Mongolia.
   Royal Tyrrell Museum Palaeontol, Drumheller, AB T0J 0Y0, Canada.
   Microsoft Corp, Redmond, WA 98052 USA.
   Polish Acad Sci, Inst Paleobiol, PL-00818 Warsaw, Poland.
   Hayashibara Museum Nat Sci, Okayama 7000907, Japan.
C3 Mongolian Academy of Sciences; Microsoft; Polish Academy of Sciences; Institute of Paleobiology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
RP Barsbold, R (corresponding author), Mongolian Acad Sci, Inst Geol, Ulan Bator 210351, Mongolia.
NR 11
TC 42
Z9 48
U1 2
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 155
EP 156
DI 10.1038/35003103
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300039
PM 10646588
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Qian, H
   Ricklefs, RE
AF Qian, H
   Ricklefs, RE
TI Large-scale processes and the Asian bias in species diversity of temperate plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID northern hemisphere; biogeography; richness; tertiary; america; origin
AB An important issue in the study of biodiversity is the extent to which global patterns of species richness reflect large-scale processes and historical contingencies(1,2). Ecological interactions in local assemblages may constrain the number of species that can coexist(3,4), but differences in diversity in similar habitats within different regions (diversity anomalies) suggest that this limit is not firm. Variation in rate of species production could influence regional and perhaps local diversity independently of the ecological capacity of an area to support coexisting species, thereby creating diversity anomalies(5,6). Temperate Zone genera of plants that are disjunct between similar environments in eastern Asia and eastern North America (EAS-ENA) have twice as many species in Asia as in North America(7). Because lineages of these genera in Asia and North America are mostly sister pairs(8), they share a common history of adaptation and ecological relationship before disjunction. Thus, the diversity anomaly in EAS-ENA genera is not an artefact of taxon or habitat sampling but reflects differences in the net diversification (speciation-extinction) of the lineages in each of the continents. Here we propose that the most probable cause of the EAS-ENA anomaly in diversity is the extreme physiographical heterogeneity of temperate eastern Asia, especially compared with eastern North America, which in conjunction with climate and sea-level change has provided abundant opportunities for evolutionary radiation through allopatric speciation.
C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63121 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Forest Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
C3 University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Saint Louis; University of British Columbia
RP Ricklefs, RE (corresponding author), Univ Missouri, Dept Biol, 8001 Nat Bridge Rd, St Louis, MO 63121 USA.
NR 34
TC 569
Z9 635
U1 3
U2 191
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 180
EP 182
DI 10.1038/35025052
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000046
PM 11001054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI A storm over steroids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 126
EP 126
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000014
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, LJ
   Kuzmich, A
   Dogariu, A
AF Wang, LJ
   Kuzmich, A
   Dogariu, A
TI Gain-assisted superluminal light propagation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electromagnetically induced transparency; pulse-propagation; group-velocity; atomic gas; vapor; laser
AB Einstein's theory of special relativity and the principle of causality(1-4) imply that the speed of any moving object cannot exceed that of light in a vacuum (c). Nevertheless, there exist various proposals(5-18) for observing faster-than-c propagation of light pulses, using anomalous dispersion near an absorption line(4,6-8), nonlinear(9) and linear gain lines(10-18), or tunnelling barriers(19). However, in all previous experimental demonstrations, the light pulses experienced either very large absorption(7) or severe reshaping(9,19), resulting in controversies over the interpretation. Here we use gain-assisted linear anomalous dispersion to demonstrate superluminal light propagation in atomic caesium gas. The group velocity of a laser pulse in this region exceeds c and can even become negative(16,17), while the shape of the pulse is preserved. We measure a group-velocity index of n(g) = -310(+/-5); in practice, this means that a light pulse propagating through the atomic vapour cell appears at the exit side so much earlier than if it had propagated the same distance in a vacuum that the peak of the pulse appears to leave the cell before entering it. The observed superluminal light pulse propagation is not at odds with causality, being a direct consequence of classical interference between its different frequency components in an anomalous dispersion region.
C1 NEC Res Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
C3 NEC Corporation
RP Wang, LJ (corresponding author), NEC Res Inst, 4 Independence Way, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
NR 25
TC 1258
Z9 1357
U1 2
U2 130
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 277
EP 279
DI 10.1038/35018520
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900041
PM 10917523
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kondo, M
   Scherer, DC
   Miyamoto, T
   King, AG
   Akashi, K
   Sugamura, K
   Weissman, IL
AF Kondo, M
   Scherer, DC
   Miyamoto, T
   King, AG
   Akashi, K
   Sugamura, K
   Weissman, IL
TI Cell-fate conversion of lymphoid-committed progenitors by instructive actions of cytokines
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor-gamma-chain; mouse bone-marrow; il-2 receptor; signal-transduction; beta-chain; stem-cells; erythropoietin receptor; interleukin-2 receptor; myelogenous leukemia; gene rearrangement
AB The primary role of cytokines in haemato-lymphopoiesis is thought to be the regulation of cell growth and survival(1-3). But the instructive action of cytokines in haematopoiesis has not been well addressed(4). Here we show that a clonogenic common lymphoid progenitor(5), a bone marrow-resident cell that gives rise exclusively to lymphocytes (T, B and natural killer cells), can be redirected to the myeloid lineage by stimulation through exogenously expressed interleukin (IL)-2 and GM-CSF (granulocyte/ macrophage colony-stimulating factor) receptors. Analysis of mutants of the beta-chain of the IL-2 receptor revealed that the granulocyte- and monocyte-differentiation signals are triggered by different cytoplasmic domains, showing that the signalling pathway(s) responsible for these unique developmental outcomes are separable. Finally, we show that the endogenous myelomonocytic cytokine receptors for GM-CSF and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) are expressed at low to moderate levels on the more primitive haematopoietic stem cells, are absent on common lymphoid progenitors, and are upregulated after myeloid lineage induction by IL-2. We conclude that cytokine signalling can regulate cell-fate decisions and propose that a critical step in lymphoid commitment is downregulation of cytokine receptors that drive myeloid cell development.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Pathol, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Dev Biol, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Tohoku Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Sendai, Miyagi 9808575, Japan.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Tohoku University
RP Kondo, M (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Pathol, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM motonari.kondo@stanford.edu
NR 28
TC 309
Z9 378
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 383
EP 386
DI 10.1038/35030112
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700048
PM 11014194
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van den Engh, G
   Nelson, P
   Roach, J
AF van den Engh, G
   Nelson, P
   Roach, J
TI Analytical dynamics - Numismatic gyrations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Inst Syst Biol, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Bioengn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA.
C3 Institute for Systems Biology (ISB); University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP van den Engh, G (corresponding author), Inst Syst Biol, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
NR 0
TC 33
Z9 34
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 540
EP 540
DI 10.1038/35046209
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600105
PM 11117733
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Imamizu, H
   Miyauchi, S
   Tamada, T
   Sasaki, Y
   Takino, R
   Pütz, B
   Yoshioka, T
   Kawato, M
AF Imamizu, H
   Miyauchi, S
   Tamada, T
   Sasaki, Y
   Takino, R
   Pütz, B
   Yoshioka, T
   Kawato, M
TI Human cerebellar activity reflecting an acquired internal model of a new tool
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocular following responses; temporal firing patterns; purkinje-cells; ventral paraflocculus; complex spikes; human brain; activation; movement; monkeys; adaptation
AB Theories of motor control postulate that the brain uses internal models of the body to control movements accurately. Internal models are neural representations of how, for instance, the arm would respond to a neural command, given its current position and velocity(1-6), Previous studies have shown that the cerebellar cortex can acquire internal models through motor learning(7-11). Because the human cerebellum is involved in higher cognitive function(12-15) as well as in motor control, we propose a coherent computational theory in which the phylogenetically newer part of the cerebellum similarly acquires internal models of objects in the external world. While human subjects learned to use a new tool (a computer mouse with a novel rotational transformation), cerebellar activity was measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging, As predicted by our theory, two types of activity were observed. One was spread over wide areas of the cerebellum and was precisely proportional to the error signal that guides the acquisition of internal models during learning. The other was confined to the area near the posterior superior fissure and remained even after learning, when the error levels had been equalized, thus probably reflecting an acquired internal model of the new tool.
C1 JST ERATO Kawato Dynam brain Project, Seika, Kyoto 6190288, Japan.
   Commun Res Lab, Nishi Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6512401, Japan.
   Shiraume Gakuen Coll, Kodaira, Tokyo 1878570, Japan.
   ATR Human Informat Proc Res Labs, Seika, Kyoto 6190288, Japan.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); National Institute of Information & Communications Technology (NICT) - Japan
RP Imamizu, H (corresponding author), JST ERATO Kawato Dynam brain Project, 2-2 Hikaridai, Seika, Kyoto 6190288, Japan.
NR 30
TC 748
Z9 848
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 192
EP 195
DI 10.1038/35003194
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300054
PM 10646603
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Millonig, JH
   Millen, KJ
   Hatten, ME
AF Millonig, JH
   Millen, KJ
   Hatten, ME
TI The mouse Dreher gene Lmx1a controls formation of the roof plate in the vertebrate CNS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mutant mouse; lim domain; protein; cells; expression
AB In the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), a cascade of signals that originates in the ectoderm adjacent to the neural tube is propagated by the roof plate to dorsalize the neural tube(1). Here we report that the phenotype of the spontaneous neurological mutant mouse dreher (dr)(2-5) results from a failure of the roof plate to develop. Dorsalization of the neural tube is consequently affected: dorsal interneurons in the spinal cord and granule neurons in the cerebellar cortex are lost, and the dorsal vertebral neural arches fail to form. Positional cloning of dreher indicates that the LIM homeodomain protein, Lmx1a, is affected in three different alleles of dreher. Lmx1a is expressed in the roof plate dong the neuraxis during development of the CNS. Thus, Lmx1a is required for development of the roof plate and, in turn, for specification of dorsal cell fates in the CNS and developing vertebrae.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Dev Neurobiol Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP Hatten, ME (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Dev Neurobiol Lab, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 25
TC 225
Z9 262
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 764
EP 769
DI 10.1038/35001573
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100051
PM 10693804
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lavender, KL
   Davis, RE
   Owens, WB
AF Lavender, KL
   Davis, RE
   Owens, WB
TI Mid-depth recirculation observed in the interior Labrador and Irminger seas by direct velocity measurements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eastern north-atlantic; water; circulation
AB The Labrador Sea is one of the sites where convection exports surface water to the deep ocean in winter as part of the thermohaline circulation. Labrador Sea water is characteristically cold and fresh, and it can be traced at intermediate depths (500-2,000 m) across the North Atlantic Ocean, to the south and to the east of the Labrador Sea(1-3). Widespread observations of the ocean currents that lead to this distribution of Labrador Sea water have, however, been difficult and therefore scarce. We have used more than 200 subsurface floats to measure directly basin-wide horizontal velocities at various depths in the Labrador and Irminger seas. We observe unanticipated recirculations of the mid-depth (similar to 700 m) cyclonic boundary currents in both basins, leading to an anticyclonic flow in the interior of the Labrador basin. About 40% of the floats from the region of deep convection left the basin within one year and were rapidly transported in the anticyclonic flow to the Irminger basin, and also eastwards into the subpolar gyre. Surprisingly, the float tracks did not clearly depict the deep western boundary current, which is the expected main pathway of Labrador Sea water in the thermohaline circulation. Rather, the flow along the boundary near Flemish Cap is dominated by eddies that transport water offshore. Our detailed observations of the velocity structure with a high data coverage suggest that we may have to revise our picture of the formation and spreading of Labrador Sea water, and future studies with similar instrumentation will allow new insights on the intermediate depth ocean circulation.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Lavender, KL (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM klavender@ucsd.edu
NR 21
TC 258
Z9 273
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 66
EP 69
DI 10.1038/35024048
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000041
PM 10993072
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI Collaborations prepare to untangle the circuitry of the brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 545
EP 546
DI 10.1038/35020199
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000053
PM 10952319
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Misteli, T
   Gunjan, A
   Hock, R
   Bustin, M
   Brown, DT
AF Misteli, T
   Gunjan, A
   Hock, R
   Bustin, M
   Brown, DT
TI Dynamic binding of histone H1 to chromatin in living cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID variant overexpression; in-vivo; acetylation; phosphorylation; proteins; exchange; cycle; basal
AB The linker histone H1 is believed to be involved in chromatin organization by stabilizing higher-order chromatin structure(1-3). Histone H1 is generally viewed as a repressor of transcription as it prevents the access of transcription factors and chromatin remodelling complexes to DNA(4-6). Determining the binding properties of histone H1 to chromatin in vivo is central to understanding how it exerts these functions. We have used photobleaching techniques to measure the dynamic binding of histone H1-GFP to unperturbed chromatin in living cells. Here we show that almost the entire population of H1-GFP is bound to chromatin at any one time; however, H1-GFP is exchanged continuously between chromatin regions. The residence time of H1-GFP on chromatin between exchange events is several minutes in both euchromatin and heterochromatin. In addition to the mobile fraction, we detected a kinetically distinct, less mobile fraction. After hyperacetylation of core histones, the residence time of H1-GFP is reduced, suggesting a higher rate of exchange upon chromatin remodelling. These results support a model in which linker histones bind dynamically to chromatin in a stop-and-go mode.
C1 NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Jackson, MS 39216 USA.
   Univ Wurzburg, Bioctr, D-97070 Wurzburg, Germany.
   NCI, NIH, Mol Biol Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); University of Mississippi Medical Center; University of Mississippi; University of Wurzburg; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Misteli, T (corresponding author), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM mistelit@mail.nih.gov
NR 29
TC 516
Z9 610
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 877
EP 881
DI 10.1038/35048610
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300055
PM 11130729
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hyde, WT
   Crowley, TJ
   Baum, SK
   Peltier, WR
AF Hyde, WT
   Crowley, TJ
   Baum, SK
   Peltier, WR
TI Neoproterozoic 'snowball Earth' simulations with a coupled climate/ice-sheet model
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID general-circulation model; ice-age; snowline instability; sea-level; glaciation; record; geography; tectonics; paradox; history
AB Ice sheets may have reached the Equator in the late Proterozoic era (600-800 Myr ago), according to geological and palaeomagnetic studies, possibly resulting in a 'snowball Earth'. But this period was a critical time in the evolution of multicellular animals, posing the question of how early life survived under such environmental stress. Here we present computer simulations of this unusual climate stage with a coupled climate/ice-sheet model. To simulate a snowball Earth, we use only a reduction in the solar constant compared to present-day conditions and we keep atmospheric CO2 concentrations near present levels. We rnd rapid transitions into and out of full glaciation that are consistent with the geological evidence. When we combine these results with a general circulation model, some of the simulations result in an equatorial belt of open water that may have provided a refugium for multicellular animals.
C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
C3 Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; University of Toronto
RP Hyde, WT (corresponding author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
EM hyde@rossby.tamu.edu
NR 49
TC 387
Z9 456
U1 5
U2 183
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 425
EP 429
DI 10.1038/35013005
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000039
PM 10839531
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luo, JY
   Su, F
   Chen, DL
   Shiloh, A
   Gu, W
AF Luo, JY
   Su, F
   Chen, DL
   Shiloh, A
   Gu, W
TI Deacetylation of p53 modulates its effect on cell growth and apoptosis (Publication with Expression of Concern. See FEB, 2026)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Publication with Expression of Concern
ID metastasis-associated gene; histone deacetylase; transcriptional activation; terminal domain; dna methylation; complex; mta1; overexpression; acetylation; repression
AB The p53 tumour suppressor is a transcriptional factor whose activity is modulated by protein stability and post-translational modifications including acetylation(1-4). The mechanism by which acetylated p53 is maintained in vivo remains unclear. Here we show that the deacetylation of p53 is mediated by an histone deacetylase-1 (HDAC1)-containing complex. We have also purified a p53 target protein in the deacetylase complexes (designated PID; but identical to metastasis-associated protein 2 (MTA2)), which has been identified as a component of the NuRD complex(5-7). PID specifically interacts with p53 both in vitro and in vivo, and its expression reduces significantly the steady-state levels of acetylated p53. PID expression strongly represses p53-dependent transcriptional activation, and, notably, it modulates p53-mediated cell growth arrest and apoptosis. These results show that deacetylation and functional interactions by the PID/MTA2-associated NuRD complex may represent an important pathway to regulate p53 function.
C1 Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Inst Canc Genet, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Gu, W (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Inst Canc Genet, 1150 St Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM wg8@columbia.edu
NR 30
TC 708
Z9 858
U1 3
U2 59
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 377
EP 381
DI 10.1038/35042612
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000050
PM 11099047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reinhart, BJ
   Slack, FJ
   Basson, M
   Pasquinelli, AE
   Bettinger, JC
   Rougvie, AE
   Horvitz, HR
   Ruvkun, G
AF Reinhart, BJ
   Slack, FJ
   Basson, M
   Pasquinelli, AE
   Bettinger, JC
   Rougvie, AE
   Horvitz, HR
   Ruvkun, G
TI The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; heterochronic mutants; gene; nematode; protein; lin-14; encodes; switch; region
AB The C. elegans heterochronic gene pathway consists of a cascade of regulatory genes that are temporally controlled to specify the timing of developmental events(1). Mutations in heterochronic genes cause temporal transformations in cell fates in which stage-specific events are omitted or reiterated(2). Here we show that let-7 is a heterochronic switch gene. Loss of let-7 gene activity causes reiteration of larval cell fates during the adult stage, whereas increased let-7 gene dosage causes precocious expression of adult fates during larval stages. let-7 encodes a temporally regulated 21-nucleotide RNA that is complementary to elements in the 3' untranslated regions of the heterochronic genes lin-14, lin-28, lin-41, lin-42 and daf-12, indicating that expression of these genes may be directly controlled by let-7. A reporter gene bearing the lin-41 3' untranslated region is temporally regulated in a let-7-dependent manner. A second regulatory RNA, lin-4, negatively regulates lin-14 and lin-28 through RNA-RNA interactions with their 3' untranslated regions(3,4). We propose that the sequential stage-specific expression of the lin-4 and let-7 regulatory RNAs triggers transitions in the complement of heterochronic regulatory proteins to coordinate developmental timing.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Genet Cell Biol & Dev, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Ruvkun, G (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
FU NIAMS NIH HHS [P30 AR046032] Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 3563
Z9 4906
U1 12
U2 585
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 901
EP 906
DI 10.1038/35002607
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200060
PM 10706289
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stover, CK
   Pham, XQ
   Erwin, AL
   Mizoguchi, SD
   Warrener, P
   Hickey, MJ
   Brinkman, FSL
   Hufnagle, WO
   Kowalik, DJ
   Lagrou, M
   Garber, RL
   Goltry, L
   Tolentino, E
   Westbrock-Wadman, S
   Yuan, Y
   Brody, LL
   Coulter, SN
   Folger, KR
   Kas, A
   Larbig, K
   Lim, R
   Smith, K
   Spencer, D
   Wong, GKS
   Wu, Z
   Paulsen, IT
   Reizer, J
   Saier, MH
   Hancock, REW
   Lory, S
   Olson, MV
AF Stover, CK
   Pham, XQ
   Erwin, AL
   Mizoguchi, SD
   Warrener, P
   Hickey, MJ
   Brinkman, FSL
   Hufnagle, WO
   Kowalik, DJ
   Lagrou, M
   Garber, RL
   Goltry, L
   Tolentino, E
   Westbrock-Wadman, S
   Yuan, Y
   Brody, LL
   Coulter, SN
   Folger, KR
   Kas, A
   Larbig, K
   Lim, R
   Smith, K
   Spencer, D
   Wong, GKS
   Wu, Z
   Paulsen, IT
   Reizer, J
   Saier, MH
   Hancock, REW
   Lory, S
   Olson, MV
TI Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacterium myxococcus-xanthus; mycobacterium-tuberculosis; twitching motility; escherichia-coli; cystic-fibrosis; chemotaxis; infections; secretion; proteins; genes
AB Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous environmental bacterium that is one of the top three causes of opportunistic human infections. A major factor in its prominence as a pathogen is its intrinsic resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants. Here we report the complete sequence of P. aeruginosa strain PAO1. At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced, and the sequence provides insights into the basis of the versatility and intrinsic drug resistance of P. aeruginosa. Consistent with its larger genome size and environmental adaptability, P. aeruginosa contains the highest proportion of regulatory genes observed for a bacterial genome and a large number of genes involved in the catabolism, transport and efflux of organic compounds as well as four potential chemotaxis systems. We propose that the size and complexity of the P. aeruginosa genome reflect an evolutionary adaptation permitting it to thrive in diverse environments and resist the effects of a variety of antimicrobial substances.
C1 Univ Washington, Genome Ctr, Dept Med & Genet, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Pathogenesis Corp, Seattle, WA 98119 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
   Hannover Med Sch, Klin Forschergrp, D-30623 Hannover, Germany.
   Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of British Columbia; Hannover Medical School; J. Craig Venter Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Olson, MV (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Genome Ctr, Dept Med & Genet, Box 352145, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM mvo@u.washington.edu
NR 44
TC 3579
Z9 5787
U1 7
U2 736
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 959
EP 964
DI 10.1038/35023079
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200035
PM 10984043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ringrose, PS
AF Ringrose, PS
TI Bristol-Myers Squibb and microbial disease: Basic science, clinical development, global surveillance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Bristol Myers Squibb Co, New York, NY 10154 USA.
C3 Bristol-Myers Squibb
RP Ringrose, PS (corresponding author), Bristol Myers Squibb Co, New York, NY 10154 USA.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 804
EP 804
DI 10.1038/35021250
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Desai, SA
   Bezrukov, SM
   Zimmerberg, J
AF Desai, SA
   Bezrukov, SM
   Zimmerberg, J
TI A voltage-dependent channel involved in nutrient uptake by red blood cells infected with the malaria parasite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasmodium-falciparum; transport; membrane; erythrocytes; permeation; culture
AB Growth of the malaria parasite in human red blood cells (RBCs) is accompanied by an increased uptake of many solutes including anions(1), sugars(2), purines(3), amino acids(4) and organic cations(5). Although the pharmacological properties and selectivity of this uptake suggest that a chloride channel is involved, the precise mechanism has not been identified. Moreover, the location of this uptake in the infected RBC is unknown because tracer studies are complicated by possible uptake through fluid-phase pinocytosis(6) or membranous ducts(7). Here we have studied the permeability of infected RBCs using the whole-cell voltage-clamp method. With this method, uninfected RBCs had ohmic whole-cell conductances of less than 100 pS, consistent with their low tracer permeabilities(8). In contrast, trophozoite-infected RBCs exhibited voltage-dependent, non-saturating currents that were 150-fold larger, predominantly carried by anions and abruptly abolished by channel blockers. Patch-clamp measurements and spectral analysis confirmed that a small (<10 pS) ion channel on the infected RBC surface, present at about 1,000 copies per cell, is responsible for these currents. Because its pharmacological properties and substrate selectivities match those seen with tracer studies, this channel accounts for the increased uptake of small solutes in infected RBCs. The surface location of this new channel and its permeability to organic solutes needed for parasite growth indicate that it may have a primary role in a sequential diffusive pathway for parasite nutrient acquisition.
C1 NIAID, Parasit Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NICHD, Lab Phys & Struct Biol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NICHD, Lab Cellular & Mol Biophys, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
RP Desai, SA (corresponding author), NIAID, Parasit Dis Lab, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM sdesai@niaid.nih.gov
FU Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 AI000882] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 229
Z9 258
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 1001
EP 1005
DI 10.1038/35023000
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200047
PM 10984055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shigenobu, S
   Watanabe, H
   Hattori, M
   Sakaki, Y
   Ishikawa, H
AF Shigenobu, S
   Watanabe, H
   Hattori, M
   Sakaki, Y
   Ishikawa, H
TI Genome sequence of the endocellular bacterial symbiont of aphids Buchnera sp APS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-secretion system; endosymbiotic bacteria; acyrthosiphon-pisum; genes
AB Almost all aphid species (Homoptera, Insecta) have 60-80 huge cells called bacteriocytes, within which are round-shaped bacteria that are designated Buchnera(1). These bacteria are maternally transmitted to eggs and embryos through host generations, and the mutualism between the host and the bacteria is so obligate that neither can reproduce independently(2). Buchnera is a close relative of Escherichia coli(3), but it contains more than 100 genomic copies per cell(4), and its genome size is only a seventh of that of E. coli(5). Here we report the complete genome sequence of Buchnera sp. strain APS, which is composed of one 640,681-base-pair chromosome and two small plasmids. There are genes for the biosyntheses of amino acids essential for the hosts in the genome, but those for non-essential amino acids are missing, indicating complementarity and syntrophy between the host and the symbiont. In addition, Buchnera lacks genes for the biosynthesis of cell-surface components, including lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids, regulator genes and genes involved in defence of the cell. These results indicate that Buchnera is completely symbiotic and viable only in its limited niche, the bacteriocyte.
C1 RIKEN, Genome Sci Ctr, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2288555, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Ctr Human Genome, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
C3 RIKEN; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo
RP Sakaki, Y (corresponding author), RIKEN, Genome Sci Ctr, Kitasato 1-15-1, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2288555, Japan.
EM sakai@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp; iskw@biol.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 1065
Z9 1790
U1 4
U2 211
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 81
EP 86
DI 10.1038/35024074
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000046
PM 10993077
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rea, S
   Eisenhaber, F
   O'Carroll, N
   Strahl, BD
   Sun, ZW
   Schmid, M
   Opravil, S
   Mechtler, K
   Ponting, CP
   Allis, CD
   Jenuwein, T
AF Rea, S
   Eisenhaber, F
   O'Carroll, N
   Strahl, BD
   Sun, ZW
   Schmid, M
   Opravil, S
   Mechtler, K
   Ponting, CP
   Allis, CD
   Jenuwein, T
TI Regulation of chromatin structure by site-specific histone H3 methyltransferases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID position-effect variegation; heterochromatin-associated protein; group gene enhancer; fission yeast; drosophila heterochromatin; chromosome condensation; mammalian homologs; domain; centromere; mutations
AB The organization of chromatin into higher-order structures influences chromosome function and epigenetic gene regulation. Higher-order chromatin has been proposed to be nucleated by the covalent modification of histone tails and the subsequent establishment of chromosomal subdomains by non-histone modifier factors. Here we show that human SUV39H1 and murine Suv39h1-mammalian homologues of Drosophila Su(var)3-9 and of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cir4-encode histone H3-specific methyltransferases that selectively methylate lysine 9 of the amino terminus of histone H3 in vitro. We mapped the catalytic motif to the evolutionarily conserved SET domain, which requires adjacent cysteine-rich regions to confer histone methyltransferase activity. Methylation of lysine 9 interferes with phosphorylation of serine 10, but is also influenced by preexisting modifications in the amino terminus of H3. In vivo, deregulated SUV39H1 or disrupted Suv39h activity modulate H3 serine 10 phosphorylation in native chromatin and induce aberrant mitotic divisions. Our data reveal a functional interdependence of site-specific H3 tail modifications and suggest a dynamic mechanism for the regulation of higher-order chromatin.
C1 Vienna Bioctr, Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Virginia, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Human Anat & Genet, MRC, Funct Genet Unit, Oxford OX1 3QX, England.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP); University of Virginia; University of Oxford
RP Jenuwein, T (corresponding author), Vienna Bioctr, Res Inst Mol Pathol, Dr Bohrgasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
EM jenuwein@nt.imp.univie.ac.at
NR 49
TC 2249
Z9 2887
U1 2
U2 277
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 593
EP 599
DI 10.1038/35020506
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800038
PM 10949293
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vokrouhlicky, D
   Farinella, P
AF Vokrouhlicky, D
   Farinella, P
TI Efficient delivery of meteorites to the Earth from a wide range of asteroid parent bodies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ray exposure ages; ordinary chondrites; collisional history; iron-meteorites; fragments; body; resonances; belt; howardite; eucrite
AB Almost all meteorites come from asteroids, but identifying their specific parent bodies, and modelling their transport to the Earth, has proved to be difficult(1,2). The usual model(1,3,4) of delivery through orbital resonances with the major planets(5,6) has recently been shown(7-10) to deplete the supply of meteorites much too rapidly to explain either the observed flux at the Earth, or the length of time the meteorites have spent in space (as measured by cosmic-ray exposure ages). Independently, it has been found that a force arising from anisotropically emitted thermal radiation from asteroidal fragments (the 'Yarkovsky effect') influences the fragments' orbits in important ways(11-14). Here we report the results of a detailed model for the transport of meteorites to the Earth, which includes the Yarkovsky effect and collisional evolution of the asteroidal fragments. We rnd that the Yarkovsky effect significantly increases the efficiency of the delivery of meteorites to the Earth, while at the same time allowing a much wider range of asteroids to contribute to the flux of meteorites. Our model also reproduces the observed distribution(15,16) of cosmic-ray exposure ages of stony meteorites.
C1 Charles Univ, Inst Astron, CR-18000 Prague, Czech Republic.
   Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Astron, Trieste, Italy.
C3 Charles University Prague; University of Trieste
RP Vokrouhlicky, D (corresponding author), Charles Univ, Inst Astron, Holesovickach 2, CR-18000 Prague, Czech Republic.
NR 29
TC 98
Z9 106
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 606
EP 608
DI 10.1038/35036528
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800039
PM 11034203
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watson, AJ
   Bakker, DCE
   Ridgwell, AJ
   Boyd, PW
   Law, CS
AF Watson, AJ
   Bakker, DCE
   Ridgwell, AJ
   Boyd, PW
   Law, CS
TI Effect of iron supply on Southern Ocean CO2 uptake and implications for glacial atmospheric CO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID equatorial pacific-ocean; fertilization experiment; model; phytoplankton; productivity; deposition; sediments; maximum; climate; growth
AB Photosynthesis by marine phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean, and the associated uptake of carbon, is thought to be currently limited by the availability of iron(1,2). One implication of this limitation is that a larger iron supply to the region in glacial times(3) could have stimulated algal photosynthesis, leading to lower concentrations of atmospheric CO2. Similarly, it has been proposed that artificial iron fertilization of the oceans might increase future carbon sequestration. Here we report data from a whole-ecosystem test of the iron-limitation hypothesis in the Southern Ocean(4), which show that surface uptake of atmospheric CO2 and uptake ratios of silica to carbon by phytoplankton were strongly influenced by nanomolar increases of iron concentration. We use these results to inform a model of global carbon and ocean nutrients, forced with atmospheric iron fluxes to the region derived from the Vostok(3) ice-core dust record. During glacial periods, predicted magnitudes and timings of atmospheric CO2 changes match ice-core records well. At glacial terminations, the model suggests that forcing of Southern Ocean biota by iron caused the initial similar to 40 p. p. m. of glacial-interglacial CO2 change, but other mechanisms must have accounted for the remaining 40 p. p. m. increase. The experiment also confirms that modest sequestration of atmospheric CO2 by artificial additions of iron to the Southern Ocean is in principle possible, although the period and geographical extent over which sequestration would be effective remain poorly known.
C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Univ Otago, NIWA, Ctr Chem & Phys Oceanog, Dept Chem, Dunedin, New Zealand.
   Plymouth Marine Lab, Ctr Coastal & Marine Studies, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England.
C3 University of East Anglia; University of Otago; Earth Sciences New Zealand; National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) - New Zealand; Plymouth Marine Laboratory
RP Watson, AJ (corresponding author), Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
NR 32
TC 372
Z9 424
U1 7
U2 229
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 730
EP 733
DI 10.1038/35037561
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900038
PM 11048716
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Winker, K
AF Winker, K
TI Evolution - Migration and speciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
C3 University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks
RP Winker, K (corresponding author), Univ Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
NR 13
TC 54
Z9 62
U1 1
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 36
EP 36
DI 10.1038/35003651
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100035
PM 10716433
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prinjha, R
   Moore, SE
   Vinson, M
   Blake, S
   Morrow, R
   Christie, G
   Michlovich, D
   Simmons, DL
   Walsh, FS
AF Prinjha, R
   Moore, SE
   Vinson, M
   Blake, S
   Morrow, R
   Christie, G
   Michlovich, D
   Simmons, DL
   Walsh, FS
TI Neurobiology - Inhibitor of neurite outgrowth in humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spinal-cord; growth; myelin; identification; antibody; proteins; gene
C1 SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Neurosci Res, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Bioinformat, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
C3 GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom
RP Prinjha, R (corresponding author), SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Neurosci Res, New Frontiers Sci Pk N,3rd Ave, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
NR 11
TC 487
Z9 635
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 383
EP 384
DI 10.1038/35000287
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100036
PM 10667780
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gwiazda, J
   Ong, E
   Held, R
   Thorn, F
AF Gwiazda, J
   Ong, E
   Held, R
   Thorn, F
TI Vision - Myopia and ambient night-time lighting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 New England Coll Optometry, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
RP Gwiazda, J (corresponding author), New England Coll Optometry, 424 Beacon St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 3
TC 52
Z9 65
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 144
EP 144
DI 10.1038/35004663
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900038
PM 10724158
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gauthier-Clerc, M
   Le Maho, Y
   Clerquin, Y
   Drault, S
   Handrich, Y
AF Gauthier-Clerc, M
   Le Maho, Y
   Clerquin, Y
   Drault, S
   Handrich, Y
TI Ecophysiology - Penguin fathers preserve food for their chicks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID king penguin; aptenodytes-patagonica
C1 CNRS, Ctr Ecol & Physiol Energet, F-67087 Strasbourg 2, France.
   Inst Francais Rech Tecnol Polaire, F-29280 Plouzane, France.
C3 Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Gauthier-Clerc, M (corresponding author), CNRS, Ctr Ecol & Physiol Energet, 23 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg 2, France.
NR 8
TC 44
Z9 47
U1 1
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 928
EP 929
DI 10.1038/35050163
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100035
PM 11140669
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chabanov, AA
   Stoytchev, M
   Genack, AZ
AF Chabanov, AA
   Stoytchev, M
   Genack, AZ
TI Statistical signatures of photon localization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID probability-distribution; anderson localization; intensity correlation; disordered medium; wave-guides; transmission; absorption; resistance; diffusion; transport
AB The realization that electron localization in disordered systems(1) (Anderson localization) is ultimately a wave phenomenon(2,3) has led to the suggestion that photons could be similarly localized by disorder 3. This conjecture attracted wide interest because the differences between photons and electrons-in their interactions, spin statistics, and methods of injection and detection-may open a new realm of optical and microwave phenomena, and allow a detailed study of the Anderson localization transition undisturbed by the Coulomb interaction. To date, claims of three-dimensional photon localization have been based on observations of the exponential decay of the electromagnetic wave(4-8) as it propagates through the disordered medium. But these reports have come under close scrutiny because of the possibility that the decay observed may be due to residual absorption(9-11), and because absorption itself may suppress localization 3. Here we show that the extent of photon localization can be determined by a different approach-measurement of the relative size of fluctuations of certain transmission quantities. The variance of relative fluctuations accurately reflects the extent of localization, even in the presence of absorption. Using this approach, we demonstrate photon localization in both weakly and strongly scattering quasi-one-dimensional dielectric samples and in periodic metallic wire meshes containing metallic scatterers, while ruling it out in three-dimensional mixtures of aluminium spheres.
C1 CUNY Queens Coll, Dept Phys, Flushing, NY 11367 USA.
C3 City University of New York (CUNY) System; Queens College NY (CUNY)
RP Chabanov, AA (corresponding author), CUNY Queens Coll, Dept Phys, Flushing, NY 11367 USA.
NR 30
TC 518
Z9 563
U1 3
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 850
EP 853
DI 10.1038/35009055
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000038
PM 10786786
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jansen, M
   Letschert, HP
AF Jansen, M
   Letschert, HP
TI Inorganic yellow-red pigments without toxic metals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oxynitrides
AB Inorganic pigments have been utilized by mankind since ancient times(1), and are still widely used to colour materials exposed to elevated temperatures during processing or application(2). Indeed, in the case of glasses, glazes and ceramics, there is no alternative to inorganic pigments for colouring. However, most inorganic pigments contain heavy metals or transition metals that can adversely effect the environment and human health if critical levels are exceeded. Cadmium-based pigments in particular are a cause of concern(3) : although the pigments are not toxic due to their very low solubility in water and dilute mineral acids, cadmium itself is toxic and can enter the environment in a bioavailable form through waste-disposal sites and incineration plants(4). This has led to regulations, based on the precautionary principle, that strongly restrict the use of cadmium pigments(5). And even though recent assessments(20,21) have concluded that the risk to humans or the environment might be not as significant as originally feared, a strong demand for inherently safer substitutes remains. Here we demonstrate that solid solutions of the perovskites CaTaO2N and LaTaON2 constitute promising candidates for such substitutes: their brilliance, tinting strength, opacity, dispersability, light-fastness and heat stability rival that of the cadmium pigments, while their colour can be tuned through the desired range, from yellow through orange to deep red, by simple composition adjustments. Because all the constituent elements are harmless, this perovskite-based inorganic pigment system seems a promising replacement that could eliminate one of the sources for cadmium emissions to the environment and some of the remaining concerns about pigment safety.
C1 Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   Degussa Met Catalysts Cerdec, Dmc2, D-60039 Frankfurt, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Evonik Industries
RP Jansen, M (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, Heisenbergstr 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
NR 22
TC 641
Z9 700
U1 5
U2 364
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 980
EP 982
DI 10.1038/35010082
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000051
PM 10801123
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sun, LG
   Xie, ZQ
   Zhao, JL
AF Sun, LG
   Xie, ZQ
   Zhao, JL
TI Palaeoecology - A 3,000-year record of penguin populations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lake-sediments
C1 Univ Sci & Technol China, Inst Polar Environm, Hefei 230026, Anhui, Peoples R China.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science & Technology of China, CAS
RP Sun, LG (corresponding author), Univ Sci & Technol China, Inst Polar Environm, Hefei 230026, Anhui, Peoples R China.
NR 11
TC 185
Z9 253
U1 2
U2 93
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 858
EP 858
DI 10.1038/35038163
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900039
PM 11057656
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU da Silva, JMC
   Tabarelli, M
AF da Silva, JMC
   Tabarelli, M
TI Tree species impoverishment and the future flora of the Atlantic forest of northeast Brazil
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Estimates of species extinction due to human impact on tropical forests have previously been based on the relationship between species number and area(1). Here we use a different approach to estimate loss of tree species in the Atlantic forest of northeast Brazil. We evaluate the characteristics of plant species, their avian dispersers and the distribution of the forest remnants on the landscape to estimate that about 33.9% of tree species in this region will become extinct on a regional scale. Because northeast Brazil is the most threatened sector of South American Atlantic forest(2), our results highlight the need. to change the current conservation paradigm for this region. Rather than focus on the creation of isolated reserves in any medium-to-large forest remnant, a bioregional planning approach is urgently required to rescue this unique biota from extinction.
C1 Univ Fed Pernambuco, Ctr Ciencias Biol, Dept Zool, BR-50670020 Recife, PE, Brazil.
   Univ Fed Pernambuco, Ctr Ciencias Biol, Dept Bot, BR-50670020 Recife, PE, Brazil.
C3 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
RP da Silva, JMC (corresponding author), Univ Fed Pernambuco, Ctr Ciencias Biol, Dept Zool, Av Prof Moraes Rego 1235, BR-50670020 Recife, PE, Brazil.
NR 28
TC 312
Z9 369
U1 0
U2 56
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 72
EP 74
DI 10.1038/35003563
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100046
PM 10716443
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Poizot, P
   Laruelle, S
   Grugeon, S
   Dupont, L
   Tarascon, JM
AF Poizot, P
   Laruelle, S
   Grugeon, S
   Dupont, L
   Tarascon, JM
TI Nano-sized transition-metaloxides as negative-electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tin; li
AB Rechargeable solid-state batteries have long been considered an attractive power source for a wide variety of applications, and in particular, lithium-ion batteries are emerging as the technology of choice for portable electronics. One of the main challenges in the design of these batteries is to ensure that the electrodes maintain their integrity over many discharge-recharge cycles. Although promising electrode systems have recently been proposed(1-7), their lifespans are limited by Li-alloying agglomeration(8) or the growth of passivation layers(9), which prevent the fully reversible insertion of Li ions into the negative electrodes. Here we report that electrodes made of nanoparticles of transition-metal oxides (MO, where M is Co, Ni, Cu or Fe) demonstrate electrochemical capacities of 700 mAh g(-1), with 100% capacity retention for up to 100 cycles and high recharging rates. The mechanism of Li reactivity differs from the classical Li insertion/deinsertion or Li-alloying processes, and involves the formation and decomposition of Li2O, accompanying the reduction and oxidation of metal nanoparticles (in the range 1-5 nanometres) respectively. We expect that the use of transition-metal nanoparticles to enhance surface electrochemical reactivity will lead to further improvements in the performance of lithium-ion batteries.
C1 Univ Picardie, Lab React & Chim Solides, CNRS UPRES A 6007, F-80039 Amiens, France.
C3 Universite de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)
RP Tarascon, JM (corresponding author), Univ Picardie, Lab React & Chim Solides, CNRS UPRES A 6007, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France.
EM Jean-Marie.Tarascon@u-picardie.fr
NR 14
TC 7631
Z9 8327
U1 65
U2 6294
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 496
EP 499
DI 10.1038/35035045
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400045
PM 11028997
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prinzbach, H
   Weller, A
   Landenberger, P
   Wahl, F
   Wörth, J
   Scott, LT
   Gelmont, M
   Olevano, D
   von Issendorff, B
AF Prinzbach, H
   Weller, A
   Landenberger, P
   Wahl, F
   Wörth, J
   Scott, LT
   Gelmont, M
   Olevano, D
   von Issendorff, B
TI Gas-phase production and photoelectron spectroscopy of the smallest fullerene, C20
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon clusters; pagodane route; dodecahedranes; rings; c-36; chains; ions
AB Fullerenes are graphitic cage structures incorporating exactly twelve pentagons(1). The smallest possible fullerene is thus C-20, which consists solely of pentagons. But the extreme curvature and reactivity of this structure have led to doubts about its existence and stability. Although theoretical calculations have identified, besides this cage, a bowl and a monocyclic ring isomer as low-energy members of the C-20 cluster family(2), only ring isomers of C-20 have been observed(3-6) so far. Here we show that the cage-structured fullerene C-20 can be produced from its perhydrogenated form (dodecahedrane C20H20) by replacing the hydrogen atoms bwith relatively weakly bound bromine atoms, followed by gasphase debromination. For comparison we have also produced the bowl isomer of C-20 using the same procedure. We characterize the generated C-20 clusters using mass-selective anion photoelectron spectroscopy; the observed electron affinities and vibrational structures of these two C-20 isomers differ significantly from each other, as well as from those of the known monocyclic isomer. We expect that these unique C-20 species will serve as a benchmark test for further theoretical studies.
C1 Univ Freiburg, Inst Organ Chem & Biochem, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
   Boston Coll, Merkert Chem Ctr, Dept Chem, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA.
   Univ Freiburg, Fak Phys, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 University of Freiburg; Boston College; University of Freiburg
RP Prinzbach, H (corresponding author), Univ Freiburg, Inst Organ Chem & Biochem, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
NR 23
TC 737
Z9 786
U1 4
U2 170
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/35024037
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000039
PM 10993070
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Irwin, M
   Marin, MC
   Phillips, AC
   Seelan, RS
   Smith, DI
   Liu, WG
   Flores, ER
   Tsai, KY
   Jacks, T
   Vousden, KH
   Kaelin, WG
AF Irwin, M
   Marin, MC
   Phillips, AC
   Seelan, RS
   Smith, DI
   Liu, WG
   Flores, ER
   Tsai, KY
   Jacks, T
   Vousden, KH
   Kaelin, WG
TI Role for the p53 homologue p73 in E2F-1-induced apoptosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID p53-independent apoptosis; li-fraumeni; dna-binding; in-vivo; e2f-1; family; overexpression; protein; domain; cells
AB The transcription factor E2F-1 induces both cell-cycle progression and, in certain settings, apoptosis. E2F-1 uses both p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways to kill cells(1-8). The p53-dependent pathway involves the induction by E2F-1 of the human tumour-suppressor protein p14ARF, which neutralizes HDM2 (human homologue of MDM2) and thereby stabilizes the p53 protein(9). Here we show that E2F-1 induces the transcription of the p53 homologue p73. Disruption of p73 function inhibited E2F-1-induced apoptosis in p53-defective tumour cells and in p53(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts. We conclude that activation of p73 provides a means for E2F-1 to induce death in the absence of p53.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   NCI, Regulat Cell Growth Lab, FCRDC, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
   Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Mayo Med Sch, Dept Lab Med & Pathol, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Chevy Chase, MD 20185 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Mayo Clinic; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Kaelin, WG (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 29
TC 536
Z9 603
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 645
EP 648
DI 10.1038/35036614
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800051
PM 11034215
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moreira, D
   Le Guyader, H
   Philippe, H
AF Moreira, D
   Le Guyader, H
   Philippe, H
TI The origin of red algae and the evolution of chloroplasts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tree topology; sequence; dna; alignment; phylogeny; kingdoms; position; introns; protein; gene
AB Chloroplast structure and genome analyses support the hypothesis that three groups of organisms originated from the primary photosynthetic endosymbiosis between a cyanobacterium and a eukaryotic host: green plants (green algae + land plants), red algae and glaucophytes (for example, Cyanophora)(1). Although phylogenies based on several mitochondrial genes support a specific green plants/red algae relationship(2,3), the phylogenetic analysis of nucleus-encoded genes yields inconclusive, sometimes contradictory results(3,4). To address this problem, we have analysed an alternative nuclear marker, elongation factor 2, and included new red algae and protist sequences. Here we provide significant support for a sisterhood of green plants and red algae. This sisterhood is also significantly supported by a multi-gene analysis of a fusion of 13 nuclear markers (5,171 amino acids). In addition, the analysis of an alternative fusion of 6 nuclear markers (1,938 amino acids) indicates that glaucophytes may be the closest relatives to the green plants/red algae group. Thus, our study provides evidence from nuclear markers for a single primary endosymbiosis at the origin of these groups, and supports a kingdom Plantae comprising green plants, red algae and glaucophytes(5).
C1 Univ Paris 11, Equipe Phylogenie & Evolut Mol, CNRS UPRESA 8080, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Univ Miguel Hernandez, Dept Microbiol, Alicante 03550, Spain.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche
RP Moreira, D (corresponding author), Univ Paris 11, Equipe Phylogenie & Evolut Mol, CNRS UPRESA 8080, Batiment 444, F-91405 Orsay, France.
NR 26
TC 334
Z9 381
U1 0
U2 112
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 69
EP 72
DI 10.1038/35011054
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600052
PM 10811219
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zeng, WL
   Wharton, KA
   Mack, JA
   Wang, K
   Gadbaw, M
   Suyama, K
   Klein, PS
   Scott, MP
AF Zeng, WL
   Wharton, KA
   Mack, JA
   Wang, K
   Gadbaw, M
   Suyama, K
   Klein, PS
   Scott, MP
TI Naked cuticle encodes an inducible antagonist of Wnt signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila embryos; imaginal disks; cell fates; wingless; polarity; gene; expression; xenopus; epidermis; induction
AB During animal development, cells have to respond appropriately to localized secreted signals. Proper responses to Hedgehog, transforming growth factor-beta, epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor/Ras signals require cognate inducible antagonists such as Patched, Dad, Argos and Sprouty(1). Wnt signals are crucial in development and neoplasia(2). Here we show that naked cuticle (nkd), a Drosophila segment-polarity gene, encodes an inducible antagonist for the Wnt signal Wingless (Wg). In fly embryos and imaginal discs nkd transcription is induced by Wg. In embryos, decreased nkd function has an effect similar to excess Wg; at later stages such a decrease appears to have no effect. Conversely, overproduction of Nkd in Drosophila and misexpression of Nkd in the vertebrate Xenopus laevis result in phenotypes resembling those of loss of Wg/Wnt function. nkd encodes a protein with a single EF hand (a calcium-binding motif) that is most similar to the recoverin family of myristoyl switch proteins. Nkd may therefore Link ion fluxes to the regulation of the potency, duration or distribution of Wnt signals. Signal-inducible feedback antagonists such as nkd may limit the effects of Wnt proteins in development and disease.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Beckman Ctr B300,Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Beckman Ctr B300,Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Beckman Ctr B300,Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Internal Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Pennsylvania; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Scott, MP (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Beckman Ctr B300,Dept Dev Biol, 279 Campus Dr, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 188
Z9 227
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 789
EP 795
DI 10.1038/35001615
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100057
PM 10693810
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prakash, B
   Praefcke, GJK
   Renault, L
   Wittinghofer, A
   Herrmann, C
AF Prakash, B
   Praefcke, GJK
   Renault, L
   Wittinghofer, A
   Herrmann, C
TI Structure of human guanylate-binding protein 1 representing a unique class of GTP-binding proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interferon; gtpases; program; motif; ras; gmp
AB Interferon-gamma is an immunomodulatory substance that induces the expression of many genes to orchestrate a cellular response and establish the antiviral state of the cell. Among the most abundant antiviral proteins induced by interferon-gamma are guanylate-binding proteins such as GBP1 and GBP2 (refs 1, 2). These are large GTP-binding proteins of relative molecular mass 67,000 with a high-turnover GTPase activity(3) and an antiviral effect(4). Here we have determined the crystal structure of full-length human GBP1 to 1.8 Angstrom resolution. The amino-terminal 278 residues constitute a modified G domain with a number of insertions compared to the canonical pas structure, and the carboxy-terminal part is an extended helical domain with unique features. From the structure and biochemical experiments reported here, GBP1 appears to belong to the group of large GTP-binding proteins that includes Mx and dynamin, the common property of which is the ability to undergo oligomerization with a high concentration-dependent GTPase activity(5).
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Wittinghofer, A (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, Otto Hahn Str 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
EM alfred.wittinghofer@mpi-dortmund.mpg.de; christian.herrmann@mpi-dortmund.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 290
Z9 329
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 567
EP 571
DI 10.1038/35000617
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300056
PM 10676968
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carmody, J
AF Carmody, J
TI What if ...? Chinese explorers - or Darwin's bulldog - had settled in Australia?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ New S Wales, Fac Med, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
C3 University of New South Wales Sydney
RP Carmody, J (corresponding author), Univ New S Wales, Fac Med, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 349
EP 349
DI 10.1038/35019180
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800021
PM 10935614
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scala, A
   Starr, FW
   La Nave, E
   Sciortino, F
   Stanley, HE
AF Scala, A
   Starr, FW
   La Nave, E
   Sciortino, F
   Stanley, HE
TI Configurational entropy and diffusivity of supercooled water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liquids; glasses; energy
AB As a liquid approaches the glass transition, its properties are dominated by local potential minima(1,2) in its energy landscape. The liquid experiences localized vibrations in the basins of attraction surrounding the minima, and rearranges via relatively infrequent inter-basin jumps(3). As a result, the liquid dynamics at low temperature are related to the system's exploration of its own configuration space. The 'thermodynamic approach' to the glass transition considers the reduction in configuration space(4-8) explored as the system cools, and predicts that the configurational entropy(5,9,10) (a measure of the number of local potential energy minima sampled by the liquid) is related to the diffusion constant. Here we report a stringent test of the thermodynamic approach for liquid water (a convenient system to study because of an anomalous pressure dependence in the diffusion constant). We calculate the configurational entropy at points spanning a large region of the temperature-density plane, using a model(11) that reproduces the dynamical anomalies of liquid water. We find that the thermodynamic approach can be used to understand the characteristic dynamic anomalies, and that the diffusive dynamics are governed by the configurational entropy. Our results indicate that the thermodynamic approach might be extended to predict the dynamical behaviour of supercooled liquids in general.
C1 Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Ctr Computat Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Ist Nazl Fis Mat, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
C3 Boston University; Boston University; Boston University; Sapienza University Rome; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Sapienza University Rome
RP Scala, A (corresponding author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
EM scala@phys.uniromal.it
NR 29
TC 325
Z9 338
U1 2
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 166
EP 169
DI 10.1038/35018034
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100041
PM 10910351
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bayer, M
   Stern, O
   Hawrylak, P
   Fafard, S
   Forchel, A
AF Bayer, M
   Stern, O
   Hawrylak, P
   Fafard, S
   Forchel, A
TI Hidden symmetries in the energy levels of excitonic 'artificial atoms'
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single quantum dots; magnetic-field; gaas; photoluminescence; nanocrystals; spectroscopy; states; growth
AB Quantum dots(1-7) or 'artificial atoms' are of fundamental and technological interest-for example, quantum dots(8,9) may form the basis of new generations of lasers. The emission in quantum-dot lasers originates from the recombination of excitonic complexes, so it is important to understand the dot's internal electronic structure (and of fundamental interest to compare this to real atomic structure). Here we investigate artificial electronic structure by injecting optically a controlled number of electrons and holes into an isolated single quantum dot. The charge carriers form complexes that are artificial analogues of hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, boron and carbon excitonic atoms. We observe that electrons and holes occupy the confined electronic shells in characteristic numbers according to the Pauli exclusion principle. In each degenerate shell, collective condensation of the electrons and holes into coherent many-exciton ground states takes place; this phenomenon results from hidden symmetries (the analogue of Hund's rules for real atoms) in the energy function that describes the multi-particle system. Breaking of the hidden symmetries leads to unusual quantum interferences in emission involving excited states.
C1 Univ Wurzburg, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
   Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Microstruct Sci, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
C3 University of Wurzburg; National Research Council Canada
RP Bayer, M (corresponding author), Univ Wurzburg, Hubland, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
NR 26
TC 390
Z9 417
U1 0
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 923
EP 926
DI 10.1038/35016020
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700042
PM 10879527
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gleiche, M
   Chi, LF
   Fuchs, H
AF Gleiche, M
   Chi, LF
   Fuchs, H
TI Nanoscopic channel lattices with controlled anisotropic wetting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-assembled monolayers; thin-films; surfaces; polymer; substrate
AB Engineered microscopic surface structures allow local control of physical surface properties such as adhesion, friction and wettability. These properties are related both to molecular interactions and the surface topology(1,2)-for example, selective adsorption and molecular recognition capabilities(3) require controlled anisotropy in the surface properties. Chemistry with extremely small amounts of material has become possible using liquid-guiding channels of sub-micrometre dimensions(4-6) Laterally structured surfaces with differing wettabilities may be produced using various techniques, such as microcontact printing(7-9), micromachining(10), photolithography(11,12) and vapour deposition(13). Another strategy(14) for introducing anisotropic texture is based on the use of the intrinsic material properties of stretched ultrathin polymer coatings. Here we present a fast and simple method to generate extended patterned surfaces with controlled wetting properties on the nanometre scale, without any lithographic processes. The technique utilizes wetting instabilities that occur when monomolecular layers are transferred onto a solid substrate. The modified surfaces can be used as templates for patterning a wide variety of molecules and nanoclusters into approximately parallel channels, with a spatial density of up to 20,000 cm(-1). We demonstrate the transport properties of these channels for attolitre quantities of liquid.
C1 Univ Munster, Inst Phys, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
C3 University of Munster
RP Chi, LF (corresponding author), Univ Munster, Inst Phys, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
NR 30
TC 408
Z9 446
U1 5
U2 256
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 173
EP 175
DI 10.1038/35003149
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300048
PM 10646597
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adler, R
AF Adler, R
TI To the planets on a shoestring
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 510
EP 512
DI 10.1038/35046259
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600012
PM 11117716
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nolting, F
   Scholl, A
   Stöhr, J
   Seo, JW
   Fompeyrine, J
   Siegwart, H
   Locquet, JP
   Anders, S
   Lüning, J
   Fullerton, EE
   Toney, MF
   Scheinfein, MR
   Padmore, HA
AF Nolting, F
   Scholl, A
   Stöhr, J
   Seo, JW
   Fompeyrine, J
   Siegwart, H
   Locquet, JP
   Anders, S
   Lüning, J
   Fullerton, EE
   Toney, MF
   Scheinfein, MR
   Padmore, HA
TI Direct observation of the alignment of ferromagnetic spins by antiferromagnetic spins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anisotropy
AB The arrangement of spins at interfaces in a layered magnetic material often has an important effect on the properties of the material. One example of this is the directional coupling between the spins in an antiferromagnet and those in an adjacent ferromagnet, an effect first discovered(1) in 1956 and referred to as exchange bias. Because of its technological importance for the development of advanced devices such as magnetic read heads(2) and magnetic memory cells(3), this phenomenon has received much attention(4,5). Despite extensive studies, however, exchange bias is still poorly understood, largely due to the lack of techniques capable of providing detailed information about the arrangement of magnetic moments near interfaces. Here we present polarization-dependent X-ray magnetic dichroism spectro-microscopy that reveals the micromagnetic structure on both sides of a ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic interface. Images of thin ferromagnetic Co films grown on antiferromagnetic LaFeO3 show a direct link between the arrangement of spins in each material. Remanent hysteresis loops, recorded for individual ferromagnetic domains, show a local exchange bias. Our results imply that the alignment of the ferromagnetic spins is determined, domain by domain, by the spin directions in the underlying antiferromagnetic layer.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, Div Res, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
   Univ Neuchatel, Inst Phys, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
   IBM Corp, Div Res, Zurich Res Lab, CH-8803 Ruschlikon, Switzerland.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; University of Neuchatel; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM Switzerland; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Nolting, F (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 13
TC 418
Z9 450
U1 2
U2 218
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 767
EP 769
DI 10.1038/35015515
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600042
PM 10866191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jamtveit, B
   Austrheim, H
   Malthe-Sorenssen, A
AF Jamtveit, B
   Austrheim, H
   Malthe-Sorenssen, A
TI Accelerated hydration of the Earth's deep crust induced by stress perturbations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shear zones; eclogitization; granulites; fractures; eclogite; norway; model
AB The metamorphic cycle associated with the formation of mountain belts produces a lower crust containing little or no free fluid(1,2). The introduction of external fluids to dry and impermeable volumes of the Earth's crust is thus a prerequisite for the retrogressive metamorphism later observed in such regimes. Such metamorphism can cause significant changes in the crust's physical properties, including its density, rheology and elastic properties(3,4). On a large scale, the introduction of fluids requires the presence of high-permeability channels, such as faults or fractures, which are the result of external tectonic stresses. But extensive interaction between externally derived fluids and the fractured rock requires efficient mass transport away from the initial fractures into the rock itself, and this transport often occurs over distances much longer than expected from grain-boundary diffusion. Here we present both field observations and a simple network model that demonstrate how the transport of fluids into initially dry rock can be accelerated by perturbations in the local stress field caused by reactions with fluids. We also show that the morphology of reaction fronts separating `dry' from `wet' rocks depends on the anisotropy of the external stress field.
C1 Univ Oslo, Dept Geol, Fluid Rock Interact Grp, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
   Univ Oslo, Dept Phys, Fluid Rock Interact Grp, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
C3 University of Oslo; University of Oslo
RP Jamtveit, B (corresponding author), Univ Oslo, Dept Geol, Fluid Rock Interact Grp, POB 1047 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
NR 19
TC 126
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 75
EP 78
DI 10.1038/35040537
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400053
PM 11081509
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Akhtar, A
   Zink, D
   Becker, PB
AF Akhtar, A
   Zink, D
   Becker, PB
TI Chromodomains are protein-RNA interaction modules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID male x-chromosome; dosage compensation; drosophila-melanogaster; chromatin; genes; complex; domain; association; yeast; rox1
AB In Drosophila, compensation for the reduced dosage of genes located on the single male X chromosome involves doubling their expression in relation to their counterparts on female X chromosomes(1). Dosage compensation is an epigenetic process involving the specific acetylation of histone H4 at lysine 16 by the histone acetyltransferase MOF2-5. Although MOF is expressed in both sexes, it only associates with the X chromosome in males. Its absence causes male-specific lethality(6). MOF is part of a chromosome-associated complex comprising male-specific lethal (MSL) proteins and at least one non-coding roX RNA(7). How MOF is integrated into the dosage compensation complex is unknown. Here we show that association of MOF with the male X chromosome depends on its interaction with RNA. MOF specifically binds through its chromodomain to roX2 RNA in vivo. In vitro analyses of the MOF and MSL-3 chromodomains indicate that these chromodomains may function as RNA interaction modules. Their interaction with non-coding RNA may target regulators to specific chromosomal sites.
C1 Univ Munich, Adolf Butenandt Inst, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Inst Anthropol & Humangenet, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Munich; University of Munich
RP Becker, PB (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Adolf Butenandt Inst, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
NR 30
TC 310
Z9 365
U1 1
U2 68
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 405
EP 409
DI 10.1038/35030169
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700053
PM 11014199
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU David, P
   Bjorksten, T
   Fowler, K
   Pomiankowski, A
AF David, P
   Bjorksten, T
   Fowler, K
   Pomiankowski, A
TI Condition-dependent signalling of genetic variation in stalk-eyes flies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID secondary sexual character; evolution; selection; traits; preferences; ornaments
AB Handicap models of sexual selection predict that male sexual ornaments have strong condition-dependent expression and this allows females to evaluate male genetic quality(1-5). A number of previous experiments have demonstrated heightened condition-dependence of sexual ornaments in response to environmental stress(6-9). Here we show that genetic variation underlies the response to environmental stress (variable food quality) of a sexual ornament (male eye span) in the stalk-eyed fly Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni. Some male genotypes develop large eye span under all conditions, whereas other genotypes progressively reduce eye span as conditions deteriorate. Several non-sexual traits (female eye span, male and female wing length) also show genetic variation in condition-dependent expression, but their genetic response is entirely explained by scaling with body size. In contrast, the male sexual ornament still reveals genetic variation in the response to environmental stress after accounting for differences in body size. These results strongly support the hypothesis that female mate choice yields genetic benefits for offspring.
C1 UCL, Dept Biol, Galton Lab, London NW1 2HE, England.
   CNRS, CEFE, F-34293 Montpellier 05, France.
   Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
C3 University of London; University College London; Universite PSL; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE); Institut Agro; Institut Agro Montpellier; CIRAD; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite Paul-Valery; Universite de Montpellier; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins
RP Pomiankowski, A (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Biol, Galton Lab, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, England.
EM ucbhpom@ucl.ac.uk
NR 17
TC 259
Z9 278
U1 0
U2 82
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 186
EP 188
DI 10.1038/35018079
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100048
PM 10910358
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Osterlund, MT
   Hardtke, CS
   Wei, N
   Deng, XW
AF Osterlund, MT
   Hardtke, CS
   Wei, N
   Deng, XW
TI Targeted destabilization of HY5 during light-regulated development of Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID seedling development; bzip protein; cop9 complex; gene; encodes; hypocotyl; photomorphogenesis; ubiquitination; enhancement; elongation
AB Arabidopsis seedlings display contrasting developmental patterns depending on the ambient light. Seedlings grown in the light develop photomorphogenically, characterized by short hypocotyls and expanded green cotyledons. In contrast, seedlings grown in darkness become etiolated, with elongated hypocotyls and closed cotyledons on an apical hook. Light signals, perceived by multiple photoreceptors and transduced to downstream regulators, dictate the extent of photomorphogenic development in a quantitative manner. Two key downstream components, COP1 and HY5, act antagonistically in regulating seedling development(1). HY5 is a bZIP transcription factor that binds directly to the promoters of light-inducible genes, promoting their expression and photomorphogenic development(2,3). COP1 is a RING-finger protein with WD-40 repeats whose nuclear abundance is negatively regulated by light(4,5). COP1 interacts directly with HY5 in the nucleus to regulate its activity negatively(1). Here we show that the abundance of HY5 is directly correlated with the extent of photomorphogenic development, and that the COP1-HY5 interaction may specifically target HY5 for proteasome-mediated degradation in the nucleus.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP Deng, XW (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, POB 208104,165 Prospect St,OML 301, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 30
TC 1119
Z9 1278
U1 11
U2 376
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 462
EP 466
DI 10.1038/35013076
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000050
PM 10839542
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zheng, JQ
AF Zheng, JQ
TI Turning of nerve growth cones induced by localized increases in intracellular calcium ions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spinal neurons; guidance; responses
AB Guidance of developing axons involves turning of the motile tip, the growth cone, in response to a variety of extracellular cues(1,2) Little is known about the intracellular mechanism by which the directional signal is transduced, Ca2+ is a key second messenger in growth cone extension(3,4) and has been implicated in growth-cone turning(5,6). Here I report that a direct, spatially restricted elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)) on one side of the growth cone by focal laser-induced photolysis (FLIP) of caged Ca2+ consistently induced turning of the growth cone to the side with elevated [Ca2+](i) (attraction). Furthermore, when the resting [Ca2+](i) at the growth cone was decreased by the removal of extracellular Ca2+, the same focal elevation of [Ca2+](i) by FLIP induced repulsion. These results provide direct evidence that a localized Ca2+ signal in the growth cone can provide the intracellular directional cue for extension and is sufficient to initiate both attraction and repulsion. By integrating local and global Ca2+ signals, a growth cone could thus generate different turning responses under different environmental conditions during guidance.
C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Neurosci & Cell Biol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences
RP Zheng, JQ (corresponding author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Neurosci & Cell Biol, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
NR 28
TC 230
Z9 270
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 89
EP 93
DI 10.1038/47501
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400049
PM 10638759
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schroeder, BC
   Waldegger, S
   Fehr, S
   Bleich, M
   Warth, R
   Greger, R
   Jentsch, TJ
AF Schroeder, BC
   Waldegger, S
   Fehr, S
   Bleich, M
   Warth, R
   Greger, R
   Jentsch, TJ
TI A constitutively open potassium channel formed by KCNQ1 and KCNE3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inherited cardiac-arrhythmias; long qt syndrome; k+ conductance; cl secretion; rabbit colon; mutations; kvlqt1; gene; cells; epithelia
AB Mutations in all four known KCNQ potassium channel or-subunit genes lead to human diseases(1-6). KCNQ1 (KvLQT1)(1) interacts with the beta-subunit KCNE1 (IsK, minK)(7) to form the slow, depolarization-activated potassium current I-Ks(8,9) that is affected in some forms of cardiac arrhythmia. Here we show that the novel beta-subunit KCNE3 markedly changes KCNQ1 properties to yield currents that are nearly instantaneous and depend linearly on voltage, It also suppresses the currents of KCNQ4 and HERG potassium channels. In the intestine, KCNQ1 and KCNE3 messenger RNAs colocalized in crypt cells. This localization and the pharmacology, voltage-dependence and stimulation by cyclic AMP of KCNQ1/KCNE3 currents indicate that these proteins may assemble to form the potassium channel that is important for cyclic AMP-stimulated intestinal chloride secretion and that is involved in secretory diarrhoea and cystic fibrosis.
C1 Univ Hamburg, Zentrum Mol Neurobiol Hamburg, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Freiburg, Inst Physiol, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 University of Hamburg; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; University of Freiburg
RP Jentsch, TJ (corresponding author), Univ Hamburg, Zentrum Mol Neurobiol Hamburg, Martinistr 85, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
EM Jentsch@plexus.uke.uni-hamburg.de
NR 30
TC 392
Z9 460
U1 1
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 196
EP 199
DI 10.1038/35003200
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300055
PM 10646604
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wakayama, T
   Shinkai, Y
   Tamashiro, KLK
   Niida, H
   Blanchard, DC
   Blanchard, RJ
   Ogura, A
   Tanemura, K
   Tachibana, M
   Perry, ACF
   Colgan, DF
   Mombaerts, P
   Yanagimachi, R
AF Wakayama, T
   Shinkai, Y
   Tamashiro, KLK
   Niida, H
   Blanchard, DC
   Blanchard, RJ
   Ogura, A
   Tanemura, K
   Tachibana, M
   Perry, ACF
   Colgan, DF
   Mombaerts, P
   Yanagimachi, R
TI Ageing - Cloning of mice to six generations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, John A Burns Sch Med, Dept Anat & Reprod Biol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Kyoto Univ, Inst Virus Res, Dept Cell Biol, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Bekesy Lab Neurobiol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Natl Inst Infect Dis, Dept Vet Sci, Tokyo 1628640, Japan.
C3 Rockefeller University; University of Hawaii System; Kyoto University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Hawaii System; Japan Institute for Health Security (JIHS); National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID)
RP Wakayama, T (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 8
TC 167
Z9 187
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 318
EP 319
DI 10.1038/35030301
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700033
PM 11014179
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Insley, SJ
AF Insley, SJ
TI Long-term vocal recognition in the northern fur seal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fidelity
AB The ability to recognize and remember individual identities for long periods of time has important implications for the evolution of animal social behaviour, particularly complex interactions such as cooperation or mate choice(1-7). Despite this importance, there is only a single example of long-term individual recognition in nature, the 8-month retention of neighbour's song among male hooded warblers, Wilsonia citrina(7), and there is none for a nonhuman mammal. Associations between individuals spanning years, which are especially prevalent in carnivores(8), primates(9) and seabirds(10,) and evidence of mate rdelity(11,12) provide indirect support for the ability of long-term recognition. In many of these instances, however, individuals do not separate for extended periods, and thus long-term recognition, although often assumed, may be both unnecessary and nonexistent. Furthermore, site fidelity rather than individual recognition may explain many instances of mate fidelity(10). Here I show that mother-offspring pairs of a migratory otariid pinniped-the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus)-not only have the ability to recognize each other's vocalizations during the course of a breeding season, but are also able to retain these memories for at least 4 years.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Anim Behav Grp, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Dept Zool Res, Washington, DC 20008 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian National Zoological Park & Conservation Biology Institute
RP Insley, SJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Anim Behav Grp, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
NR 18
TC 126
Z9 144
U1 0
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 404
EP 405
DI 10.1038/35019064
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800045
PM 10935635
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Velicer, GJ
   Kroos, L
   Lenski, RE
AF Velicer, GJ
   Kroos, L
   Lenski, RE
TI Developmental cheating in the social bacterium Myxococcus xanthus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell; evolution; dictyostelium; mutants; locus; genes
AB Cheating is a potential problem in any social system that depends on cooperation and in which actions that benefit a group are costly to individuals that perform them(1-5). Genetic mutants that fail to perform a group-beneficial function but that reap the benefits of belonging to the group should have a within-group selective advantage, provided that the mutants are not too common. Here we show that social cheating exists even among prokaryotes. The bacterium Myxococcus xanthus exhibits several social behaviours, including aggregation of cells into spore-producing fruiting bodies during starvation. We examined a number of M. xanthus genotypes that were defective for fruiting-body development, including several lines that evolved for 1,000 generations under asocial conditions(6) and others carrying defined mutations in developmental pathways(7-10), to determine whether they behaved as cheaters when mixed with their developmentally proficient progenitor. Clones from several evolved lines and two defined mutants exhibited cheating during development, being overrepresented among resulting spores relative to their initial frequency in the mixture. The ease of finding anti-social behaviours suggests that cheaters may be common in natural populations of M. xanthus.
C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Biochem, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Ctr Microbial Ecol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
C3 Michigan State University; Michigan State University
RP Velicer, GJ (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Biochem, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
EM velicerg@pilot.msu.edu
NR 30
TC 261
Z9 308
U1 1
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 598
EP +
DI 10.1038/35007066
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100052
PM 10766241
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bennett, MJ
   Lebrón, JA
   Bjorkman, PJ
AF Bennett, MJ
   Lebrón, JA
   Bjorkman, PJ
TI Crystal structure of the hereditary haemochromatosis protein HFE complexed with transferrin receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hemochromatosis gene-product; cell-surface expression; insulin-receptor; ligand-binding; iron release; hla-h; association; program; beta(2)-microglobulin; refinement
AB HFE is related to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins and is mutated in the iron-overload disease hereditary haemochromatosis. HFE binds to the transferrin receptor (TfR), a receptor by which cells acquire iron-loaded transferrin. The 2.8 Angstrom crystal structure of a complex between the extracellular portions of HFE and TfR shows two HFE molecules which grasp each side of a twofold symmetric TfR dimer. On a cell membrane containing both proteins, HFE would 'lie down' parallel to the membrane, such that the HFE helices that delineate the counterpart of the MHC peptide-binding groove make extensive contacts with helices in the TfR dimerization domain. The structures of TfR alone and complexed with HFE differ in their domain arrangement and dimer interfaces, providing a mechanism for communicating binding events between TfR chains. The HFE-TfR complex suggests a binding site for transferrin on TfR and sheds light upon the function of HFE in regulating iron homeostasis.
C1 CALTECH, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Biol 156 29, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology
RP Bjorkman, PJ (corresponding author), CALTECH, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM bjorkman@cco.caltech.edu
NR 47
TC 291
Z9 328
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 46
EP 53
DI 10.1038/47417
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400036
PM 10638746
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rascón, C
   Parry, AO
AF Rascón, C
   Parry, AO
TI Geometry-dominated fluid adsorption on sculpted solid substrates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID capillary condensation; surfaces; wedge
AB The shape(1,2) and chemical composition(3) of solid surfaces can be controlled at a mesoscopic scale. Exposing such structured substrates to a gas that is close to coexistence with its liquid phase can produce quite distinct adsorption characteristics compared to those of planar systems(4), which may be important for technologies such as super-repellent surfaces(5,6) or micro-fluidics(7,8). Recent studies have concentrated on the adsorption of liquids on rough(9-11) and heterogeneous(12) substrates, and the characterization of nanoscopic liquid films(13). But the fundamental effect of geometry on the adsorption of a fluid from the gas phase has hardly been addressed. Here we present a simple theoretical model which shows that varying the shape of the substrate can exert a profound influence on the adsorption isotherms of liquids. The model smoothly connects wetting and capillary condensation through a number of examples of fluid interfacial phenomena, and opens the possibility of tailoring the adsorption properties of solid substrates by sculpting their surface shape.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Math, London SW7 2BZ, England.
C3 Imperial College London
RP Parry, AO (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Math, 180 Queens Gate, London SW7 2BZ, England.
NR 25
TC 180
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6807
BP 986
EP 989
DI 10.1038/35039590
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 366XX
UT WOS:000090032500038
PM 11069174
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elderfield, H
   Rickaby, REM
AF Elderfield, H
   Rickaby, REM
TI Oceanic Cd/P ratio and nutrient utilization in the glacial Southern Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric co2; surface waters; cadmium; productivity; diatom; maximum; paleochemistry; distributions; delta-c-13; delta-n-15
AB During glacial periods, low atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has been associated with increased oceanic carbon uptake, particularly in the southern oceans. The mechanism involved remains unclear. Because ocean productivity is strongly influenced by nutrient levels, palaeo-oceanographic proxies have been applied to investigate nutrient utilization in surface water across glacial transitions. Here we show that present-day cadmium and phosphorus concentrations in the global oceans can be explained by a chemical fractionation during particle formation, whereby uptake of cadmium occurs in preference to uptake of phosphorus. This allows the reconstruction of past surface water phosphate concentrations from the cadmium/calcium ratio of planktonic foraminifera. Results from the Last Glacial Maximum show similar phosphate utilization in the subantarctic to that of today, but much smaller utilization in the polar Southern Ocean, in a model that is consistent with the expansion of glacial sea ice and which can reconcile all proxy records of polar nutrient utilization. By restricting communication between the ocean and atmosphere, sea ice expansion also provides a mechanism for reduced CO2 release by the Southern Ocean and lower glacial atmospheric CO2.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Elderfield, H (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
NR 50
TC 191
Z9 227
U1 8
U2 99
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 305
EP 310
DI 10.1038/35012507
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700036
PM 10830952
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wickware, P
AF Wickware, P
TI Exploring the territory in tissue engineering
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 464
EP 465
DI 10.1038/35000344
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100059
PM 10667803
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yu, G
   Nishimura, M
   Arawaka, S
   Levitan, D
   Zhang, LL
   Tandon, A
   Song, YQ
   Rogaeva, E
   Chen, FS
   Kawaral, T
   Supala, A
   Levesque, L
   Yu, H
   Yang, DS
   Holmes, E
   Millman, P
   Liang, Y
   Zhang, DM
   Xu, DH
   Sato, C
   Rogaev, E
   Smith, M
   Janus, C
   Zhang, YN
   Aebersold, R
   Farrer, L
   Sorbi, S
   Bruni, A
   Fraser, P
   St George-Hyslop, P
AF Yu, G
   Nishimura, M
   Arawaka, S
   Levitan, D
   Zhang, LL
   Tandon, A
   Song, YQ
   Rogaeva, E
   Chen, FS
   Kawaral, T
   Supala, A
   Levesque, L
   Yu, H
   Yang, DS
   Holmes, E
   Millman, P
   Liang, Y
   Zhang, DM
   Xu, DH
   Sato, C
   Rogaev, E
   Smith, M
   Janus, C
   Zhang, YN
   Aebersold, R
   Farrer, L
   Sorbi, S
   Bruni, A
   Fraser, P
   St George-Hyslop, P
TI Nicastrin modulates presenilin-mediated notch/glp-1 signal transduction and βAPP processing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amyloid precursor protein; familial alzheimers-disease; gamma-secretase; missense mutations; notch; complex; catenin; component; cleavage; release
AB Nicastrin, a transmembrane glycoprotein, forms high molecular weight complexes with presenilin 1 and presenilin 2. Suppression of nicastrin expression in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos induces a subset of notch/glp-1 phenotypes similar to those induced by simultaneous null mutations in both presenilin homologues of C. elegans(sel-12 and hop-1). Nicastrin also binds carboxy-terminal derivatives of beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP), and modulates the production of the amyloid beta-peptide (A beta) from these derivatives. Missense mutations in a conserved hydrophilic domain of nicastrin increase A beta(42) and A beta(40) peptide secretion. Deletions in this domain inhibit A beta production. Nicastrin and presenilins are therefore likely to be functional components of a multimeric complex necessary for the intramembranous proteolysis of proteins such as Notch/GLP-1 and beta APP.
C1 Univ Toronto, Toronto Western Hosp, Univ Hlth Network, Ctr Res Neurodegenerat Dis, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Neurol, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada.
   Schering Plough Corp, Res Inst, Dept CNS & Cardiovasc Res, Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA.
   Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Boston Univ, Sch Med, Genet Program, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Univ Florence, Dept Neurol, I-50134 Florence, Italy.
   Ctr Reg Neurogenet, USL 6, I-88046 Lamezia Terme, Italy.
C3 University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Merck & Company; Schering Plough Corporation; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Boston University; University of Florence
RP St George-Hyslop, P (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Toronto Western Hosp, Univ Hlth Network, Ctr Res Neurodegenerat Dis, Neurosci Bldg,6 Queens Pk Crescent W, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada.
NR 44
TC 818
Z9 953
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 48
EP 54
DI 10.1038/35024009
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000036
PM 10993067
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hodgkin, ST
   Oppenheimer, BR
   Hambly, NC
   Jameson, RF
   Smartt, SJ
   Steele, IA
AF Hodgkin, ST
   Oppenheimer, BR
   Hambly, NC
   Jameson, RF
   Smartt, SJ
   Steele, IA
TI Infrared spectrum of an extremely cool white-dwarf star
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hubble deep field; luminosity function; galactic disk; age; halo; degenerate; universe
AB White dwarfs are the remnant cores of stars that initially had masses of less than 8 solar masses. They cool gradually over billions of years, and have been suggested(1,2) to make up much of the 'dark matter' in the halo of the Milky way. But extremely cool white dwarfs have proved difficult to detect, owing to both their faintness and their anticipated similarity in colour to other classes of dwarf stars. Recent improved models(3-5) indicate that white dwarfs are much more blue than previously supposed, suggesting that the earlier searches may have been looking for the wrong kinds of objects. Here we report an infrared spectrum of an extremely cool white dwarf that is consistent with the new models. We determine the star's temperature to be 3,500 +/- 200 K, making it the coolest known white dwarf. The kinematics of this star indicate that it is in the halo of the Milky Way, and the density of such objects implied by the serendipitous discovery of this star is consistent with white dwarfs dominating the dark matter in the halo.
C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Astron, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Isaac Newton Grp Telescopes, La Palma 38770, Islas Canarias, Spain.
   Liverpool John Moores Univ, Astrophys Res Inst, Birkenhead L41 1LD, Merseyside, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England.
C3 University of Leicester; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Edinburgh; Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes; Liverpool John Moores University; University of Cambridge
RP Hodgkin, ST (corresponding author), Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Univ Rd, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
EM sth@ast.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 64
Z9 64
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 57
EP 59
DI 10.1038/47431
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400038
PM 10638748
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hiramoto, M
   Hiromi, Y
   Giniger, E
   Hotta, Y
AF Hiramoto, M
   Hiromi, Y
   Giniger, E
   Hotta, Y
TI The Drosophila Netrin receptor Frazzled guides axons by controlling Netrin distribution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; colorectal-cancer; commissural axons; genetic-analysis; pioneer neurons; nervous-system; motor axons; guidance; unc-6; cns
AB Netrin is a secreted protein that can act as a chemotropic axon guidance cue(1,2). Two classes of Netrin receptor, DCC3-5 and UNC-5 (refs 6-9), are required for axon guidance(3,4,6-11) and are thought to mediate Netrin signals in growth cones through their cytoplasmic domains(12,13). However, in the guidance of Drosophila photoreceptor axons, the DCC orthologue Frazzled(3) is required not in the photoreceptor neurons but instead in their targets, indicating that Frazzled also has a non-cell-autonomous function(14). Here we show that Frazzled can capture Netrin and 'present' it for recognition by other receptors. Moreover, Frazzled itself is actively localized within the axon through its cytoplasmic domain, and thereby rearranges Netrin protein into a spatial pattern completely different from the pattern of Netrin gene expression. Frazzled-dependent guidance of one pioneer neuron in the central nervous system can be accounted for solely on the basis of this ability of Frazzled to control Netrin distribution, and not by Frazzled signalling. We propose a model of patterning mechanism in which a receptor rearranges secreted ligand molecules, thereby creating positional information for other receptors.
C1 Natl Inst Genet, Dept Dev Genet, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   Grad Univ Adv Studies, Dept Genet, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan.
C3 Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Hotta, Y (corresponding author), Natl Inst Genet, Dept Dev Genet, 1111 Yata, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
NR 30
TC 107
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 886
EP 889
DI 10.1038/35022571
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600043
PM 10972289
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Albrecht, M
   Lutz, M
   Spek, AL
   van Koten, G
AF Albrecht, M
   Lutz, M
   Spek, AL
   van Koten, G
TI Organoplatinum crystals for gas-triggered switches
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-crystal; molecular machines; carbon nanotubes; diffraction; hydrogen; metals; motion
AB Considerable effort is being devoted to the fabrication of nanoscale devices(1). Molecular machines, motors and switches have been made, generally operating in solution(2-7), but for most device applications (such as electronics and opto-electronics), a maximal degree of order and regularity is required(8). Crystalline materials would be excellent systems for these purposes, as crystals comprise a vast number of self-assembled molecules, with a perfectly ordered three-dimensional structure(9). In non-porous crystals, however, the molecules are densely packed and any change in them (due, for example, to a reaction) is likely to destroy the crystal and its properties. Here we report the controlled and fully reversible crystalline-state reaction of gaseous SO2 with nonporous crystalline materials consisting of organoplatinum molecules. This process, including repetitive expansion-reduction sequences (on gas uptake and release) of the crystal lattice, modifies the structures of these molecules without affecting their crystallinity. The process is based on the incorporation of SO2 into the colourless crystals and its subsequent liberation from the orange adducts by reversible bond formation and cleavage(10). We therefore expect that these crystalline materials will rnd applications for gas storage devices and as opto-electronic switches(11,12).
C1 Univ Utrecht, Debye Inst, Dept Met Mediated Synth, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, Bijvoet Ctr Biomol Res Crystal & Struct Chem, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Utrecht University; Utrecht University
RP van Koten, G (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Debye Inst, Dept Met Mediated Synth, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
NR 29
TC 496
Z9 524
U1 0
U2 73
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 970
EP 974
DI 10.1038/35023107
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200038
PM 10984046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Campbell, M
   Sharp, DN
   Harrison, MT
   Denning, RG
   Turberfield, AJ
AF Campbell, M
   Sharp, DN
   Harrison, MT
   Denning, RG
   Turberfield, AJ
TI Fabrication of photonic crystals for the visible spectrum by holographic lithography
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID band-structure; spontaneous emission; gap; arrays; atoms; light
AB The term 'photonics' describes a technology whereby data transmission and processing occurs largely or entirely by means of photons. photonic crystals are microstructured materials in which the dielectric constant is periodically modulated on a length scale comparable to the desired wavelength of operation. Multiple interference between waves scattered fr om each unit cell of the structure may open a 'photonic bandgap'-a range of frequencies, analogous to the electronic bandgap of a semiconductor, within which no propagating electromagnetic modes exist(1-3). Numerous device principles that exploit this property have been identified(4-8). Considerable progress has now been made in constructing two-dimensional structures using conventional lithography(3), but the fabrication of three-dimensional photonic crystal structures for the visible spectrum remains a considerable challenge. Here we describe a technique-three-dimensional holographic lithography-that is well suited to the production of three-dimensional structures with sub-micrometre periodicity. With this technique we have made microperiodic polymeric structures, and we have used these as templates to create complementary structures with higher refractive-index contrast.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
   Univ Oxford, Inorgan Chem Lab, Dept Chem, Oxford OX1 3QR, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford
RP Turberfield, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
NR 30
TC 1659
Z9 1983
U1 7
U2 725
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 53
EP 56
DI 10.1038/35003523
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100040
PM 10716437
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Losos, JB
   Schluter, D
AF Losos, JB
   Schluter, D
TI Analysis of an evolutionary species-area relationship
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biogeography; vicariance; dispersal; diversity
AB Large islands typically have more species than comparable smaller islands. Ecological theories, the most influential being the equilibrium theory of island biogeography(1), explain the species-area relationship as the outcome of the effect of area on immigration and extinction rates. However, these theories do not apply to taxa on land masses, including continents and large islands, that generate most of their species in situ. In this case, species-area relationships should be driven by higher speciation rates in larger areas(2-6), a theory that has never been quantitatively tested. Here we show that Anolis lizards on Caribbean islands meet several expectations of the evolutionary theory. Within-island speciation exceeds immigration as a source of new species on all islands larger than 3,000 km(2), whereas speciation is rare on smaller islands. Above this threshold island size, the rate of species proliferation increases with island area, a process that results principally from the positive effects of area on speciation rate. Also as expected, the slope of the species-area relationship jumps sharply above the threshold. Although Anolis lizards have been present on large Caribbean islands for over 30 million years, there are indications that the current number of species still falls below the speciation-extinction equilibrium.
C1 Washington Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Ctr Biodivers Res, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia
RP Losos, JB (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Dept Biol, Campus Box 1137, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
EM losos@biology.wustl.edu
NR 30
TC 468
Z9 531
U1 3
U2 240
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 847
EP 850
DI 10.1038/35048558
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300047
PM 11130721
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rust, J
AF Rust, J
TI Palaeontology - Fossil record of mass moth migration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Gottingen, Inst Zool & Anthropol, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 University of Gottingen
RP Rust, J (corresponding author), Univ Gottingen, Inst Zool & Anthropol, Berliner Str 28, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
NR 10
TC 14
Z9 14
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 530
EP 531
DI 10.1038/35014733
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500037
PM 10850702
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tran, J
   Brenner, TJ
   DiNardo, S
AF Tran, J
   Brenner, TJ
   DiNardo, S
TI Somatic control over the germline stem cell lineage during Drosophila spermatogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bag-of-marbles; contractile ring; proliferation; protein; maintenance; division; fusome; signal
AB Stem cells divide both to produce new stem cells and to generate daughter cells that can differentiate(1). The underlying mechanisms are not well understood, but conceptually are of two kinds(2). Intrinsic mechanisms may control the unequal partitioning of determinants leading to asymmetric cell divisions that yield one stem cell and one differentiated daughter cell. Alternatively, extrinsic mechanisms, involving stromal cell signals, could cause daughter cells that remain in their proper niche to stay stem cells, whereas daughter cells that leave this niche differentiate. Here we use Drosophila spermatogenesis as a model stem cell system(3) to show that there are excess stem cells and gonialblasts in testes that are deficient for Raf activity. In addition, the germline stem cell population remains active for a longer fraction of lifespan than in wild type. Finally, raf is required in somatic cells that surround germ cells. We conclude that a cell-extrinsic mechanism regulates germline stem cell behaviour.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
RP DiNardo, S (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, 1215 BRB 2-3,421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM060804] Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 204
Z9 263
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 754
EP 757
DI 10.1038/35037613
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900045
PM 11048723
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huffman, PR
   Brome, CR
   Butterworth, JS
   Coakley, KJ
   Dewey, MS
   Dzhosyuk, SN
   Golub, R
   Greene, GL
   Habicht, K
   Lamoreaux, SK
   Mattoni, CEH
   McKinsey, DN
   Wietfeldt, FE
   Doyle, JM
AF Huffman, PR
   Brome, CR
   Butterworth, JS
   Coakley, KJ
   Dewey, MS
   Dzhosyuk, SN
   Golub, R
   Greene, GL
   Habicht, K
   Lamoreaux, SK
   Mattoni, CEH
   McKinsey, DN
   Wietfeldt, FE
   Doyle, JM
TI Magnetic trapping of neutrons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ultracold neutrons; cold neutrons; superfluid-helium; atomic-hydrogen; lifetime; storage; he-4; ucn
AB Accurate measurement of the lifetime of the neutron (which is unstable to beta decay) is important for understanding the weak nuclear force(1) and the creation of matter during the Big Bang(2). Previous measurements of the neutron lifetime have mainly been limited by certain systematic errors(3); however, these could in principle be avoided by performing measurements on neutrons stored in a magnetic tray. Neutral-particle and charged-particle traps are widely used for studying both composite and elementary particles, because they allow long interaction times and isolation of particles from perturbing environments(4). Here,ve report the magnetic trapping of neutrons. The trapping region is filled with superfluid He-4, which is used to load neutrons into the trap and as a scintillator to detect their decay. Neutrons in the trap have a lifetime of 750(-200)(+330) seconds, mainly limited by their beta decay rather than trap losses. Our experiment verifies theoretical predictions regarding the loading process and magnetic trapping of neutrons. Further refinement of this method should lead to improved precision in the neutron lifetime measurement.
C1 Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   Hahn Meitner Inst Kernforsch Berlin GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 Harvard University; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Zentrum fuer Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB); United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Huffman, PR (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, 17 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 30
TC 106
Z9 113
U1 1
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 62
EP 64
DI 10.1038/47444
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400040
PM 10638750
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holmgren, M
   Wagg, J
   Bezanilla, F
   Rakowski, RF
   De Weer, P
   Gadsby, DC
AF Holmgren, M
   Wagg, J
   Bezanilla, F
   Rakowski, RF
   De Weer, P
   Gadsby, DC
TI Three distinct and sequential steps in the release of sodium ions by the Na+/K+-ATPase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID voltage dependence; na,k pump; translocation; channel; na,k-atpase; pathway
AB The Na+/K+ pump, a P-type ion-motive ATPase, exports three sodium ions and then imports two potassium ions in each transport cycle. Ions on one side of the membrane bind to sites within the protein and become temporarily occluded (trapped within the protein) before being released to the other side(1,2), but details of these occlusion and de-occlusion transitions remain obscure for all P-type ATPases, If it is deprived of potassium ions, the Na+/K+ pump is restricted to sodium translocation steps(3), at least one involving charge movement through the membrane's electric field(4,5). Changes in membrane potential alter the rate of such electrogenic reactions and so shift the distribution of enzyme conformations. Here we use high-speed voltage jumps to initiate this redistribution and show that the resulting pre-steady-state charge movements relax in three identifiable phases, apparently reflecting de-occlusion and release of the three sodium ions. Reciprocal relationships among the sizes of these three charge components show that the three sodium ions are de-occluded and released to the extracellular solution one at a time, in a strict order.
C1 Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Marine Biological Laboratory - Woods Hole
RP Gadsby, DC (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Cardiac Membrane Physiol, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 17
TC 145
Z9 160
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 898
EP 901
DI 10.1038/35002599
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200059
PM 10706288
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fukada-Tanaka, S
   Inagaki, Y
   Yamaguchi, T
   Saito, N
   Iida, S
AF Fukada-Tanaka, S
   Inagaki, Y
   Yamaguchi, T
   Saito, N
   Iida, S
TI Colour-enhancing protein in blue petals - Spectacular morning glory blooms rely on a behind-the-scenes proton exchanger.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Natl Inst Basic Biol, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Grad Univ Adv Studies, Dept Mol Biomech, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Meiji Gakuin Univ, Chem Lab, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2448539, Japan.
C3 National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB); Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan
RP Fukada-Tanaka, S (corresponding author), Natl Inst Basic Biol, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
NR 8
TC 137
Z9 164
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 581
EP 581
DI 10.1038/35036683
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800031
PM 11034195
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnson, RE
   Washington, MT
   Haracska, L
   Prakash, S
   Prakash, L
AF Johnson, RE
   Washington, MT
   Haracska, L
   Prakash, S
   Prakash, L
TI Eukaryotic polymerases ι and ζ act sequentially to bypass DNA lesions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thymine-thymine dimer; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; xeroderma-pigmentosum; replication fidelity; escherichia-coli; yeast; eta; photoproduct; extension; kinetics
AB DNA lesions can often block DNA replication, so cells possess specialized low-fidelity, and often error-prone, DNA polymerases that can bypass such lesions and promote replication of damaged DNA(1). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD30 and human hRAD30A encode Pol eta, which bypasses a cis-syn thymine-thymine dimer efficiently and accurately(2-7). Here we show that a related human gene, hRAD30B(8), encodes the DNA polymerase Pol iota, which misincorporates deoxynucleotides at a high rate. To bypass damage, Pol iota specifically incorporates deoxynucleotides opposite highly distorting or non-instructional DNA lesions. This action is combined with that of DNA polymerase Pol zeta, which is essential for damage-induced mutagenesis, to complete the lesion bypass. Pol zeta is very inefficient in inserting deoxynucleotides opposite DNA lesions, but readily extends from such deoxynucleotides once they have been inserted. Thus, in a new model for mutagenic bypass of DNA lesions in eukaryotes, the two DNA polymerases act sequentially: Pol iota incorporates deoxynucleotides opposite DNA lesions, and Pol zeta functions as a mispair extender.
C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Sealy Ctr Mol Sci, Galveston, TX 77555 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston
RP Prakash, L (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Med Branch, Sealy Ctr Mol Sci, 6-104 Med Res Bldg,11th & Mech St, Galveston, TX 77555 USA.
NR 21
TC 585
Z9 674
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 1015
EP 1019
DI 10.1038/35023030
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200051
PM 10984059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wyckoff, GJ
   Wang, W
   Wu, CI
AF Wyckoff, GJ
   Wang, W
   Wu, CI
TI Rapid evolution of male reproductive genes in the descent of man
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID positive selection; protein evolution; drosophila; primates; substitution; polymorphism; nucleotide; sequences; sperm; rates
AB A diverse body of morphological and genetic evidence has suggested that traits pertaining to male reproduction may have evolved much more rapidly than other types of character(1-3). Recently, DNA sequence comparisons have also shown a very high level of divergence in male reproductive proteins between closely related Drosophila species(4-6), among marine invertebrates(7,8) and between mouse and rat(9). Here we show that rapid evolution of male reproductive genes is observable in primates and is quite notable in the lineages to human and chimpanzee. Nevertheless, rapid evolution by itself is not necessarily an indication of positive darwinian selection; relaxation of negative selection is often equally compatible with the DNA sequence data. By taking three statistical approaches, we show that positive darwinian selection is often the driving force behind this rapid evolution. These results open up opportunities to test the hypothesis that sexual selection plays some role in the molecular evolution of higher primates.
C1 Univ Chicago, Comm Genet, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Wu, CI (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Comm Genet, 1101 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 30
TC 449
Z9 513
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 304
EP 309
DI 10.1038/35002070
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700051
PM 10659848
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Erickson, CL
AF Erickson, CL
TI An artificial landscape-scale fishery in the Bolivian Amazon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID america
AB Historical ecologists working in the Neotropics argue that the present natural environment is an historical product of human intentionality and ingenuity, a creation that is imposed, built, managed and maintained by the collective multigenerational knowledge and experience of Native Americans(1,2). In the past 12,000 years, indigenous peoples transformed the environment, creating what we now recognize as the rich ecological mosaic of the Neotropics(3-6). The prehispanic savanna peoples of the Bolivian Amazon built an anthropogenic landscape through the construction of raised fields, large settlement mounds, and earthen causeways(7,8). I have studied a complex artificial network of hydraulic earthworks covering 525 km(2) in the Baures region of Bolivia. Here I identify a particular form of earthwork, the zigzag structure, as a fish weir, on the basis of form, orientation, location, association with other hydraulic works and ethnographic analogy.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Anthropol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
RP Erickson, CL (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Anthropol, 33rd & Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM cerickso@sas.upenn.edu
NR 28
TC 189
Z9 223
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 190
EP 193
DI 10.1038/35041555
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400042
PM 11089970
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuo, SC
   McGrath, JL
AF Kuo, SC
   McGrath, JL
TI Steps and fluctuations of Listeria monocytogenes during actin-based motility
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID particle tracking; interferometry; mechanics; filament; proteins; complex; domain
AB The actin-based motility of the bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, is a model system for understanding motile cell functions involving actin polymerization(1). Although the biochemical and genetic aspects of Listeria motility have been intensely studied(2-5), biophysical data are sparse(6). Here we have used high-resolution laser tracking to follow the trailing ends of Listeria moving in the lamellae of COS7 cells. We found that pauses during motility occur frequently and that episodes of step-like motion often show pauses spaced at about 5.4 nm, which corresponds to the spatial periodicity of F-actin(7). We occasionally observed smaller steps (<3 nm), as well as periods of motion with no obvious pauses. Clearly, bacteria do not sense cytoplasmic viscoelasticity because they fluctuate 20 times less than adjacent lipid droplets. Instead, bacteria bind their own actin 'tails', and the anchoring proteins can 'step' along growing filaments within the actin tail. Because positional fluctuations are unusually small, the forces of association and propulsion must be very strong. Our data disprove the brownian ratchet model(8) and limit alternative models, such as the 'elastic' brownian ratchet(9) or the 'molecular' ratchet(4,10).
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP Kuo, SC (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM skuo@bme.jhu.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM059285] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 105
Z9 118
U1 1
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6807
BP 1026
EP 1029
DI 10.1038/35039544
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 366XX
UT WOS:000090032500049
PM 11069185
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Santen, L
   Krauth, W
AF Santen, L
   Krauth, W
TI Absence of thermodynamic phase transition in a model glass former
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cluster algorithm; liquids; systems
AB The glass transition can be viewed simply as the point at which the viscosity of a structurally disordered liquid reaches a universal threshold value(1). But this is an operational definition that circumvents fundamental issues, such as whether the glass transition is a purely dynamical phenomenon(2). If so, ergodicity gets broken (the system becomes confined to some part of its phase space), but the thermodynamic properties of the liquid remain unchanged across the transition, provided they are determined as thermodynamic equilibrium averages over the whole phase space. The opposite view(3-6) claims that an underlying thermodynamic phase transition is responsible for the pronounced slow-down in the dynamics at the liquid-glass boundary. Such a phase transition would trigger the dynamic standstill, and then he masked by it. Here we perform Monte Carlo simulations of a two-dimensional system of polydisperse hard disks far within its glassy phase. The approach(7) allows for non-local moves in a way that preserves micro-reversibility. We find no evidence for a thermodynamic phase transition up to very high densities; the glass is thus indistinguishable from the liquid on purely thermodynamic grounds.
C1 Ecole Normale Super, CNRS, Lab Phys Stat, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Krauth, W (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super, CNRS, Lab Phys Stat, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
NR 15
TC 150
Z9 161
U1 3
U2 55
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 550
EP 551
DI 10.1038/35014561
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500044
PM 10850709
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Falci, G
   Fazio, R
   Palma, GM
   Siewert, J
   Vedral, V
AF Falci, G
   Fazio, R
   Palma, GM
   Siewert, J
   Vedral, V
TI Detection of geometric phases in superconducting nanocircuits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum computation; josephson-junctions; cooper pairs
AB When a quantum-mechanical system undergoes an adiabatic cyclic evolution, it acquires a geometrical phase factor(1) in addition to the dynamical one; this effect has been demonstrated in a variety of microscopic systems(2). Advances in nanotechnology should enable the laws of quantum dynamics to be tested at the macroscopic level(3), by providing controllable artificial two-level systems (for example, in quantum dots(4) and superconducting devices(5,6)). Here we propose an experimental method to detect geometric phases in a superconducting device. The setup is a Josephson junction nanocircuit consisting of a superconducting electron box. We discuss how interferometry based on geometrical phases may be realized, and show how the effect may be applied to the design of gates for quantum computation.
C1 Univ Catania, Dipartimento Metodol Fis & Chim, I-95125 Catania, Italy.
   Univ Palermo, Dipartimento Sci Fis & Astron, I-90123 Palermo, Italy.
   Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Ctr Quantum Computat, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
   Ist Nazl Fis Mat, Unita Catania & Palermo, Catania, Italy.
C3 University of Catania; University of Palermo; University of Oxford; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR)
RP Falci, G (corresponding author), Univ Catania, Dipartimento Metodol Fis & Chim, Viale A Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy.
NR 22
TC 378
Z9 396
U1 1
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 355
EP 358
DI 10.1038/35030052
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700040
PM 11014186
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nakagawa, T
   Zhu, H
   Morishima, N
   Li, E
   Xu, J
   Yankner, BA
   Yuan, JY
AF Nakagawa, T
   Zhu, H
   Morishima, N
   Li, E
   Xu, J
   Yankner, BA
   Yuan, JY
TI Caspase-12 mediates endoplasmic-reticulum-specific apoptosis and cytotoxicity by amyloid-β
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-death; alzheimers-disease; protease; receptor; proteins; complex; ice
AB Apoptosis, or cellular suicide, is important for normal development and tissue homeostasis, but too much or too Little apoptosis can also cause disease(1,2). The family of cysteine proteases, the so-called caspases, are critical mediators of programmed cell death(3), and thus far 14 family members have been identified. Some of these, such as caspase-(8) (refs 4, 5), mediate signal transduction downstream of death receptors located on the plasma membrane. Others, such as caspase-9 (ref. 6), mediate apoptotic signals after mitochondrial damage. Stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can also result in apoptosis(7). Here we show that caspase-12 is localized to the ER and activated by ER stress, including disruption of ER calcium homeostasis and accumulation of excess proteins in ER, but not by membrane- or mitochondrial-targeted apoptotic signals. Mice that are deficient in caspase-12 are resistant to ER stress-induced apoptosis, but their cells undergo apoptosis in response to other death stimuli. Furthermore, we show that caspase-12-deficient cortical neurons are defective in apoptosis induced by amyloid-beta protein but not by staurosporine or trophic factor deprivation. Thus, caspase-12 mediates an ER-specific apoptosis pathway and may contribute to amyloid-beta neurotoxicity.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Biodesign Res Grp, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA 02119 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; RIKEN; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital
RP Yuan, JY (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM jyuan@hms.harvard.edu
NR 17
TC 2913
Z9 3416
U1 1
U2 390
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 98
EP 103
DI 10.1038/47513
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400051
PM 10638761
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, HW
   Lanzetta, KM
   Pascarelle, S
   Yahata, N
AF Chen, HW
   Lanzetta, KM
   Pascarelle, S
   Yahata, N
TI Unusual spectral energy distribution of a galaxy previously reported to be at redshift 6.68
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Observations of distant galaxies are important both for understanding how galaxies form and for probing the physical conditions of the Universe at early times. It is, however, very difficult to identify galaxies at redshifts z> 5, because they are so faint and have few spectral characteristics. We previously reported(1) the probable identification of a galaxy at z = 6.68, based on one line and an apparent break in the spectrum just shortwards of that, which we interpreted as Lyman alpha emission and the Lyman alpha break, where photons with shorter wavelengths are absorbed by the intervening neutral hydrogen gas. Here we present optical photometry that shows moderate detections of light in the B- and V-band images, which are inconsistent with the expected absence of flux shortwards of the Lyman alpha break for a galaxy at z> 5, and inconsistent with the previous flux measurement. Moreover, the spectral energy distribution for this object cannot readily be fitted by any known galaxy spectral template at any redshift, so the redshift is undetermined.
C1 Carnegie Inst Washington Observ, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Chen, HW (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Washington Observ, 813 Santa Barbara St, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA.
NR 6
TC 9
Z9 11
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 562
EP 564
DI 10.1038/35046031
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600111
PM 11117738
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boetius, A
   Ravenschlag, K
   Schubert, CJ
   Rickert, D
   Widdel, F
   Gieseke, A
   Amann, R
   Jorgensen, BB
   Witte, U
   Pfannkuche, O
AF Boetius, A
   Ravenschlag, K
   Schubert, CJ
   Rickert, D
   Widdel, F
   Gieseke, A
   Amann, R
   Jorgensen, BB
   Witte, U
   Pfannkuche, O
TI A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sulfate-reducing bacteria; spatial-organization; activated-sludge; sediments; probes; abundance; flow
AB A large fraction of globally produced methane is converted to CO2 by anaerobic oxidation in marine sediments(1). Strong geochemical evidence for net methane consumption in anoxic sediments is based on methane profiles(2), radiotracer experiments(3) and stable carbon isotope data(4). But the elusive microorganisms mediating this reaction have not yet been isolated, and the pathway of anaerobic oxidation of methane is insufficiently understood. Recent data suggest that certain archaea reverse the process of methanogenesis by interaction with sulphate-reducing bacteria(5-7). Here we provide microscopic evidence for a structured consortium of archaea and sulphate-reducing bacteria, which we identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization using specific 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. In this example of a structured archaeal-bacterial symbiosis, the archaea grow in dense aggregates of about 100 cells and are surrounded by sulphate-reducing bacteria. These aggregates were abundant in gas-hydrate-rich sediments with extremely high rates of methane-based sulphate reduction, and apparently mediate anaerobic oxidation of methane.
C1 Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   GEOMAR Res Ctr Marine Geosci, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel
RP Boetius, A (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
EM aboetius@mpi-bremen.de
NR 29
TC 2420
Z9 2863
U1 21
U2 1181
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 623
EP 626
DI 10.1038/35036572
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800045
PM 11034209
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsoi, M
   Jansen, AGM
   Bass, J
   Chiang, WC
   Tsoi, V
   Wyder, P
AF Tsoi, M
   Jansen, AGM
   Bass, J
   Chiang, WC
   Tsoi, V
   Wyder, P
TI Generation and detection of phase-coherent current-driven magnons in magnetic multilayers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wave emitting diodes; giant magnetoresistance; electric-current; spin-waves; excitation; metals
AB The magnetic state of a ferromagnet can affect the electrical transport properties of the material; for example, the relative orientation of the magnetic moments in magnetic multilayers(1) underlies the phenomenon of giant magnetoresistance. The inverse effect-in which a large electrical current density can perturb the magnetic state of a multilayer-has been predicted(2-7) and observed experimentally with point contacts(8,9) and lithographically patterned samples(10,11). Some of these observations were taken as indirect evidence for current-induced excitation of spin waves, or 'magnons'. Here we probe directly the high-frequency behaviour and partial phase coherence of such current-induced excitations, by externally irradiating a point contact with microwaves. We determine the magnon spectrum and investigate how the magnon frequency and amplitude vary with the exciting current. Our observations support the feasibility of a spin-wave maser(2) or 'SWASER' (spin-wave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation).
C1 Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, Grenoble High Magnet Field Lab, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
   CNRS, F-38042 Grenoble, France.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia.
C3 Max Planck Society; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Michigan State University; Russian Academy of Sciences; Osipyan Institute of Solid State Physics RAS
RP Tsoi, M (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, Grenoble High Magnet Field Lab, BP 166, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
NR 19
TC 411
Z9 460
U1 1
U2 86
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 46
EP 48
DI 10.1038/35017512
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200037
PM 10894534
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bergman, R
   Swenson, J
AF Bergman, R
   Swenson, J
TI Dynamics of supercooled water in confined geometry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID low-frequency dispersion; glass-transition; dielectric-relaxation; liquids
AB As with most liquids, it is possible to supercool(1-4) water; this generally involves cooling the liquid below its melting temperature I(avoiding crystallization) until it eventually forms a glass. The viscosity and related relaxation times (tau) of glass-forming liquids typically show non-Arrhenius temperature (T) dependencies: Liquids with highly non-Arrhenius behaviour in the supercooled region are termed 'fragile', In contrast, liquids whose behaviour is close to the Arrhenius law (ln tau proportional to 1/T) are termed 'strong' (ref. 5). A unique 'fragile-strong' transition around 228 K has been proposed(6) for supercooled water; however, experimental studies of hulk supercooled water in this temperature range are generally hampered because crystallization occurs. Here we use broad-band dielectric spectroscopy to study the relaxation dynamics of supercooled water in a wide temperature range, including the usually inaccessible temperature region. This is possible because the supercooled water is held within a layered vermiculite clay-the geometrical confinement and presence of intercalated sodium ions prevent(7) most of the water from crystallizing. We find a relaxational process with an Arrhenius temperature dependence, consistent with the proposed strong nature of deeply supercooled bulk water. Because water that is less supercooled has been established(6) as highly fragile, our results support the existence of a fragile-strong transition.
C1 Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Expt Phys, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
C3 Chalmers University of Technology; Chalmers University of Technology
RP Bergman, R (corresponding author), Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Expt Phys, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
NR 29
TC 321
Z9 337
U1 0
U2 118
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 283
EP 286
DI 10.1038/35002027
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700044
PM 10659841
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vaadia, E
AF Vaadia, E
TI Cognitive neuroscience - Learning how the brain learns
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neuronal interactions; movement direction; cortex
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Dept Physiol, IL-91010 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Interdisciplinary Ctr Neural Computat, Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Vaadia, E (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Dept Physiol, IL-91010 Jerusalem, Israel.
NR 12
TC 6
Z9 7
U1 1
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 523
EP 525
DI 10.1038/35014716
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500032
PM 10850698
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bishop, AC
   Ubersax, JA
   Petsch, DT
   Matheos, DP
   Gray, NS
   Blethrow, J
   Shimizu, E
   Tsien, JZ
   Schultz, PG
   Rose, MD
   Wood, JL
   Morgan, DO
   Shokat, KM
AF Bishop, AC
   Ubersax, JA
   Petsch, DT
   Matheos, DP
   Gray, NS
   Blethrow, J
   Shimizu, E
   Tsien, JZ
   Schultz, PG
   Rose, MD
   Wood, JL
   Morgan, DO
   Shokat, KM
TI A chemical switch for inhibitor-sensitive alleles of any protein kinase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast saccharomyces-cerevisiae; cell-cycle; tyrosine kinase; budding yeast; crystal-structure; complex; mitosis; genes; cdc28; cdk2
AB Protein kinases have proved to be largely resistant to the design of highly specific inhibitors, even with the aid of combinatorial chemistry(1). The lack of these reagents has complicated efforts to assign specific signalling roles to individual kinases. Here we describe a chemical genetic strategy for sensitizing protein kinases to cell-permeable molecules that do not inhibit wildtype kinases(2). From two inhibitor scaffolds, we have identified potent and selective inhibitors for sensitized kinases from five distinct subfamilies. Tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases are equally amenable to this approach. We have analysed a budding yeast strain carrying an inhibitor-sensitive form of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28 (CDK1) in place of the wild-type protein. Specific inhibition of Cdc28 in vivo caused a pre-mitotic cell-cycle arrest that is distinct from the G1 arrest typically observed in temperature-sensitive cdc28 mutants(3). The mutation that confers inhibitor-sensitivity is easily identifiable from primary sequence alignments. Thus, this approach can be used to systematically generate conditional alleles of protein kinases, allowing for rapid functional characterization of members of this important gene family.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Chem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Novartis Res Fdn, Genom Inst, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Yale University; Princeton University; Novartis; Novartis USA; Princeton University
RP Shokat, KM (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM037739] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 891
Z9 1108
U1 0
U2 106
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 395
EP 401
DI 10.1038/35030148
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700051
PM 11014197
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buckley, GA
   Brochu, CA
   Krause, DW
   Pol, D
AF Buckley, GA
   Brochu, CA
   Krause, DW
   Pol, D
TI A pug-nosed crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dinosaur
AB Although the image of crocodyliforms as 'unchanged living fossils' is naive, several morphological features of the group are thought to have varied only within narrow limits during the course of evolution(1). These include an elongate snout with an array of conical teeth, a dorsoventrally flattened skull and a posteriorly positioned jaw articulation, which provides a powerful bite force. Here we report an exquisitely preserved specimen of a new taxon from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar that deviates profoundly from this Bauplan, possessing an extremely blunt snout, a tall, rounded skull, an anteriorly shifted jaw joint and clove-shaped, multicusped teeth reminiscent of those of some ornithischian dinosaurs. This last feature implies that the diet of the new taxon may have been predominantly if not exclusively herbivorous. A close relationship with notosuchid crocodyliforms, particularly Uruguaysuchus (Late Cretaceous, Uruguay)(2) is suggested by several shared derived features; this supports a biogeographical hypothesis that Madagascar and South America were linked during the Late Cretaceous(3).
C1 Roosevelt Univ, Evelyn T Stone Univ Coll, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
   Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Geol, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Anat Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Paleontol, New York, NY 10024 USA.
C3 Roosevelt University; Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago); State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)
RP Buckley, GA (corresponding author), Roosevelt Univ, Evelyn T Stone Univ Coll, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
NR 27
TC 197
Z9 232
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 941
EP 944
DI 10.1038/35016061
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700048
PM 10879533
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, KS
   Hirst, J
   Camba, R
   Bonagura, CA
   Stout, CD
   Burgess, BK
   Armstrong, FA
AF Chen, KS
   Hirst, J
   Camba, R
   Bonagura, CA
   Stout, CD
   Burgess, BK
   Armstrong, FA
TI Atomically defined mechanism for proton transfer to a buried redox centre in a protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID azotobacter-vinelandii ferredoxin; cytochrome-c-oxidase; rhodobacter-sphaeroides; structural-changes; film voltammetry; bacteriorhodopsin; resolution; dynamics; pathways; atoms
AB The basis of the chemiosmotic theory is that energy from light or respiration is used to generate a trans-membrane proton gradient(1). This is largely achieved by membrane-spanning enzymes known as 'proton pumps'(2-5). There is intense interest in experiments which reveal, at the molecular level, how protons are drawn through proteins(6-13). Here we report the mechanism, at atomic resolution, for a single long-range electron-coupled proton transfer. In Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I, reduction of a buried iron-sulphur cluster draws in a solvent proton, whereas re-oxidation is 'gated' by proton release to the solvent. Studies of this 'proton-transferring module' by fast-scan protein film voltammetry, high-resolution crystallography, site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamics, reveal that proton transfer is exquisitely sensitive to the position and pK of a single amino acid. The proton is delivered through the protein matrix by rapid penetrative excursions of the side-chain carboxylate of a surface residue (Asp 15), whose pK shifts in response to the electrostatic charge on the iron-sulphur cluster. Our analysis defines the structural, dynamic and energetic requirements for proton courier groups in redox-driven proton-pumping enzymes.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Chem, Oxford OX1 3QR, England.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Irvine, CA 92612 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 University of Oxford; University of California System; University of California Irvine; Scripps Research Institute
RP Armstrong, FA (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Chem, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QR, England.
EM fraser.armstrong@chem.ox.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 150
Z9 165
U1 2
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 814
EP 817
DI 10.1038/35015610
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600057
PM 10866206
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Caramazza, A
   Chialant, D
   Capasso, R
   Miceli, G
AF Caramazza, A
   Chialant, D
   Capasso, R
   Miceli, G
TI Separable processing of consonants and vowels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phonemic paraphasia; speech; errors
AB There are two views about the nature of consonants and vowels. One view holds that they are categorically distinct objects that play a fundamental role in the construction of syllables in speech production(1-3). The other view is that they are convenient labels for distinguishing between peak (vowel) and non-peak (consonant) parts of a continuous stream of sound that varies in sonority (roughly the degree of openness of the vocal apparatus during speech)(4-6), or that they are summary labels for bundles of feature segments(7,8). Taking the latter view, consonants and vowels do not have an independent status in language processing. Here we provide evidence for the possible categorical distinction between consonants and vowels in the brain. We report the performance of two Italian-speaking aphasics who show contrasting, selective difficulties in producing vowels and consonants. Their performance in producing individual consonants is independent of the sonority value and feature properties of the consonants. This pattern of results suggests that consonants and vowels are processed by distinct neural mechanisms, thereby providing evidence for their independent status in language production.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, Cognit Neuropsychol Lab, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Ist Ricovero & Cura Carattere Sci S Lucia, I-00179 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Cattolica, Dept Neurol, I-00168 Rome, Italy.
C3 Harvard University; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; IRCCS Policlinico Gemelli
RP Caramazza, A (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, Cognit Neuropsychol Lab, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 21
TC 141
Z9 151
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 428
EP 430
DI 10.1038/35000206
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100050
PM 10667794
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steinhardt, PJ
   Jeong, HC
   Saitoh, K
   Tanaka, M
   Abe, E
   Tsai, AP
AF Steinhardt, PJ
   Jeong, HC
   Saitoh, K
   Tanaka, M
   Abe, E
   Tsai, AP
TI Alloys - Atomic structure of the quasicrystal Al72Ni20Co8 - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Sejong Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 143747, South Korea.
   Tohoku Univ, Sci Measurements Res Inst, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
   Natl Res Inst Met, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan.
C3 Princeton University; Sejong University; Tohoku University; National Institute for Materials Science
RP Steinhardt, PJ (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 2
TC 7
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 267
EP 267
DI 10.1038/35002255
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fukuda, R
   McNew, JA
   Weber, T
   Parlati, F
   Engel, T
   Nickel, W
   Rothman, JE
   Söllner, TH
AF Fukuda, R
   McNew, JA
   Weber, T
   Parlati, F
   Engel, T
   Nickel, W
   Rothman, JE
   Söllner, TH
TI Functional architecture of an intracellular membrane t-SNARE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID v-snare; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; endoplasmic-reticulum; transport pathways; vesicle transport; secretory pathway; golgi-apparatus; snap-25 homolog; fusion; yeast
AB Lipid bilayer fusion is mediated by SNAREs (soluble N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) located on the vesicle membrane (v-SNAREs) and the target membrane (t-SNAREs)(1,2). The assembled v-SNARE/t-SNARE complex consists of a bundle of four helices, of which one is supplied by the v-SNARE and the other three by the t-SNARE(3). For t-SNAREs on the plasma membrane, the protein syntaxin(4) supplies one helix and a SNAP-25 protein(5) contributes the other two. Although there are numerous homologues of syntaxin on intracellular membranes(6), there are only two SNAP-25-related proteins in yeast, Sec9 and Spo20, both of which are localized to the plasma membrane and function in secretion(7) and sporulation(8), respectively. What replaces SNAP-25 in t-SNAREs of intracellular membranes? Here we show that an intracellular t-SNARE is built from a `heavy chain' homologous to syntaxin and two separate nonsyntaxin `light chains'. SNAP-25 may thus be the exception rather than the rule, having been derived from genes that encoded separate light chains that fused during evolution to produce a single gene encoding one protein with two helices.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Söllner, TH (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, 1275 York Ave,Box 519, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 201
Z9 233
U1 1
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 198
EP 202
DI 10.1038/35025084
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000051
PM 11001059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Levinson, P
AF Levinson, P
TI The enduring test - How long must you wait before proving your humanity?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 937
EP 937
DI 10.1038/35010187
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000033
PM 10801105
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loder, N
AF Loder, N
TI Unfavourable economics put postdocs across Europe under strain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 427
EP 429
DI 10.1038/35030308
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700059
PM 11014202
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boudvillain, M
   de Lencastre, A
   Pyle, AM
AF Boudvillain, M
   de Lencastre, A
   Pyle, AM
TI A tertiary interaction that links active-site domains to the 5′ splice site of a group II intron
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID u6 snrna; rna helix; ribozyme; nucleotides; mechanism; selection; contacts; packing; binding; core
AB Group II introns are self-splicing RNAs that are commonly found in the genes of plants, fungi, yeast and bacteria(1,2). Little is known about the tertiary structure of group II introns, which are among the largest natural ribozymes. The most conserved region of the intron is domain 5 (D5), which, together with domain 1 (D1), is required for all reactions catalysed by the intron(3). Despite the importance of D5, its spatial relationship and tertiary contacts to other active-site constituents have remained obscure. Furthermore, D5 has never been placed directly at a site of catalysis by the intron. Here we show that a set of tertiary interactions (lambda-lambda') links catalytically essential regions of D5 and D1, creating the framework for an active-site and anchoring it at the 5' splice site. Highly conserved elements similar to components of the lambda-lambda' interaction are found in the eukaryotic spliceosome.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Pyle, AM (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM amp11@columbia.edu
NR 27
TC 75
Z9 83
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 315
EP 318
DI 10.1038/35018589
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900052
PM 10917534
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Azzam, NA
   Hallenbeck, JM
   Kachar, B
AF Azzam, NA
   Hallenbeck, JM
   Kachar, B
TI Membrane changes during hibernation - Organelle lipids undergo rapidly reversible rearrangement as body temperature drops.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transitions
C1 NINDS, Stroke Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Natl Inst Deafness & Other Commun Disorders, Sect Struct Cell Biol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Deafness & Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)
RP Azzam, NA (corresponding author), NINDS, Stroke Branch, NIH, Bldg 36,Rm 4D04, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM kacharb@nidcd.nih.gov
FU National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders [ZIADC000002] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 9
TC 32
Z9 34
U1 1
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 317
EP 318
DI 10.1038/35030294
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700031
PM 11014177
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maris, CH
   Jacob, J
   Baltimore, D
AF Maris, CH
   Jacob, J
   Baltimore, D
TI Immunology - Investigating T-cell memory - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Emory University; California Institute of Technology
RP Maris, CH (corresponding author), Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
NR 3
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 40
EP 40
DI 10.1038/35024161
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Egolf, DA
   Melnikov, IV
   Pesch, W
   Ecke, RE
AF Egolf, DA
   Melnikov, IV
   Pesch, W
   Ecke, RE
TI Mechanisms of extensive spatiotemporal chaos in Rayleigh-Bernard convection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spiral-defect chaos; benard convection; prandtl number; dynamics; transition; attractors; dimension; fluid
AB Spatially extended dynamical systems exhibit complex behaviour in both space and time-spatiotemporal chaos(1,2). Analysis of dynamical quantities (such as fractal dimensions and Lyapunov exponents(3)) has provided insights into low-dimensional systems; but it has proven more difficult to understand spatiotemporal chaos in high-dimensional systems, despite abundant data describing its statistical properties(1,4,5). Initial attempts have been made to extend the dynamical approach to higher-dimensional systems, demonstrating numerically that the spatiotemporal chaos in several simple models is extensive(6-8) (the number of dynamical degrees of freedom scales with the system volume). Here we report a computational investigation of a phenomenon found in nature, 'spiral defect' chaos(5,9) in Rayleigh-Benard convection, in which we rnd that the spatiotemporal chaos in this state is extensive and characterized by about a hundred dynamical degrees of freedom. By studying the detailed space-time evolution of the dynamical degrees of freedom, we rnd that the mechanism for the generation of chaotic disorder is spatially and temporally localized to events associated with the creation and annihilation of defects.
C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Bayreuth, Inst Phys, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University of Bayreuth
RP Egolf, DA (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
NR 24
TC 129
Z9 141
U1 0
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 733
EP 736
DI 10.1038/35008013
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600043
PM 10783880
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pasquinelli, AE
   Reinhart, BJ
   Slack, F
   Martindale, MQ
   Kuroda, MI
   Maller, B
   Hayward, DC
   Ball, EE
   Degnan, B
   Müller, P
   Spring, J
   Srinivasan, A
   Fishman, M
   Finnerty, J
   Corbo, J
   Levine, M
   Leahy, P
   Davidson, E
   Ruvkun, G
AF Pasquinelli, AE
   Reinhart, BJ
   Slack, F
   Martindale, MQ
   Kuroda, MI
   Maller, B
   Hayward, DC
   Ball, EE
   Degnan, B
   Müller, P
   Spring, J
   Srinivasan, A
   Fishman, M
   Finnerty, J
   Corbo, J
   Levine, M
   Leahy, P
   Davidson, E
   Ruvkun, G
TI Conservation of the sequence and temporal expression of let-7 heterochronic regulatory RNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; c-elegans; caenorhabditis-elegans; genetic interference; lin-14
AB Two small RNAs regulate the timing of Caenorhabditis elegans development(1,2). Transition from the first to the second larval stage fates requires the 22-nucleotide lin-4 RNA(1,3,4), and transition from late larval to adult cell fates requires the 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA 2. The lin-4 and let-7 RNA genes are not homologous to each other, but are each complementary to sequences in the 3' untranslated regions of a set of protein-coding target genes that are normally negatively regulated by the RNAs1,2,5,6. Here we have detected let-7 RNAs of similar to 21 nucleotides in samples from a wide range of animal species, including vertebrate, ascidian, hemichordate, mollusc, annelid and arthropod, but not in RNAs from several cnidarian and poriferan species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli or Arabidopsis. We did not detect lin-4 RNA in these species. We found that let-7 temporal regulation is also conserved: let-7 RNA expression is first detected at late larval stages in C. elegans and Drosophila, at 48 hours after fertilization in zebrafish, and in adult stages of annelids and molluscs. The let-7 regulatory RNA may control late temporal transitions during development across animal phylogeny.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Pacific Biomed Res Ctr, Kewalo Marine Lab, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
   Baylor Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   Univ Queensland, Dept Zool & Entomol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Univ Basel, Inst Zool, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Biol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Biol 156 29, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Yale University; University of Hawaii System; Baylor University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Australian National University; University of Queensland; University of Basel; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; California Institute of Technology
RP Ruvkun, G (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
FU NIAMS NIH HHS [P30 AR046032] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM045744] Funding Source: Medline
NR 14
TC 1925
Z9 2638
U1 14
U2 265
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 86
EP 89
DI 10.1038/35040556
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400056
PM 11081512
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kling, J
AF Kling, J
TI The flaw is human - The end of the Human Genome Reclamation Project
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 1
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 941
EP 941
DI 10.1038/35023065
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200022
PM 10984031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Urban, FE
   Cole, JE
   Overpeck, JT
AF Urban, FE
   Cole, JE
   Overpeck, JT
TI Influence of mean climate change on climate variability from a 155-year tropical Pacific coral record
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern-oscillation; galapagos corals; enso; temperature; occurrences; century; index
AB Today, the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system is the primary driver of interannual variability in global climate, but its long-term behaviour is poorly understood. Instrumental observations reveal a shift in 1976 towards warmer and wetter conditions in the tropical Pacific, with widespread climatic and ecological consequences(1-3). This shift, unique over the past century(4), has prompted debate over the influence of increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases on ENSO variability(5-7). Here we present a 155-year ENSO reconstruction from a central tropical Pacific coral that provides new evidence for long-term changes in the regional mean climate and its variability. A gradual transition in the early twentieth century and the abrupt change in 1976, both towards warmer and wetter conditions, co-occur with changes in variability. In the mid-late nineteenth century, cooler and drier background conditions coincided with prominent decadal variability; in the early twentieth century, shorter-period (similar to2.9 years) variability intensified. After 1920, variability weakens and becomes focused at interannual timescales; with the shift in 1976, variability with a period of about 4 years becomes prominent. Our results suggest that variability in the tropical Pacific is linked to the region's mean climate, and that changes in both have occurred during periods of natural as well as anthropogenic climate forcing.
C1 Univ Colorado, PAOS, INSTAAR, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Cole, JE (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, PAOS, INSTAAR, Dept Geol Sci, Box 450, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM jcole@geo.arizona.edu
NR 30
TC 238
Z9 268
U1 1
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6807
BP 989
EP 993
DI 10.1038/35039597
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 366XX
UT WOS:000090032500039
PM 11069175
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fonseca, PJ
   Münch, D
   Hennig, RM
AF Fonseca, PJ
   Münch, D
   Hennig, RM
TI Auditory perception - How cicadas interpret acoustic signals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tonotopic organization
C1 Fac Ciencias Lisboa, Dept Zool, P-1700 Lisbon, Portugal.
   Fac Ciencias Lisboa, Ctr Biol Ambiental, P-1700 Lisbon, Portugal.
   Humboldt Univ, Inst Biol, D-10115 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Universidade de Lisboa; Universidade de Lisboa; Humboldt University of Berlin
RP Fonseca, PJ (corresponding author), Fac Ciencias Lisboa, Dept Zool, Campo Grande, P-1700 Lisbon, Portugal.
EM matthias.hennig@rz.hu-berlin.de
NR 10
TC 42
Z9 48
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 297
EP 298
DI 10.1038/35012696
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700032
PM 10830949
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gierasch, PJ
   Ingersoll, AP
   Banfield, D
   Ewald, SP
   Helfenstein, P
   Simon-Miller, A
   Vasavada, A
   Breneman, HH
   Senske, DA
AF Gierasch, PJ
   Ingersoll, AP
   Banfield, D
   Ewald, SP
   Helfenstein, P
   Simon-Miller, A
   Vasavada, A
   Breneman, HH
   Senske, DA
TI Observation of moist convection in Jupiter's atmosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galileo
AB The energy source driving Jupiter's active meteorology is not understood(1). There are two main candidates: a poorly understood internal heat source and sunlight. Here we report observations of an active storm system possessing both lightning and condensation of water. The storm has a vertical extent of at least 50 km and a length of about 4,000 km. Previous observations(2,3) of lightning on Jupiter have revealed both its frequency of occurrence and its spatial distribution, but they did not permit analysis of the detailed cloud structure and its dynamics. The present observations reveal the storm (on the day side of the planet) at the same location and within just a few hours of a lightning detection (on the night side). We estimate that the total vertical transport of heat by storms like the one observed here is of the same order as the planet's internal heat source. We therefore conclude that moist convection-similar to large clusters of thunderstorm cells on the Earth-is a dominant factor in converting heat flow into kinetic energy in the jovian atmosphere.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90025 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
C3 Cornell University; California Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology
RP Gierasch, PJ (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
NR 15
TC 175
Z9 195
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 628
EP 630
DI 10.1038/35001017
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200043
PM 10688191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ball, P
AF Ball, P
TI Meet the spin doctors . . .
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID injection; coherence
NR 11
TC 155
Z9 168
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 918
EP 920
DI 10.1038/35010132
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000015
PM 10801097
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oechel, WC
   Vourlitis, GL
   Hastings, SJ
   Zulueta, RC
   Hinzman, L
   Kane, D
AF Oechel, WC
   Vourlitis, GL
   Hastings, SJ
   Zulueta, RC
   Hinzman, L
   Kane, D
TI Acclimation of ecosystem CO2 exchange in the Alaskan Arctic in response to decadal climate warming
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tundra ecosystems; atmospheric co2; tussock tundra; carbon storage; energy fluxes; net co2; growth; system; soils
AB Long-term sequestration of carbon in Alaskan Arctic tundra ecosystems was reversed by warming and drying of the climate in the early 1980s, resulting in substantial losses of terrestrial carbon(1,2). But recent measurements suggest that continued warming and drying has resulted in diminished CO2 efflux, and in some cases, summer CO2 sink activity(3,4). Here we compile summer CO2 flux data for two Arctic ecosystems from 1960 to the end of 1998. The results show that a return to summer sink activity has come during the warmest and driest period observed over the past four decades, and indicates a previously undemonstrated capacity for ecosystems to metabolically adjust to long-term (decadal or longer) changes in climate. The mechanisms involved are likely to include changes in nutrient cycling, physiological acclimation, and population and community reorganization. Nevertheless, despite the observed acclimation, the Arctic ecosystems studied are still annual net sources of CO2 to the atmosphere of at least 40 g C m(-2) yr(-1), due to winter release of CO2, implying that further climate change may still exacerbate CO2 emissions from Arctic ecosystems.
C1 San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, Global Change Res Grp, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.
   Calif State Univ, Program Biomed Sci, San Marcos, CA 92096 USA.
   Univ Alaska, Inst Water Resources, Fairbanks, AK 99706 USA.
C3 California State University System; San Diego State University; California State University System; California State University San Marcos; University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks
RP Oechel, WC (corresponding author), San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, Global Change Res Grp, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.
NR 31
TC 479
Z9 626
U1 2
U2 196
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 978
EP 981
DI 10.1038/35023137
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200040
PM 10984048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brückner, K
   Perez, L
   Clausen, H
   Cohen, S
AF Brückner, K
   Perez, L
   Clausen, H
   Cohen, S
TI Glycosyltransferase activity of fringe modulates notch-delta interactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dorsal-ventral boundary; wing imaginal disc; o-linked fucose; signaling molecule; golgi-apparatus; lunatic fringe; drosophila; family; activation; serrate
AB Ligands that are capable of activating Notch family receptors are broadly expressed in animal development, but their activity is tightly regulated to allow formation of tissue boundaries(1). Members of the fringe gene family have been implicated in limiting Notch activation during boundary formation(2-8), but the mechanism of Fringe function has not been determined. Here we present evidence that Fringe acts in the Golgi as a glycosyltransferase enzyme that modifies the epidermal growth factor (EGF) modules of Notch and alters the ability of Notch to bind its ligand Delta. Fringe catalyses the addition of N-acetylglucosamine to fucose, which is consistent with a role in the elongation of O-linked fucose O-glycosylation that is associated with EGF repeats. We suggest that cell-type-specific modification of glycosylation may provide a general mechanism to regulate ligand-receptor interactions in vivo.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Copenhagen, Sch Dent, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); University of Copenhagen
RP Cohen, S (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 30
TC 601
Z9 712
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 411
EP 415
DI 10.1038/35019075
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800047
PM 10935637
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Di Fonzo, S
   Jark, W
   Lagomarsino, S
   Giannini, C
   De Caro, L
   Cedola, A
   Müller, M
AF Di Fonzo, S
   Jark, W
   Lagomarsino, S
   Giannini, C
   De Caro, L
   Cedola, A
   Müller, M
TI Non-destructive determination of local strain with 100-nanometre spatial resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-rays; diffraction; technology; stress; beam
AB Structure sizes of similar to 180 mm are now standard in microelectronics, and state-of-the-art fabrication techniques can reduce these to just a few tens of nanometres (ref. 1). But at these length scales, the strain induced at interfaces can locally distort the crystal lattice, which may in turn affect device performance in an unpredictable way. A means of non-destructively characterizing such strain fields with high spatial resolution and sensitivity is therefore highly desirable. One approach is to use Raman spectroscopy(2), but this is limited by the intrinsic similar to 0.5-mu m resolution limit of visible light probes. Techniques based on electron-beam diffraction can achieve the desired nanometre-scale resolution But either they require complex sample preparation procedures(3) (which may alter the original strain field) or they are sensitive to distortional (but not dilational) strain within only the top few tens of nanometres of the sample surface(4,5). X-rays, on the other hand, have a much greater penetration depth, but have not hitherto achieved strain analysis with sub-micrometre resolution(6). Here we describe a magnifying diffraction imaging procedure for X-rays which achieves a spatial resolution of 100 nm in one dimension and a sensitivity of 10(-4) for relative lattice variations. We demonstrate the suitability of this procedure for strain analysis by measuring the strain depth profiles beneath oxidized lines on silicon crystals.
C1 Sincrotrone Trieste, I-34012 Trieste, Italy.
   CNR, Ist Elettron Stato Solido, I-00156 Rome, Italy.
   Ctr Nazl Ric & Sviluppo Mat, PASTIS, I-72100 Brindisi, Italy.
   ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
C3 Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
RP Di Fonzo, S (corresponding author), Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14 Km 163 5 Area Sci Pk, I-34012 Trieste, Italy.
EM difonzo@elettra.trieste.it
NR 19
TC 110
Z9 130
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 638
EP 640
DI 10.1038/35001035
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200047
PM 10688195
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Post, DM
   Pace, ML
   Hairston, NG
AF Post, DM
   Pace, ML
   Hairston, NG
TI Ecosystem size determines food-chain length in lakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trophic structure; stable isotopes; arctic lakes; webs; productivity; enrichment; patterns
AB Food-chain length is an important characteristic of ecological communities(1) : it influences community structure(2), ecosystem functions(1-4) and contaminant concentrations in top predators(5,6). Since Elton(7) first noted that food-chain length was variable among natural systems, ecologists have considered many explanatory hypotheses(1,4,8,9), but few are supported by empirical evidence(4,10,11). Here we test three hypotheses that predict food-chain length to be determined by productivity alone (productivity hypothesis)(4,10,12,13), ecosystem size alone (ecosystem-size hypothesis)(14,15) or a combination of productivity and ecosystem size (productive-space hypothesis)(7,16-18). The productivity and productive-space hypotheses propose that food-chain length should increase with increasing resource availability; however, the productivity hypothesis does not include ecosystem size as a determinant of resource availability. The ecosystem-size hypothesis is based on the relationship between ecosystem size and species diversity, habitat availability and habitat heterogeneity(14,15). We find that food-chain length increases with ecosystem size, but that the length of the food chain is not related to productivity. Our results support the hypothesis that ecosystem size, and not resource availability, determines food-chain length in these natural ecosystems.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies
RP Post, DM (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM dmp18@cornell.edu
NR 29
TC 597
Z9 727
U1 10
U2 296
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1047
EP 1049
DI 10.1038/35016565
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700043
PM 10890443
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rutberg, RL
   Hemming, SR
   Goldstein, SL
AF Rutberg, RL
   Hemming, SR
   Goldstein, SL
TI Reduced North Atlantic Deep Water flux to the glacial Southern Ocean inferred from neodymium isotope ratios
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circulation; sea; delta-c-13; seawater; nd; sediment; stage-2; climate; vostok; carbon
AB The global circulation of the oceans and the atmosphere transports heat around the Earth. Broecker and Denton(1) suggested that changes in the global ocean circulation might have triggered or enhanced the glacial-interglacial cycles. But proxy data for past circulation taken from sediment cores in the South Atlantic Ocean have yielded conflicting interpretations of ocean circulation in glacial times-delta(13)C variations in benthic foraminifera(2-6) support the idea of a glacial weakening or shutdown of North Atlantic Deep Water production, whereas other proxies, such as Cd/Ca, Ba/Ca and Pa-231/Th-230 ratios, show little change from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene epoch(7-9). Here we report neodymium isotope ratios from the dispersed Fe-Mn oxide component of two southeast Atlantic sediment cores. Both cores show variations that tend towards North Atlantic signatures during the warm marine isotope stages 1 and 3, whereas for the full glacial stages 2 and 4 they are closer to Pacific Ocean signatures. We conclude that the export of North Atlantic Deep Water to the Southern Ocean has resembled present-day conditions during the warm climate intervals, but was reduced during the cold stages. An increase in biological productivity may explain the various proxy data during the times of reduced North Atlantic Deep Water export.
C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Goldstein, SL (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
NR 34
TC 248
Z9 273
U1 1
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 935
EP 938
DI 10.1038/35016049
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700046
PM 10879531
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huxley, A
   Rodière, P
   Paul, DM
   van Dijk, N
   Cubitt, R
   Flouquet, J
AF Huxley, A
   Rodière, P
   Paul, DM
   van Dijk, N
   Cubitt, R
   Flouquet, J
TI Realignment of the flux-line lattice by a change in the symmetry of superconductivity in UPt3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vortex lattice; neutron-diffraction; unconventional superconductor; phase-diagram; order; penetration; transitions; state
AB In 1957, Abrikosov(1) described how quanta of magnetic flux enter the interior of a bulk type II superconductor. It was subsequently predicted that, in an isotropic superconductor, the repulsive forces between the flux lines would cause them to order in two dimensions, forming a hexagonal lattice(2). Flux-line lattices with different geometry can also be found in conventional (type II) superconductors(3); however, the ideal hexagonal lattice structure should always occur when the magnetic field is applied along a hexagonal crystal direction(4). Here we report measurements of the orientation of the flux-line lattice in the heavy-fermion superconductor(5) UPt3, for this special case. As the temperature is increased, the hexagonal lattice, which is initially aligned along the crystal symmetry directions, realigns itself with the anisotropic superconducting gap. The superconductivity in UPt3 is unusual (even compared to unconventional oxide superconductors(6)) because the superconducting gap has a lower rotational symmetry than the crystal structure. This special feature enables our data to demonstrate clearly the link between the microscopic symmetry of the superconductivity and the mesoscopic physics of the flux-line lattice. Moreover, our observations provide a stringent test of the theoretical description of the unconventional superconductivity in UPt3.
C1 CEA, Dept Rech Fondamentale Mat Condensee, SPSMS, F-38054 Grenoble 9, France.
   Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
   Delft Univ Technol, NL-2629 JB Delft, Netherlands.
   Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
C3 CEA; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); University of Warwick; Delft University of Technology; Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL)
RP Huxley, A (corresponding author), CEA, Dept Rech Fondamentale Mat Condensee, SPSMS, F-38054 Grenoble 9, France.
NR 32
TC 74
Z9 81
U1 1
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 160
EP 164
DI 10.1038/35018020
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100039
PM 10910349
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yoo, YK
   Duewer, F
   Yang, HT
   Yi, D
   Li, JW
   Xiang, XD
AF Yoo, YK
   Duewer, F
   Yang, HT
   Yi, D
   Li, JW
   Xiang, XD
TI Room-temperature electronic phase transitions in the continuous phase diagrams of perovskite manganites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID charge-ordered stripes; manganese oxides; spin fluctuations; superconductors; magnetoresistance; insulator; la1-xcaxmno3; separation; state
AB Highly correlated electronic systems-such as transition-metal oxides that are doped Mott insulators-are complex systems which exhibit puzzling phenomena, including high-temperature superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistivity. Recent studies(1-3) suggest that in such systems collective electronic phenomena are important, arising from long-range Coulomb interactions and magnetic effects. The qualitative behaviour of these systems is strongly dependent on charge filling (the level of doping) and the lattice constant. Here we report a time-efficient and systematic experimental approach for studying the phase diagrams of condensed-matter systems. It involves the continuous mapping of the physical properties of epitaxial thin films of perovskite manganites (a class of doped Mott insulator) as their composition is varied. We discover evidence that suggests the presence of phase boundaries of electronic origin at room temperature.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Xiang, XD (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 30
TC 69
Z9 77
U1 1
U2 82
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 704
EP 708
DI 10.1038/35021018
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700037
PM 10963590
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huntington, JA
   Read, RJ
   Carrell, RW
AF Huntington, JA
   Read, RJ
   Carrell, RW
TI Structure of a serpin-protease complex shows inhibition by deformation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor; reactive center; alpha-1-antitrypsin; proteinase; trypsin; antithrombin; mechanism; molscript; insertion
AB The serpins have evolved to be the predominant family of serine-protease inhibitors in man(1,2). Their unique mechanism of inhibition involves a profound change in conformation(3), although the nature and significance of this change has been controversial. Here we report the crystallographic structure of a typical serpin-protease complex and show the mechanism of inhibition. The conformational change is initiated by reaction of the active serine of the protease with the reactive centre of the serpin. This cleaves the reactive centre, which then moves 71 Angstrom to the opposite pole of the serpin, taking the tethered protease with it. The tight linkage of the two molecules and resulting overlap of their structures does not affect the hyperstable serpin, but causes a surprising 37% loss of structure in the protease. This is induced by the plucking of the serine from its active site, together with breakage of interactions formed during zymogen activation(4). The disruption of the catalytic site prevents the release of the protease from the complex, and the structural disorder allows its proteolytic destruction(5,6). It is this ability of the conformational mechanism to crush as well as inhibit proteases that provides the serpins with their selective advantage.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Ctr Mol Mech Dis, Cambridge Inst Med Res, Dept Haematol, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Huntington, JA (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Ctr Mol Mech Dis, Cambridge Inst Med Res, Dept Haematol, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
EM jah52@cam.ac.uk; rwc1000@cam.ac.uk
NR 36
TC 961
Z9 1069
U1 1
U2 91
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 923
EP 926
DI 10.1038/35038119
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900057
PM 11057674
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eichler, R
   Brüchle, W
   Dressler, R
   Düllmann, CE
   Eichler, B
   Gäggeler, HW
   Gregorich, KE
   Hoffman, DC
   Hübener, S
   Jost, DT
   Kirbach, UW
   Laue, CA
   Lavanchy, VM
   Nitsche, H
   Patin, JB
   Piguet, D
   Schädel, M
   Shaughnessy, DA
   Strellis, DA
   Taut, S
   Tobler, L
   Tsyganov, YS
   Türler, A
   Vahle, A
   Wilk, PA
   Yakushev, AB
AF Eichler, R
   Brüchle, W
   Dressler, R
   Düllmann, CE
   Eichler, B
   Gäggeler, HW
   Gregorich, KE
   Hoffman, DC
   Hübener, S
   Jost, DT
   Kirbach, UW
   Laue, CA
   Lavanchy, VM
   Nitsche, H
   Patin, JB
   Piguet, D
   Schädel, M
   Shaughnessy, DA
   Strellis, DA
   Taut, S
   Tobler, L
   Tsyganov, YS
   Türler, A
   Vahle, A
   Wilk, PA
   Yakushev, AB
TI Chemical characterization of bohrium (element 107)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superheavy nuclei; seaborgium; identification; chemistry; isotopes; rhenium; search
AB The arrangement of the chemical elements in the periodic table highlights resemblances in chemical properties, which reflect the elements' electronic structure. For the heaviest elements, however, deviations in the periodicity of chemical properties are expected(1-3): electrons in orbitals with a high probability density near the nucleus are accelerated by the large nuclear charges to relativistic velocities, which increase their binding energies and cause orbital contraction. This leads to more efficient screening of the nuclear charge and corresponding destabilization of the outer d and f orbitals: it is these changes that can give rise to unexpected chemical properties. The synthesis of increasingly heavy elements(4-6), now including that of elements 114, 116 and 118, allows the investigation of this effect, provided sufficiently long-lived isotopes for chemical characterization are available(7). In the case of elements 104 and 105, for example, relativistic effects interrupt characteristic trends in the chemical properties of the elements constituting the corresponding columns of the periodic table(8), whereas element 106 behaves in accordance with the expected periodicity(9-12). Here we report the chemical separation and characterization of six atoms of element 107 (bohrium, Bh), in the form of its oxychloride. We find that this compound is less volatile than the oxychlorides of the lighter elements of group VII, thus confirming relativistic calculations(13) that predict the behaviour of bohrium, like that of element 106, to coincide with that expected on the basis of its position in the periodic table.
C1 Univ Bern, Dept Chem & Biochem, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Radio & Umweltchem, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
   Gesell Schwerionenforsch GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
   Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Analyt Chem, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Nucl Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Rossendorf Inc, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf EV, Inst Radiochem, D-01314 Dresden, Germany.
   Joint Inst Nucl Res, Flerov Lab Nucl React, Dubna 141980, Russia.
C3 University of Bern; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Paul Scherrer Institute; Helmholtz Association; Technische Universitat Dresden; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR); Joint Institute for Nuclear Research - Russia
RP Gäggeler, HW (corresponding author), Univ Bern, Dept Chem & Biochem, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
NR 30
TC 103
Z9 111
U1 2
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 63
EP 65
DI 10.1038/35024044
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000040
PM 10993071
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bains, S
   Norris, RD
   Corfield, RM
   Faul, KL
AF Bains, S
   Norris, RD
   Corfield, RM
   Faul, KL
TI Termination of global warmth at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary through productivity feedback
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paleocene-eocene boundary; central equatorial pacific; oceanic methane hydrate; latest paleocene; marine barite; evolutionary consequences; thermal maximum; climate; end; dissociation
AB The onset of the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum (about 55 Myr ago) was marked by global surface temperatures warming by 5-7 degrees C over approximately 30,000 yr (ref. 1), probably because of enhanced mantle outgassing(2,3) and the pulsed release of similar to 1,500 gigatonnes of methane carbon from decomposing gas-hydrate reservoirs(4-7). The aftermath of this rapid, intense and global warming event may be the best example in the geological record of the response of the Earth to high atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and high temperatures. This response has been suggested to include an intensified flux of organic carbon from the ocean surface to the deep ocean and its subsequent burial through biogeochemical feedback mechanisms(8). Here we present firm evidence for this view from two ocean drilling cores, which record the largest accumulation rates of biogenic barium-indicative of export palaeoproductivity-at times of maximum global temperatures and peak excursion values of delta(13)C. The unusually rapid return of delta(13)C to values similar to those before the methane release(7) and the apparent coupling of the accumulation rates of biogenic barium to temperature, suggests that the enhanced deposition of organic matter to the deep sea may have efficiently cooled this greenhouse climate by the rapid removal of excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02540 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
C3 University of Oxford; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Bains, S (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
EM santo.bains@earth.ox.ac.uk
NR 32
TC 196
Z9 231
U1 3
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 171
EP 174
DI 10.1038/35025035
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000043
PM 11001051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Egbert, GD
   Ray, RD
AF Egbert, GD
   Ray, RD
TI Significant dissipation of tidal energy in the deep ocean inferred from satellite altimeter data
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID internal tides; energetics; circulation; friction
AB How and where the ocean tides dissipate their energy are longstanding questions(1) that have consequences ranging from the history of the Moon(2) to the mixing of the oceans(3). Historically, the principal sink of tidal energy has been thought to be bottom friction in shallow seas(4,5). There has long been suggestive evidence(6,7), however, that tidal dissipation also occurs in the open ocean through the scattering by ocean-bottom topography of surface tides into internal waves, but estimates of the magnitude of this possible sink have varied widely(3,8-11). Here we use satellite altimeter data from Topex/Poseidon to map empirically the tidal energy dissipation. We show that approximately 10(12) watts-that is, 1 TW, representing 25-30% of the total dissipation-occurs in the deep ocean, generally near areas of rough topography. Of the estimated 2 TW of mixing energy required to maintain the large-scale thermohaline circulation of the ocean(12), one-half could therefore be provided by the tides, with the other half coming from action(13) on the surface of the ocean.
C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 Oregon State University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Egbert, GD (corresponding author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
EM egbert@oce.orst.edu
NR 30
TC 653
Z9 756
U1 4
U2 162
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 775
EP 778
DI 10.1038/35015531
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600045
PM 10866194
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lorenzo, MO
   Baddeley, CJ
   Muryn, C
   Raval, R
AF Lorenzo, MO
   Baddeley, CJ
   Muryn, C
   Raval, R
TI Extended surface chirality from supramolecular assemblies of adsorbed chiral molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID asymmetric catalyst
AB The increasing demand of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries for enantiomerically pure compounds has spurred the development of a range of so-called 'chiral technologies' (ref. 1), which aim to exert the ultimate control over a chemical reaction by directing its enantioselectivity(2). Heterogeneous enantioselective catalysis(3-5) is particularly attractive because it allows the production and ready separation of large quantities of chiral product while using only small quantities of catalyst. Heterogeneous enantioselectivity is usually induced by adsorbing chiral molecules onto catalytically active surfaces(1,3-7). A mimic of one such catalyst is formed by adsorbing (R,R)-tartaric acid molecules on Cu(110) surfaces: this generates a variety of surface phases, of which only one is potentially catalytically active(8), and leaves the question of how adsorbed chiral molecules give rise to enantioselectivity. Here we show that the active phase consists of extended supramolecular assemblies of adsorbed (R,R)-tartaric acid, which destroy existing symmetry elements of the underlying metal and directly bestow chirality to the modified surface. The adsorbed assemblies create chiral 'channels' exposing bare metal atoms, and it is these chiral spaces that we believe to be responsible for imparting enantioselectivity, by forcing the orientation of reactant molecules docking onto catalytically active metal sites. Our findings demonstrate that it is possible to sustain a single chiral domain across an extended surface-provided that reflection domains of opposite handedness are removed by a rigid and chiral local adsorption geometry, and that inequivalent rotation domains are removed by successful matching of the rotational symmetry of the adsorbed molecule with that of the underlying metal surface.
C1 Univ Liverpool, Leverhulme Ctr Innovat Catalysis, Liverpool L69 7ZD, Merseyside, England.
   Univ Liverpool, Ctr Surface Sci, Dept Chem, Liverpool L69 7ZD, Merseyside, England.
C3 University of Liverpool; University of Liverpool
RP Raval, R (corresponding author), Univ Liverpool, Leverhulme Ctr Innovat Catalysis, Liverpool L69 7ZD, Merseyside, England.
NR 18
TC 457
Z9 491
U1 7
U2 244
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 376
EP 379
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000046
PM 10746721
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huard, B
   Karlsson, L
AF Huard, B
   Karlsson, L
TI KIR expression on self-reactive CD8+ T cells is controlled by T-cell receptor engagement
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-killer-cells; class-i molecules; inhibitory receptors; hla-e; lymphocytes; cd94/nkg2a; cytotoxicity
AB Natural killer cell tolerance is maintained by the interaction of killer inhibitory receptors (KIRs) with self-major histocompatibility complex class I gene products. A subset of T cells also expresses inhibitory receptors, but the functional significance of these receptors on T cells is unclear(1-3). Here we show that, in the absence of T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement, KIRs expressed on CD8(+) T cells are slowly downregulated by KIR ligands expressed on antigen-presenting cells. The resulting expression levels of KIR are no longer able to inhibit T-cell function. In contrast, TCR engagement sustains KIR expression, and re-induces functional levels of KIR expression after ligand-induced downregulation of KIR. Our data indicate that KIR expression on CD8(+) T cells in vivo maybe maintained through continuous encounters with antigen. As KIR-mediated inhibition of T-cell activation can be bypassed at high antigen concentrations, dynamic KIR expression may mediate T-cell tolerance to self-antigens by sparing self-reactive T cells, thus enabling them to mediate potentially useful immune functions to quantitatively or qualitatively different antigens.
C1 RW Johnson Pharmaceut Res Inst, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Fac Pharm Chatenay Malabry, Lab Immunol Tumeurs, F-92296 Chatenay Malabry, France.
C3 Johnson & Johnson; Johnson & Johnson USA; Universite Paris Saclay
RP Huard, B (corresponding author), Ctr Med Univ Geneva, Dermatol Lab 5 222, 1 Rue Michel Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
NR 26
TC 122
Z9 133
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 325
EP 328
DI 10.1038/35002105
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700056
PM 10659853
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sakamoto, Y
   Kaneda, M
   Terasaki, O
   Zhao, DY
   Kim, JM
   Stucky, G
   Shim, HJ
   Ryoo, R
AF Sakamoto, Y
   Kaneda, M
   Terasaki, O
   Zhao, DY
   Kim, JM
   Stucky, G
   Shim, HJ
   Ryoo, R
TI Direct imaging of the pores and cages of three-dimensional mesoporous materials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-microscopy; copolymer; triblock; silica
AB Mesostructured composite materials, with features ranging from 20 to 500 Angstrom in size, are obtained by the kinetically controlled competitive assembly of organic and inorganic species into nanostructured domains. Short-range order is limited, and long-range order is determined by weak forces such as van der Waals or hydrogen-bonding. Three-dimensional mesoporous materials obtained by removing the organic phase are of particular interest for applications such as catalysis and chemical sensing or separation, for which structural features such as cavity shape, connectivity and ordered bimodal porosity are critical. But atomic-scale structural characterization by the usual diffraction techniques is challenging for these partially ordered materials because of the difficulty in obtaining large (>10 mum) single crystals, and because large repeat spacings cause diffraction intensities to fall off rapidly with scattering angle so that only limited small-angle data are available. Here we present a general approach for the direct determination of three-dimensional mesoporous structures by electron microscopy. The structure solutions are obtained uniquely without pre-assumed models or parametrization. We report high-resolution details of cage and pore structures of periodically ordered mesoporous materials(1,2), which reveal a highly ordered dual micro- and mesoscale pore structure.
C1 Tohoku Univ, Dept Phys, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, CIR, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
   Fudan Univ, Dept Chem, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Korea Res Inst Chem Technol, Catalysis Ctr Mol Engn, Taejon 305600, South Korea.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Sch Mol Sci BK21, Dept Chem, Mat Chem Lab, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
C3 Tohoku University; Tohoku University; Tohoku University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Fudan University; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT); University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST)
RP Sakamoto, Y (corresponding author), Tohoku Univ, Dept Phys, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
EM terasaki@msp.phys.tohoku.ac.jp; r.ryoo@mail.kaist.ac.kr
NR 12
TC 788
Z9 854
U1 3
U2 374
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 449
EP 453
DI 10.1038/35044040
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800042
PM 11100722
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fan, HY
   Lu, YF
   Stump, A
   Reed, ST
   Baer, T
   Schunk, R
   Perez-Luna, V
   López, GP
   Brinker, CJ
AF Fan, HY
   Lu, YF
   Stump, A
   Reed, ST
   Baer, T
   Schunk, R
   Perez-Luna, V
   López, GP
   Brinker, CJ
TI Rapid prototyping of patterned functional nanostructures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mesoporous molecular-sieves; self-assembled monolayers; silica; films; microfabrication; surface; gold
AB Living systems exhibit form and function on multiple length scales and at multiple locations. In order to mimic such natural structures, it is necessary to develop efficient strategies for assembling hierarchical materials. Conventional photolithography, although ubiquitous in the fabrication of microelectronics and microelectromechanical systems, is impractical for defining feature sizes below 0.1 micrometres and poorly suited to pattern chemical functionality. Recently, so-called 'soft' lithographic approaches(1) have been combined with surfactant(2,3) and particulate(4) templating procedures to create materials with multiple levels of structural order. But the materials thus formed have been limited primarily to oxides with no specific functionality, and the associated processing times have ranged from hours to days. Here, using a self-assembling 'ink', we combine silica-surfactant self-assembly with three rapid printing procedures-pen lithography, ink-jet printing, and dip-coating of patterned self-assembled monolayers-to form functional, hierarchically organized structures in seconds. The rapid-prototyping procedures we describe are simple, employ readily available equipment, and provide a link between computer-aided design and self-assembled nanostructures. We expect that the ability to form arbitrary functional designs on arbitrary surfaces will be of practical importance for directly writing sensor arrays and fluidic or photonic systems.
C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Ctr Microengineered Mat, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem & Nucl Engn, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories; University of New Mexico; University of New Mexico
RP Brinker, CJ (corresponding author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA.
EM cjbrink@sandia.gov
NR 32
TC 367
Z9 441
U1 3
U2 238
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 56
EP 60
DI 10.1038/35011026
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600048
PM 10811215
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wessberg, J
   Stambaugh, CR
   Kralik, JD
   Beck, PD
   Laubach, M
   Chapin, JK
   Kim, J
   Biggs, J
   Srinivasan, MA
   Nicolelis, MAL
AF Wessberg, J
   Stambaugh, CR
   Kralik, JD
   Beck, PD
   Laubach, M
   Chapin, JK
   Kim, J
   Biggs, J
   Srinivasan, MA
   Nicolelis, MAL
TI Real-time prediction of hand trajectory by ensembles of cortical neurons in primates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID premotor cortex; corticomotoneuronal cells; motor cortex; owl monkeys; representation; direction; movements; dorsal; areas
AB Signals derived from the rat motor cortex can be used for controlling one-dimensional movements of a robot arm(1). It remains unknown, however, whether real-time processing of cortical signals can be employed to reproduce, in a robotic device, the kind of complex arm movements used by primates to reach objects in space. Here we recorded the simultaneous activity of large populations of neurons, distributed in the premotor, primary motor and posterior parietal cortical areas, as non-human primates performed two distinct motor tasks. Accurate real-time predictions of one- and three-dimensional arm movement trajectories were obtained by applying both linear and nonlinear algorithms to cortical neuronal ensemble activity recorded from each animal. In addition, cortically derived signals were successfully used for real-time control of robotic devices, both locally and through the Internet. These results suggest that long-term control of complex prosthetic robot arm movements can be achieved by simple real-time transformations of neuronal population signals derived from multiple cortical areas in primates.
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Dept Expt Psychol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA.
   MIT, Dept Mech Engn, Lab Human & Machine Hapt, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Nicolelis, MAL (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
NR 30
TC 1013
Z9 1271
U1 3
U2 229
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 361
EP 365
DI 10.1038/35042582
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000046
PM 11099043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ranero, CR
   von Huene, R
AF Ranero, CR
   von Huene, R
TI Subduction erosion along the Middle America convergent margin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID costa-rica; sediment subduction; trench; accretion; seamount; pacific; model; zones
AB 'Subduction erosion' has been invoked to explain material missing from some continents along convergent margins(1). It has been suggested that this form of tectonic erosion removes continental material at the front of the margin or along the underside of the upper (continental) plate(2-4). Frontal erosion is interpreted from disrupted topography at the base of a slope and is most evident in the wake of subducting seamounts(5,6). In contrast, structures resulting from erosion at the base of a continental plate are seldom recognized in seismic reflection images because such images typically have poor resolution at distances greater than similar to 5 km from the trench axis. Basal erosion from seamounts and ridges has been inferred(7,8), but few large subducted bodies-let alone the eroded base of the upper plate-are imaged convincingly. From seismic images we identify here two mechanisms of basal erosion: erosion by seamount tunnelling and removal of large rock lenses of a distending upper plate. Seismic cross-sections from Costa Rica to Nicaragua indicate that erosion may extend along much of the Middle America convergent margin.
C1 GEOMAR, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel
RP Ranero, CR (corresponding author), GEOMAR, Wischhofstr 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
NR 24
TC 406
Z9 448
U1 0
U2 63
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 748
EP 752
DI 10.1038/35008046
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600048
PM 10783885
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haff, PK
AF Haff, PK
TI Scaling - Rivers, blood and transportation networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
C3 Duke University
RP Haff, PK (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
EM haff@duke.edu
NR 0
TC 8
Z9 9
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 159
EP 160
DI 10.1038/35041631
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400033
PM 11089962
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, QH
   Wang, LM
   Frutos, AG
   Condon, AE
   Corn, RM
   Smith, LM
AF Liu, QH
   Wang, LM
   Frutos, AG
   Condon, AE
   Corn, RM
   Smith, LM
TI DNA computing on surfaces
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID combinatorial technology; drug discovery; amplification; hybridization; computation; betaine; arrays; design; gold
AB DNA computing was proposed(1) as a means of solving a class of intractable computational problems in which the computing time can grow exponentially with problem size (the 'NP-complete' or non-deterministic polynomial time complete problems). The principle of the technique has been demonstrated experimentally for a simple example of the hamiltonian path problem(2) (in this case, finding an airline flight path between several cities, such that each city is visited only once(3)). DNA computational approaches to the solution of other problems have also been investigated(4-9). One technique(10-13) involves the immobilization and manipulation of combinatorial mixtures of DNA on a support. A set of DNA molecules encoding all candidate solutions to the computational problem of interest is synthesized and attached to the surface. Successive cycles of hybridization operations and exonuclease digestion are used to identify and eliminate those members of the set that are not solutions. Upon completion of all the multistep cycles, the solution to the computational problem is identified using a polymerase chain reaction to amplify the remaining molecules, which are then hybridized to an addressed array. The advantages of this approach are its scalability and potential to be automated (the use of solid-phase formats simplifies the complex repetitive chemical processes, as has been demonstrated in DNA and protein synthesis(14)). Here we report the use of this method to solve a NP-complete problem. We consider a small example of the satisfiability problem (SAT)(2), in which the values of a set of boolean variables satisfying certain logical constraints are determined.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Comp Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Smith, LM (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, 1101 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
NR 33
TC 428
Z9 562
U1 2
U2 110
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 175
EP 179
DI 10.1038/35003155
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300049
PM 10646598
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, S
   Ting, NSY
   Zheng, L
   Chen, PL
   Ziv, Y
   Shiloh, Y
   Lee, EYHP
   Lee, WH
AF Li, S
   Ting, NSY
   Zheng, L
   Chen, PL
   Ziv, Y
   Shiloh, Y
   Lee, EYHP
   Lee, WH
TI Functional link of BRCA1 and ataxia telangiectasia gene product in DNA damage response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-kinase; breast-cancer; cell-cycle; atm; phosphorylation; p53; expression; binding; pathway; gadd45
AB BRCA1 encodes a familial breast cancer suppressor that has a critical role in cellular responses to DNA damage(1,2). Mouse cells deficient for Brca1 show genetic instability, defective G2-M checkpoint control and reduced homologous recombination(3,4). BRCA1 also directly interacts with proteins of the DNA repair machinery(5) and regulates expression of both the p21 and GADD45 genes(6-8). However, it remains unclear how DNA damage signals are transmitted to modulate the repair function of BRCA1. Here we show that the BRCA1-associated protein CtIP(9-12) becomes hyperphosphorylated and dissociated from BRCA1 upon ionizing radiation. This phosphorylation event requires the protein kinase (ATM) that is mutated in the disease ataxia telangiectasia(13). ATM phosphorylates CtIP at serine residues 664 and 745, and mutation of these sites to alanine abrogates the dissociation of BRCA1 from CtIP, resulting in persistent repression of BRCA1-dependent induction of GADD45 upon ionizing radiation. We conclude that ATM, by phosphorylating CtIP upon ionizing radiation, may modulate BRCA1-mediated regulation of the DNA damage-response GADD45 gene, thus providing a potential link between ATM deficiency and breast cancer.
C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Biotechnol, Dept Mol Med, San Antonio, TX 78245 USA.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Sackler Sch Med, Dept Human Genet & Mol Med, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio; Tel Aviv University; Sackler Faculty of Medicine
RP Lee, WH (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Biotechnol, Dept Mol Med, San Antonio, TX 78245 USA.
EM leew@uthscsa.edu
NR 25
TC 266
Z9 310
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 210
EP 215
DI 10.1038/35018134
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100055
PM 10910365
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cohen, BA
   Hewins, RH
   Yu, Y
AF Cohen, BA
   Hewins, RH
   Yu, Y
TI Evaporation in the young solar nebula as the origin of 'just-right' melting of chondrules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cooling rates; feo-rich; chondrites; constraints; olivine
AB Chondrules(1-5) are millimetre-sized, solidified melt spherules formed in the solar nebula by an early widespread heating event of uncertain nature(6-8). They were accreted into chondritic asteroids, which formed about 4.56 billion years ago and have not experienced melting or differentiation since that time. Chondrules have diverse chemical compositions, corresponding to liquidus temperatures(1,4,9) in the range 1,350-1,800 degrees C. Most chondrules, however, show porphyritic textures (consisting of large crystals in a distinctly finer grained or glassy matrix), indicative of melting within the narrow range 0-50 degrees C below the liquidus(9,10). This suggests an unusual heating mechanism for chondrule precursors, which would raise each individual chondrule to just the right temperature (particular to individual bulk composition) in order to form porphyritic textures. Here we report the results of isothermal melting of a chondritic composition at nebular pressures. Our results suggest that evaporation stabilizes porphyritic textures over a wider range of temperatures below the liquidus (about 200 degrees C) than previously believed, thus removing the need for individual chondrule temperature buffering. In addition, we show that evaporation explains many chondrule bulk and mineral compositions that have hitherto been difficult to understand.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Cohen, BA (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA.
NR 23
TC 36
Z9 42
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 600
EP 602
DI 10.1038/35020514
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800039
PM 10949294
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chicurel, M
AF Chicurel, M
TI Whatever happened to leptin?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID obese gene; body-weight; resistance; deficiency; humans; mouse; mice
NR 18
TC 12
Z9 26
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 538
EP 540
DI 10.1038/35007253
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100015
PM 10766210
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blackburn, EH
AF Blackburn, EH
TI Telomere states and cell fates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID to-end fusions; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; lacking telomerase; human fibroblasts; mouse telomerase; life-span; in-vitro; length; yeast; rna
AB Telomere length has frequently been used as a means to predict the future life of cells. But by itself it can be a poor indicator of ageing or cell viability. What, then, is the important property of a telomere? Here recent findings are integrated into a new, probabilistic view of the telomere to explain how and when it can signal not only its own fate but also that of a cell.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Blackburn, EH (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM telomer@itsa.ucsf.edu
NR 48
TC 1107
Z9 1271
U1 1
U2 151
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 53
EP 56
DI 10.1038/35040500
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400047
PM 11081503
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tans, SJ
   Dekker, C
AF Tans, SJ
   Dekker, C
TI Molecular transistors - Potential modulations along carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-wall
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
   Delft Univ Technol, DIMES, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
C3 Delft University of Technology; Delft University of Technology
RP Tans, SJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 9
TC 164
Z9 182
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 834
EP 835
DI 10.1038/35009026
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000032
PM 10786780
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lemieux, C
   Otis, C
   Turmel, M
AF Lemieux, C
   Otis, C
   Turmel, M
TI Ancestral chloroplast genome in Mesostigma viride reveals an early branch of green plant evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complete nucleotide-sequence; chlorophyll; phylogeny; alga
AB Sequence comparisons suggest that all living green plants belong to one of two major phyla(1-3): Streptophyta(4) (land plants and their closest green algal relatives, the charophytes); and Chlorophyta(5) (the rest of green algae). Because no green algae are known that pre-date the Streptophyta/Chlorophyta split, and also because the earliest diverging green algae show considerable morphological variation, the nature of the unicellular flagellate ancestor of the two green plant phyla is unknown(1,6,7). Here we report that the flagellate Mesostigma viride belongs to the earliest diverging green plant lineage discovered to date. We have sequenced the entire chloroplast DNA (118,360 base pairs) of this green alga and have conducted phylogenetic analyses of sequences derived from this genome. Mesostigma represents a lineage that emerged before the divergence of the Streptophyta and Chlorophyta, a position that is supported by several features of its chloroplast DNA. The structure and gene organization of this genome indicate that chloroplast DNA architecture has been extremely well conserved in the line leading to land plants.
C1 Univ Laval, Dept Biochem & Microbiol, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada.
C3 Laval University
RP Lemieux, C (corresponding author), Univ Laval, Dept Biochem & Microbiol, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada.
EM clemieux@bcm.ulaval.ca
NR 30
TC 208
Z9 335
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 649
EP 652
DI 10.1038/35001059
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200051
PM 10688199
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hirotsu, T
   Saeki, S
   Yamamoto, M
   Ilno, Y
AF Hirotsu, T
   Saeki, S
   Yamamoto, M
   Ilno, Y
TI The Ras-MAPK pathway is important for olfaction in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide-gated channel; ksr-1 gene encodes; c-elegans; sensory neurons; chemotaxis; protein; transduction; maintenance; activation; mechanisms
AB The Ras-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signal transduction pathway is well known to control cellular proliferation and differentiation in response to extracellular signals, but its other functions are less understood. In Caenorhabditis elegans this pathway regulates several developmental events, such as vulval induction and progression of meiosis(1), but its function in the nervous system is unknown. Here we report that the Ras-MAPK pathway is involved in olfaction in this organism. Mutational inactivation and hyperactivation of this pathway impairs efficiency of chemotaxis to a set of odorants. Experiments in which let-60 ras was expressed using a heat-shock promoter and a cell-specific promoter show that a normal activity of LET-60 Ras is required in mature olfactory neurons. Application of the odorant isoamylalcohol to wild-type animals leads to the activation of MAP kinase in olfactory neurons within 10 seconds. This induction is dependent on the function of the nucleotide-gated channel TAX-2/TAX-4 and the voltage-activated calcium channel subunit UNC-2. These results suggest a dynamic regulatory role for the Ras-MAPK pathway in perception and transmission of sensory signals in olfactory neurons.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Mol Genet Res Lab, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo
RP Ilno, Y (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Mol Genet Res Lab, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM iino@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 65
Z9 90
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 289
EP 293
DI 10.1038/35005101
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200050
PM 10749212
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI Structural genomics - from cottage industry to industrial revolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Nature Med, New Technol, London, England.
RP Gershon, D (corresponding author), Nature Med, New Technol, London, England.
NR 0
TC 9
Z9 9
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 273
EP 274
DI 10.1038/35041771
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400059
PM 11089986
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Engler, HS
   Spencer, KC
   Gilbert, LE
AF Engler, HS
   Spencer, KC
   Gilbert, LE
TI Insect metabolism - Preventing cyanide release from leaves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lepidoptera; glucosides; plants
C1 Univ Texas, Sch Biol Sci, Sect Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Engler, HS (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Sch Biol Sci, Sect Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
NR 10
TC 95
Z9 102
U1 0
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 144
EP 145
DI 10.1038/35018159
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100033
PM 10910343
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lasorella, A
   Noseda, M
   Beyna, M
   Iavarone, A
AF Lasorella, A
   Noseda, M
   Beyna, M
   Iavarone, A
TI Id2 is a retinoblastoma protein target and mediates signalling by Myc oncoproteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle arrest; c-myc; human neuroblastoma; regulatory pathway; gene; expression; family; mouse; proliferation; growth
AB In mammalian cells, Id proteins coordinate proliferation and differentiation. Id2 is a dominant-negative antagonist of basic helix- loop-helix transcription factors and proteins of the retinoblastoma (Rb) family. Here we show that Id2-Rb double knockout embryos survive to term with minimal or no defects in neurogenesis and haematopoiesis, but they die at birth from severe reduction of muscle tissue. In neuroblastoma, an embryonal tumour derived from the neural crest, Id2 is overexpressed in cells carrying extra copies of the N-myc gene. In these cells, Id2 is in molar excess of the active form of Rb. The overexpression of Id2 results from transcriptional activation by oncoproteins of the Myc family. Cell-cycle progression induced by Myc oncoproteins requires inactivation of Rb by Id2. Thus, a dual connection links Id2 and Rb: during normal cell-cycle, Rb prohibits the action of Id2 on its natural targets, but oncogenic activation of the Myc-Id2 transcriptional pathway overrides the tumour-suppressor function of Rb.
C1 Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Neurol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Dev & Mol Biol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Albert Einstein Coll Med, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
C3 Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University
RP Iavarone, A (corresponding author), Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Neurol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
NR 41
TC 430
Z9 506
U1 1
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 592
EP 598
DI 10.1038/35036504
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800037
PM 11034201
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scarola, VW
   Park, K
   Jain, JK
AF Scarola, VW
   Park, K
   Jain, JK
TI Cooper instability of composite fermions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID filled landau-level; quantum hall; monopole harmonics; states; quantization
AB When confined to two dimensions and exposed to a strong magnetic field, electrons screen the Coulomb interaction in a topological fashion; they capture an even number of quantum vortices and transform into particles called 'composite fermions' (refs 1-3). The fractional quantum Hall effect(4) occurs in such a system when the ratio (or 'filling factor', nu) of the number of electrons and the degeneracy of their spin-split energy states (the Landau levels) takes on particular values. The Landau level filling nu = 1/2 corresponds to a metallic state in which the composite fermions form a gapless Fermi sea(5-8). But for nu = 5/2, a fractional quantum Hall effect is observed instead(9,10); this unexpected result is the subject of considerable debate and controversy(11). Here we investigate the difference between these states by considering the theoretical problem of two composite fermions on top of a fully polarized Fermi sea of composite fermions. We find that they undergo Cooper pairing to form a p-wave bound state at nu = 5/2, but not at nu = 1/2. In effect, the repulsive Coulomb interaction between electrons is overscreened in the nu = 5/2 state by the formation of composite fermions, resulting in a weak, attractive interaction.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, Davey Lab 104, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Jain, JK (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, Davey Lab 104, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
NR 27
TC 90
Z9 103
U1 1
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 863
EP 865
DI 10.1038/35022524
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600035
PM 10972281
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kohno, M
   Koizumi, Y
AF Kohno, M
   Koizumi, Y
TI Tokaimura accident - Neutron dose estimates from 5-yen coins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Kyoto Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Isotope Ctr, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University; University of Tokyo
RP Kohno, M (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
NR 3
TC 1
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 693
EP 693
DI 10.1038/35021138
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700033
PM 10963586
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maruyama, M
   Lam, KP
   Rajewsky, K
AF Maruyama, M
   Lam, KP
   Rajewsky, K
TI Memory B-cell persistence is independent of persisting immunizing antigen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vivo; t-cells; mice; immunoglobulin; generation
AB Immunological memory in the antibody system is generated in T-cell-dependent responses and carried by long-lived memory B cells that recognize antigen by high-affinity antibodies(1,2). But it remains controversial(1) whether these B cells represent true 'memory' cells (that is, their maintenance is independent of the immunizing antigen), or whether they are a product of a chronic immune response driven by the immunizing antigen, which can be retained in the organism for extended time periods on the surface of specialized antigen-presenting cells (follicular dendritic cells)(3). Cell transfer experiments provided evidence in favour of a role of the immunizing antigen(4,5); however, analysis of memory cells in intact animals, which showed that these cells are mostly resting(6) and can persist in the absence of detectable T-cell help(7) or follicular dendritic cells(8), argued against it. Here we show, by using a genetic switch mediated by Cre recombinase, that memory B cells switching their antibody specificity away from the immunizing antigen are indeed maintained in the animal over long periods of time, similar to cells retaining their original antigen-binding specificity.
C1 Univ Cologne, Inst Genet, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
   Natl Univ Singapore, Inst Mol & Cell Biol, Singapore 117609, Singapore.
C3 University of Cologne; National University of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR); A*STAR - Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology (IMCB)
RP Rajewsky, K (corresponding author), Univ Cologne, Inst Genet, Weyertal 121, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
NR 30
TC 250
Z9 317
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 636
EP 642
DI 10.1038/35036600
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800049
PM 11034213
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xie, W
   Barwick, JL
   Downes, M
   Blumberg, B
   Simon, CM
   Nelson, MC
   Neuschwander-Tetri, BA
   Bruntk, EM
   Guzelian, PS
   Evans, RM
AF Xie, W
   Barwick, JL
   Downes, M
   Blumberg, B
   Simon, CM
   Nelson, MC
   Neuschwander-Tetri, BA
   Bruntk, EM
   Guzelian, PS
   Evans, RM
TI Humanized xenobiotic response in mice expressing nuclear receptor SXR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small-bowel enterocytes; transcriptional activation; signaling pathway; transgenic mice; adult-rat; induction; cytochrome-p-450; cyp3a4; liver; identification
AB The cytochrome CYP3A gene products, expressed in mammalian liver, are essential for the metabolism of lipophilic substrates, including endogenous steroid hormones and prescription drugs(1,2). CYP3A enzymes are extremely versatile and are inducible by many of their natural and xenobiotic substrates. Consequently, they form the molecular basis for many clinical drug-drug interactions(3). The induction of CYP3A enzymes is species-specific(4,5), and we have postulated that it involves one or more cellular factors, or receptor-like xeno-sensors(6). Here we identify one such factor unequivocally as the nuclear receptor pregnenolone X receptor (PXR)(7,8) and its human homologue, steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR)(8-10). We show that targeted disruption of the mouse PXR gene abolishes induction of CYP3A by prototypic inducers such as dexamethasone or pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile. In transgenic mice, an activated form of SXR causes constitutive upregulation of CYP3A gene expression and enhanced protection against toxic xenobiotic compounds. Furthermore, we show that the species origin of the receptor, rather than the promoter structure of CYP3A genes, dictates the species-specific pattern of CYP3A inducibility. Thus, we can generate 'humanized' transgenic mice that are responsive to human-specific inducers such as the antibiotic rifampicin. We conclude that SXR/PXR genes encode the primary species-specific xeno-sensors that mediate the adaptive hepatic response, and may represent the critical biochemical mechanism of human xenoprotection.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Gene Express Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Dev & Cell Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   St Louis Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA.
   St Louis Univ, Sch Med, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of California System; University of California Irvine; Saint Louis University; Saint Louis University
RP Evans, RM (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Gene Express Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 30
TC 577
Z9 667
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 435
EP 439
DI 10.1038/35019116
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800053
PM 10935643
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gray, RD
   Jordan, FM
AF Gray, RD
   Jordan, FM
TI Language trees support the express-train sequence of Austronesian expansion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polynesia; history; pacific; mtdna; anthropology; prehistory; phylogeny; speaking; patterns; origin
AB Languages, like molecules, document evolutionary history. Darwin(1) observed that evolutionary change in languages greatly resembled the processes of biological evolution: inheritance from a common ancestor and convergent evolution operate in both. Despite many suggestions(2-4), few attempts have been made to apply the phylogenetic methods used in biology to linguistic data. Here we report a parsimony analysis of a large language data set. We use this analysis to test competing hypotheses - the "express-train''(5) and the "entangled-bank''(6,7) models - for the colonization of the Pacific by Austronesian-speaking peoples. The parsimony analysis of a matrix of 77 Austronesian languages with 5,185 lexical items produced a single most-parsimonious tree. The express-train model was converted into an ordered geographical character and mapped onto the language tree. We found that the topology of the language tree was highly compatible with the express-train model.
C1 Univ Auckland, Dept Psychol, Auckland 92019, New Zealand.
C3 University of Auckland
RP Gray, RD (corresponding author), Univ Auckland, Dept Psychol, Auckland 92019, New Zealand.
NR 30
TC 257
Z9 285
U1 2
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1052
EP 1055
DI 10.1038/35016575
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700045
PM 10890445
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Benton, MJ
   Wills, MA
   Hitchin, R
AF Benton, MJ
   Wills, MA
   Hitchin, R
TI Quality of the fossil record through time
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID taxonomic diversity; molecular evidence; mass extinctions; metazoan phyla
AB Does the fossil record present a true picture of the history of life(1-3), or should it be viewed with caution(4-6)? Raup(5) argued that plots of the diversification of life(2) were an illustration of bias: the older the rocks, the less we know. The debate was partially resolved by the observation(7) that different data sets gave similar patterns of rising diversity through time. Here we show that new assessment methods, in which the order of fossils in the rocks (stratigraphy) is compared with the order inherent in evolutionary trees (phylogeny), provide a more convincing analytical tool: stratigraphy and phylogeny offer independent data on history. Assessments of congruence between stratigraphy and phylogeny for a sample of 1,000 published phylogenies show no evidence of diminution of quality backwards in time. Ancient rocks clearly preserve less information, on average, than more recent rocks. However, if scaled to the stratigraphic level of the stage and the taxonomic level of the family, the past 540 million years of the fossil record provide uniformly good documentation of the life of the past.
C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
   Univ Oxford, Museum Hist Nat, Oxford OX1 3PW, England.
C3 University of Bristol; University of Oxford
RP Benton, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Wills Mem Bldg, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
NR 30
TC 169
Z9 190
U1 0
U2 74
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 534
EP 537
DI 10.1038/35000558
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300047
PM 10676959
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Salih, A
   Larkum, A
   Cox, G
   Kühl, M
   Hoegh-Guldberg, O
AF Salih, A
   Larkum, A
   Cox, G
   Kühl, M
   Hoegh-Guldberg, O
TI Fluorescent pigments in corals are photoprotective
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ultraviolet-radiation; photosynthesis; photoinhibition; adaptation
AB All reef-forming corals depend on the photosynthesis performed by their algal symbiont, and such corals are therefore restricted to the photic zone. The intensity of light in this zone declines over several orders of magnitude-from high and damaging levels at the surface to extreme shade conditions at the lower limit(1). The ability of corals to tolerate this range implies effective mechanisms for light acclimation and adaptation(2). Here we show that the fluorescent pigments(3-9) (FPs) of corals provide a photobiological system for regulating the light environment of coral host tissue. Previous studies have suggested that under low light, FPs may enhance light availability(4,5). We now report that in excessive sunlight FPs are photoprotective; they achieve this by dissipating excess energy at wavelengths of low photosynthetic activity, as well as by reflecting of visible and infrared light by FP-containing chromatophores. We also show that FPs enhance the resistance to mass bleaching of corals during periods of heat stress, which has implications for the effect of environmental stress on the diversity of reef-building corals, such as enhanced survival of a broad range of corals allowing maintenance of habitat diversity.
C1 Univ Sydney, Sch Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Univ Sydney, Electron Microscope Unit, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Univ Copenhagen, Marine Biol Lab, DK-3100 Hornbaek, Denmark.
C3 University of Sydney; University of Sydney; University of Copenhagen
RP Salih, A (corresponding author), Univ Sydney, Sch Biol Sci, A08, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
EM anya@emu.usyd.edu.au
NR 30
TC 530
Z9 610
U1 3
U2 137
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 850
EP 853
DI 10.1038/35048564
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300048
PM 11130722
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Phair, RD
   Misteli, T
AF Phair, RD
   Misteli, T
TI High mobility of proteins in the mammalian cell nucleus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna splicing factors; living cells; localization; diffusion
AB The mammalian cell nucleus contains numerous sub-compartments, which have been implicated in essential processes such as transcription and splicing(1,2). The mechanisms by which nuclear compartments are formed and maintained are unclear. More fundamentally, it is not known how proteins move within the cell nucleus. We have measured the kinetic properties of proteins in the nucleus of living cells using photobleaching techniques. Here we show that proteins involved in diverse nuclear processes move rapidly throughout the entire nucleus. Protein movement is independent of energy, which indicates that proteins may use a passive mechanism of movement. Proteins rapidly associate and dissociate with nuclear compartments. Using kinetic modelling, we determined residence times and steady-state fluxes of molecules in two main nuclear compartments. These data show that many nuclear proteins roam the cell nucleus in vivo and that nuclear compartments are the reflection of the steady-state association/dissociation of its 'residents' with the nucleoplasmic space. Our observations have conceptual implications for understanding nuclear architecture and how nuclear processes are organized in vivo.
C1 NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   BioInformat Serv, Rockville, MD 20854 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Misteli, T (corresponding author), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM mistelit@mail.nih.gov
NR 30
TC 1013
Z9 1164
U1 0
U2 85
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 604
EP +
DI 10.1038/35007077
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100054
PM 10766243
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kassen, R
   Buckling, A
   Bell, G
   Rainey, PB
AF Kassen, R
   Buckling, A
   Bell, G
   Rainey, PB
TI Diversity peaks at intermediate productivity in a laboratory microcosm
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID species richness; standing crop; competition; environment; vegetation; model; gradients; dominance; community; ecosystem
AB The species diversity of natural communities is often strongly related to their productivity. The pattern of this relationship seems to vary: diversity is known to increase monotonically with productivity, to decrease monotonically with productivity, and to be unimodally related to productivity, with maximum diversity occurring at intermediate levels of productivity(1-3). The mechanism underlying these patterns remains obscure, although many possibilities have been suggested(3-6). Here we outline a simple mechanism-involving selection in a heterogeneous environment-to explain these patterns, and test it using laboratory cultures of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. We grew diverse cultures over a wide range of nutrient concentrations, and found a strongly unimodal relationship between diversity and productivity in heterogeneous, but not in homogeneous, environments. Our result provides experimental evidence that the unimodal relationship often observed in natural communities can be caused by selection for specialized types in a heterogeneous environment.
C1 McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Redpath Museum, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
C3 McGill University; McGill University; University of Oxford
RP Kassen, R (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Dept Biol, 1205 Doctor Penfield Ave, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
EM rkassen@biol.lan.mcgill.ca
NR 29
TC 253
Z9 335
U1 1
U2 111
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 508
EP 512
DI 10.1038/35020060
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000044
PM 10952310
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blaser, E
   Pylyshyn, ZW
   Holcombe, AO
AF Blaser, E
   Pylyshyn, ZW
   Holcombe, AO
TI Tracking an object through feature space
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-search; attentional modulation; transparent motion; perception; color; discrimination; information; integration; selection; capacity
AB Visual attention allows an observer to select certain visual information for specialized processing. Selection is readily apparent in 'tracking' tasks where even with the eyes fixed, observers can track a target as it moves among identical distractor items(1). In such a case, a target is distinguished by its spatial trajectory. Here we show that one can keep track of a stationary item solely on the basis of its changing appearance-specified by its trajectory along colour, orientation, and spatial frequency dimensions-even when a distractor shares the same spatial location. This ability to track through feature space bears directly on competing theories of attention, that is, on whether attention can select locations in space(2-4), features such as colour or shape(5-7), or particular visual objects composed of constellations of visual features. Our results affirm, consistent with a growing body of psychophysical(8-13) and neurophysiological(14-16) evidence, that attention can indeed select specific visual objects. Furthermore, feature-space tracking extends the definition of visual object(17) to include not only items with well defined spatio-temporal trajectories(18), but also those with well defined featuro-temporal trajectories.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Rutgers Ctr Cognit Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Harvard University
RP Blaser, E (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Rutgers Ctr Cognit Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
NR 29
TC 208
Z9 256
U1 4
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 196
EP 199
DI 10.1038/35041567
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400044
PM 11089972
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zarur, AJ
   Ying, JY
AF Zarur, AJ
   Ying, JY
TI Reverse microemulsion synthesis of nanostructured complex oxides for catalytic combustion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnesium-oxide; temperature
AB Catalysts play an important role in many industrial processes, but their use in high-temperature applications-such as energy generation through natural gas combustion, steam reforming and the partial oxidation of hydrocarbons to produce feedstock chemicals-is problematic. The need for catalytic materials that remain stable and active over long periods at high operation temperatures, often in the presence of deactivating or even poisoning compounds, presents a challenge. For example, catalytic methane combustion, which generates power with reduced greenhouse-gas and nitrogen-oxide emissions(1-3), is limited by the availability of catalysts that are sufficiently active at low temperatures for start-up and are then able to sustain activity and mechanical integrity at flame temperatures as high as 1,3000 degrees C. Here we use sol-gel processing in reverse microemulsions to produce discrete barium hexaaluminate nanoparticles that display excellent methane combustion activity, owing to their high surface area, high thermal stability and the ultrahigh dispersion of cerium oxide on the their surfaces. Our synthesis method provides a general route to the production of a wide range of thermally stable nanostructured composite materials with large surface-to-volume ratios(4-6) and an ultrahigh component dispersion that gives rise to synergistic chemical and electronic effects(7,8), thus paving the way to the development of catalysts suitable for high-temperature industrial applications.
C1 MIT, Dept Chem Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Ying, JY (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Chem Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 17
TC 528
Z9 607
U1 3
U2 353
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 65
EP 67
DI 10.1038/47450
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400041
PM 10638751
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trauger, JW
   Kohli, RM
   Mootz, HD
   Marahiel, MA
   Walsh, CT
AF Trauger, JW
   Kohli, RM
   Mootz, HD
   Marahiel, MA
   Walsh, CT
TI Peptide cyclization catalysed by the thioesterase domain of tyrocidine synthetase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID erythromycin polyketide synthase; nucleotide-sequence; vibrio-harveyi; biosynthesis; superfamily
AB In the biosynthesis of many macrocyclic natural products by multidomain megasynthases, a carboxy-terminal thioesterase (TE) domain is involved in cyclization and product release(1,2); however, it has not been determined whether TE domains can catalyse macrocyclization (and elongation in the case of symmetric cyclic peptides) independently of upstream domains. The inability to decouple the TE cyclization step from earlier chain assembly steps has precluded determination of TE substrate specificity, which is important for the engineered biosynthesis of new compounds(1). Here we report that the excised TE domain from tyrocidine synthetase efficiently catalyses cyclization of a decapeptide-thioester to form the antibiotic tyrocidine A, and can catalyse pentapeptide-thioester dimerization followed by cyclization to form the antibiotic gramicidin S. By systematically varying the decapeptide-thioester substrate and comparing cyclization rates, we also show that only two residues (one near each end of the decapeptide) are critical for cyclization. This specificity profile indicates that the tyrocidine synthetase TE, and by analogy many other TE domains, will be able to cyclize and release a broad range of new substrates and products produced by engineered enzymatic assembly lines.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Marburg, Biochem Fachbereich Chem, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Philipps University Marburg
RP Walsh, CT (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 24
TC 287
Z9 348
U1 2
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 215
EP 218
DI 10.1038/35025116
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000055
PM 11001063
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bergeron, V
   Bonn, D
   Martin, JY
   Vovelle, L
AF Bergeron, V
   Bonn, D
   Martin, JY
   Vovelle, L
TI Controlling droplet deposition with polymer additives
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solid-surface; liquid-films; impact; thin
AB Controlling the impact of drops onto solid surfaces is important for a wide variety of coating and deposition processes-for example, the treatment of plants with herbicides and pesticides requires precise targeting in order to meet stringent toxicological regulations. However, the outer wax-like layer of the leaves is a non-wetting substrate that causes sprayed droplets to rebound; often less than 50% of the initial spray is retained by the plant(1). Although the impact and subsequent retraction of non-wetting aqueous drops on a hydrophobic surface have been the subjects of extensive experimental and theoretical work(2-7), non-newtonian rheological effects have not been considered in any detail. Here we report that, by adding very small amounts of a flexible polymer to the aqueous phase, we can inhibit droplet rebound on a hydrophobic surface and markedly improve deposition without significantly altering the shear viscosity of the solutions. Our results can be understood by taking into account the non-newtonian elongational viscosity, which provides a large resistance to drop retraction after impact, thereby suppressing droplet rebound.
C1 Rhodia Rech, Ctr Rech Lyon, F-69192 St Fons, France.
   Ecole Normale Super, Lab Phys Stat, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS)
RP Bergeron, V (corresponding author), Rhodia Rech, Ctr Rech Lyon, 85 Av Des Freres Perret BP62, F-69192 St Fons, France.
EM vance.bergeron@rhone-poulenc.com
NR 18
TC 598
Z9 697
U1 5
U2 337
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 772
EP 775
DI 10.1038/35015525
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600044
PM 10866193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhao, S
   Weng, YC
   Yuan, SSF
   Lin, YT
   Hsu, HC
   Lin, SCJ
   Gerbino, E
   Song, MH
   Zdzienicka, MZ
   Gatti, RA
   Shay, JW
   Ziv, Y
   Shiloh, Y
   Lee, EYHP
AF Zhao, S
   Weng, YC
   Yuan, SSF
   Lin, YT
   Hsu, HC
   Lin, SCJ
   Gerbino, E
   Song, MH
   Zdzienicka, MZ
   Gatti, RA
   Shay, JW
   Ziv, Y
   Shiloh, Y
   Lee, EYHP
TI Functional link between ataxia-telangiectasia and Nijmegen breakage syndrome gene products
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-damage response; double-strand breaks; cell-cycle; c-abl; checkpoint pathways; ionizing-radiation; phosphorylation; complex; repair; atm
AB Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) and Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) are recessive genetic disorders with susceptibility to cancer and similar cellular phenotypes(1). The protein product of the gene responsible for A-T, designated ATM, is a member of a family of kinases characterized by a carboxy-terminal phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-like domain(2,3). The NBS1 protein is specifically mutated in patients with Nijmegen breakage syndrome and forms a complex with the DNA repair proteins Rad50 and Mre11(4-7). Here we show that phosphorylation of NBS1, induced by ionizing radiation, requires catalytically active ATM. Complexes containing ATM and NBS1 exist in vivo in both untreated cells and cells treated with ionizing radiation. We have identified two residues of NBS1, Ser 278 and Ser 343 that are phosphorylated in vitro by ATM and whose modification in vivo is essential for the cellular response to DNA damage. This response includes S-phase checkpoint activation, formation of the NBS1/Mre11/Rad50 nuclear foci and rescue of hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation. Together, these results demonstrate a biochemical link between cell-cycle checkpoints activated by DNA damage and DNA repair in two genetic diseases with overlapping phenotypes.
C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Biotechnol, Dept Mol Med, San Antonio, TX 78245 USA.
   Leiden Univ, LUMC, MGC Dept Radiat Genet & Chem Mutagenesis, Leiden, Netherlands.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Pathol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Sackler Sch Med, Dept Human Genet & Mol Med, Tel Aviv, Israel.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC); University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Tel Aviv University; Sackler Faculty of Medicine
RP Lee, EYHP (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Biotechnol, Dept Mol Med, San Antonio, TX 78245 USA.
NR 29
TC 411
Z9 464
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 473
EP 477
DI 10.1038/35013083
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000052
PM 10839544
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schoonveld, WA
   Wildeman, J
   Fichou, D
   Bobbert, PA
   van Wees, BJ
   Klapwijk, TM
AF Schoonveld, WA
   Wildeman, J
   Fichou, D
   Bobbert, PA
   van Wees, BJ
   Klapwijk, TM
TI Coulomb-blockade transport in single-crystal organic thin-film transistors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID field-effect transistors; tunnel-junctions; charge-transport; effect mobility; sexithiophene; arrays
AB Coulomb-blockade transport-whereby the Coulomb interaction between electrons can prohibit their transport around a circuit-occurs in systems in which both the tunnel resistance, R-T, between neighbouring sites is large (much greater than h/e(2)) and the charging energy, E-C (E-C = e(2)/2C, where C is the capacitance of the site), of an excess electron on a site is large compared to kT. (Here e is the charge of an electron, k is Boltzmann's constant, and h is Planck's constant.) The nature of the individual sites-metallic, superconducting, semiconducting or quantum dot-is to first order irrelevant for this phenomenon to be observed(1). Coulomb blockade has also been observed in two-dimensional arrays of normal-metal tunnel junctions(2), but the relatively large capacitances of these micrometre-sized metal islands results in a small charging energy, and so the effect can be seen only at extremely low temperatures. Here we demonstrate that organic thin-film transistors based on highly ordered molecular materials can, to first order, also be considered as an array of sites separated by tunnel resistances. And as a result of the subnanometre sizes of the sites (the individual molecules), and hence their small capacitances, the charging energy dominates at room temperature. Conductivity measurements as a function of both gate bias and temperature reveal the presence of thermally activated transport, consistent with the conventional model of Coulomb blockade.
C1 Univ Groningen, Dept Appl Phys, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen, Ctr Mat Sci, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen, Dept Polymer Chem, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   CNRS, Mat Mol Lab, F-94320 Thiais, France.
   Eindhoven Univ Technol, Dept Phys, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands.
   Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, Nanophys & Nanotechnol Sect, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
C3 University of Groningen; University of Groningen; University of Groningen; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Eindhoven University of Technology; Delft University of Technology
RP Schoonveld, WA (corresponding author), Univ Groningen, Dept Appl Phys, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
NR 21
TC 132
Z9 137
U1 1
U2 66
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 977
EP 980
DI 10.1038/35010073
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000050
PM 10801122
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnsen, A
   Andersen, V
   Sunding, C
   Lifjeld, JT
AF Johnsen, A
   Andersen, V
   Sunding, C
   Lifjeld, JT
TI Female bluethroats enhance offspring immunocompetence through extra-pair copulations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID luscinia s. svecica; zebra finch; paternity; birds; fertilizations; survival
AB Female birds frequently copulate with extra-pair males(1,2), but the adaptive value of this behaviour is poorly understood(2). Some studies have suggested that 'good genes' may be involved, where females seek to have their eggs fertilized by high-quality males without receiving any material benefits from them(3,4). Nevertheless, it remains to be shown that a genetic benefit is passed on to offspring(5,6). Here we report that nestling bluethroats, Luscinia svecica, sired by extra-pair males had a higher T-cell-mediated immune response than their maternal half-siblings raised in the same nest. The difference could not be attributed to nestling body mass, sex or hatching order, but may be an effect of paternal genotype. Extra-pair young were also more immunocompetent than their paternal half-sibs raised in the genetic father's own nest, which indicates an additional effect of maternal genotype. Our results are consistent with the idea that females engage in extra-pair copulations to obtain compatible viability genes, rather than 'good genes' per se.
C1 Univ Oslo, Zool Museum, N-0562 Oslo, Norway.
C3 University of Oslo
RP Lifjeld, JT (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Sci, Lapham Hall,POB 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA.
EM j.t.lifjeld@toyen.uio.no
NR 22
TC 181
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 80
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 296
EP 299
DI 10.1038/35018556
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900047
PM 10917529
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kilb, D
   Gomberg, J
   Bodin, P
AF Kilb, D
   Gomberg, J
   Bodin, P
TI Triggering of earthquake aftershocks by dynamic stresses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID link cluster-analysis; static stress; 1992 landers; strain changes; california; seismicity; transient; sequence; faults
AB It is thought that small 'static' stress changes due to permanent fault displacement can alter the likelihood of, or trigger, earthquakes on nearby faults(1). Many studies of triggering in the nearfield, particularly of aftershocks, rely on these static changes as the triggering agent(2-4) and consider them only in terms of equivalent changes in the applied load on the fault(3-6). Here we report a comparison of the aftershock pattern of the moment magnitude M-w = 7.3 Landers earthquake, not only with static stress changes but also with transient, oscillatory stress changes transmitted as seismic waves (that is, 'dynamic' stresses). Dynamic stresses do not permanently change the applied load and thus can trigger earthquakes only by altering the mechanical state or properties of the fault zone. These dynamically weakened faults may fail after the seismic waves have passed by, and might even cause earthquakes that would not otherwise have occurred. We rnd similar asymmetries in the aftershock and dynamic stress patterns, the latter being due to rupture propagation, whereas the static stress changes lack this asymmetry. Previous studies have shown that dynamic stresses can promote failure at remote distances(7-12), but here we show that they can also do so nearby.
C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
   Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Gomberg, J (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, 3876 Cent Ave,Suite 2, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
EM gomberg@usgs.gov
NR 25
TC 302
Z9 370
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 570
EP 574
DI 10.1038/35046046
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600114
PM 11117741
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI Mergers and acquisitions rock UK chemical industry infrastructure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 812
EP 812
DI 10.1038/35021195
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700063
PM 10963615
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abrahamson, J
   Dinniss, J
AF Abrahamson, J
   Dinniss, J
TI Ball lightning caused by oxidation of nanoparticle networks from normal lightning strikes on soil
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID silicon
AB Observations of ball lightning have been reported for centuries, but the origin of this phenomenon remains an enigma. The 'average' ball lightning appears as a sphere with a diameter of 300 mm, a lifetime of about 10 s, and a luminosity similar to a 100-W lamp(1). It floats freely in the air, and ends either in an explosion, or by simply fading from view. It almost invariably occurs during stormy weather(2,3). Several energy sources have been proposed(2-4) to explain the light, but none of these models has succeeded in explaining all of the observed characteristics. Here we report a model that potentially accounts for all of those properties, and which has some experimental support. When normal lightning strikes soil, chemical energy is stored in nanoparticles of Si, SiO or SiC, which are ejected into the air as a filamentary network, As the particles are slowly oxidized in air, the stored energy is released as heat and light. We investigated this basic process by exposing soil samples to a lightning-like discharge, which produced chain aggregates of nanoparticles: these particles oxidize at a rate appropriate for explaining the lifetime of ball lightning.
C1 Univ Canterbury, Dept Chem & Proc Engn, Christchurch 1, New Zealand.
C3 University of Canterbury
RP Abrahamson, J (corresponding author), Univ Canterbury, Dept Chem & Proc Engn, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 1, New Zealand.
NR 25
TC 114
Z9 120
U1 3
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 519
EP 521
DI 10.1038/35000525
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300042
PM 10676954
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Becskei, A
   Serrano, L
AF Becskei, A
   Serrano, L
TI Engineering stability in gene networks by autoregulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; tet repressor; robustness; expression; recognition; promoter; binding; number; dosage
AB The genetic and biochemical networks which underlie such things as homeostasis in metabolism and the developmental programs of living cells, must withstand considerable variations and random perturbations of biochemical parameters(1-3). These occur as transient changes in, for example, transcription, translation, and RNA and protein degradation. The intensity and duration of these perturbations differ between cells in a population(4). The unique state of cells, and thus the diversity in a population, is owing to the different environmental stimuli the individual cells experience and the inherent stochastic nature of biochemical processes (for example, refs 5 and 6). It has been proposed, but not demonstrated, that autoregulatory, negative feedback loops in gene circuits provide stability(7), thereby limiting the range over which the concentrations of net-work components fluctuate. Here we have designed and constructed simple gene circuits consisting of a regulator and transcriptional repressor modules in Escherichia coli and we show the gain of stability produced by negative feedback.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, D-69012 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Becskei, A (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69012 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 24
TC 1184
Z9 1387
U1 1
U2 123
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 590
EP 593
DI 10.1038/35014651
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500056
PM 10850721
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, S
   Hill, CP
   Sundquist, WI
   Finch, JT
AF Li, S
   Hill, CP
   Sundquist, WI
   Finch, JT
TI Image reconstructions of helical assemblies of the HIV-1CA protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-immunodeficiency-virus; capsid protein; in-vitro; cyclophilin-a; type-1; core; domain; replication; terminus; models
AB The type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) contains a conical capsid comprising similar to 1,500 CA protein subunits, which organizes the viral RNA genome for uncoating and replication in a new host cell. In vitro, CA spontaneously assembles into helical tubes and cones that resemble authentic viral capsids(1-7). Here we describe electron cryo-microscopy and image reconstructions of CA tubes from six different helical families. In spite of their polymorphism, all tubes are composed of hexameric rings of CA arranged with approximate local p6 lattice symmetry. Crystal structures of the two CA domains were 'docked' into the reconstructed density, which showed that the amino-terminal domains form the hexameric rings and the carboxy-terminal dimerization domains connect each ring to six neighbours. We propose a molecular model for the HIV-1 capsid that follows the principles of a fullerene cone(6), in which the body of the cone is composed of curved hexagonal arrays of CA rings and the ends are closed by inclusion of 12 pentagonal 'defects'.
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Biochem, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA.
   MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Div Struct Studies, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Li, S (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Biochem, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA.
NR 29
TC 441
Z9 535
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 409
EP 413
DI 10.1038/35030177
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700054
PM 11014200
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lopinski, GP
   Wayner, DDM
   Wolkow, RA
AF Lopinski, GP
   Wayner, DDM
   Wolkow, RA
TI Self-directed growth of molecular nanostructures on silicon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning tunneling microscope; surface; conductance; hydrogen; si(001); adsorption; monolayers; ethylene; si(100); wires
AB Advances in techniques for the nanoscale manipulation of matter are important for the realization of molecule-based miniature devices(1-8) with new or advanced functions. A particularly promising approach involves the construction of hybrid organic-molecule/silicon devices(9-14). But challenges remain-both in the formation of nanostructures that will constitute the active parts of future devices, and in the construction of commensurately small connecting wires. Atom-by-atom crafting of structures with scanning tunnelling microscopes(15-17), although essential to fundamental advances, is too slow for any practical fabrication process; self-assembly approaches may permit rapid fabrication(18), but lack the ability to control growth location and shape. Furthermore, molecular diffusion on silicon is greatly inhibited(19), thereby presenting a problem for self-assembly techniques. Here we report an approach for fabricating nanoscale organic structures on silicon surfaces, employing minimal intervention by the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope and a spontaneous self-directed chemical growth process. We demonstrate growth of straight molecular styrene lines-each composed of many organic molecules-and the crystalline silicon substrate determines both the orientation of the lines and the molecular spacing within these lines. This process should, in principle, allow parallel fabrication of identical complex functional structures.
C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
C3 National Research Council Canada
RP Wolkow, RA (corresponding author), Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, 100 Sussex Dr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
EM bob.wolkow@nrc.ca
NR 30
TC 554
Z9 608
U1 0
U2 111
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 48
EP 51
DI 10.1038/35017519
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200038
PM 10894535
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Manyala, N
   Sidis, Y
   DiTusa, JF
   Aeppli, G
   Young, DP
   Fisk, Z
AF Manyala, N
   Sidis, Y
   DiTusa, JF
   Aeppli, G
   Young, DP
   Fisk, Z
TI Magnetoresistance from quantum interference effects in ferromagnets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spin; charge; semiconductors; fe1-xcoxsi; pyrochlore; perovskite; transition; tl2mn2o7; fesi; mnsi
AB The desire to maximize the sensitivity of read/write heads (and thus the information density) of magnetic storage devices has stimulated interest in the discovery and design of new magnetic materials exhibiting magnetoresistance. Recent discoveries include the 'colossal' magnetoresistance in the manganites(1-4) and the enhanced magnetoresistance in low-carrier-density ferromagnets(4-6). An important feature of these systems is that the electrons involved in electrical conduction are different from those responsible for the magnetism. The latter are localized and act as scattering sites for the mobile electrons, and it is the field tuning of the scattering strength that ultimately gives rise to the observed magnetoresistance. Here we argue that magnetoresistance can arise by a different mechanism in certain ferromagnets-quantum interference effects rather than simple scattering. The ferromagnets in question are disordered, low-carrier-density magnets where the same electrons are responsible for both the magnetic properties and electrical conduction. The resulting magnetoresistance is positive (that is, the resistance increases in response to an applied magnetic field) and only weakly temperature-dependent below the Curie point.
C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA.
   NEC, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Facil, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
C3 Louisiana State University System; Louisiana State University; State University System of Florida; Florida State University
RP DiTusa, JF (corresponding author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA.
NR 28
TC 204
Z9 230
U1 0
U2 96
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 581
EP +
DI 10.1038/35007030
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100047
PM 10766236
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yokouchi, Y
   Noijiri, Y
   Barrie, LA
   Toom-Sauntry, D
   Machida, T
   Inuzuka, Y
   Akimoto, H
   Li, HJ
   Fujinuma, Y
   Aoki, S
AF Yokouchi, Y
   Noijiri, Y
   Barrie, LA
   Toom-Sauntry, D
   Machida, T
   Inuzuka, Y
   Akimoto, H
   Li, HJ
   Fujinuma, Y
   Aoki, S
TI A strong source of methyl chloride to the atmosphere from tropical coastal land
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID south-atlantic; biosynthesis; halomethanes; methanethiol; halides
AB Methyl chloride (CH3Cl), the most abundant halocarbon in the atmosphere, has received much attention as a natural source of chlorine :atoms in the stratosphere(1,2). The annual global flux of CH3Cl has been estimated to be around 3.5 Tg on the grounds that this must balance the loss through reaction with OH radicals (which gives a lifetime for atmospheric CH3Cl of 1.5 yr)(3-5), The most likely main source of methyl chloride has been thought to be oceanic emission(2,6-8), with biomass burning the second largest source(9). But recent seawater measurements(10) indicate that oceanic fluxes cannot account for more than 12% of the estimated global flux of CH3Cl, raising the question of where the remainder comes from. Here we report evidence of significant CH3Cl emission from warm coastal land, particularly from tropical islands. This conclusion is based on a global monitoring study and spot measurements, which show enhancement of atmospheric CH3Cl in the tropics, a close correlation between CH3Cl concentrations and those of biogenic compounds emitted by terrestrial plants, and OH-linked seasonality of CH3Cl concentrations in middle and high latitudes, A strong, equatorially located source of this nature would explain why the distribution of CH3Cl is uniform between the Northern and Southern hemispheres, despite their differences in ocean and land area.
C1 Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050053, Japan.
   Atmospher Environm Serv, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada.
   Univ Tokyo, Adv Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Tokyo 1538904, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Ctr Atmospher & Ocean Studies, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9800845, Japan.
C3 National Institute for Environmental Studies - Japan; Environment & Climate Change Canada; Meteorological Service of Canada; University of Tokyo; Tohoku University
RP Yokouchi, Y (corresponding author), Natl Inst Environm Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050053, Japan.
NR 18
TC 122
Z9 134
U1 2
U2 56
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 295
EP 298
DI 10.1038/35002049
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700048
PM 10659845
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, RJ
   Martinez, ND
AF Williams, RJ
   Martinez, ND
TI Simple rules yield complex food webs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trophic interactions; patterns; scale; ecosystem; prey
AB Several of the most ambitious theories in ecology(1-14) describe food webs that document the structure of strong and weak trophic links(9) that is responsible for ecological dynamics among diverse assemblages of species(4,11-13). Early mechanism-based theory asserted that food webs have little omnivory and several properties that are independent of species richness(1-4,6). This theory was overturned by empirical studies that found food webs to be much more complex(5,7-9,14-18), but these studies did not provide mechanistic explanations for the complexity(9). Here we show that a remarkably simple model. fills this scientific void by successfully predicting key structural properties of the most complex and comprehensive food webs in the primary literature. These properties include the fractions of species at top, intermediate and basal trophic levels, the means and variabilities of generality, vulnerability and food-chain length, and the degrees of cannibalism, omnivory, looping and trophic similarity. Using only two empirical parameters, species number and connectance, our 'niche model' extends the existing 'cascade model'(3,19) and improves its fit ten-fold by constraining species to consume a contiguous sequence of prey in a one-dimensional trophic niche(20).
C1 San Francisco State Univ, Dept Biol, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA.
C3 California State University System; San Francisco State University
RP Martinez, ND (corresponding author), San Francisco State Univ, Dept Biol, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, POB 855, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA.
NR 30
TC 1074
Z9 1220
U1 3
U2 387
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 180
EP 183
DI 10.1038/35004572
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900050
PM 10724169
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shimomura, I
   Hammer, RE
   Ikemoto, S
   Brown, MS
   Goldstein, JL
AF Shimomura, I
   Hammer, RE
   Ikemoto, S
   Brown, MS
   Goldstein, JL
TI Hormones - Leptin and diabetes in lipoatrophic mice - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Shimomura, I (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
NR 3
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 850
EP 851
DI 10.1038/35002667
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gloeckler, G
   Geiss, J
   Schwadron, NA
   Fisk, LA
   Zurbuchen, TH
   Ipavich, FM
   von Steiger, R
   Balsiger, H
   Wilken, B
AF Gloeckler, G
   Geiss, J
   Schwadron, NA
   Fisk, LA
   Zurbuchen, TH
   Ipavich, FM
   von Steiger, R
   Balsiger, H
   Wilken, B
TI Interception of comet Hyakutake's ion tail at a distance of 500 million kilometres
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID giacobini-zinner; solar-wind; halley; p/halley; density
AB Remote sensing observations(1-5) and the direct sampling of material(6-8) from a few comets have established the characteristic composition of cometary gas. This gas is ionized by solar ultraviolet radiation and the solar wind to form 'pick-up' ions(9-11), ions in a low ionization state that retain the same compositional signatures as the original gas. The pick-up ions are carried outward by the solar wind, and they could in principle be detected far from the coma. (Sampling of pick-up ions has also been used to study interplanetary dust(12,13), Venus' tail(14) and the interstellar medium(15,16).) Here we report the serendipitous detection of cometary pick-up ions, most probably associated with the tail of comet Hyakutake, at a distance of 3.4 AU from the nucleus. Previous observations have provided a wealth of physical and chemical information about a small sample of comets(6-9), but this detection suggests that remote sampling of comet compositions, and the discovery of otherwise invisible comets, may be possible.
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Int Space Sci Inst, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37189 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Bern; Max Planck Society
RP Gloeckler, G (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
NR 30
TC 36
Z9 38
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 576
EP 578
DI 10.1038/35007015
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100045
PM 10766234
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Page, NM
   Woods, RJ
   Gardiner, SM
   Lomthaisong, K
   Gladwell, RT
   Butlin, DJ
   Manyonda, IT
   Lowry, PJ
AF Page, NM
   Woods, RJ
   Gardiner, SM
   Lomthaisong, K
   Gladwell, RT
   Butlin, DJ
   Manyonda, IT
   Lowry, PJ
TI Excessive placental secretion of neurokinin B during the third trimester causes pre-eclampsia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID porcine spinal-cord; substance-p; receptor antagonists; rat; preeclampsia; responses; sequence; vessels; plasma; potent
AB Pre-eclampsia is a principal cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, affecting 5-10% of first pregnancies worldwide. Manifestations include increased blood pressure, proteinuria, coagulopathy and peripheral and cerebral oedema. Although the aetiology and pathogenesis remain to be elucidated, the placenta is undoubtedly involved, as termination of pregnancy eradicates the disease. Here we have cloned a complementary DNA from human placental messenger RNA encoding a precursor protein of 121 amino acids which gives rise to a mature peptide identical to the neuropeptide neurokinin B (NKB)(1) of other mammalian species. In female rats, concentrations of NKB several-fold above that of an animal 20 days into pregnancy caused substantial pressor activity. In human pregnancy, the expression of NKB was confined to the outer syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta, significant concentrations of NKB could be detected in plasma as early as week 9, and plasma concentrations of NKB were grossly elevated in pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia. We conclude that elevated levels of NKB in early pregnancy may be an indicator of hypertension and pre-eclampsia, and that treatment with certain neurokinin receptor antagonists may be useful in alleviating the symptoms.
C1 Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
   Univ Nottingham, Sch Biomed Sci, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England.
   Univ London St Georges Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, London SW17 0QT, England.
C3 University of Reading; University of Nottingham; City St Georges, University of London
RP Lowry, PJ (corresponding author), Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
NR 29
TC 219
Z9 252
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 797
EP 800
DI 10.1038/35015579
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600052
PM 10866201
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shen, XT
   Mizuguchi, G
   Hamiche, A
   Wu, C
AF Shen, XT
   Mizuguchi, G
   Hamiche, A
   Wu, C
TI A chromatin remodelling complex involved in transcription and DNA processing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; nucleosome; binding; protein; swi/snf; ruvb; recombination; helicase; subunit; family
AB The packaging of the eukaryotic genome in chromatin presents barriers that restrict the access of enzymes that process DNA(1,2). To overcome these barriers, cells possess a number of multi-protein, ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complexes, each containing an ATPase subunit from the SNF2/SWI2 superfamily(3,4). Chromatin remodelling complexes function by increasing nucleosome mobility and are clearly implicated in transcription(5-7). Here we have analysed SNF2/SWI2- and ISWI-related proteins to identify remodelling complexes that potentially assist other DNA transactions. We purified a complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that contains the Ino80 ATPase(8). The INO80 complex contains about 12 polypeptides including two proteins related to the bacterial RuvB DNA helicase(9-11), which catalyses branch migration of Holliday junctions. The purified complex remodels chromatin, facilitates transcription in vitro and displays 3' to 5' DNA helicase activity. Mutants of ino80 show hypersensitivity to agents that cause DNA damage, in addition to defects in transcription(8). These results indicate that chromatin remodelling driven by the Ino80 ATPase may be connected to transcription as well as DNA damage repair.
C1 NCI, Mol Cell Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Biostudies, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Kyoto University
RP Wu, C (corresponding author), NCI, Mol Cell Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 30
TC 670
Z9 831
U1 2
U2 62
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 541
EP 544
DI 10.1038/35020123
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000052
PM 10952318
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nygård, J
   Cobden, DH
   Lindelof, PE
AF Nygård, J
   Cobden, DH
   Lindelof, PE
TI Kondo physics in carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-electron transistor; quantum wires; transport; ropes; dot
AB The connection of electrical leads to wire-like molecules is a logical step in the development of molecular electronics, but also allows studies of fundamental physics. For example, metallic carbon nanotubes(1) are quantum wires that have been found to act as one-dimensional quantum dots(2,3), Luttinger liquids(4,5), proximity-induced superconductors(6,7) and ballistic(8) and diffusive(9) one-dimensional metals. Here we report that electrically contacted single-walled carbon nanotubes can serve as powerful probes of Kondo physics, demonstrating the universality of the Kondo effect. Arising in the prototypical case from the interaction between a localized impurity magnetic moment and delocalized electrons in a metallic host, the Kondo effect has been used to explain(10) enhanced low-temperature scattering from magnetic impurities in metals, and also occurs in transport through semiconductor quantum dots(11-18). The far greater tunability of dots (in our case, nanotubes) compared with atomic impurities renders new classes of Kondo-like effects(19,20) accessible. Our nanotube devices differ from previous systems in which Kondo effects have been observed, in that they are one-dimensional quantum dots with three-dimensional metal (gold) reservoirs. This allows us to observe Kondo resonances for very large electron numbers (N) in the dot, and approaching the unitary limit (where the transmission reaches its maximum possible value). Moreover, we detect a previously unobserved Kondo effect, occurring for even values of N in a magnetic field.
C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
   Niels Bohr Inst, Orsted Lab, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
C3 University of Warwick; University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute
RP Cobden, DH (corresponding author), Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
NR 26
TC 614
Z9 652
U1 3
U2 152
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 342
EP 346
DI 10.1038/35042545
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000040
PM 11099037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kawai, N
   Matsuzawa, T
AF Kawai, N
   Matsuzawa, T
TI Cognition - Numerical memory span in a chimpanzee
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pan-troglodytes
C1 Kyoto Univ, Primate Res Inst, Aichi 4848506, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University
RP Kawai, N (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Primate Res Inst, Aichi 4848506, Japan.
NR 10
TC 134
Z9 150
U1 0
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 39
EP 40
DI 10.1038/47405
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400033
PM 10638743
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whaley, SR
   English, DS
   Hu, EL
   Barbara, PF
   Belcher, AM
AF Whaley, SR
   English, DS
   Hu, EL
   Barbara, PF
   Belcher, AM
TI Selection of peptides with semiconductor binding specificity for directed nanocrystal assembly
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nanoparticles; organization; dna
AB In biological systems, organic molecules exert a remarkable level of control over the nucleation and mineral phase of inorganic materials such as calcium carbonate and silica, and over the assembly of crystallites and other nanoscale building blocks into complex structures required for biological function(1-4). This ability to direct the assembly of nanoscale components into controlled and sophisticated structures has motivated intense efforts to develop assembly methods that mimic or exploit the recognition capabilities and interactions found in biological systems(5-10). Of particular value would be methods that could be applied to materials with interesting electronic or optical properties, but natural evolution has not selected for interactions between biomolecules and such materials. However, peptides with limited selectivity for binding to metal surfaces and metal oxide surfaces have been successfully selected(10,11). Here we extend this approach and show that combinatorial phage-display libraries can be used to evolve peptides that bind to a range of semiconductor surfaces with high specificity, depending on the crystallographic orientation and composition of the structurally similar materials we have used. As electronic devices contain structurally related materials in close proximity, such peptides may rnd use for the controlled placement and assembly of a variety of practically important materials, thus broadening the scope for 'bottom-up' fabrication approaches.
C1 Univ Texas, Dept Chem & Biochem, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ Texas, Texas Mat Inst, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Ctr Quantized Elect Struct, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Belcher, AM (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Dept Chem & Biochem, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
NR 13
TC 1120
Z9 1388
U1 3
U2 468
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 665
EP 668
DI 10.1038/35015043
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800041
PM 10864319
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alard, O
   Griffin, WL
   Lorand, JP
   Jackson, SE
   O'Reilly, SY
AF Alard, O
   Griffin, WL
   Lorand, JP
   Jackson, SE
   O'Reilly, SY
TI Non-chondritic distribution of the highly siderophile elements in mantle sulphides
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID platinum-group elements; spinel-lherzolite; solid-solution; palladium; origin; earth; xenoliths; sulfides; iridium; geochemistry
AB The abundances of highly siderophile (iron-loving) elements (HSEs) in the Earth's mantle provide important constraints on models of the Earth's early evolution. It has long been assumed that the relative abundances of HSEs should reflect the composition of chondritic meteorites-which are thought to represent the primordial material from which the Earth was formed. But the non-chondritic abundance ratios recently found in several types of rock derived from the Earth's mantle(1-3) have been difficult to reconcile with standard models of the Earth's accretion(4-9), and have been interpreted as having arisen from the addition to the primitive mantle of either non-chondritic extraterrestrial material or differentiated material from the Earth's core. Here we report in situ laser-ablation analyses of sulphides in mantle-derived rocks which show that these sulphides do not have chondritic HSE patterns, but that different generations of sulphide within single samples show extreme variability in the relative abundances of HSEs. Sulphides enclosed in silicate phases have high osmium and iridium abundances but low Pd/Ir ratios, whereas pentlandite-dominated interstitial sulphides show low osmium and iridium abundances and high Pd/Ir ratios. We interpret the silicate-enclosed sulphides as the residues of melting processes and interstitial sulphides as the crystallization products of sulphide-bearing (metasomatic) fluids. We suggest that non-chondritic HSE patterns directly reflect processes occurring in the upper mantle-that is, melting and sulphide addition via metasomatism-and are not evidence for the addition of core material or of 'exotic' meteoritic components.
C1 Macquarie Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, GEMOC, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
   CSIRO Explorat & Min, N Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia.
   Museum Natl Hist Nat Paris, Lab Mineral, CNRS, Unite ESA 7058, F-75005 Paris, France.
C3 Macquarie University; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN)
RP Alard, O (corresponding author), Macquarie Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, GEMOC, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
EM oalard@laurel.ocs.mq.edu.au
NR 29
TC 438
Z9 480
U1 0
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 891
EP 894
DI 10.1038/35038049
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900047
PM 11057664
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oudejans, RRD
   Verheijen, R
   Bakker, FC
   Gerrits, JC
   Steinbrückner, M
   Beek, PJ
AF Oudejans, RRD
   Verheijen, R
   Bakker, FC
   Gerrits, JC
   Steinbrückner, M
   Beek, PJ
TI Errors in judging 'offside' in football -: Optical trickery can undermine the assistant referee's view of this ruling.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Human Movement Sci, Inst Fundamental & Clin Human Movement Sci, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP Oudejans, RRD (corresponding author), Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Human Movement Sci, Inst Fundamental & Clin Human Movement Sci, Van der Boechorststr 9, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands.
NR 1
TC 98
Z9 113
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 33
EP 33
DI 10.1038/35003639
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100031
PM 10716430
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU von Melchner, L
   Pallas, SL
   Sur, M
AF von Melchner, L
   Pallas, SL
   Sur, M
TI Visual behaviour mediated by retinal projections directed to the auditory pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cross-modal plasticity; cerebral-cortex; specification; thalamus; organization; mechanisms; kittens; ferrets; humans; deaf
AB An unresolved issue in cortical development concerns the relative contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic factors to the functional specification of different cortical areas(1-4). Ferrets in which retinal projections are redirected neonatally to the auditory thalamus(5) have visually responsive cells in auditory thalamus and cortex, form a retinotopic map in auditory cortex and have visual receptive field properties in auditory cortex that are typical of cells in visual cortex(5-8.) Here we report that this cross-modal projection and its representation in auditory cortex can mediate visual behaviour. When light stimuli are presented in the portion of the visual field that is 'seen' only by this projection, 'rewired' ferrets respond as though they perceive the stimuli to be visual rather than auditory. Thus the perceptual modality of a neocortical region is instructed to a significant extent by its extrinsic inputs. In addition, gratings of different spatial frequencies can be discriminated by the rewired pathway, although the grating acuity is lower than that of the normal visual pathway.
C1 MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Sur, M (corresponding author), Merck KGaA, Dept CNS Res, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
NR 25
TC 236
Z9 242
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 871
EP 876
DI 10.1038/35009102
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000045
PM 10786793
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nowak, MA
   Plotkin, JB
   Jansen, VAA
AF Nowak, MA
   Plotkin, JB
   Jansen, VAA
TI The evolution of syntactic communication
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID language
AB Animal communication is typically non-syntactic, which means that signals refer to whole situations(1-7). Human language is syntactic, and signals consist of discrete components that have their own meaning(8). Syntax is a prerequisite for taking advantage of combinatorics, that is, "making infinite use of finite means"(9-11) The vast expressive power of human language would be impossible without syntax, and the transition from non-syntactic to syntactic communication was an essential step in the evolution of human language(12-16). We aim to understand the evolutionary dynamics of this transition and to analyse how natural selection can guide it. Here we present a model for the population dynamics of language evolution, define the basic reproductive ratio of words and calculate the maximum size of a lexicon. Syntax allows larger repertoires and the possibility to formulate messages that have not been learned beforehand. Nevertheless, according to our model natural selection can only favour the emergence of syntax if the number of required signals exceeds a threshold value. This result might explain why only humans evolved syntactic communication and hence complex language.
C1 Inst Adv Study, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Univ London Royal Holloway & Bedford New Coll, Sch Biol Sci, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England.
C3 Institute for Advanced Study - USA; University of London; Royal Holloway University London
RP Nowak, MA (corresponding author), Inst Adv Study, Olden Lane, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
NR 24
TC 220
Z9 244
U1 1
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 495
EP 498
DI 10.1038/35006635
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700048
PM 10761917
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blaauwgeers, R
   Eltsov, VB
   Krusius, M
   Ruohio, JJ
   Schanen, R
   Volovik, GE
AF Blaauwgeers, R
   Eltsov, VB
   Krusius, M
   Ruohio, JJ
   Schanen, R
   Volovik, GE
TI Double-quantum vortex in superfluid 3He-A
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rotating he-3-a; phase; vortices
AB Linear defects are generic in continuous media(1). In quantum systems they appear as topological line defects which are associated with a circulating persistent current. In relativistic quantum field theories they are known as cosmic strings(2), in superconductors as quantized flux lines(3), and in superfluids(3,4) and low-density Bose-Einstein condensates(5) as quantized vortex lines. A conventional quantized vortex Line consists of a central core around which the phase of the order parameter winds by 2 pi n, while within the core the order parameter vanishes or is depleted from the bulk value. Usually vortices are singly quantized (that is, have n = 1). But it has been theoretically predicted that, in superfluid He-3-A, vortex lines are possible that have n = 2 and continuous structure, so that the orientation of the multicomponent order parameter changes smoothly throughout the vortex while the amplitude remains constant. Here we report direct proof, based on high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, that the most common vortex line in He-3-A has n = 2. One vortex line after another is observed to form in a regular periodic process, similar to a phase-slip in the Josephson effect.
C1 Aalto Univ, Low Temp Lab, FIN-02015 Espoo, Finland.
   Leiden Univ, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   PL Kapitza Phys Problems Inst, Moscow 117334, Russia.
   CNRS, Ctr Rech Tres Basses Temp, F-38042 Grenoble 09, France.
   LD Landau Theoret Phys Inst, Moscow 117334, Russia.
C3 Aalto University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; PL Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Russian Academy of Sciences; Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics
RP Eltsov, VB (corresponding author), Aalto Univ, Low Temp Lab, POB 2200, FIN-02015 Espoo, Finland.
EM ve@boojum.hut.fi
NR 17
TC 88
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 471
EP 473
DI 10.1038/35006583
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700039
PM 10761908
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ranganathan, R
   Cannon, SC
   Horvitz, HR
AF Ranganathan, R
   Cannon, SC
   Horvitz, HR
TI MOD-1 is a serotonin-gated chloride channel that modulates locomotory behaviour in C. elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xenopus-laevis oocytes; nicotinic acetylcholine-receptor; caenorhabditis-elegans; medicinal leech; ion currents; neurons; expression; mutations; genetics; subunit
AB The neurotransmitter and neuromodulator serotonin (5-HT) functions by binding either to metabotropic G-protein-coupled receptors (for example, 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT4 to 5-HT7), which mediate 'slow' modulatory responses through numerous second messenger pathways(1), or to the ionotropic 5-HT3 receptor, a non-selective cation channel that mediates 'fast' membrane depolarizations(2). Here we report that the gene mod-1 (for modulation of locomotion defective) from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans encodes a new type of ionotropic 5-HT receptor, a 5-HT-gated chloride channel. The predicted MOD-1 protein is similar to members of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor family of ligand-gated ion channels, in particular to GABA (gamma -aminobutyric acid)- and glycine-gated chloride channels. The MOD-1 channel has distinctive ion selectivity and pharmacological properties. The reversal potential of the MOD-1 channel is dependent on the concentration of chloride ions but not of cations. The MOD-1 channel is not blocked by calcium ions or 5-HT3a-specific antagonists but is inhibited by the metabotropic 5-HT receptor antagonists mianserin and methiothepin. mod-1 mutant animals are defective in a 5-HT-mediated experience-dependent behaviour(3) and are resistant to exogenous 5-HT, confirming that MOD-1 functions as a 5-HT receptor in vivo.
C1 MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Horvitz, HR (corresponding author), MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biol, Room 68-425,77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM horvitz@mit.edu
NR 30
TC 189
Z9 233
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 470
EP 475
DI 10.1038/35044083
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800048
PM 11100728
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boyington, JC
   Motyka, SA
   Schuck, P
   Brooks, AG
   Sun, PD
AF Boyington, JC
   Motyka, SA
   Schuck, P
   Brooks, AG
   Sun, PD
TI Crystal structure of an NK cell immunoglobulin-like receptor in complex with its class I MHC ligand
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-killer-cells; leukocyte antigen (hla)-cw4; hla-c molecules; inhibitory receptor; mediated lysis; direct binding; amino-acid; peptide; recognition; selectivity
AB Target cell lysis is regulated by natural killer (NK) cell receptors that recognize class I MHC molecules, Here we report the crystal structure of the human immunoglobulin-like NK cell receptor KIR2DL2 in complex with its class I ligand HLA-Cw3 and peptide. KIR binds in a nearly orthogonal orientation across the alpha 1 and alpha 2 helices of Cw3 and directly contacts positions 7 acid 8 of the peptide. No significant conformational changes in KIR occur on complex formation. The receptor footprint on HCB overlaps with but is distinct from that of the T-cell receptor. Charge complementarity dominates the KIR/HLA interface and mutations that disrupt interface salt bridges substantially diminish binding. Most contacts in the complex are between hip and conserved HLA-C residues. but a hydrogen band between Lys 44 of KIR2DL2 and Asn 80 of Cw3 confers the allotype specificity. KIR contact requires position 8 of the peptide to be a residue smaller than valine, A second KIR/HLA interface produced an ordered receptor-ligand aggregation in the crystal which may resemble receptor clustering during immune synapse formation.
C1 NIAAA, Struct Biol Sect, Immunogenet Lab, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Biochem Cellular & Mol Biol Program, Bethesda, MD 20205 USA.
   NIH, Bioengn & Phys Sci Program, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Melbourne, Dept Immunol & Microbiol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism (NIAAA); Johns Hopkins University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; University of Melbourne
RP Sun, PD (corresponding author), NIAAA, Struct Biol Sect, Immunogenet Lab, NIH, 12441 Parklawn Dr, Rockville, MD 20852 USA.
EM psun@nih.gov
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [ZIAAI000697] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 43
TC 336
Z9 383
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 537
EP 543
DI 10.1038/35014520
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500041
PM 10850706
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sullivan, RM
   Landers, M
   Yeaman, B
   Wilson, DA
AF Sullivan, RM
   Landers, M
   Yeaman, B
   Wilson, DA
TI Neurophysiology - Good memories of bad events in infancy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oklahoma, Dept Zool, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
C3 University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman
RP Sullivan, RM (corresponding author), Univ Oklahoma, Dept Zool, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD033402] Funding Source: Medline
NR 10
TC 268
Z9 307
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 38
EP 39
DI 10.1038/35024156
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000032
PM 10993064
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mol, CD
   Izumi, T
   Mitra, S
   Tainer, JA
AF Mol, CD
   Izumi, T
   Mitra, S
   Tainer, JA
TI DNA-bound structures and mutants reveal abasic DNA binding by APE1 DNA repair and coordination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human apurinic endonuclease; base excision-repair; polymerase-beta; sites; deoxyribose; recognition; dynamics; protein; xrcc1; cells
AB Non-coding apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in DNA are continually created in cells both spontaneously and by damage-specific DNA glycosylases'. The biologically critical human base excision repair enzyme APE1 cleaves the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone at a position 5' of AP sites to prime DNA repair synthesis(2-4). Here we report three co-crystal structures of human APE1 bound to abasic DNA which show that APE1 uses a rigid, pre-formed, positively charged surface to kink the DNA helix and engulf the AP-DNA strand. APE1 inserts loops into both the DNA major and minor grooves and binds a flipped-out AP site in a pocket that excludes DNA bases and racemized beta-anomer AP sites. Both the APE1 active-site geometry and a complex with cleaved AP-DNA and Mn2+ support a testable structure-based catalytic mechanism. Alanine substitutions of the residues that penetrate the DNA helix unexpectedly show that human APE1 is structurally optimized to retain the cleaved DNA product. These structural and mutational results show how APE1 probably displaces bound glycosylases and retains the nicked DNA product, suggesting that APE1 acts in vivo to coordinate the orderly transfer of unstable DNA damage intermediates between the excision and synthesis steps of DNA repair.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Human Biol Chem & Genet, Sealy Ctr Mol Sci, Galveston, TX 77555 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston
RP Tainer, JA (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 30
TC 675
Z9 764
U1 4
U2 140
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 451
EP 456
DI 10.1038/35000249
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100056
PM 10667800
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grosman, C
   Zhou, M
   Auerbach, A
AF Grosman, C
   Zhou, M
   Auerbach, A
TI Mapping the conformational wave of acetylcholine receptor channel gating
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID free-energy relationships; engineered proteins; mechanism; voltage; enzyme
AB Allosteric transitions allow fast regulation of protein function in living systems. Even though the end points of such conformational changes are known for many proteins, the characteristics of the paths connecting these states remain largely unexplored. Rate-equilibrium linear free-energy relationships (LFERs) provide information about such pathways by relating changes in the free energy of the transition state to those of the ground states upon systematic perturbation of the system(1). Here we present an LFER analysis of the gating reaction pathway of the muscle acetylcholine receptor. We studied the closed reversible arrow open conformational change at the single-molecule level following perturbation by series of single-site mutations, agonists and membrane voltages. This method provided a snapshot of several regions of the receptor at the transition state in terms of their approximate positions along the reaction coordinate, on a scale from 0 (closed-like) to 1 (open-like). The resulting map reveals a spatial gradient of positional values, which suggests that the conformational change proceeds in a wave-like manner, with the low-to-high affinity change at the transmitter-binding sites preceding the complete opening of the pore.
C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY
RP Grosman, C (corresponding author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Physiol & Biophys, 124 Sherman Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA.
NR 31
TC 294
Z9 329
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 773
EP 776
DI 10.1038/35001586
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100053
PM 10693806
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Laubach, M
   Wessberg, J
   Nicolelis, MAL
AF Laubach, M
   Wessberg, J
   Nicolelis, MAL
TI Cortical ensemble activity increasingly predicts behaviour outcomes during learning of a motor task
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supplementary eye field; conditional oculomotor associations; neuronal-activity; movement direction; cortex; acquisition; population; oscillations; information; monkeys
AB When an animal learns to make movements in response to different stimuli, changes in activity in the motor cortex seem to accompany and underlie this learning(1-6). The precise nature of modifications in cortical motor areas during the initial stages of motor learning, however, is largely unknown. Here we address this issue by chronically recording from neuronal ensembles located in the rat motor cortex, throughout the period required for rats to learn a reaction-time task. Motor learning was demonstrated by a decrease in the variance of the rats' reaction times and an increase in the time the animals were able to wait for a trigger stimulus. These behavioural changes were correlated with a significant increase in our ability to predict the correct or incorrect outcome of single trials based on three measures of neuronal ensemble activity: average firing rate, temporal patterns of firing, and correlated firing. This increase in prediction indicates that an association between sensory cues and movement emerged in the motor cortex as the task was learned. Such modifications in cortical ensemble activity may be critical for the initial learning of motor tasks.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 Duke University
RP Laubach, M (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM laubach@neuro.duke.edu
NR 29
TC 217
Z9 258
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 567
EP 571
DI 10.1038/35014604
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500050
PM 10850715
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Metcalf, D
   Greenhalgh, CJ
   Viney, E
   Willson, TA
   Starr, R
   Nicola, NA
   Hilton, DJ
   Alexander, WS
AF Metcalf, D
   Greenhalgh, CJ
   Viney, E
   Willson, TA
   Starr, R
   Nicola, NA
   Hilton, DJ
   Alexander, WS
TI Gigantism in mice lacking suppressor of cytokine signalling-2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor-i; receptor gene-expression; transgenic mice; c-mpl; hormone; insulin; liver; socs-3; deficiency; transduction
AB Suppressor of cytokine signalling-2 (SOCS-2) is a member of the suppressor of cytokine signalling family, a group of related proteins implicated in the negative regulation of cytokine action through inhibition of the Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signal-transduction pathway(1). Here we use mice unable to express SOCS-2 to examine its function in vivo. SOCS-2(-/-) mice grew significantly larger than their wild-type littermates. Increased body weight became evident after weaning and was associated with significantly increased long bone lengths and the proportionate enlargement of most organs. Characteristics of deregulated growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signalling, including decreased production of major urinary protein, increased local IGF-I production, and collagen accumulation in the dermis, were observed in SOCS-2-deficient mice, indicating that SOCS-2 may have an essential negative regulatory role in the growth hormone/IGF-I pathway.
C1 Royal Melbourne Hosp, Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Melbourne, Vic 3050, Australia.
   Royal Melbourne Hosp, Cooperat Res Ctr Cellular Growth Factors, Melbourne, Vic 3050, Australia.
C3 Melbourne Health; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Walter & Eliza Hall Institute; Melbourne Health; Royal Melbourne Hospital
RP Alexander, WS (corresponding author), Royal Melbourne Hosp, Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Post Off, Melbourne, Vic 3050, Australia.
NR 25
TC 408
Z9 471
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1069
EP 1073
DI 10.1038/35016611
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700050
PM 10890450
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Difilippantonio, MJ
   Zhu, J
   Chen, HT
   Meffre, E
   Nussenzweig, MC
   Max, EE
   Ried, T
   Nussenzweig, A
AF Difilippantonio, MJ
   Zhu, J
   Chen, HT
   Meffre, E
   Nussenzweig, MC
   Max, EE
   Ried, T
   Nussenzweig, A
TI DNA repair protein Ku80 suppresses chromosomal aberrations and malignant transformation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID v(d)j recombination; mice; p53; transposition; growth; rag1; gene
AB Cancer susceptibility genes have been classified into two groups: gatekeepers and caretakers(1). Gatekeepers are genes that control cell proliferation and death, whereas caretakers are DNA repair genes whose inactivation leads to genetic instability. Abrogation of both caretaker and gatekeeper function markedly increases cancer susceptibility. Although the importance of Ku80 in DNA double-strand break repair is well established, neither Ku80 nor other components of the non-homologous end-joining pathway are known to have a caretaker role in maintaining genomic stability. Here we show that mouse cells deficient for Ku80 display a marked increase in chromosomal aberrations, including breakage, translocations and aneuploidy. Despite the observed chromosome instabilities, Ku80(-/-) mice have only a slightly earlier onset of cancer(2,3). Loss of p53 synergizes with Ku80 to promote tumorigenesis such that all Ku80(-/-) p53(-/-) mice succumb to disseminated pro-B-cell lymphoma before three months of age. Tumours result from a specific set of chromosomal translocations and gene amplications involving IgH and c-Myc, reminiscent of Burkitt's lymphoma. We conclude that Ku80 is a caretaker gene that maintains the integrity of the genome by a mechanism involving the suppression of chromosomal rearrangements.
C1 NCI, Expt Immunol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NCI, Dept Genet, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Rockefeller Inst, Lab Mol Immunol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Inst, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   US FDA, Lab Cell Regulat, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; US Food & Drug Administration (FDA); Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research (CBER)
RP Nussenzweig, A (corresponding author), NCI, Expt Immunol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
FU Intramural NIH HHS [Z99 CA999999] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 460
Z9 544
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 510
EP 514
DI 10.1038/35006670
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700052
PM 10761921
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Price, MP
   Lewin, GR
   McIlwrath, SL
   Cheng, C
   Xie, JH
   Heppenstall, PA
   Stucky, CL
   Mannsfeldt, AG
   Brennan, TJ
   Drummond, HA
   Qiao, J
   Benson, CJ
   Tarr, DE
   Hrstka, RF
   Yang, BL
   Williamson, RA
   Welsh, MJ
AF Price, MP
   Lewin, GR
   McIlwrath, SL
   Cheng, C
   Xie, JH
   Heppenstall, PA
   Stucky, CL
   Mannsfeldt, AG
   Brennan, TJ
   Drummond, HA
   Qiao, J
   Benson, CJ
   Tarr, DE
   Hrstka, RF
   Yang, BL
   Williamson, RA
   Welsh, MJ
TI The mammalian sodium channel BNC1 is required for normal touch sensation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID root ganglion-cells; sensory neurons; caenorhabditis-elegans; na+ channel; degenerin mdeg; ion channels; hairy skin; subunit; nociceptors; protons
AB Of the vertebrate senses, touch is the least understood at the molecular level. The ion channels that form the core of the mechanosensory complex and confer touch sensitivity remain unknown(1-3). However, the similarity of the brain sodium channel 1 (BNC1)(4-6) to nematode proteins involved in mechanotransduction indicated that it might be a part of such a mechanosensor(7,8). Here we show that disrupting the mouse BNC1 gene markedly reduces the sensitivity of a specific component of mechanosensation: low-threshold rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors. In rodent hairy skin these mechanoreceptors are excited by hair movement(2). Consistent with this function, we found BNC1 in the lanceolate nerve endings that lie adjacent to and surround the hair follicle(9). Although BNC1 has been proposed to have a role in pH sensing(10,11), the acid-evoked current in cultured sensory neurons and the response of acid-stimulated nociceptors were normal in BNC1 null mice. These data identify the BNC1 channel as essential for the normal detection of light touch and indicate that BNC1 may be a central component of a mechanosensory complex.
C1 Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Internal Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Anesthesia, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Max Delbruck Ctr Mol Med, Dept Neurosci, Growth Factors & Regenerat Grp, D-13092 Berlin, Germany.
C3 University of Iowa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Iowa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Iowa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Iowa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine
RP Welsh, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Internal Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
NR 30
TC 407
Z9 474
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6807
BP 1007
EP 1011
DI 10.1038/35039512
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 366XX
UT WOS:000090032500044
PM 11069180
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bergles, DE
   Roberts, JDB
   Somogyi, P
   Jahr, CE
AF Bergles, DE
   Roberts, JDB
   Somogyi, P
   Jahr, CE
TI Glutamatergic synapses on oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the hippocampus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan; glial-cells; progenitor-cell; receptor; activation; lineage; transporter; astrocytes; population; membrane
AB Fast excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system occurs at specialized synaptic junctions between neurons, where a high concentration of glutamate directly activates receptor channels. Low-affinity AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl isoxazole propionic acid) and kainate glutamate receptors are also expressed by some glial cells(1), including oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). However, the conditions that result in activation of glutamate receptors on these non-neuronal cells are not known. Here we report that stimulation of excitatory axons in the hippocampus elicits inward currents in OPCs that are mediated by AMPA receptors. The quantal nature of these responses and their rapid kinetics indicate that they are produced by the exocytosis of vesicles filled with glutamate directly opposite these receptors. Some of these AMPA receptors are permeable to calcium ions, providing a link between axonal activity and internal calcium levels in OPCs. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that vesicle-filled axon terminals make synaptic junctions with the processes of OPCs in both the young and adult hippocampus. These results demonstrate the existence of a rapid signalling pathway from pyramidal neurons to OPCs in the mammalian hippocampus that is mediated by excitatory, glutamatergic synapses.
C1 Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Pharmacol, MRC, Anat Neuropharmacol Unit, Oxford OX1 3TH, England.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; University of Oxford
RP Bergles, DE (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, L474, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
NR 30
TC 816
Z9 968
U1 1
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 187
EP 191
DI 10.1038/35012083
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100052
PM 10821275
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Waal, FBM
   Berger, ML
AF de Waal, FBM
   Berger, ML
TI Payment for labour in monkeys
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID food; chimpanzees; cebus
C1 Emory Univ, Yerkes Reg Primate Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA.
   Emory Univ, Dept Psychol, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA.
C3 Emory University; Emory University
RP de Waal, FBM (corresponding author), Emory Univ, Yerkes Reg Primate Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA.
NR 13
TC 152
Z9 168
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 563
EP 563
DI 10.1038/35007138
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100039
PM 10766228
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ahmed, S
   Hodgkin, J
AF Ahmed, S
   Hodgkin, J
TI MRT-2 checkpoint protein is required for germline immortality and telomere replication in C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID schizosaccharomyces-pombe rad1(+); dna-binding protein; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; caenorhabditis-elegans; ataxia-telangiectasia; yeast telomere; fission yeast; maintenance; homolog; length
AB The germ line is an immortal cell lineage that is passed indefinitely from one generation to the next. To identify the genes that are required for germline immortality, we isolated Caenorhabditis elegans mutants with mortal germ lines-worms that can reproduce for several healthy generations but eventually become sterile. One of these mortal germline (mrt) mutants, mrt-2, exhibits progressive telomere shortening and accumulates end-to-end chromosome fusions in later generations, indicating that the MRT-2 protein is required for telomere replication. In addition, the germ line of mrt-2 is hypersensitive to X-rays and to transposon activity. Therefore, mrt-2 has defects in responding both to damaged DNA and to normal double-strand breaks present at telomeres. mrt-2 encodes a homologue of a checkpoint gene that is required to sense DMA damage in yeast. These results indicate that telomeres may be identified as a type of DNA damage and then repaired by the telomere-replication enzyme telomerase.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Ahmed, S (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
NR 50
TC 228
Z9 275
U1 1
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 159
EP 164
DI 10.1038/35003120
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300044
PM 10646593
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moore, G
   Wilson, EO
AF Moore, G
   Wilson, EO
TI Integrating science and conservation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Intel Corp, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Intel Corporation; Intel USA; Harvard University
RP Moore, G (corresponding author), Intel Corp, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA.
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 254A
EP 254A
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100064
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Head, JF
   Inouye, S
   Teranishi, K
   Shimomura, O
AF Head, JF
   Inouye, S
   Teranishi, K
   Shimomura, O
TI The crystal structure of the photoprotein aequorin at 2.3 Å resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calcium-binding protein; recombinant aequorin; bioluminescence; crystallography; purification; regeneration; ions
AB Aequorin is a calcium-sensitive photoprotein originally obtained from the jellyfish Aequorea aequorea(1). Because it has a high sensitivity to calcium ions and is biologically harmless, aequorin is widely used as a probe to monitor intracellular levels of free calcium. The aequorin molecule contains four helix-loop-helix 'EF-hand' domains, of which three can bind calcium(2). The molecule also contains coelenterazine as its chromophoric ligand(3). When calcium is added, the protein complex decomposes into apoaequorin, coelenteramide and CO2, accompanied by the emission of light(4). Apoaequorin can be regenerated into active aequorin in the absence of calcium by incubation with coelenterazine, oxygen and a thiol agent(5). Cloning and expression of the complementary DNA for aequorin were first reported in 1985 (refs 2, 6), and growth of crystals of the recombinant protein has been described(7); however, techniques have only recently been developed to prepare recombinant aequorin of the highest purity(8), permitting a full crystallographic study. Here we report the structure of recombinant aequorin determined by X-ray crystallography. Aequorin is found to be a globular molecule containing a hydrophobic core cavity that accommodates the ligand coelenterazine-2-hydroperoxide. The structure shows protein components stabilizing the peroxide and suggests a mechanism by which calcium activation may occur.
C1 Boston Univ, Sch Med, Struct Biol Grp, Dept Physiol, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Chisso Corp, Yokohama Res Ctr, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236, Japan.
   Mie Univ, Fac Bioresources, Tsu, Mie 514, Japan.
   Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Boston University; Chisso Corporation; Mie University; Marine Biological Laboratory - Woods Hole
RP Head, JF (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Sch Med, Struct Biol Grp, Dept Physiol, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
EM jfh@medxtal.bu.edu
NR 29
TC 270
Z9 327
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 372
EP 376
DI 10.1038/35012659
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700053
PM 10830969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Laurance, WF
   Delamônica, P
   Laurance, SG
   Vasconcelos, HL
   Lovejoy, TE
AF Laurance, WF
   Delamônica, P
   Laurance, SG
   Vasconcelos, HL
   Lovejoy, TE
TI Conservation - Rainforest fragmentation kills big trees
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID forest
C1 INPA, Biol Dynam Forest Fragments Project, BR-69011970 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
   Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA.
C3 Institute Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia; Smithsonian Institution
RP Laurance, WF (corresponding author), INPA, Biol Dynam Forest Fragments Project, CP 478, BR-69011970 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
EM wfl@inpag.gov.br
NR 12
TC 504
Z9 568
U1 1
U2 108
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 836
EP 836
DI 10.1038/35009032
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000034
PM 10786782
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spurgeon, D
AF Spurgeon, D
TI Canada tries to limit nanotech brain drain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 623
EP 623
DI 10.1038/35046291
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600135
PM 11117756
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, J
   Hannon, GJ
   Beach, DH
AF Wang, J
   Hannon, GJ
   Beach, DH
TI Cell biology - Risky immortalization by telomerase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human fibroblasts; epithelial-cells; myc; activation; cancer
C1 Genet Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11743 USA.
   UCL, Wolfson Inst Biomed Res, London WC1B 6BT, England.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; University of London; University College London
RP Wang, J (corresponding author), Genet Inc, 1 Kendall Sq,Bldg 600, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM d.beach@ucl.ac.uk
NR 12
TC 112
Z9 142
U1 1
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 755
EP 756
DI 10.1038/35015674
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600037
PM 10866187
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ward, WR
   Canup, RM
AF Ward, WR
   Canup, RM
TI Origin of the Moon's orbital inclination from resonant disk interactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single impact hypothesis; generated disk; satellite; accretion; evolution; system
AB The Moon is generally believed to have formed from the debris disk created by a large body colliding with the early Earth(1,2) Recent models of this process predict that the orbit of the newly formed Moon should be in, or very near, the Earth's equatorial plane(3,4). This prediction, however, is at odds with the known history of the lunar orbit: the orbit is currently expanding, but can be traced back in time to reveal that, when the Moon formed, its orbital inclination relative to the Earth's equator was I approximate to 10 degrees (refs 5, 6). The cause of this initial inclination has been a mystery for over 30 years, as most dynamical processes (such as those that act to flatten Saturn's rings) will tend to decrease orbital inclinations. Here we show that the Moon's substantial orbital inclination is probably a natural result of its formation from an impact-generated disk. The mechanism involves a gravitational resonance between the Moon and accretion-disk material, which can increase orbital inclinations up to similar to 15 degrees.
C1 SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
RP Ward, WR (corresponding author), SW Res Inst, 1050 Walnut St,Suite 426, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
NR 23
TC 36
Z9 41
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 741
EP 743
DI 10.1038/35001516
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100043
PM 10693796
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schäffer, E
   Thurn-Albrecht, T
   Russell, TP
   Steiner, U
AF Schäffer, E
   Thurn-Albrecht, T
   Russell, TP
   Steiner, U
TI Electrically induced structure formation and pattern transfer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID block-copolymer microstructure; field; alignment; films
AB The wavelength of light represents a fundamental technological barrier(1) to the production of increasingly smaller features on integrated circuits. New technologies that allow the replication of patterns on scales less than 100 nm need to be developed if increases in computing power are to continue at the present rate(2). Here we report a simple electrostatic technique that creates and replicates lateral structures in polymer films on a submicrometre length scale. Our method is based on the fact that dielectric media experience a force in an electric field gradient(3). Strong field gradients can produce forces that overcome the surface tension in thin liquid films, inducing an instability that features a characteristic hexagonal order. In our experiments, pattern formation takes place in polymer films at elevated temperatures, and is fixed by cooling the sample to room temperature. The application of a laterally varying electric field causes the instability to be focused in the direction of the highest electric field. This results in the replication of a topographically structured electrode. We report patterns with lateral dimensions of 140 nm, but the extension of the technique to pattern replication on scales smaller than 100 nm seems feasible.
C1 Univ Konstanz, Fak Phys, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
   Univ Massachusetts, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   Univ Groningen, Dept Polymer Chem, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
C3 University of Konstanz; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; University of Groningen
RP Steiner, U (corresponding author), Univ Konstanz, Fak Phys, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
NR 14
TC 695
Z9 770
U1 1
U2 240
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 874
EP 877
DI 10.1038/35002540
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200051
PM 10706280
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huang, SP
   Pollack, HN
   Shen, PY
AF Huang, SP
   Pollack, HN
   Shen, PY
TI Temperature trends ever the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change; resolution
AB For an accurate assessment of the relative roles of natural variability and anthropogenic influence in the Earth's climate, reconstructions of past temperatures from the pre-industrial as well as the industrial period are essential. But instrumental records are typically available for no more than the past 150 years. Therefore reconstructions of pre-industrial climate rely principally on traditional climate proxy records(1-5), each with particular strengths and limitations in representing climatic variability. Subsurface temperatures comprise an independent archive of past surface temperature changes that is complementary to both the instrumental record and the climate proxies. Here we use present-day temperatures in 616 boreholes from all continents except Antarctica to reconstruct century-long trends in temperatures over the past 500 years at global, hemispheric and continental scales. The results confirm the unusual warming of the twentieth century revealed by the instrumental record(6), but suggest that the cumulative change over the past five centuries amounts to about 1 K, exceeding recent estimates from conventional climate proxies(2-5). The strength of temperature reconstructions from boreholes lies in the detection of long-term trends, complementary to conventional climate proxies, but to obtain a complete picture of past warming, the differences between the approaches need to be investigated in detail.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Western Ontario, Dept Earth Sci, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Western University (University of Western Ontario)
RP Pollack, HN (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM hpollack@umich.edu
NR 23
TC 358
Z9 401
U1 0
U2 73
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 756
EP 758
DI 10.1038/35001556
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100048
PM 10693801
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Singh, PK
   Schaefer, AL
   Parsek, MR
   Moninger, TO
   Welsh, MJ
   Greenberg, EP
AF Singh, PK
   Schaefer, AL
   Parsek, MR
   Moninger, TO
   Welsh, MJ
   Greenberg, EP
TI Quorum-sensing signals indicate that cystic fibrosis lungs are infected with bacterial biofilms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pseudomonas-aeruginosa; pathogenesis; expression; genes
AB The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa permanently colonizes cystic fibrosis lungs despite aggressive antibiotic treatment(1-3). This suggests that P. aeruginosa might exist as biofilms-structured communities of bacteria encased in a self-produced polymeric matrix-in the cystic fibrosis lung(1,4). Consistent with this hypothesis, microscopy of cystic fibrosis sputum shows that P. aeruginosa are in biofilm-like structures. P. aeruginosa uses extracellular quorum-sensing signals (extracellular chemical signals that cue cell-density-dependent gene expression) to coordinate biofilm formation(5). Here we found that cystic fibrosis sputum produces the two principal P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing signals; however, the relative abundance of these signals was opposite to that of the standard P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 in laboratory broth culture. When P. aeruginosa sputum isolates were grown in broth, some showed quorum-sensing signal ratios like those of the laboratory strain. When we grew these isolates and PAO1 in a laboratory biofilm model, the signal ratios were like those in cystic fibrosis sputum. Our data support the hypothesis that P. aeruginosa are in a biofilm in cystic fibrosis sputum. Moreover, quorum-sensing signal profiling of specific P. aeruginosa strains may serve as a biomarker in screens to identify agents that interfere with biofilm development.
C1 Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Cent Microscopy Res Facil, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
C3 University of Iowa; University of Iowa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Iowa; Northwestern University; University of Iowa
RP Greenberg, EP (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [K24 HL102246] Funding Source: Medline
NR 18
TC 1188
Z9 1498
U1 1
U2 340
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 762
EP 764
DI 10.1038/35037627
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900047
PM 11048725
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chyba, CF
AF Chyba, CF
TI Energy for microbial life on Europa - A radiation-driven ecosystem on Jupiter's moon is not beyond the bounds of possibility
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID satellites
C1 SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
C3 SETI Institute; Stanford University
RP Chyba, CF (corresponding author), SETI Inst, 2035 Landings Dr, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA.
EM chyba@seti.org
NR 15
TC 178
Z9 206
U1 0
U2 82
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 381
EP 382
DI 10.1038/35000281
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100034
PM 10667778
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thisse, B
   Wright, CVE
   Thisse, C
AF Thisse, B
   Wright, CVE
   Thisse, C
TI Activin- and Nodal-related factors control antero-posterior patterning of the zebrafish embryo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nervous-system; fate map; xenopus; expression; signals; gene; induction; specification; notochord; mesoderm
AB Definition of cell fates along the dorso-ventral axis depends on an antagonistic relationship between ventralizing transforming growth factor-beta superfamily members, the bone morphogenetic proteins' and factors secreted from the dorsal organizer, such as Noggin and Chordin. The extracellular binding of the last group to the bone morphogenetic proteins prevents them from activating their receptors(2-4), and the relative ventralizer:antagonist ratio is thought to specify different dorso-ventral cell fates. Here, by taking advantage of a non-genetic interference method using a specific competitive inhibitor, the Lefty-related gene product Antivin(5), we provide evidence that cell fate along the anteroposterior axis of the zebrafish embryo is controlled by the morphogenetic activity of another transforming growth factor-beta superfamily subgroup-the Activin and Nodal-related faaors(6-9). Increasing antivin doses progressively deleted posterior fates within the ectoderm, eventually resulting in the removal of all fates except forebrain and eyes. In contrast, overexpression of activin or nodal-related factors converted ectoderm that was fated to be forebrain into more posterior ectodermal or mesendodermal fates, We propose that modulation of intercellular signalling by Antivin/Activin and Nodal-related factors provides a mechanism for the graded establishment of cell fates along the antero-posterior axis of the zebrafish embryo.
C1 ULP, CNRS, INSERM, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Vanderbilt University
RP Thisse, C (corresponding author), ULP, CNRS, INSERM, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, BP 163, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
NR 26
TC 180
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 425
EP 428
DI 10.1038/35000200
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100049
PM 10667793
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lincoln, T
AF Lincoln, T
TI Geomorphology - Case of the bends
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 525
EP 525
DI 10.1038/35014721
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kato, M
   Mizuno, K
   Crozier, A
   Fujimura, T
   Ashihara, H
AF Kato, M
   Mizuno, K
   Crozier, A
   Fujimura, T
   Ashihara, H
TI Plant biotechnology - Caffeine synthase gene from tea leaves
SO NATURE
LA Unspecified
DT Article
ID blood-pressure; coffee; coronary; disease; green; risk
C1 Ochanomizu Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1128610, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Inst Agr & Forest Engn, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058572, Japan.
   Univ Glasgow, Inst Biomed & Life Sci, Div Biochem & Mol Biol, Plant Prod & Human Nutr Grp, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland.
C3 Ochanomizu University; University of Tsukuba; University of Glasgow
RP Kato, M (corresponding author), Ochanomizu Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1128610, Japan.
EM a.crozier@bio.gla.ac.uk
NR 13
TC 161
Z9 209
U1 3
U2 126
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 956
EP 957
DI 10.1038/35023072
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200032
PM 10984041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Akashi, K
   Traver, D
   Miyamoto, T
   Weissman, IL
AF Akashi, K
   Traver, D
   Miyamoto, T
   Weissman, IL
TI A clonogenic common myeloid progenitor that gives rise to all myeloid lineages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hematopoietic stem-cells; transcription factor gata-1; mice; gene; differentiation; leukemia; system; lymphopoiesis; commitment; lacking
AB Haematopoietic stem cells give rise to progeny that progressively lose self-renewal capacity and become restricted to one lineage(1,2). The points at which haematopoietic stem cell-derived progenitors commit to each of the various lineages remain mostly unknown. We have identified a clonogenic common lymphoid progenitor that can differentiate into T, B and natural killer cells but not myeloid cells(3). Here we report the prospective identification, purification and characterization, using cell-surface markers and flow cytometry, of a complementary clonogenic common myeloid progenitor that gives rise to all myeloid lineages. Common myeloid progenitors give rise to either megakaryocyte/erythrocyte or granulocyte/macrophage progenitors. Purified progenitors were used to provide a first-pass expression profile of various haematopoiesis-related genes. We propose that the common lymphoid progenitor and common myeloid progenitor populations reflect the earliest branch points between the lymphoid and myeloid lineages, and that the commitment of common myeloid progenitors to either the megakaryocyte/erythrocyte or the granulocyte/macrophage lineages are mutually exclusive events.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Akashi, K (corresponding author), Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Canc Immunol & AIDS, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM akashi@leland.stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 1988
Z9 2575
U1 1
U2 127
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 193
EP 197
DI 10.1038/35004599
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900054
PM 10724173
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horton, B
AF Horton, B
TI Bioengineering programmes rise to meet the challenge of a young science - When biology met engineering, they created a new field for scientists who don't want to be hedged into one discipline
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 463
EP 465
DI 10.1038/35000341
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100058
PM 10667802
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wittenburg, N
   Eimer, S
   Lakowski, B
   Röhrig, S
   Rudolph, C
   Baumeister, R
AF Wittenburg, N
   Eimer, S
   Lakowski, B
   Röhrig, S
   Rudolph, C
   Baumeister, R
TI Presenilin is required for proper morphology and function of neurons in C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; lim homeobox gene; alzheimers-disease; sensory neurons; nervous-system; notch; expression; pathway; localization; thermotaxis
AB Mutations in the human presenilin genes cause the most frequent and aggressive forms of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD)(1). Here we show that in addition to its role in cell fate decisions in nonneuronal tissues(2-4), presenilin activity is required in terminally differentiated neurons in vivo. Mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans presenilin genes sel-12 and hop-1 result in a defect in the temperature memory of the animals. This defect is caused by the loss of presenilin function in two cholinergic interneurons that display neurite morphology defects in presenilin mutants. The morphology and function of the affected neurons in sel-12 mutant animals can be restored by expressing sel-12 only in these cells. The wild-type human presenilin PS1, but not the FAD mutant PS1 A246E, can also rescue these morphological defects. As lin-12 mutant animals display similar morphological and functional defects to presenilin mutants, we suggest that presenilins mediate their activity in postmitotic neurons by facilitating Notch signalling. These data indicate cell-autonomous and evolutionarily conserved control of neural morphology and function by presenilins.
C1 Univ Munich, Genzentrum, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
   EleGene Gmbh, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 University of Munich
RP Baumeister, R (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Genzentrum, Feodor Lynen Str 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
EM bmeister@lmb.uni-muenchen.de
NR 30
TC 94
Z9 120
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 306
EP 309
DI 10.1038/35018575
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900050
PM 10917532
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mao, CD
   LaBean, TH
   Reif, JH
   Seeman, NC
AF Mao, CD
   LaBean, TH
   Reif, JH
   Seeman, NC
TI Logical computation using algorithmic self-assembly of DNA triple-crossover molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystals
AB Recent work(1-3) has demonstrated the self-assembly of designed periodic two-dimensional arrays composed of DNA tiles, in which the intermolecular contacts are directed by 'sticky' ends. In a mathematical context, aperiodic mosaics may be formed by the self-assembly of 'Wang' tiles(4), a process that emulates the operation of a Turing machine. Macroscopic self-assembly has been used to perform computations(5); there is also a logical equivalence between DNA sticky ends and Wang tile edges(6,7). This suggests that the self-assembly of DNA-based tiles could be used to perform DNA-based computation(8). Algorithmic aperiodic self-assembly requires greater fidelity than periodic self-assembly, because correct tiles must compete with partially correct tiles. Here we report a one-dimensional algorithmic self-assembly of DNA triple-crossover molecules(9) that can be used to execute four steps of a logical (cumulative XOR) operation on a string of binary bits.
C1 NYU, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   Duke Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Durham, NC 27707 USA.
C3 New York University; Duke University
RP Seeman, NC (corresponding author), NYU, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10003 USA.
NR 18
TC 553
Z9 670
U1 3
U2 214
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 493
EP 496
DI 10.1038/35035038
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400044
PM 11028996
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carter, AP
   Clemons, WM
   Brodersen, DE
   Morgan-Warren, RJ
   Wimberly, BT
   Ramakrishnan, V
AF Carter, AP
   Clemons, WM
   Brodersen, DE
   Morgan-Warren, RJ
   Wimberly, BT
   Ramakrishnan, V
TI Functional insights from the structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit and its interactions with antibiotics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli ribosome; aminoacyl-transfer-rna; peptidyl-transfer-rna; a-site; p-site; conformational switch; cross-linking; streptomycin; binding; mutations
AB The 30S ribosomal subunit has two primary functions in protein synthesis. It discriminates against aminoacyl transfer RNAs that do not match the codon of messenger RNA, thereby ensuring accuracy in translation of the genetic message in a process called decoding. Also, it works with the 50S subunit to move the tRNAs and associated mRNA by precisely one codon, in a process called translocation. Here we describe the functional implications of the high-resolution 30S crystal structure presented in the accompanying paper, and infer details of the interactions between the 30S subunit and its tRNA and mRNA ligands. We also describe the crystal structure of the 30S subunit complexed with the antibiotics paromomycin, streptomycin and spectinomycin, which interfere with decoding and translocation. This work reveals the structural basis for the action of these antibiotics, and leads to a model for the role of the universally conserved 16S RNA residues A1492 and A1493 in the decoding process.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   Univ Utah, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Ramakrishnan, V (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM brianw@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk; ramak@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [F31 GM019384] Funding Source: Medline
NR 46
TC 1312
Z9 1647
U1 6
U2 212
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 340
EP 348
DI 10.1038/35030019
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700037
PM 11014183
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI Developing countries and poorest people targeted by UN centre
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 754
EP 754
DI 10.1038/35047219
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200060
PM 11130081
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goslar, T
   Arnold, M
   Tisnerat-Laborde, N
   Czernik, J
   Wieckowski, K
AF Goslar, T
   Arnold, M
   Tisnerat-Laborde, N
   Czernik, J
   Wieckowski, K
TI Variations of Younger Dryas atmospheric radiocarbon explicable without ocean circulation changes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice core; calibration; greenland; c-14; corals; deglaciation; increase; records; event; be-10
AB The concentration of radiocarbon, C-14, in the atmosphere depends on its production rate by cosmic rays, and on the intensity of carbon exchange between the atmosphere and other reservoirs, for example the deep oceans. For the Holocene (the past similar to 11,500 years), it has been shown that fluctuations in atmospheric radiocarbon concentrations have been caused mostly by variations in the solar magnetic field(1-3). Recent progress in extending the radiocarbon record backwards in time(4-10) has indicated especially high atmospheric radiocarbon concentrations in the Younger Dryas cold period, between 12,700 and 11,500 years before the present. These high concentrations have been interpreted as a result of a reduced exchange with the deep-ocean reservoir, caused by a drastic weakening of the deep-ocean ventilation(7-9,11,12). Here we present a high-resolution reconstruction of atmospheric radiocarbon concentrations, derived from annually laminated sediments of two Polish lakes, Lake Gosciaz and Lake Perespilno. These records indicate that the maximum in atmospheric radiocarbon concentrations in the early Younger Dryas was smaller than previously believed, and might have been caused by variations in solar activity. If so, there is no indication that the deep-ocean ventilation in the Younger Dryas was significantly different from today's.
C1 Silesian Tech Univ, Inst Phys, PL-44100 Gliwice, Poland.
   CEA, CNRS, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Polish Acad Sci, Inst Geog & Spatial Org, PL-00325 Warsaw, Poland.
C3 Silesian University of Technology; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Polish Academy of Sciences
RP Goslar, T (corresponding author), Silesian Tech Univ, Inst Phys, PL-44100 Gliwice, Poland.
NR 27
TC 76
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 877
EP 880
DI 10.1038/35002547
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200052
PM 10706281
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, EJB
   Hurst, LD
AF Williams, EJB
   Hurst, LD
TI The proteins of linked genes evolve at similar rates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nonsynonymous substitution; positive selection; evolution; genome; recombination; regions; mouse; mammals
AB Much more variation in the rate of protein evolution occurs than is expected by chance(1). But why some proteins evolve rapidly but others slowly is poorly resolved. It was proposed, for example, that essential genes might evolve slower than dispensable ones(2), but this is not the case(3); and despite earlier claims(4), rates of evolution do not correlate with amino-acid composition(5). A few patterns have been found: proteins involved in antagonistic coevolution (for example, immune genes(3,6), parasite antigens(7) and reproductive conflict genes(8-10)) tend to be rapidly evolving, and there is a correlation between the rate of protein evolution and the mutation rate of the gene(1,11,12). Here we report a new highly statistically significant predictor of a protein's rate of evolution, and show that linked genes have similar rates of protein evolution. There is also a weaker similarity of rates of silent site evolution (see ref. 13), which appears to be, in part, a consequence of the similarity in rates of protein evolution. The similarity in rates of protein evolution is not a consequence of underlying mutational patterns. A pronounced negative correlation between the rate of protein evolution and a covariant of the recombination rate indicates that rates of protein evolution possibly reflect, in part, the local strength of stabilizing selection.
C1 Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
C3 University of Bath
RP Hurst, LD (corresponding author), Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
NR 29
TC 93
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 900
EP 903
DI 10.1038/35038066
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900050
PM 11057667
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gee, H
AF Gee, H
TI Palaeontology - Mitrates on the move
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 7
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 849
EP 851
DI 10.1038/35038193
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900032
PM 11057650
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alsdorf, DE
   Melack, JM
   Dunne, T
   Mertes, LAK
   Hess, LL
   Smith, LC
AF Alsdorf, DE
   Melack, JM
   Dunne, T
   Mertes, LAK
   Hess, LL
   Smith, LC
TI Interferometric radar measurements of water level changes on the Amazon flood plain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synthetic-aperture radar; ice-sheet motion; landers earthquake; inundation area; river; sar; california; vegetation; hydrology; brazil
AB Measurements of water levels in the main channels of rivers, upland tributaries and floodplain lakes are necessary for understanding flooding hazards, methane production, sediment transport and nutrient exchange. But most remote river basins have only a few gauging stations and these tend to be restricted to large river channels. Although radar remote sensing techniques using interferometric phase measurements have the potential to greatly improve spatial sampling, the phase is temporally incoherent over open water and has therefore not been used to determine water levels. Here we use interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data(1-3), acquired over the central Amazon by the Space Shuttle imaging radar mission(4), to measure subtle water level changes in an area of flooded vegetation on the Amazon flood plain. The technique makes use of the fact that flooded forests and floodplain lakes with emergent shrubs permit radar double-bounce returns from water and vegetation surfaces(5,6), thus allowing coherence to be maintained. Our interferometric phase observations show decreases in water levels of 7-11 cm per day for tributaries and lakes within similar to 20 km of a main channel and 2-5 cm per day at distances of similar to 80 km. Proximal floodplain observations are in close agreement with main-channel gauge records, indicating a rapid response of the flood plain to decreases in river stage. With additional data from future satellite missions, the technique described here should provide direct observations important for understanding flood dynamics and hydrologic exchange between rivers and flood plains.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Donald Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Alsdorf, DE (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
NR 27
TC 254
Z9 290
U1 6
U2 130
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 174
EP 177
DI 10.1038/35004560
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900048
PM 10724167
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gasperini, D
   Blichert-Toft, J
   Bosch, D
   Del Moro, A
   Macera, P
   Télouk, P
   Albarède, F
AF Gasperini, D
   Blichert-Toft, J
   Bosch, D
   Del Moro, A
   Macera, P
   Télouk, P
   Albarède, F
TI Evidence from Sardinian basalt geochemistry for recycling of plume heads into the Earth's mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oceanic basalts; mauna-loa; evolution; element; pb; lavas; nd
AB Up to 10 per cent of the ocean floor consists of plateaux(1)-regions of unusually thick oceanic crust thought to be formed by the heads of mantle plumes. Given the ubiquitous presence of recycled oceanic crust in the mantle source of hotspot basalts, it follows that plateau material should also be an important mantle constituent. Here we show that the geochemistry of the Pleistocene basalts from Logudoro, Sardinia, is compatible with the remelting of ancient ocean plateau material that has been recycled into the mantle. The Sr, Nd and Hf isotope compositions of these basalts do not show the signature of pelagic sediments. The basalts' low CaO/Al2O3 and Ce/Pb ratios, their unradiogenic Pb-206 and Pb-208, and their Sr, Ba, Eu and Pb excesses indicate that their mantle source contains ancient gabbros formed initially by plagioclase accumulation, typical of plateau material. Also, the high Th/U ratios of the mantle source resemble those of plume magmas. Geochemically, the Logudoro basalts resemble those from Pitcairn Island, which contain the controversial EM-1 component that has been interpreted as arising from a mantle source sprinkled with remains of pelagic sediments(2,3). We argue, instead, that the EM-1 source from these two localities is essentially free of sedimentary material, the geochemical characteristics of these lavas being better explained by the presence of recycled oceanic plateaux. The storage of plume heads in the deep mantle through time offers a convenient explanation for the persistence of chemical and mineralogical layering in the mantle.
C1 Ecole Normale Super, F-69364 Lyon 07, France.
   Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
   Univ Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier 05, France.
   CNR, Ist Geocronol & Geochim Isotop, I-56010 Pisa, Italy.
C3 Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); University of Pisa; Universite de Montpellier; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Blichert-Toft, J (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super, F-69364 Lyon 07, France.
EM jblicher@ens-lyon.fr
NR 30
TC 84
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 701
EP 704
DI 10.1038/35047049
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200044
PM 11130068
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Queller, DC
   Zacchi, F
   Cervo, R
   Turillazzi, S
   Henshaw, MT
   Santorelli, LA
   Strassmann, JE
AF Queller, DC
   Zacchi, F
   Cervo, R
   Turillazzi, S
   Henshaw, MT
   Santorelli, LA
   Strassmann, JE
TI Unrelated helpers in a social insect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trinucleotide microsatellite loci; polistes-gallicus l; reproductive skew; genetic-markers; relatedness; wasp; foundress; hymenoptera; society; vespidae
AB High-resolution genetic markers have revolutionized our understanding of vertebrate mating systems(1), but have so far yielded few comparable surprises about kinship in social insects. Here we use microsatellite markers to reveal an unexpected and unique social system in what is probably the best-studied social wasp, Polistes dominulus. Social insect colonies are nearly always composed of close relatives(2,3); therefore, non-reproductive helping behaviour can be favoured by kin selection, because the helpers aid reproductives who share their genes(4). In P. dominulus, however, 35% of foundress nestmates are unrelated and gain no such advantage. The P. dominulus system is unlike all other cases of unrelated social insects, because one individual has nearly complete reproductive dominance over subordinates who could have chosen other reproductive options. The only significant advantage that subordinates obtain is a chance at later reproduction, particularly if the queen dies. Thus, P. dominulus societies are functionally unlike other social insects, but similar to certain vertebrate societies(5,6), in which the unrelated helpers gain through inheritance of a territory or a mate.
C1 Rice Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
   Univ Florence, Dipartimento Biol Anim & Genet, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
C3 Rice University; University of Florence
RP Queller, DC (corresponding author), Rice Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut, POB 1892, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
NR 30
TC 215
Z9 235
U1 1
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 784
EP 787
DI 10.1038/35015552
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600048
PM 10866197
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chamberlin, RV
AF Chamberlin, RV
TI Mean-field cluster model for the critical behaviour of ferromagnets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supercooled liquids; glass
AB Two separate theories are often used to characterize the paramagnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials. At temperatures T well above the Curie temperature, T-C (where the transition from paramagnetic to ferromagnetic behaviour occurs), classical mean-field theory(1) yields the Curie-Weiss law for the magnetic susceptibility: chi (T) proportional to 1/(T - Theta), where Theta is the Weiss constant. Close to T-C, however, the standard mean-field approach breaks down so that better agreement with experimental data is provided by critical scaling theory(2,3): chi (T) proportional to 1/(T -T-C)(gamma) , where gamma is a scaling exponent. But there is no known model capable of predicting the measured values of g nor its variation among different substances(4). Here I use a mean-field cluster model(5) based on finite-size thermostatistics(6,7) to extend the range of mean-field theory, thereby eliminating the need for a separate scaling regime. The mean-field approximation is justified by using a kinetic-energy term to maintain the microcanonical ensemble(8). The model reproduces the Curie-Weiss law at high temperatures, but the classical Weiss transition at T-C = Theta is suppressed by finite-size effects. Instead, the fraction of clusters with a specific amount of order diverges at T-C, yielding a transition that is mathematically similar to Bose-Einstein condensation. At all temperatures above T-C, the model matches the measured magnetic susceptibilities of crystalline EuO, Gd, Co and Ni, thus providing a unified picture for both the critical-scaling and Curie-Weiss regimes.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Chamberlin, RV (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
NR 32
TC 92
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 337
EP 339
DI 10.1038/35042534
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000038
PM 11099035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sass, HJ
   Büldt, G
   Gessenich, R
   Hehn, D
   Neff, D
   Schlesinger, R
   Berendzen, J
   Ormos, P
AF Sass, HJ
   Büldt, G
   Gessenich, R
   Hehn, D
   Neff, D
   Schlesinger, R
   Berendzen, J
   Ormos, P
TI Structural alterations for proton translocation in the M state of wild-type bacteriorhodopsin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transform-infrared-spectroscopy; x-ray-diffraction; neutron-diffraction; angstrom resolution; water molecule; schiff-base; photocycle; intermediate; model; crystallography
AB The transport of protons across membranes is an important process in cellular bioenergetics. The light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin is the best-characterized protein providing this function. Photon energy is absorbed by the chromophore retinal, covalently bound to Lys 216 via a protonated Schiff base. The light-induced all-trans to 13-cis isomerization of the retinal results in deprotonation of the Schiff base followed by alterations in protonatable groups within bacteriorhodopsin. The changed force field induces changes, even in the tertiary structure(1-3), which are necessary for proton pumping. The recent report(4) of a high-resolution X-ray crystal structure for the late M intermediate of a mutant bacteriorhopsin (with Asp 96-->Asn) displays the structure of a proton pathway highly disturbed by the mutation. To observe an unperturbed proton pathway, we determined the structure of the late M intermediate of wild-type bacteriorhodopsin (2.25 Angstrom resolution). The cytoplasmic side of our M(2) structure shows a water net that allows proton transfer from the proton donor group Asp 96 towards the Schiff base. An enlarged cavity system above Asp 96 is observed, which facilitates the de- and reprotonation of this group by fluctuating water molecules in the last part of the cycle.
C1 Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Biol Struct, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biophys Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Hungarian Acad Sci, Biol Res Ctr, Inst Biophys, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Julich Research Centre; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; HUN-REN; HUN-REN Biological Research Center; Institute of Biophysics - HAS
RP Büldt, G (corresponding author), Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Biol Struct, Postfach 1913, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
EM g.bueldt@fz-juelich.de
NR 28
TC 316
Z9 338
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 649
EP 653
DI 10.1038/35020607
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800053
PM 10949308
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liss, KD
   Hock, R
   Gomm, M
   Waibel, B
   Magerl, A
   Krisch, M
   Tucoulou, R
AF Liss, KD
   Hock, R
   Gomm, M
   Waibel, B
   Magerl, A
   Krisch, M
   Tucoulou, R
TI Storage of X-ray photons in a crystal resonator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The temporal structure and high brilliance of the X-ray beams produced by third-generation synchrotrons open up new possibilities in time-dependent diffraction and spectroscopy, where timescales down to the sub-nanosecond regime can now be accessed. These beam properties are such that one can envisage the development of the X-ray equivalent of optical components, such as photon delay lines and resonators, that have proved indispensable in a wide range of experiments-for example, pump-probe and multiple-interaction experiments-and (through shaping the temporal structure and repetition rate of the beams) time-dependent measurements in crystallography, physics, biology and chemistry(1-3). Optical resonators, such as those used in lasers, are available at wavelengths from the visible to soft X-rays(4,5). Equivalent components for hard X-rays have been discussed for more than thirty years(4,6,7), but have yet to be realized. Here we report the storage of hard X-ray photons (energy 15.817 keV) in a crystal resonator formed by two plates of crystalline silicon. The photons are stored for as many as 14 back-and-forth cycles within the resonator, each cycle separated by one nanosecond.
C1 European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
   Lehrstuhl Kristallog & Strukturphys, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
   MTU GmbH, D-80991 Munich, Germany.
C3 European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); MTU Aero Engines
RP Liss, KD (corresponding author), European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
NR 11
TC 35
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 371
EP 373
DI 10.1038/35006017
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000044
PM 10746719
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Greaves, JS
   Holland, WS
   Jenness, T
   Hawarden, TG
AF Greaves, JS
   Holland, WS
   Jenness, T
   Hawarden, TG
TI Magnetic field surrounding the starburst nucleus of the galaxy M82 from polarized dust emission
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polarimetry
AB Magnetic fields may play an important role in the star-formation process, especially in the central regions of 'starburst' galaxies where star formation is vigorous. But the field directions are very difficult to determine in the dense molecular gas out of which the stars form, so it has hitherto been impossible to test this hypothesis. Dust grains in interstellar clouds tend to be magnetically aligned, and it is possible to determine the alignment direction based on the polarization of optical light due to preferential extinction along the long axes of the aligned grains(1). This technique works, however, only for diffuse gas, not for the dense molecular gas. Here we report observations of polarized thermal emission from the aligned dust grains in the central region of M82, which directly traces(2) the magnetic field structure (as projected onto the plane of the sky). Organized field lines are seen around the brightest star-forming regions, while in the dusty halo the field lines form a giant magnetic bubble possibly blown out by the galaxy's 'superwind'.
C1 Joint Astron Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
RP Greaves, JS (corresponding author), Joint Astron Ctr, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
NR 19
TC 47
Z9 49
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 732
EP 733
DI 10.1038/35008010
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600042
PM 10783879
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Werlen, G
   Hausmann, B
   Palmer, E
AF Werlen, G
   Hausmann, B
   Palmer, E
TI A motif in the αβ T-cell receptor controls positive selection by modulating ERK activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID map kinase activation; negative selection; differentiation; lymphocytes; thymocytes; apoptosis; pathways; signal; mice; jnk2
AB Positive selection allows thymocytes that recognize an individual's own major histocompatibility complex (self-MHC) molecules to survive and differentiate, whereas negative selection removes overtly self-reactive thymocytes(1). Although both forms of thymic selection are mediated by the alpha beta T-cell receptor (TCR) and require self-MHC recognition, an important question is whether they are controlled by distinct signalling cascades(2). We have shown that mutation of an essential motif within the TCR alpha-chain-connecting peptide domain (alpha-CPM) profoundly affects positive but not negative selection(3). Using transgenic mice expressing a mutant alpha-CPM TCR we examined the contribution of several mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades to thymic selection. Here we show that in thymocytes expressing a mutant alpha-CPM receptor, a positively selecting peptide failed to activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), although other MAPK cascades were induced normally. The defect in ERK activation was associated with impaired recruitment of the activated tyrosine kinases Lck and ZAP-70, phosphorylated forms of the TCR component CD3 zeta and the adaptor protein LAT to detergent-insoluble glycolipid-enriched microdomains (DIGs). Therefore, an intact DIG-associated signalosome is essential for sustained ERK activation, which leads to positive selection.
C1 Basel Inst Immunol, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland.
RP Werlen, G (corresponding author), Basel Inst Immunol, Grenzacherstr 487, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland.
NR 30
TC 164
Z9 192
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 422
EP 426
DI 10.1038/35019094
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800050
PM 10935640
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holzheid, A
   Sylvester, P
   O'Neill, HSC
   Rubie, DC
   Palme, H
AF Holzheid, A
   Sylvester, P
   O'Neill, HSC
   Rubie, DC
   Palme, H
TI Evidence for a late chondritic veneer in the Earth's mantle from high-pressure partitioning of palladium and platinum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID silicate melts; siderophile elements; accreting earth; core formation; early history; solubility; nickel; origin; moon; feo
AB The high-pressure solubility in silicate liquids of moderately siderophile 'iron-loving' elements (such as nickel and cobalt) has been used to suggest that, in the early Earth, an equilibrium between core-forming metals and the silicate mantle was established at the bottom of a magma ocean(1,2). But observed concentrations of the highly siderophile elements-such as the platinum-group elements platinum, palladium, rhenium, iridium, ruthenium and osmium-in the Earth's upper mantle can be explained by such a model only if their metal-silicate partition coefficients at high pressure are orders of magnitude lower than those determined experimentally at one atmosphere (refs 3-8). Here we present an experimental determination of the solubility of palladium and platinum in silicate melts as a function of pressure to 16 GPa (corresponding to about 500 km depth in the Earth). We find that both the palladium and platinum metal-silicate partition coefficients, derived from solubility, do not decrease with pressure-that is, palladium and platinum retain a strong preference for the metal phase even at high pressures. Consequently the observed abundances of palladium and platinum in the upper mantle seem to be best explained by a 'late veneer' addition of chondritic material to the upper mantle following the cessation of core formation.
C1 Univ Cologne, Inst Mineral & Geochem, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
   Mem Univ Newfoundland, Dept Earth Sci, St Johns, NF A1B 3X4, Canada.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Univ Bayreuth, Bayer Geoinst, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
C3 University of Cologne; Memorial University Newfoundland; Australian National University; University of Bayreuth
RP Holzheid, A (corresponding author), Univ Munster, Inst Mineral, Corrensstr 24, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
NR 27
TC 130
Z9 149
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 396
EP 399
DI 10.1038/35019050
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800043
PM 10935633
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weimerskirch, H
   Wilson, RP
AF Weimerskirch, H
   Wilson, RP
TI Oceanic respite for wandering albatrosses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID seabirds
C1 CNRS, CEBC, F-79360 Villiers En Bois, France.
   Inst Francais Rech & Technol Polaire, F-29280 Plouzane, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Weimerskirch, H (corresponding author), CNRS, CEBC, F-79360 Villiers En Bois, France.
NR 11
TC 108
Z9 126
U1 2
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 955
EP 956
DI 10.1038/35023068
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200031
PM 10984040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoeflich, KP
   Luo, J
   Rubie, EA
   Tsao, MS
   Jin, O
   Woodgett, JR
AF Hoeflich, KP
   Luo, J
   Rubie, EA
   Tsao, MS
   Jin, O
   Woodgett, JR
TI Requirement for glycogen synthase kinase-3β in cell survival and NF-κB activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID induced apoptosis; xenopus embryos; kinase; lithium; death; mice; akt; inhibition; lethality; 3-kinase
AB Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3)-alpha and -beta are closely related protein-serine kinases, which act as inhibitory components of Wnt signalling during embryonic development and cell proliferation in adult tissues(1,2). Insight into the physiological function of GSK-3 has emerged from genetic analysis in Drosophila(3,4), Dictyostelium(5) and yeast(6,7). Here we show that disruption of the murine GSK-3 beta gene results in embryonic lethality caused by severe liver degeneration during mid-gestation, a phenotype consistent with excessive tumour necrosis factor (TNF) toxicity, as observed in mice lacking genes involved in the activation of the transcription factor activation NF-kappa B. GSK-3 beta-dercient embryos were rescued by inhibition of TNF using an anti-TNF-alpha antibody. Fibroblasts from GSK-3b-dercient embryos were hypersensitive to TNF-alpha and showed reduced NF-kappa B function. Lithium treatment (which inhibits GSK-3; refs 8, 9) sensitized wild-type fibroblasts to TNF and inhibited transactivation of NF-kappa B. The early steps leading to NF-kappa B activation (degradation of I-kappa B and translocation of NF-kappa B to the nucleus) were unaffected by the loss of GSK-3b, indicating that NF-kappa B is regulated by GSK-3b at the level of the transcriptional complex. Thus, GSK-3b facilitates NF-kappa B function.
C1 Princess Margaret Hosp, Ontario Canc Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre
RP Woodgett, JR (corresponding author), Princess Margaret Hosp, Ontario Canc Inst, 610 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
EM jwoodgett@uhnres.utoronto.ca
NR 30
TC 1264
Z9 1481
U1 2
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 86
EP 90
DI 10.1038/35017574
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200050
PM 10894547
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eberhard, WG
AF Eberhard, WG
TI Spider manipulation by a wasp larva
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nephila-clavipes araneae; tetragnathidae; phylogeny
C1 Univ Costa Rica, Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, San Jose, Costa Rica.
   Univ Costa Rica, Escuela Biol, San Jose, Costa Rica.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Universidad Costa Rica; Universidad Costa Rica
RP Eberhard, WG (corresponding author), Univ Costa Rica, Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Ciudad Univ, San Jose, Costa Rica.
NR 15
TC 135
Z9 152
U1 2
U2 75
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 255
EP 256
DI 10.1038/35018636
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900035
PM 10917517
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanaka, Y
   Guhde, G
   Suter, A
   Eskelinen, EL
   Hartmann, D
   Lüllmann-Rauch, R
   Janssen, PML
   Blanz, J
   von Figura, K
   Saftig, P
AF Tanaka, Y
   Guhde, G
   Suter, A
   Eskelinen, EL
   Hartmann, D
   Lüllmann-Rauch, R
   Janssen, PML
   Blanz, J
   von Figura, K
   Saftig, P
TI Accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and cardiomyopathy in LAMP-2-deficient mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lysosomal membrane-glycoproteins; glycogen-storage-disease; isolated rat hepatocytes; normal acid maltase; protein-degradation; gene; sequence; receptor; mouse; cdna
AB Lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP-2) is a highly glycosylated protein and an important constituent of the lysosomal membrane(1-7). Here we show that LAMP-2 deficiency in mice increases mortality between 20 and 40 days of age. The surviving mice are fertile and have an almost normal life span. Ultrastructurally, there is extensive accumulation of autophagic vacuoles in many tissues including liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney and skeletal and heart muscle. In hepatocytes, the autophagic degradation of long-lived proteins is severely impaired. Cardiac myocytes are ultrastructurally abnormal and heart contractility is severely reduced. These findings indicate that LAMP-2 is critical for autophagy. This theory is further substantiated by the finding that human LAMP-2 deficiency(8) causing Danon's disease is associated with the accumulation of autophagic material in striated myocytes.
C1 Univ Gottingen, Zentrum Biochem & Mol Zellbiol, Biochem Abt 2, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
   Univ Dundee, Dept Biol Sci, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland.
   Univ Helsinki, Inst Biotechnol, Helsinki 0001A, Finland.
   Univ Kiel, Inst Anat, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
   Univ Gottingen, Abt Kardiol & Pneumol, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 University of Gottingen; University of Dundee; University of Helsinki; University of Kiel; University of Gottingen
RP Saftig, P (corresponding author), Univ Gottingen, Zentrum Biochem & Mol Zellbiol, Biochem Abt 2, Heinrich Duker Weg 12, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
EM saftig@uni-bc2.gwdg.de
NR 26
TC 764
Z9 915
U1 1
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 902
EP 906
DI 10.1038/35022595
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600047
PM 10972293
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Paul, D
AF Paul, D
TI A double-edged sword
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Polit Sci, Boston, MA 02125 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Boston
RP Paul, D (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Polit Sci, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125 USA.
NR 0
TC 15
Z9 22
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 515
EP 515
DI 10.1038/35014676
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500027
PM 10850693
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loder, N
AF Loder, N
TI US science shocked by revelations of sexual discrimination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID women; battle
NR 9
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 713
EP 714
DI 10.1038/35015266
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800054
PM 10864332
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pinkse, PWH
   Fischer, T
   Maunz, P
   Rempe, G
AF Pinkse, PWH
   Fischer, T
   Maunz, P
   Rempe, G
TI Trapping an atom with single photons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical cavity; neutral atoms; field; ion
AB The creation of a photon-atom bound state was first envisaged for the case of an atom in a long-lived excited state inside a high-quality microwave cavity(1,2). In practice, however, light forces in the microwave domain are insufficient to support an atom against gravity. Although optical photons can provide forces of the required magnitude, atomic decay rates and cavity losses are larger too, and so the atom-cavity system must be continually excited by an external laser(3,4). Such an approach also permits continuous observation of the atom's position, by monitoring the light transmitted through the cavity(5-9). The dual role of photons in this system distinguishes it from other single-atom experiments such as those using magneto-optical traps(10-12), ion traps(13,14) or a far-off-resonance optical trap(15). Here we report high-finesse optical cavity experiments in which the change in transmission induced by a single slow atom approaching the cavity triggers an external feedback switch which traps the atom in a light field containing about one photon on average. The oscillatory motion of the trapped atom induces oscillations in the transmitted light intensity; we attribute periodic structure in intensity-correlation-function data to 'long-distance' flights of the atom between different anti-nodes of the standing-wave in the cavity. The system should facilitate investigations of the dynamics of single quantum objects and may find future applications in quantum information processing.
C1 Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Rempe, G (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, Hans Kopfermann Str 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM Gerhard.Rempe@mpq.mpg.de
NR 25
TC 396
Z9 423
U1 2
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 365
EP 368
DI 10.1038/35006006
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000042
PM 10746717
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shulz, DE
   Sosnik, R
   Ego, V
   Haidarliu, S
   Ahissar, E
AF Shulz, DE
   Sosnik, R
   Ego, V
   Haidarliu, S
   Ahissar, E
TI A neuronal analogue of state-dependent learning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term enhancement; basal forebrain; auditory-cortex; nucleus basalis; barrel cortex; cutaneous receptors; evoked-potentials; guinea-pig; rat; plasticity
AB State-dependent learning is a phenomenon in which the retrieval of newly acquired information is possible only if the subject is in the same sensory context and physiological state as during the encoding phase(1). In spite of extensive behavioural and pharmacological characterization(2), no cellular counterpart of this phenomenon has been reported, Here we describe a neuronal analogue of state-dependent learning in which cortical neurons show an acetylcholine-dependent expression of an acetylcholine-induced functional plasticity. This was demonstrated on neurons of rat somatosensory 'barrel' cortex, whose tunings to the temporal frequency of whisker deflections were modified by cellular conditioning. Pairing whisker stimulation with acetylcholine applied iontophoretically yielded selective lasting modification of responses, the expression of which depended on the presence of exogenous acetylcholine. Administration of acetylcholine during testing revealed frequency-specific changes in response that were not expressed when tested without acetylcholine or when the muscarinic antagonist, atropine, was applied concomitantly, Our results suggest that both acquisition and recall can be controlled by the cortical release of acetylcholine.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Neurobiol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   CNRS, Inst Alfred Fessard, UNIC, Equipe Cognisci, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay
RP Shulz, DE (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Neurobiol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
NR 29
TC 129
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 549
EP 553
DI 10.1038/35000586
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300051
PM 10676963
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gebo, DL
   Dagosto, M
   Beard, KC
   Qi, T
   Wang, JW
AF Gebo, DL
   Dagosto, M
   Beard, KC
   Qi, T
   Wang, JW
TI The oldest known anthropoid postcranial fossils and the early evolution of higher primates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eocene fissure-fillings; middle eocene; origins; china; foot; morphology; province; skulls
AB The middle Eocene primate family Eosimiidae, which is known from sites in central and eastern China(1,2) and Myanmar(3), is central to efforts to reconstruct the origin and early evolution of anthropoid or 'higher' primates (monkeys, apes and humans)(1-6). Previous knowledge of eosimiid anatomy has been restricted to the dentition(3-3,7) and an isolated petrosal bone(5), and this limited anatomical information has led to conflicting interpretations of early anthropoid phylogeny(1-6,8,9). Here we describe foot bones of Eosimias from the same middle Eocene sites in China that yield abundant dental remains of this primate. Tarsals of Eosimias show derived anatomical traits that are otherwise restricted to living and fossil anthropoids. These new fossils substantiate the anthropoid status of Eosimias and clarify the phylogenetic position of anthropoids with respect to other major primate clades. Early anthropoids possessed a mosaic of primitive and derived traits in their postcranial skeletons, reflecting their derivation from haplorhine ancestors that retained marry prosimian-like features.
C1 No Illinois Univ, Dept Anthropol, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
   Carnegie Museum Nat Hist, Sect Vertebrate Paleontol, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
C3 Northern Illinois University; Northwestern University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS
RP Gebo, DL (corresponding author), No Illinois Univ, Dept Anthropol, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA.
NR 30
TC 58
Z9 65
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 276
EP 278
DI 10.1038/35005066
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200046
PM 10749208
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bendick, R
   Bilham, R
   Freymueller, J
   Larson, K
   Yin, GH
AF Bendick, R
   Bilham, R
   Freymueller, J
   Larson, K
   Yin, GH
TI Geodetic evidence for a low slip rate in the Altyn Tagh fault system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID continental collision; active deformation; gps measurements; central-asia; tibet; constraints; earthquakes; kinematics; nepal; china
AB The collision between India and Asia has been simulated with a variety of computational models that describe or predict the motions of the main faults of east Asia. Geological slip-rate estimates of 20-30 mm yr(-1) suggest that the largest of these faults, the 2,000-km-long Altyn Tagh fault system on the northern edge of the Tibetan plateau, absorbs as much of the Indo-Asian convergence signal as do the Himalayas(1,2)-partly by oblique slip and partly by contraction and mountain growth(3-5). However, the predictions of dynamic models for Asian deformation(6) and the lower bounds of some geological slip-rates estimates (3-9 mm yr(-1); refs 7, 8) suggest that the Altyn Tagh system is less active. Here, we report geodetic data from 89-91 degrees E that indicate left-lateral shear of 9 +/- 5 mm yr(-1) and contraction of 3 +/- 1 mm yr(-1) across the Altyn Tagh system, This result-combined with our finding that, at 98 degrees E, Tibet contracts north-south at 9 1 mm yr(-1)-supports the predictions of dynamic models of Asian deformation.
C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
   Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Xinjiang Seism Bur, Urumqi, Xinjiang, Peoples R China.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Oxford; University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Bendick, R (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
NR 26
TC 262
Z9 317
U1 3
U2 61
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 69
EP 72
DI 10.1038/35003555
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100045
PM 10716442
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Byrne, ME
   Barley, R
   Curtis, M
   Arroyo, JM
   Dunham, M
   Hudson, A
   Martienssen, RA
AF Byrne, ME
   Barley, R
   Curtis, M
   Arroyo, JM
   Dunham, M
   Hudson, A
   Martienssen, RA
TI Asymmetric leaves1 mediates leaf patterning and stem cell function in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shoot apical meristem; rough sheath2 gene; homeobox gene; thaliana; plants; dorsoventrality; phantastica; antirrhinum; expression; trap
AB Meristem function in plants requires both the maintenance of stem cells and the specification of founder cells from which lateral organs arise. Lateral organs are patterned along proximodistal, dorsoventral and mediolateral axes(1,2). Here we show that the Arabidopsis mutant asymmetric leaves(1) (as1) disrupts this process. AS1 encodes a myb domain protein, closely related to PHANTASTICA in Antirrhinum and ROUGH SHEATH2 in maize, both of which negatively regulate knotted-class homeobox genes. AS1 negatively regulates the homeobox genes KNAT1 and KNAT2 and is, in turn, negatively regulated by the meristematic homeobox gene SHOOT MERISTEMLESS. This genetic pathway defines a mechanism for differentiating between stem cells and organ founder cells within the shoot apical meristem and demonstrates that genes expressed in organ primordia interact with meristematic genes to regulate shoot morphogenesis.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; University of Edinburgh
RP Martienssen, RA (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
NR 30
TC 654
Z9 763
U1 6
U2 157
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 967
EP 971
DI 10.1038/35050091
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100048
PM 11140682
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vaganov, EA
   Hughes, MK
AF Vaganov, EA
   Hughes, MK
TI Botany - Constraints to growth of boreal forests - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Forest, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
   Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 Russian Academy of Sciences; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; University of Arizona
RP Vaganov, EA (corresponding author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Forest, Siberian Branch, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
NR 5
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 905
EP 905
DI 10.1038/35016157
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Denison, R
AF Denison, R
TI Worlds of IIF - The facts in the case of doomed, frozen Shankara 3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 European Commiss, Directorate 15, Brussels, Belgium.
RP Denison, R (corresponding author), European Commiss, Directorate 15, Brussels, Belgium.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 680
EP 680
DI 10.1038/35021149
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700022
PM 10963575
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takayanagi, H
   Ogasawara, K
   Hida, S
   Chiba, T
   Murata, S
   Sato, K
   Takaoka, A
   Yokochi, T
   Oda, H
   Tanaka, K
   Nakamura, K
   Taniguchi, T
AF Takayanagi, H
   Ogasawara, K
   Hida, S
   Chiba, T
   Murata, S
   Sato, K
   Takaoka, A
   Yokochi, T
   Oda, H
   Tanaka, K
   Nakamura, K
   Taniguchi, T
TI T-cell-mediated regulation of osteoclastogenesis by signalling cross-talk between RANKL and IFN-γ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID collagen-induced arthritis; interferon-gamma; defective interleukin-1; differentiation factor; rheumatoid-arthritis; targeted disruption; mice; receptor; ligand; gene
AB Bone resorption is regulated by the immune system(1,2), where T-cell expression of RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB ligand), a member of the tumour-necrosis factor family that is essential for osteoclastogenesis, may contribute to pathological conditions, such as autoimmune arthritis(3,4). However, whether activated T cells maintain bone homeostasis by counterbalancing the action of RANKL remains unknown. Here we show that T-cell production of interferon (IFN)-gamma strongly suppresses osteoclastogenesis by interfering with the RANKL-RANK signalling pathway. IFN-gamma induces rapid degradation of the RANK adapter protein, TRAF6 (tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6), which results in strong inhibition of the RANKL-induced activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB and JNK. This inhibition of osteoclastogenesis is rescued by overexpressing TRAF6 in precursor cells, which indicates that TRAF6 is the target critical for the IFN-gamma action. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the accelerated degradation of TRAF6 requires both its ubiquitination, which is initiated by RANKL, and IFN-gamma -induced activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Our study shows that there is cross-talk between the tumour necrosis factor and IFN families of cytokines, through which IFN-gamma provides a negative link between T-cell activation and bone resorption. Our results may offer a therapeutic approach to treat the inflammation-induced tissue breakdown.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Dept Immunol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Dept Orthopaed Surg, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Med Sci, Dept Mol Oncol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138613, Japan.
   Japan Technol Corp, CREST, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138613, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Taniguchi, T (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Dept Immunol, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM tada@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 1115
Z9 1282
U1 4
U2 56
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 600
EP 605
DI 10.1038/35046102
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600122
PM 11117749
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mayer, W
   Niveleau, A
   Walter, J
   Fundele, R
   Haaf, T
AF Mayer, W
   Niveleau, A
   Walter, J
   Fundele, R
   Haaf, T
TI Embryogenesis - Demethylation of the zygotic paternal genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-replication; preimplantation development; mouse embryos; methylation
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Grenoble 1, Mol & Struct Virol Unit, F-38706 La Tronche, France.
C3 Max Planck Society; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
NR 10
TC 1066
Z9 1285
U1 0
U2 103
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 501
EP 502
DI 10.1038/35000656
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300037
PM 10676950
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Simpkins, PG
   Kuck, VJ
AF Simpkins, PG
   Kuck, VJ
TI Air entrapment in coatings by way of a tip-streaming meniscus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface; flow; deformation; interfaces; dynamics; breakup; drops
AB Entrapment of small air bubbles is a problem for continuous liquid-film coatings processes. The coating of any surface requires that the surrounding air in contact with it be displaced by an advancing liquid interface. Studies of dynamic wetting suggest that if the interface motion is too rapid, the air is not completely removed and it becomes entrained in the coating material(1). This process, which can lead to undesirable flaws in the form of bubbles, blemishes or voids, limits the speed at which the substrate can be moved in the production of uniform precision coatings. However, the entrapment process is not understood in detail. Here we report an experimental investigation of air entrapment in high-speed coating operations. Tip streaming-a phenomenon well known in emulsification technology(2), involving the ejection of a fine filament from the cusped interface between two immiscible fluids-is shown to be the precursor of air entrainnent. We demonstrate that tip-streaming air filaments emanating from the contact zone of a dynamic liquid interface give rise to minute (similar to 10 mu m) bubbles.
C1 Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T
RP Simpkins, PG (corresponding author), Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
EM pgs@bell-labs.com
NR 18
TC 28
Z9 31
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 641
EP 643
DI 10.1038/35001043
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200048
PM 10688196
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Crudgington, HS
   Siva-Jothy, MT
AF Crudgington, HS
   Siva-Jothy, MT
TI Genital damage, kicking and early death - The battle of the sexes takes a sinister turn in the bean weevil.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adaptation
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Sheffield
RP Crudgington, HS (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
NR 10
TC 491
Z9 538
U1 1
U2 211
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 855
EP 856
DI 10.1038/35038154
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900036
PM 11057654
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, NA
   Singh, SP
   Wang, MB
   Stoutjesdijk, PA
   Green, AG
   Waterhouse, PM
AF Smith, NA
   Singh, SP
   Wang, MB
   Stoutjesdijk, PA
   Green, AG
   Waterhouse, PM
TI Gene expression - Total silencing by intron-spliced hairpin RNAs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID virus-resistance; plants; sense
C1 CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
C3 Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
RP Smith, NA (corresponding author), CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
NR 12
TC 737
Z9 1178
U1 1
U2 84
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 319
EP 320
DI 10.1038/35030305
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700034
PM 11014180
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McSween, HY
AF McSween, HY
TI Identifying cosmic muck
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID abundances
C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
C3 University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville
RP McSween, HY (corresponding author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Geol Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
NR 5
TC 2
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 843
EP 844
DI 10.1038/35038178
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900028
PM 11057646
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Salanoubat, M
   Lemcke, K
   Rieger, M
   Ansorge, W
   Unseld, M
   Fartmann, B
   Valle, G
   Blöcker, H
   Perez-Alonso, M
   Obermaier, B
   Delseny, M
   Boutry, M
   Grivell, LA
   Mache, R
   Puigdomènech, P
   De Simone, V
   Choisne, N
   Artiguenave, F
   Robert, C
   Brottier, P
   Wincker, P
   Cattolico, L
   Weissenbach, J
   Saurin, W
   Quétier, F
   Schäfer, M
   Müller-Auer, S
   Gabel, C
   Fuchs, M
   Benes, V
   Wurmbach, E
   Drzonek, H
   Erfle, H
   Jordan, N
   Bangert, S
   Wiedelmann, R
   Kranz, H
   Voss, H
   Holland, R
   Brandt, P
   Nyakatura, G
   Vezzi, A
   D'Angelo, M
   Pallavicini, A
   Toppo, S
   Simionati, B
   Conrad, A
   Hornischer, K
   Kauer, G
   Löhnert, TH
   Nordsiek, G
   Reichelt, J
   Scharfe, M
   Schön, O
   Bargues, M
   Terol, J
   Climent, J
   Navarro, P
   Collado, C
   Perez-Perez, A
   Ottenwälder, B
   Duchemin, D
   Cooke, R
   Laudie, M
   Berger-Llauro, C
   Purnelle, B
   Masuy, D
   de Haan, M
   Maarse, AC
   Alcaraz, JP
   Cottet, A
   Casacuberta, E
   Monfort, A
   Argiriou, A
   Flores, M
   Liguori, R
   Vitale, D
   Mannhaupt, G
   Haase, D
   Schoof, H
   Rudd, S
   Zaccaria, P
   Mewes, HW
   Mayer, KFX
   Kaul, S
   Town, CD
   Koo, HL
   Tallon, LJ
   Jenkins, J
   Rooney, T
   Rizzo, M
   Walts, A
   Utterback, T
   Fujii, CY
   Shea, TP
   Creasy, TH
   Haas, B
   Maiti, R
   Wu, DY
   Peterson, J
   Van Aken, S
   Pai, G
   Militscher, J
   Sellers, P
   Gill, JE
   Feldblyum, TV
   Preuss, D
   Lin, XY
   Nierman, WC
   Salzberg, SL
   White, O
   Venter, JC
   Fraser, CM
   Kaneko, T
   Nakamura, Y
   Sato, S
   Kato, T
   Asamizu, E
   Sasamoto, S
   Kimura, T
   Idesawa, K
   Kawashima, K
   Kishida, Y
   Kiyokawa, C
   Kohara, M
   Matsumoto, M
   Matsuno, A
   Muraki, A
   Nakayama, S
   Nakazaki, N
   Shinpo, S
   Takeuchi, C
   Wada, T
   Watanabe, A
   Yamada, M
   Yasuda, M
   Tabata, S
AF Salanoubat, M
   Lemcke, K
   Rieger, M
   Ansorge, W
   Unseld, M
   Fartmann, B
   Valle, G
   Blöcker, H
   Perez-Alonso, M
   Obermaier, B
   Delseny, M
   Boutry, M
   Grivell, LA
   Mache, R
   Puigdomènech, P
   De Simone, V
   Choisne, N
   Artiguenave, F
   Robert, C
   Brottier, P
   Wincker, P
   Cattolico, L
   Weissenbach, J
   Saurin, W
   Quétier, F
   Schäfer, M
   Müller-Auer, S
   Gabel, C
   Fuchs, M
   Benes, V
   Wurmbach, E
   Drzonek, H
   Erfle, H
   Jordan, N
   Bangert, S
   Wiedelmann, R
   Kranz, H
   Voss, H
   Holland, R
   Brandt, P
   Nyakatura, G
   Vezzi, A
   D'Angelo, M
   Pallavicini, A
   Toppo, S
   Simionati, B
   Conrad, A
   Hornischer, K
   Kauer, G
   Löhnert, TH
   Nordsiek, G
   Reichelt, J
   Scharfe, M
   Schön, O
   Bargues, M
   Terol, J
   Climent, J
   Navarro, P
   Collado, C
   Perez-Perez, A
   Ottenwälder, B
   Duchemin, D
   Cooke, R
   Laudie, M
   Berger-Llauro, C
   Purnelle, B
   Masuy, D
   de Haan, M
   Maarse, AC
   Alcaraz, JP
   Cottet, A
   Casacuberta, E
   Monfort, A
   Argiriou, A
   Flores, M
   Liguori, R
   Vitale, D
   Mannhaupt, G
   Haase, D
   Schoof, H
   Rudd, S
   Zaccaria, P
   Mewes, HW
   Mayer, KFX
   Kaul, S
   Town, CD
   Koo, HL
   Tallon, LJ
   Jenkins, J
   Rooney, T
   Rizzo, M
   Walts, A
   Utterback, T
   Fujii, CY
   Shea, TP
   Creasy, TH
   Haas, B
   Maiti, R
   Wu, DY
   Peterson, J
   Van Aken, S
   Pai, G
   Militscher, J
   Sellers, P
   Gill, JE
   Feldblyum, TV
   Preuss, D
   Lin, XY
   Nierman, WC
   Salzberg, SL
   White, O
   Venter, JC
   Fraser, CM
   Kaneko, T
   Nakamura, Y
   Sato, S
   Kato, T
   Asamizu, E
   Sasamoto, S
   Kimura, T
   Idesawa, K
   Kawashima, K
   Kishida, Y
   Kiyokawa, C
   Kohara, M
   Matsumoto, M
   Matsuno, A
   Muraki, A
   Nakayama, S
   Nakazaki, N
   Shinpo, S
   Takeuchi, C
   Wada, T
   Watanabe, A
   Yamada, M
   Yasuda, M
   Tabata, S
TI Sequence and analysis of chromosome 3 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID library; genome; construction; regions; genes; map; p1
AB Arabidopsis thaliana is an important model system for plant biologists(1). In 1996 an international collaboration (the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative) was formed to sequence the whole genome of Arabidopsis(2) and in 1999 the sequence of the first two chromosomes was reported(3,4). The sequence of the last three chromosomes and an analysis of the whole genome are reported in this issue(5-7). Here we present the sequence of chromosome 3, organized into four sequence segments (contigs). The two largest (13.5 and 9.2 Mb) correspond to the top (long) and the bottom (short) arms of chromosome 3, and the two small contigs are located in the genetically defined centromere(8). This chromosome encodes 5,220 of the roughly 25,500 predicted protein-coding genes in the genome. About 20% of the predicted proteins have significant homology to proteins in eukaryotic genomes for which the complete sequence is available, pointing to important conserved cellular functions among eukaryotes.
C1 Genoscope, F-91057 Evry, France.
   CNRS, F-91057 Evry, France.
   GSF, Natl Res Ctr Environm & Hlth, Munich Informat Ctr Prot Sequences, Max Planck Inst Biochem, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
   Genotype GmbH, D-69259 Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
   European Mol Biol Lab, Biochem Instrumentat Program, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   LION Biosci AG, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   MWG Biotech AG, D-85560 Ebersberg, Germany.
   Univ Padua, CRIBI, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
   GBF, German Res Ctr Biotechnol, Dept Genome Anal, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
   Univ Valencia, Dept Genet, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain.
   Sistemas Genom SL, Paterna 46980, Spain.
   MediGenomix GmbH, D-82152 Planegg Martinsried, Germany.
   Univ Perpignan, CNRS, UMR 5096, Lab Genome & Dev Plantes, F-66860 Perpignan 13, France.
   Univ Louvain, Unite Biochim Physiol, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium.
   Univ Amsterdam, Swammerdam Inst Life Sci, Mol Biol Sect, NL-1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, Lab Plastes & Differenciat Cellulaire, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France.
   CSIC, Cid, Inst Biol Mol Barcelona, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
   Univ Naples Federico II, CEINGE, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
   Univ Naples Federico II, Dept Biochem & Med Biotechnol, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
   Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Mol Genet & Cell Biol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Celera Genom Corp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Kazusa DNA Res Inst, Chiba 2920812, Japan.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health; Max Planck Society; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); University of Padua; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research; University of Valencia; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Universite Perpignan Via Domitia; University of Amsterdam; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB); CSIC - Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo Pascual Vila (CID-CSIC); CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate; University of Naples Federico II; University of Naples Federico II; J. Craig Venter Institute; University of Chicago; Kazusa DNA Research Institute
RP Salanoubat, M (corresponding author), Genoscope, 2 Rue G Cremieux, F-91057 Evry, France.
EM salanou@genoscope.cns.fr
NR 29
TC 145
Z9 2221
U1 3
U2 101
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 820
EP 822
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300039
PM 11130713
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walter, RC
   Buffler, RT
   Bruggemann, JH
   Guillaume, MMM
   Berhe, SM
   Negassi, B
   Libsekal, Y
   Cheng, H
   Edwards, RL
   von Cosel, R
   Néraudeau, D
   Gagnon, M
AF Walter, RC
   Buffler, RT
   Bruggemann, JH
   Guillaume, MMM
   Berhe, SM
   Negassi, B
   Libsekal, Y
   Cheng, H
   Edwards, RL
   von Cosel, R
   Néraudeau, D
   Gagnon, M
TI Early human occupation of the Red Sea coast of Eritrea during the last interglacial
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dated coral-reefs; stratigraphy; sinai
AB The geographical origin of modern humans is the subject of ongoing scientific debate. The 'multiregional evolution' hypothesis argues that modern humans evolved semi-independently in Europe, Asia and Africa between 100,000 and 40,000 years ago 1, whereas the 'out of Africa' hypothesis contends that modern humans evolved in Africa between 200 and 100 kyr ago, migrating to Eurasia at some later time(2). Direct palaeontological, archaeological and biological evidence is necessary to resolve this debate. Here we report the discovery of early Middle Stone Age artefacts in an emerged reef terrace on the Red Sea coast of Eritrea, which we date to the last interglacial (about 125 kyr ago) using U-Th mass spectrometry techniques on fossil corals. The geological setting of these artefacts shows that early humans occupied coastal areas and exploited near-shore marine food resources in East Africa by this time. Together with similar, tentatively dated discoveries from South Africa(3) this is the earliest well-dated evidence for human adaptation to a coastal marine environment, heralding an expansion in the range and complexity of human behaviour from one end of Africa to the other. This new, widespread adaptive strategy may, in part, signal the onset of modern human behaviour, which supports an African origin for modern humans by 125 kyr ago.
C1 Ctr Invest Cient Educ Super Ensenada, Dept Geol, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
   Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ Groningen, Dept Marine Biol, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands.
   Univ Asmara, Dept Fisheries & Marine Biol, Asmera, Eritrea.
   Wageningen Univ Agr, Wageningen Inst Anim Sci, Expt Zool Grp, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Museum Natl Hist Nat, Lab Biol Invertebres Marins & Malacol, CNRS, ESA 8044, F-75005 Paris, France.
   African Minerals Inc, Asmera, Eritrea.
   Minist Energy & Mines, Dept Mines, Asmera, Eritrea.
   Natl Museum Eritrea, Asmera, Eritrea.
   Univ Asmara, Archaeol Unit, Asmera, Eritrea.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Rennes 1, Geosci Rennes, Lab Paleontol, F-35042 Rennes, France.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Anthropol, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
C3 CICESE - Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Groningen; Wageningen University & Research; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Universite de Rennes; University of Toronto
RP Walter, RC (corresponding author), Ctr Invest Cient Educ Super Ensenada, Dept Geol, Km 107 Carr Tijuana Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
EM rwalter@cicese.mx
NR 27
TC 224
Z9 251
U1 2
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 65
EP 69
DI 10.1038/35011048
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600051
PM 10811218
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Orlov, T
   Yakovlev, V
   Hochstein, S
   Zohary, E
AF Orlov, T
   Yakovlev, V
   Hochstein, S
   Zohary, E
TI Macaque monkeys categorize images by their ordinal number
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rhesus-monkeys; cebus-apella; frontal lesions; serial-order; term-memory; wild card; list; position; association; knowledge
AB The recall of a list of items in a serial order is a basic cognitive skill(1). However, it is unknown whether a list of arbitrary items is remembered by associations between sequential items(2,3) or by associations between each item and its ordinal position(4). Here, to study the nonverbal strategies used for such memory tasks(5-9), we trained three macaque monkeys on a delayed sequence recall task. Thirty abstract images, divided into ten triplets, were presented repeatedly in fixed temporal order. On each trial the monkeys viewed three sequentially presented sample stimuli, followed by a test stimulus consisting of the same three images and a distracter image (chosen randomly from the remaining 27). The task was to touch the three images in their original order without touching the distracter. The most common error was touching the distractor when it had the same ordinal number (in its own triplet) as the correct image. Thus, the monkeys' natural tendency was to categorize images by their ordinal number. Additional, secondary strategies were used eventually to avoid the distracter images. These included memory of the sample images (working memory) and associations between sequence triplet members. Thus, monkeys use multiple mnemonic strategies according to their innate tendencies and the requirements of the task.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Alexander Silberman Inst Life Sci, Dept Neurobiol, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Orlov, T (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Alexander Silberman Inst Life Sci, Dept Neurobiol, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
EM tanyao@apollo.ls.huji.ac.il
NR 27
TC 78
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 77
EP 80
DI 10.1038/35003571
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100048
PM 10716445
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Glotzer, JB
   Saltik, M
   Chiocca, S
   Michou, AI
   Moseley, P
   Cotten, M
AF Glotzer, JB
   Saltik, M
   Chiocca, S
   Michou, AI
   Moseley, P
   Cotten, M
TI Activation of heat-shock response by an adenovirus is essential for virus replication
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID simian-virus-40 large-t; viral-dna replication; escherichia-coli; human hsp70; j-domain; transcriptional activation; human cytomegalovirus; protein hsp70; cell-line; gene
AB Successful viral infection requires viruses to redirect host biochemistry to replicate the viral genome, and produce and assemble progeny virions. Cellular heat-shock responses, which are characterized as elevation and relocalization of heat-shock proteins, occur during replication of many viruses(1-7). Such responses might be host reactions to the synthesis of foreign protein, or might be irrelevant consequences of the viral need to activate transcription. Alternatively, as heat-shock proteins can facilitate protein folding(8,9), activating a heat-shock response might be a specific virus function ensuring proper synthesis of viral proteins and virions. It is not possible to determine whether heat-shock response is essential for virus replication, because the implicated viral genes (such as Ad5 E1A, ref. 10) also control other essential replication steps. Here we report that expression of Gam1, a protein encoded by the avian virus CELO (ref. 11), elevates and relocalizes hsp70 and hsp40. Gam1-negative CELO is replication-defective; however, Gam1 function can be partially replaced by either heat shock or forced hsp40 expression. Thus, an essential function of Gam1 during virus replication is to activate host heat-shock responses with hsp40 as a primary target.
C1 Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   European Inst Oncol, Dept Expt Oncol, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Med, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP); IRCCS European Institute of Oncology (IEO); University of New Mexico
RP Cotten, M (corresponding author), Inst Mol Pathol, Dr Bohr Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
NR 30
TC 153
Z9 172
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 207
EP 211
DI 10.1038/35025102
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000053
PM 11001061
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Price, C
AF Price, C
TI Evidence for a link between global lightning activity and upper tropospheric water vapour
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change; schumann resonance; temperature; circuit; dataset; cirrus
AB Tropospheric water vapour is a key element of the Earth's climate, which has direct effects as a greenhouse gas, as well as indirect effects through interaction with clouds, aerosols and tropospheric chemistry. Small changes in upper-tropospheric water vapour have a much larger impact on the greenhouse effect than small changes in water vapour in the lower atmosphere(1), but whether this impact is a positive or negative feedback remains uncertain(2-6). The main challenge in addressing this question is the difficulty in monitoring upper-tropospheric water vapour globally over long timescales. Here I show that upper-tropospheric water-vapour variability and global lightning activity are closely linked, suggesting that upper-tropospheric water-vapour changes can be inferred from records of global lightning activity, readily obtained from observations at a single location on the Earth's surface. This correlation reflects the fact that continental deep-convective thunderstorms transport large amounts of water vapour into the upper troposphere and thereby dominate the variations of global upper-tropospheric water vapour while producing most of the lightning on Earth. As global lightning induces Schumann resonances, an electromagnetic phenomenon in the atmosphere that can be observed easily at low cost, monitoring of these resonances might provide a convenient method for tracking upper-tropospheric water-vapour variability and hence contribute to a better understanding of the processes affecting climate change.
C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Geophys & Planetary Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
C3 Tel Aviv University
RP Price, C (corresponding author), Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Geophys & Planetary Sci, Levanon Rd, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
EM cprice@flash.tau.ac.il
NR 30
TC 121
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 290
EP 293
DI 10.1038/35018543
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900045
PM 10917527
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Katayama, Y
   Mizutani, T
   Utsumi, W
   Shimomura, O
   Yamakata, M
   Funakoshi, K
AF Katayama, Y
   Mizutani, T
   Utsumi, W
   Shimomura, O
   Yamakata, M
   Funakoshi, K
TI A first-order liquid-liquid phase transition in phosphorus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-pressure; black phosphorus; amorphous phases; temperature; water; diffraction; metals
AB First-order structural phase transitions are common in crystalline solids, whereas first-order liquid-liquid phase transitions (that is, transitions between two distinct liquid forms with different density and entropy) are exceedingly rare in pure substances(1-4), Bur recent theoretical and experimental studies have shown evidence for such a transition in several materials, including supercooled water(5-8) and liquid carbon(9,10). Her we report an in sit X-ray diffraction observation of a liquid-liquid transition in phosphorus, involving an abrupt, pressure-induced structural change between two distinct liquid forms. In addition to a known form of liquid phosphorus-a molecular liquid comprising tetrahedral P-4 molecules-we have found a polymeric form at pressures above 1 Cpa, Changing the pressure results in a reversible transformation from the low-pressure molecular form into the high-pressure polymeric form. The transformation is sharp and rapid, occurring within a few minutes over a pressure range of less than 0.02 Gpa. During the transformation, the two forms of liquid coexist, These features are strongly suggestive of a first-order liquid-liquid phase transition.
C1 Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Dept Synchrotron Radiat Res, Sayo, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
   Japan Synchrotron Radiat Res Inst, Sayo, Hyogo 6795198, Japan.
C3 Japan Atomic Energy Agency; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute
RP Katayama, Y (corresponding author), Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Dept Synchrotron Radiat Res, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
NR 30
TC 780
Z9 839
U1 3
U2 277
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 170
EP 173
DI 10.1038/35003143
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300047
PM 10646596
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Naqvi, SWA
   Jayakumar, DA
   Narvekar, PV
   Naik, H
   Sarma, VVSS
   D'Souza, W
   Joseph, S
   George, MD
AF Naqvi, SWA
   Jayakumar, DA
   Narvekar, PV
   Naik, H
   Sarma, VVSS
   D'Souza, W
   Joseph, S
   George, MD
TI Increased marine production of N2O due to intensifying anoxia on the Indian continental shelf
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gulf-of-mexico; nitrous-oxide; arabian sea; denitrification; oxygen; hypoxia; monsoon; water; co2
AB Eutrophication of surface waters and hypoxia in bottom waters has been increasing in many coastal areas(1-4), leading to very large depletions of marine life in the affected regions(4). These areas of high surface productivity and low bottom-water oxygen concentration are caused by increasing runoff of nutrients from land. Although the local ecological and socio-economic effects have received much attention(2-4), the potential contribution of increasing hypoxia to global-change phenomena is unknown. Here we report the intensification of one of the largest low-oxygen zones in the ocean, which develops naturally over the western Indian continental shelf during late summer and autumn. We also report the highest accumulations yet observed of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in open coastal waters. Increased N2O production is probably caused by the addition of anthropogenic nitrate and its subsequent denitrification, which is favoured by hypoxic conditions. We suggest that a global expansion of hypoxic zones may lead to an increase in marine production and emission of N2O, which, as a potent greenhouse gas, could contribute significantly to the accumulation of radiatively active trace gases in the atmosphere(5).
C1 Natl Inst Oceanog, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, India.
C3 Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography (NIO)
RP Naqvi, SWA (corresponding author), Natl Inst Oceanog, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, India.
NR 30
TC 513
Z9 548
U1 1
U2 156
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 346
EP 349
DI 10.1038/35042551
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000041
PM 11099038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smahi, A
   Courtois, G
   Vabres, P
   Yamaoka, S
   Heuertz, S
   Munnich, A
   Israël, A
   Heiss, NS
   Klauck, SM
   Kioschis, P
   Wiemann, S
   Poustka, A
   Esposito, T
   Bardaro, T
   Gianfrancesco, F
   Ciccodicola, A
   D'Urso, M
   Woffendin, H
   Jakins, T
   Donnai, D
   Stewart, H
   Kenwrick, SJ
   Aradhya, S
   Yamagata, T
   Levy, M
   Lewis, RA
   Nelson, DL
AF Smahi, A
   Courtois, G
   Vabres, P
   Yamaoka, S
   Heuertz, S
   Munnich, A
   Israël, A
   Heiss, NS
   Klauck, SM
   Kioschis, P
   Wiemann, S
   Poustka, A
   Esposito, T
   Bardaro, T
   Gianfrancesco, F
   Ciccodicola, A
   D'Urso, M
   Woffendin, H
   Jakins, T
   Donnai, D
   Stewart, H
   Kenwrick, SJ
   Aradhya, S
   Yamagata, T
   Levy, M
   Lewis, RA
   Nelson, DL
TI Genomic rearrangement in NEMO impairs NF-KAPPAB activation and is a cause of incontinentia pigmenti
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-induced apoptosis; b kinase complex; mice lacking; embryonic lethality; liver degeneration; rapid detection; deficient mice; ikk complex; component; modulator
AB Familial incontinentia pigmenti (IP; MIM 308310) is a genodermatosis that segregates as an X-linked dominant disorder and is usually lethal prenatally in males. In affected females it causes highly variable abnormalities of the skin, hair, nails, teeth, eyes and central nervous system. The prominent skin signs occur in four classic cutaneous stages: perinatal inflammatory vesicles, verrucous patches, a distinctive pattern of hyperpigmentation and dermal scarring(1). Cells expressing the mutated X chromosome are eliminated selectively around the time of birth, so females with IP exhibit extremely skewed X-inactivation(2). The reasons for cell death in females and in utero lethality in males are unknown. The locus for IP has been linked genetically to the factor VIII gene in Xq28 (ref. 3). The gene for NEMO (NF-kappa B essential modulator)/IKK gamma (I kappa B kinase-gamma) has been mapped to a position 200 kilobases proximal to the factor VIII locus(4). NEMO is required for the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B and is therefore central to many immune, inflammatory and apoptotic pathways(5-9). Here we show that most cases of IP are due to mutations of this locus and that a new genomic rearrangement accounts for 80% of new mutations. As a consequence, NF-kappa B activation is defective in IP cells.
C1 Hop Necker Enfants Malad, Dept Genet, INSERM, U393,Unite Rech Handicaps Genet Enfant, F-75015 Paris, France.
   Inst Pasteur, CNRS, URA 1773, Unite Biol Mol Express Gen, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Dept Mol Genome Anal, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   CNR, Int Inst Genet & Biophys, I-80125 Naples, Italy.
   Addenbrookes Hosp, Wellcome Trust, Ctr Mol Mechanisms Dis, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hosp, Dept Med, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
   St Marys Hosp, Manchester M13 0JH, Lancs, England.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Dermatol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades - APHP; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Genetica e Biofisica Adriano Buzzati-Traverso (IGB-CNR); Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of Cambridge; Wellcome Trust; University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; University of Manchester; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Kenwrick, SJ (corresponding author), Hop Necker Enfants Malad, Dept Genet, INSERM, U393,Unite Rech Handicaps Genet Enfant, F-75015 Paris, France.
EM SJK12@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk
FU Telethon [E.0927] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 570
Z9 640
U1 2
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 466
EP 472
DI 
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000051
PM 10839543
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lacorre, P
   Goutenoire, F
   Bohnke, O
   Retoux, R
   Laligant, Y
AF Lacorre, P
   Goutenoire, F
   Bohnke, O
   Retoux, R
   Laligant, Y
TI Designing fast oxide-ion conductors based on La2Mo2O9
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The ability of solid oxides to conduct oxide ions has been known for more than a century, and fast oxide-ion conductors (or oxide electrolytes) are now being used for applications ranging from oxide fuel cells to oxygen pumping devices(1,2). To be technologically viable, these oxide electrolytes must exhibit high oxide-ion mobility at low operating temperatures. Because of the size and interaction of oxygen ions with the cationic network, high mobility can only be achieved with classes of materials with suitable structural features. So far, high mobility has been observed in only a small number of structural families, such as fluorite(3-5), perovskites(6,7), intergrowth perovskite/Bi2O2 layers(8,9) and pyrochlores(10,11). Here we report a family of solid oxides based on the parent compound(12) La2Mo2O9 (with a different crystal structure from all known oxide electrolytes) which exhibits fast oxide-ion conducting properties. Like other ionic conductors(2,13), this material undergoes a structural transition around 580 degrees C resulting in an increase of conduction by almost two orders of magnitude. Its conductivity is about 6 x 10(-2) S cm(-1) at 800 degrees C, which is comparable to that of stabilized zirconia, the most widely used oxide electrolyte. The structural similarity of La2Mo2O9 with beta-SnWO4 (ref. 14) suggests a structural model for the origin of the oxide-ion conduction. More generally, substitution of a cation that has a lone pair of electrons by a different cation that does not have a lone pair-and which has a higher oxidation state-could be used as an original way to design other oxide-ion conductors.
C1 Univ Maine, Lab Fluorures, UPRESA CNRS 6010, F-72085 Le Mans 9, France.
C3 Le Mans Universite
RP Lacorre, P (corresponding author), Univ Maine, Lab Fluorures, UPRESA CNRS 6010, Ave Olivier Messiaen, F-72085 Le Mans 9, France.
NR 20
TC 687
Z9 735
U1 4
U2 327
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 856
EP 858
DI 10.1038/35009069
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000040
PM 10786788
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cockcroft, CE
   den Boer, BGW
   Healy, JMS
   Murray, JAH
AF Cockcroft, CE
   den Boer, BGW
   Healy, JMS
   Murray, JAH
TI Cyclin D control of growth rate in plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-division; dependent kinases; phase; coordination; expression; transition; sinapis; homolog; system
AB The mechanisms by which plants modulate their growth rate in response to environmental and developmental conditions are unknown, but are presumed to involve specialized regions called meristems where cell division is concentrated(1-5), The possible role of cell division in influencing meristem activity and overall plant growth rate is controversial, with a prevailing view that cell division is secondary to higher order meristem controls(1,2,6,7). Here we show that a reduction in the length of the cell-cycle G1 phase and faster cell cycling occur when the rate of cell. division in transgenic tobacco plants is increased by the plant D-type cyclin CycD2 (ref. 8), The plants have normal cell and meristem sizes, but elevated overall growth rates, an increased rate of leaf initiation and accelerated development in all stages from seedling to maturity. We conclude that cell division is a principal determinant of meristem activity and overall growth rate, and propose that modulation of plant growth rate is achieved through regulation of G1.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Inst Biotechnol, Cambridge CB2 1QT, England.
   Aventis Corp, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Murray, JAH (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Inst Biotechnol, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QT, England.
EM j.murray@biotech.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 277
Z9 327
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 575
EP 579
DI 10.1038/35014621
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500052
PM 10850717
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abraham, ER
   Law, CS
   Boyd, PW
   Lavender, SJ
   Maldonado, MT
   Bowie, AR
AF Abraham, ER
   Law, CS
   Boyd, PW
   Lavender, SJ
   Maldonado, MT
   Bowie, AR
TI Importance of stirring in the development of an iron-fertilized phytoplankton bloom
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic; southern-ocean; tracer; patchiness; seawifs; evolution
AB The growth of populations is known to be influenced by dispersal, which has often been described as purely diffusive(1,2). In the open ocean, however, the tendrils and filaments of phytoplankton populations provide evidence for dispersal by stirring(3,4). Despite the apparent importance of horizontal stirring for plankton ecology, this process remains poorly characterized. Here we investigate the development of a discrete phytoplankton bloom, which was initiated by the iron fertilization of a patch of water (7 km in diameter) in the Southern Ocean(5). Satellite images show a striking, 150-km-long bloom near the experimental site, six weeks after the initial fertilization. We argue that the ribbon-like bloom was produced from the fertilized patch through stirring, growth and diffusion, and we derive an estimate of the stirring rate. In this case, stirring acts as an important control on bloom development, mixing phytoplankton and iron out of the patch, but also entraining silicate. This may have prevented the onset of silicate limitation, and so allowed the bloom to continue for as long as there was sufficient iron. Stirring in the ocean is likely to be variable, so blooms that are initially similar may develop very differently.
C1 Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand.
   Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England.
   Univ Otago, NIWA, Ctr Chem & Phys Oceanog, Dept Chem, Dunedin, New Zealand.
   McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H2T 2V8, Canada.
   Univ Plymouth, Plymouth Environm Res Ctr, Dept Environm Sci, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England.
C3 Earth Sciences New Zealand; National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) - New Zealand; Plymouth Marine Laboratory; Earth Sciences New Zealand; National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) - New Zealand; University of Otago; McGill University; University of Plymouth
RP Abraham, ER (corresponding author), Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, POb 14-901, Wellington, New Zealand.
EM e.abraham@niwa.cri.nz
NR 30
TC 220
Z9 234
U1 1
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 727
EP 730
DI 10.1038/35037555
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900037
PM 11048715
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hattori, M
   Fujiyama, A
   Taylor, TD
   Watanabe, H
   Yada, T
   Park, HS
   Toyoda, A
   Ishii, K
   Totoki, Y
   Choi, DK
   Soeda, E
   Ohki, M
   Takagi, T
   Sakaki, Y
   Taudien, S
   Blechschmidt, K
   Polley, A
   Menzel, U
   Delabar, J
   Kumpf, K
   Lehmann, R
   Patterson, D
   Reichwald, K
   Rump, A
   Schillhabel, M
   Schudy, A
   Zimmermann, W
   Rosenthal, A
   Kudoh, J
   Shibuya, K
   Kawasaki, K
   Asakawa, S
   Shintani, A
   Sasaki, T
   Nagamine, K
   Mitsuyama, S
   Antonarakis, SE
   Minoshima, S
   Shimizu, N
   Nordsiek, G
   Hornischer, K
   Brandt, P
   Scharfe, M
   Schön, O
   Desario, A
   Reichelt, J
   Kauer, G
   Blöcker, H
   Ramser, J
   Beck, A
   Klages, S
   Hennig, S
   Riesselmann, L
   Dagand, E
   Haaf, T
   Wehrmeyer, S
   Borzym, K
   Gardiner, K
   Nizetic, D
   Francis, F
   Lehrach, H
   Reinhardt, R
   Yaspo, ML
   Groner, Y
AF Hattori, M
   Fujiyama, A
   Taylor, TD
   Watanabe, H
   Yada, T
   Park, HS
   Toyoda, A
   Ishii, K
   Totoki, Y
   Choi, DK
   Soeda, E
   Ohki, M
   Takagi, T
   Sakaki, Y
   Taudien, S
   Blechschmidt, K
   Polley, A
   Menzel, U
   Delabar, J
   Kumpf, K
   Lehmann, R
   Patterson, D
   Reichwald, K
   Rump, A
   Schillhabel, M
   Schudy, A
   Zimmermann, W
   Rosenthal, A
   Kudoh, J
   Shibuya, K
   Kawasaki, K
   Asakawa, S
   Shintani, A
   Sasaki, T
   Nagamine, K
   Mitsuyama, S
   Antonarakis, SE
   Minoshima, S
   Shimizu, N
   Nordsiek, G
   Hornischer, K
   Brandt, P
   Scharfe, M
   Schön, O
   Desario, A
   Reichelt, J
   Kauer, G
   Blöcker, H
   Ramser, J
   Beck, A
   Klages, S
   Hennig, S
   Riesselmann, L
   Dagand, E
   Haaf, T
   Wehrmeyer, S
   Borzym, K
   Gardiner, K
   Nizetic, D
   Francis, F
   Lehrach, H
   Reinhardt, R
   Yaspo, ML
   Groner, Y
TI The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radiation hybrid map; human genome; down-syndrome; long arm; physical map; allelic loss; gene; region; human-chromosome-21; linkage
AB Chromosome 21 is the smallest human autosome. An extra copy of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome, the most frequent genetic cause of significant mental retardation, which affects up to 1 in 700 live births. Several anonymous loci for monogenic disorders and predispositions for common complex disorders have also been mapped to this chromosome, and loss of heterozygosity has been observed in regions associated with solid tumours. Here we report the sequence and gene catalogue of the long arm of chromosome 21. We have sequenced 33,546,361 base pairs (bp) of DNA with very high accuracy, the largest contig being 25,491,867 bp. Only three small clone gaps and seven sequencing gaps remain, comprising about 100 kilobases. Thus, we achieved 99.7% coverage of 21q. We also sequenced 281,116 bp from the short arm. The structural features identified include duplications that are probably involved in chromosomal abnormalities and repeat structures in the telomeric and pericentromeric regions. Analysis of the chromosome revealed 127 known genes, 98 predicted genes and 59 pseudogenes.
C1 RIKEN, Genom Sci Ctr, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2288555, Japan.
   Inst Mol Biotechnol, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol, Tokyo 1608582, Japan.
   GBF German Res Ctr Biotechnol, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   RIKEN, Tsukuba Life Sci Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050074, Japan.
   Natl Canc Ctr, Res Inst, Canc Genom Div, Tokyo 1040045, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Ctr Human Genome, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   UFR Necker Enfants Malad, CNRS, UMR 8602, F-75730 Paris, France.
   Eleanor Roosevelt Inst Canc Res, Denver, CO 80206 USA.
   Univ Geneva, Sch Med, Div Med Genet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Inst Biol, CNRS, UPR 1142, F-34060 Montpellier, France.
   Univ London, Sch Pharm, London WC1N 1AX, England.
C3 RIKEN; Keio University; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research; Max Planck Society; RIKEN; National Cancer Center - Japan; University of Tokyo; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Geneva; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Montpellier; University of London; University College London; University of London School of Pharmacy
RP Sakaki, Y (corresponding author), RIKEN, Genom Sci Ctr, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2288555, Japan.
NR 46
TC 885
Z9 1226
U1 0
U2 63
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 311
EP 319
DI 10.1038/35012518
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700037
PM 10830953
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gavaghan, H
AF Gavaghan, H
TI European industry turns to the academics to secure its future
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 809
EP 811
DI 10.1038/35021184
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700061
PM 10963613
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mao, L
   Begum, D
   Chuang, HW
   Budiman, MA
   Szymkowiak, EJ
   Irish, EE
   Wing, RA
AF Mao, L
   Begum, D
   Chuang, HW
   Budiman, MA
   Szymkowiak, EJ
   Irish, EE
   Wing, RA
TI JOINTLESS is a MADS-box gene controlling tomato flower abscission zone development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID map-based cloning; transcription factors; model system; crop plants; antirrhinum; arabidopsis; homology
AB Abscission is a universal and dynamic process in plants whereby organs such as leaves, flowers and fruit are shed, both during normal development, and in response to tissue damage and stress(1). Shedding occurs by separation of cells in anatomically distinct regions of the plant, called abscission zones (AZs). During abscission, the plant hormone ethylene stimulates cells to produce enzymes that degrade the middle lamella between cells in the AZ. The physiology and regulation of abscission at fully developed AZs is well known(2,3), but the molecular biology underlying their development is not. Here we report the first isolation of a gene directly involved in the development of a functional plant AZ. Tomato plants with the jointless mutation(4) fail to develop AZs on their pedicels and so abscission of flowers or fruit does not occur normally. We identify JOINTLESS as a new MADS-box gene in a distinct phylogenetic clade separate from those functioning in floral organs. We propose that a deletion in JOINTLESS accounts for the failure of activation of pedicel AZ development in jointless tomato plants.
C1 Clemson Univ, Genome Inst, Clemson, SC 29634 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Dept Biol Sci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
C3 Clemson University; University of Iowa
RP Wing, RA (corresponding author), Clemson Univ, Genome Inst, 100 Jordan Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 USA.
NR 26
TC 271
Z9 325
U1 3
U2 110
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 910
EP 913
DI 10.1038/35022611
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600049
PM 10972295
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, AS
   Kakalis, LT
   Abdul-Manan, M
   Liu, GA
   Rosen, MK
AF Kim, AS
   Kakalis, LT
   Abdul-Manan, M
   Liu, GA
   Rosen, MK
TI Autoinhibition and activation mechanisms of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-linked thrombocytopenia; tyrosine phosphorylation; wasp gene; nmr; cdc42; binding; mutations; domain; c-13; identification
AB The Rho-family GTPase, Cdc42, can regulate the actin cytoskeleton through activation of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family members. Activation relieves an autoinhibitory contact between the GTPase-binding domain and the carboxyterminal region of WASP proteins. Here we report the autoinhibited structure of the GTPase-binding domain of WASP, which can be induced by the C-terminal region or by organic co-solvents, In the autoinhibited complex, intramolecular interactions with the GTPase-binding domain occlude residues of the C terminus that regulate the Arp2/3 actin-nucleating complex. Binding of Cdc42 to the GTPase-binding domain causes a dramatic conformational change, resulting in disruption of the hydrophobic core and release of the C terminus, enabling its interaction with the actin regulatory machinery. These data show that 'intrinsically unstructured' peptides such as the GTPase-binding domain of WASP can be induced into distinct structural and functional states depending on context.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Rosen, MK (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM rosen@mrnmrl.ski.mskcc.org
NR 44
TC 626
Z9 733
U1 2
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 151
EP 158
DI 10.1038/35004513
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900041
PM 10724160
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Arimura, G
   Ozawa, R
   Shimoda, T
   Nishioka, T
   Boland, W
   Takabayashi, J
AF Arimura, G
   Ozawa, R
   Shimoda, T
   Nishioka, T
   Boland, W
   Takabayashi, J
TI Herbivory-induced volatiles elicit defence genes in lima bean leaves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID predator-prey interactions; acquired-resistance; phaseolus-vulgaris; jasmonic acid; spider-mites; plant; identification; lipoxygenase; accumulation; arabidopsis
AB In response to herbivore damage, several plant species emit volatiles that attract natural predators of the attacking herbivores(1-5). Using spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) and predatory mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis)(1-4), it has been shown that not only the attacked plant but also neighbouring plants are affected, becoming more attractive to predatory mites(3,6) and less susceptible to spider mites(6). The mechanism involved in such interactions, however, remains elusive. Here we show that uninfested lima bean leaves activate five separate defence genes when exposed to volatiles from conspecific leaves infested with T. urticae, but not when exposed to volatiles from artificially wounded leaves. The expression pattern of these genes is similar to that produced by exposure to jasmonic acid. At least three terpenoids in the volatiles are responsible for this gene activation; they are released in response to herbivory but not artificial wounding. Expression of these genes requires calcium influx and protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Agr, Lab Ecol Informat, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Biooriented Technol Res Advancement Inst, Tokyo 1050001, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Agr, Lab Insect Physiol, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Max Planck Inst Chem Ecol, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
C3 Kyoto University; National Agriculture & Food Research Organization - Japan; Kyoto University; Max Planck Society
RP Takabayashi, J (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Agr, Lab Ecol Informat, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
EM junji@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 25
TC 580
Z9 699
U1 5
U2 264
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 512
EP 515
DI 10.1038/35020072
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000045
PM 10952311
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ovchinnikov, IV
   Götherström, A
   Romanova, GP
   Kharitonov, VM
   Lidén, K
   Goodwin, W
AF Ovchinnikov, IV
   Götherström, A
   Romanova, GP
   Kharitonov, VM
   Lidén, K
   Goodwin, W
TI Molecular analysis of Neanderthal DNA from the northern Caucasus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sequence; humans
AB The expansion of premodern humans into western and eastern Europe similar to 40,000 years before the present led to the eventual replacement of the Neanderthals by modern humans similar to 28,000 years ago(1). Here we report the second mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis of a Neanderthal, and the first such analysis on clearly dated Neanderthal remains. The specimen is from one of the eastern-most Neanderthal populations, recovered from Mezmaiskaya Cave in the northern Caucasus(2). Radiocarbon dating estimated the specimen to be similar to 29,000 years old and therefore from one of the latest living Neanderthals(3). The sequence shows 3.48% divergence from the Feldhofer Neanderthal(4). Phylogenetic analysis places the two Neanderthals from the Caucasus and western Germany together in a clade that is distinct from modern humans, suggesting that their mtDNA types have not contributed to the modern human mtDNA pool. Comparison with modern populations provides no evidence for the multiregional hypothesis of modern human evolution.
C1 Univ Glasgow, Human Identificat Ctr, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland.
   Inst Gerontol, Moscow 129226, Russia.
   Stockholm Univ, Archaeol Res Lab, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Archaeol Inst, Moscow 117036, Russia.
   Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Inst Anthropol, Moscow 103009, Russia.
   Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Museum Anthropol, Moscow 103009, Russia.
C3 University of Glasgow; Stockholm University; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Lomonosov Moscow State University
RP Goodwin, W (corresponding author), Univ Glasgow, Human Identificat Ctr, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland.
NR 19
TC 330
Z9 385
U1 0
U2 69
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 490
EP 493
DI 10.1038/35006625
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700046
PM 10761915
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ball, P
AF Ball, P
TI High-energy physics - When priorities collide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 903
EP 903
DI 10.1038/35050258
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100017
PM 11140654
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Teeling, EC
   Scally, M
   Kao, DJ
   Romagnoli, ML
   Springer, MS
   Stanhope, MJ
AF Teeling, EC
   Scally, M
   Kao, DJ
   Romagnoli, ML
   Springer, MS
   Stanhope, MJ
TI Molecular evidence regarding the origin of echolocation and flight in bats
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammals; cost
AB Bats (order Chiroptera) are one of the few orders of mammals that echolocate and the only group with the capacity for powered flight. The order is subdivided into Microchiroptera and Megachiroptera, with an array of characteristics defining each group(1), including complex laryngeal echolocation systems in microbats and enhanced visual acuity in megabats. The respective monophylies of the two suborders have been tacitly assumed, although microbat monophyly is uncorroborated by molecular data, Here we present a phylogenetic analysis of bat relationships using DNA sequence data from four nuclear genes and three mitochondrial genes (total of 8,230 base pairs), indicating that microbat families in the superfamily Rhinolophoidea are more closely related to megabats than they are to other microbats, This implies that echolocation systems either evolved independently in rhinolophoids and other microbats or were lost in the evolution of megabats, Our data also reject flying lemur (order Dermoptera) as the bat sister group, indicating that presumed shared derived characters for flying lemurs and bats(2) are convergent features that evolved in association with gliding and flight, respectively.
C1 Queens Univ Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Antrim, North Ireland.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
C3 Queens University Belfast; University of California System; University of California Riverside
RP Springer, MS (corresponding author), Queens Univ Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, Antrim, North Ireland.
EM mark.springer@ucr.edu; Michael_J_Stanhope@sbphrd.com
NR 26
TC 241
Z9 268
U1 2
U2 176
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 188
EP 192
DI 10.1038/35003188
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300053
PM 10646602
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reid, SD
   Herbelin, CJ
   Bumbaugh, AC
   Selander, RK
   Whittam, TS
AF Reid, SD
   Herbelin, CJ
   Bumbaugh, AC
   Selander, RK
   Whittam, TS
TI Parallel evolution of virulence in pathogenic Escherichia coli
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID enterocyte effacement; strains; recombination; mutation; diarrhea; intimin; locus
AB The mechanisms underlying the evolution and emergence of new bacterial pathogens are not well understood. To elucidate the evolution of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains, here we sequenced seven housekeeping genes to build a phylogenetic tree and trace the history of the acquisition of virulence genes. Compatibility analysis indicates that more than 70% of the informative sites agree with a single phylogeny, suggesting that recombination has not completely obscured the remnants of ancestral chromosomes(1-3). On the basis of the rate of synonymous substitution for E. coli and Salmonella enterica (4.7 x 10(-9) per site per year(3)), the radiation of clones began about 9 million years ago and the highly virulent pathogen responsible for epidemics of food poisoning, E. coli O157:H7, separated from a common ancestor of E. coli K-12 as long as 4.5 million years ago. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that old lineages of E. coli have acquired the same virulence factors in parallel, including a pathogenicity island involved in intestinal adhesion, a plasmid-borne haemolysin, and phage-encoded Shiga toxins. Such parallel evolution indicates that natural selection has favoured an ordered acquisition of genes and the progressive build-up of molecular mechanisms that increase virulence.
C1 Penn State Univ, Inst Mol Evolutionary Genet, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Whittam, TS (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Inst Mol Evolutionary Genet, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM tswl@psu.edu
NR 29
TC 400
Z9 462
U1 0
U2 69
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 64
EP 67
DI 10.1038/35017546
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200044
PM 10894541
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Manoharan, HC
   Lutz, CP
   Eigler, DM
AF Manoharan, HC
   Lutz, CP
   Eigler, DM
TI Quantum mirages formed by coherent projection of electronic structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning tunneling microscope; metal-surface; single atoms; spectroscopy; scattering
AB Image projection relies on classical wave mechanics and the use of natural or engineered structures such as lenses or resonant cavities. Well-known examples include the bending of light to create mirages in the atmosphere, and the focusing of sound by whispering galleries. However, the observation of analogous phenomena in condensed matter systems is a more recent development(1), facilitated by advances in nanofabrication. Here we report the projection of the electronic structure surrounding a magnetic Co atom to a remote location on the surface of a Cu crystal; electron partial waves scattered from the real Co atom are coherently refocused to form a spectral image or 'quantum mirage'. The focusing device is an elliptical quantum corral(2,3), assembled on the Cu surface. The corral acts as a quantum mechanical resonator, while the two-dimensional Cu surface-state electrons form the projection medium. When placed on the surface, Co atoms display a distinctive spectroscopic signature, known as the many-particle Kondo resonance(4-6), which arises from their magnetic moment. By positioning a Co atom at one focus of the ellipse, we detect a strong Kondo signature not only at the atom, but also at the empty focus. This behaviour contrasts with the usual spatially-decreasing response of an electron gas to a localized perturbation(7).
C1 IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, Div Res, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA
RP Manoharan, HC (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, Div Res, 650 Harry Rd, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
NR 19
TC 752
Z9 821
U1 1
U2 241
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 512
EP 515
DI 10.1038/35000508
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300040
PM 10676952
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gröbner, G
   Burnett, IJ
   Glaubitz, C
   Choi, G
   Mason, AJ
   Watts, A
AF Gröbner, G
   Burnett, IJ
   Glaubitz, C
   Choi, G
   Mason, AJ
   Watts, A
TI Observations of light-induced structural changes of retinal within rhodopsin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-coupled receptors; solid-state nmr; transmembrane helices; bovine rhodopsin; absolute sense; c-12-c-13 bond; chromophore; bacteriorhodopsin; orientation; membranes
AB Photo-isomerization of the 11-cis retinal chromophore activates the mammalian light-receptor rhodopsin(1), a representative member of a major superfamily of transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor proteins (GPCRs) responsible for many cell signal communication pathways. Although low-resolution (5 Angstrom) electron microscopy studies(2,3) confirm a seven transmembrane helix bundle as a principal structural component of rhodopsin, the structure of the retinal within this helical bundle is not known in detail. Such information is essential for any theoretical or functional understanding of one of the fastest occurring photoactivation processes in nature, as well as the general mechanism behind GPCR activation(4-6). Here we determine the three-dimensional structure of 11-cis retinal bound to bovine rhodopsin in the ground state at atomic level using a new high-resolution solid-state NMR method(7). Significant structural changes are observed in the retinal following activation by light to the photo-activated M-I state of rhodopsin giving the all-trans isomer of the chromophore. These changes are linked directly to the activation of the receptor, providing an insight into the activation mechanism of this class of receptors at a molecular level.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Biochem, Biomembrane Struct Unit, Oxford OX1 3QU, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Watts, A (corresponding author), Umea Univ, Dept Chem, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden.
EM awatts@bioch.ox.ac.uk
NR 22
TC 117
Z9 126
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 810
EP 813
DI 10.1038/35015604
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600056
PM 10866205
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Manzanares, M
   Wada, H
   Itasaki, N
   Trainor, PA
   Krumlauf, R
   Holland, PWH
AF Manzanares, M
   Wada, H
   Itasaki, N
   Trainor, PA
   Krumlauf, R
   Holland, PWH
TI Conservation and elaboration of Hox gene regulation during evolution of the vertebrate head
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeobox-containing genes; retinoic acid; hindbrain segmentation; neural crest; expression; kreisler; insights; krox-20; cluster; embryos
AB The comparison of Hox genes between vertebrates and their closest invertebrate relatives (amphioxus and ascidia) highlights two derived features of Hox genes in vertebrates: duplication of the Hox gene cluster(1,2), and an elaboration of Hox expression patterns and roles compared with non-vertebrate chordates(3-8). We have investigated how new expression domains and their associated developmental functions evolved, by testing the cis-regulatory activity of genomic DNA fragments from the cephalochordate amphioxus Hox cluster in transgenic mouse and chick embryos. Here we present evidence for the conservation of cis-regulatory mechanisms controlling gene expression in the neural tube for half a billion years of evolution, including a dependence on retinoic acid signalling. We also identify amphioxus Hox gene regulatory elements that drive spatially localized expression in vertebrate neural crest cells, in derivatives of neurogenic placodes and in branchial arches, despite the fact that cephalochordates lack both neural crest and neurogenic placodes. This implies an elaboration of cis-regulatory elements in the Hox gene cluster of vertebrate ancestors during the evolution of craniofacial patterning.
C1 Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
   Natl Inst Med Res, MRC, Div Dev Neurobiol, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Kyoto Univ, Seto Marine Biol Lab, Shirahama, Wakayama 6492211, Japan.
C3 University of Reading; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Kyoto University
RP Krumlauf, R (corresponding author), Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
EM rek@stowers-institute.org; p.w.h.holland@reading.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 145
Z9 166
U1 2
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 854
EP 857
DI 10.1038/35048570
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300049
PM 11130723
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Amelung, F
   Jónsson, S
   Zebker, H
   Segall, P
AF Amelung, F
   Jónsson, S
   Zebker, H
   Segall, P
TI Widespread uplift and 'trapdoor' faulting on Galapagos volcanoes observed with radar interferometry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID landers earthquake; deformation; archipelago
AB Volcanic uplift, caused by the accumulation of magma in subsurface reservoirs, is a common precursor to eruptions(1,2). But, for some volcanoes, uplift of metres or more has not yet led to an eruption(3). Here we present displacement maps of volcanoes in the Galapagos Islands, constructed using satellite radar interferometry, that might help explain this dichotomy. We show that all but one of the seven volcanoes on the islands of Isabela and Fernandina deformed during 1992-99. Cerro Azul and Fernandina erupted(4-6) during the observation period and show evidence of inflation, co-eruptive deflation and shallow dyke intrusion. In contrast, the largest volcano, Sierra Negra, has not erupted, yet exhibits spatially and temporally variable deformation, with a maximum uplift of 2.7 m between 1992 and 1999, which can be modelled by a shallow inflating sill. Inflation during 1997-98, however, was accompanied by 'trapdoor' faulting on a steeply dipping fracture system within the caldera. Repeated trapdoor faulting over geological time has formed an arcuate intra-caldera ridge within Sierra Negra and may have acted to relax stresses above the magma chamber, inhibiting summit eruptions. Similar processes may help explain large uplift unaccompanied by eruptive activity at other volcanoes.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Jónsson, S (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Mitchell Bldg, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM amelung@pgd.hawaii.edu; jonsson@pangea.stanford.edu
NR 26
TC 312
Z9 359
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6807
BP 993
EP 996
DI 10.1038/35039604
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 366XX
UT WOS:000090032500040
PM 11069176
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gura, T
AF Gura, T
TI Bones, molecules ... or both?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phylogenetic-relationships; mitochondrial-dna; morphology; support; cetaceans; sequences; clade; character; evolution; relatives
NR 28
TC 34
Z9 38
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 230
EP 233
DI 10.1038/35018729
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900016
PM 10917503
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Copley, J
AF Copley, J
TI The great ice mystery
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arctic sea-ice; thermohaline circulation; sensitivity; increase; co2
NR 12
TC 6
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 634
EP 636
DI 10.1038/35047263
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200013
PM 11130043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kameyama, K
   Kishi, Y
   Yoshimura, M
   Kanzawa, N
   Sameshima, M
   Tsuchiya, T
AF Kameyama, K
   Kishi, Y
   Yoshimura, M
   Kanzawa, N
   Sameshima, M
   Tsuchiya, T
TI Tyrosine phosphorylation in plant bending - Puckering in a ticklish plant is controlled by dephosphorylation of its actin.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Sophia Univ, Fac Sci & Technol, Dept Chem, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1028554, Japan.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Org Med Res, Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Med Sci, Dept Cell Biol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1710021, Japan.
C3 Sophia University; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
RP Kameyama, K (corresponding author), Sophia Univ, Fac Sci & Technol, Dept Chem, Chiyoda Ku, 7-1 Kioicho, Tokyo 1028554, Japan.
NR 10
TC 110
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 37
EP 37
DI 10.1038/35024149
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000030
PM 10993062
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pier, H
   Kapon, E
   Moser, M
AF Pier, H
   Kapon, E
   Moser, M
TI Strain effects and phase transitions in photonic resonator crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface-emitting lasers; arrays; localization; lattices
AB Optical structures with periodic variations of the dielectric constant in one or more directions (photonic crystals(1)) have been employed extensively for studying optical diffraction phenomena. Practical interest in such structures arises from the possibilities(2-4) they offer for tailoring photon modes, and thereby the characteristics of light propagation and light-matter interactions. Photonic resonator crystals comprising two-dimensional arrays of coupled optical microcavities have been fabricated using vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser wafers(5). In such structures, the light propagates mostly normal to the periodic plane. Therefore, the corresponding lateral Bragg-periodicities are larger, a feature that is advantageous for device manufacture as it allows for larger lattice constants in the lateral direction. Here we investigate strain effects in a photonic resonator crystal by shifting neighbouring lattice rows of microcavities in opposite directions, thereby introducing an alternating square or quasi-hexagonal pattern of shear strain. We rnd that, for strain values below a critical threshold, the lasing photon mode is virtually locked to the corresponding mode supported by the unstrained photonic crystal. At the critical strain value, we observe a phase-transition-like switching between the square and quasi-hexagonal lattice modes. The tolerance of subcritical strains suggests that the resonator crystal may be useful for applications requiring high spatial coherence across the lattice, while the mode switching could potentially be exploited in free-space optical communications.
C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol EPFL, Dept Phys, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Avalon Photon, CH-8048 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
RP Pier, H (corresponding author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol EPFL, Dept Phys, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
NR 16
TC 34
Z9 34
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 880
EP 883
DI 10.1038/35038026
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900043
PM 11057660
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nishiyama, M
   Hong, K
   Mikoshiba, K
   Poo, M
   Kato, K
AF Nishiyama, M
   Hong, K
   Mikoshiba, K
   Poo, M
   Kato, K
TI Calcium stores regulate the polarity and input specificity of synaptic modfication
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; hippocampal slices; depression; memory; ca2+; mechanism; induction; channels; receptor; neurons
AB Activity-induced synaptic modification is essential for the development and plasticity of the nervous system(1-3). Repetitive correlated activation of pre- and postsynaptic neurons can induce persistent enhancement or decrement of synaptic efficacy, commonly referred to as long-term potentiation or depression(2,3) (LTP or LTD). An important unresolved issue is whether and to what extent LTP and LTD are restricted to the activated synapses(4-8). Here we show that, in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, reduction of postsynaptic calcium influx by partial blockade of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors results in a conversion of LTP to LTD and a loss of input specificity normally associated with LTP, with LTD appearing at heterosynaptic inputs. The induction of LTD at homo- and heterosynaptic sites requires functional ryanodine receptors and inositol triphosphate (InsP(3)) receptors, respectively. Functional blockade or genetic deletion of type 1 InsP(3) receptors led to a conversion of LTD to LTP and elimination of heterosynaptic LTD, whereas blocking ryanodine receptors eliminated only homosynaptic LTD. Thus, postsynaptic Ca2+, deriving from Ca2+ influx and differential release of Ca2+ from internal stores through ryanodine and InsP(3) receptors, regulates both the polarity and input specificity of activity-induced synaptic modification.
C1 Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Exploratory Res Adv Technol, Mikoshiba Calciosignal Net Project, Tokyo 1130021, Japan.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Poo, M (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, 550 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA.
NR 30
TC 502
Z9 578
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 584
EP 588
DI 10.1038/35046067
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600118
PM 11117745
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bezryadin, A
   Lau, CN
   Tinkham, M
AF Bezryadin, A
   Lau, CN
   Tinkham, M
TI Quantum suppression of superconductivity in ultrathin nanowires
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wires; localization; fluctuations; dissipation; transitions; junctions; system
AB It is of fundamental importance to establish whether there is a limit to how thin a superconducting wire can be, while retaining its superconducting character-and if there is a limit, to determine what sets it. This issue may also be of practical importance in defining the limit to miniaturization of superconducting electronic circuits. At high temperatures, the resistance of linear superconductors is caused by excitations called thermally activated phase slips(1-4). Quantum tunnelling of phase slips is another possible source of resistance that is still being debated(5-8). It has been theoretically predicted(8) that such quantum phase slips can destroy superconductivity in very narrow wires. Here we report resistance measurements on ultrathin ( less than or similar to 10 nm) nanowires produced by coating carbon nanotubes with a superconducting Mo-Ge alloy. We rnd that nanowires can be superconducting or insulating depending on the ratio of their normal-state resistance (R-N) to the quantum resistance for Cooper pairs (R-q). If R-N < R-q, quantum tunnelling of phase slips is prohibited by strong damping, and so the wires stay superconducting. In contrast, we observe an insulating state for R-N > R-q, which we explain in terms of proliferation of quantum phase slips and a corresponding localization of Cooper pairs.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Bezryadin, A (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 21
TC 570
Z9 631
U1 1
U2 163
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 971
EP 974
DI 10.1038/35010060
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000048
PM 10801120
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bartels, R
   Backus, S
   Zeek, E
   Misoguti, L
   Vdovin, G
   Christov, IP
   Murnane, MM
   Kapteyn, HC
AF Bartels, R
   Backus, S
   Zeek, E
   Misoguti, L
   Vdovin, G
   Christov, IP
   Murnane, MM
   Kapteyn, HC
TI Shaped-pulse optimization of coherent emission of high-harmonic soft X-rays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID laser-pulses; quantum control; rare-gases; generation; dynamics; transitions; compression
AB When an intense laser pulse is focused into a gas, the light-atom interaction that occurs as atoms are ionized results in an extremely nonlinear optical process(1-3)-the generation of high harmonics of the driving laser frequency. Harmonics that extend up to orders of about 300 have been reported(4,5), some corresponding to photon energies in excess of 500 eV. Because this technique is simple to implement and generates coherent, laser-like, soft X-ray beams, it is currently being developed for applications in science and technology; these include probing the dynamics in chemical and materials systems(6) and imaging(7). Here we report that by carefully tailoring the shape(8) of intense light pulses, we can control(9,10) the interaction of light with an atom during ionization, improving the efficiency of X-ray generation by an order of magnitude. We demonstrate that it is possible to tune the spectral characteristics of the emitted radiation, and to steer the interaction between different orders of nonlinear processes.
C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Delft Univ Technol, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
   Univ Sofia, Dept Phys, BU-1126 Sofia, Bulgaria.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; Delft University of Technology; University of Sofia
RP Kapteyn, HC (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Campus Box 440, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM kapteyn@jila.colorado.edu
NR 30
TC 653
Z9 721
U1 1
U2 121
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 164
EP 166
DI 10.1038/35018029
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100040
PM 10910350
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Russ, AP
   Wattler, S
   Colledge, WH
   Aparicio, SAJR
   Carlton, MBL
   Pearce, JJ
   Barton, SC
   Surani, MA
   Ryan, K
   Nehls, MC
   Wilson, V
   Evans, MJ
AF Russ, AP
   Wattler, S
   Colledge, WH
   Aparicio, SAJR
   Carlton, MBL
   Pearce, JJ
   Barton, SC
   Surani, MA
   Ryan, K
   Nehls, MC
   Wilson, V
   Evans, MJ
TI Eomesodermin is required for mouse trophoblast development and mesoderm formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chimeric analysis; t-gene; embryo; gastrulation; expression; family
AB The earliest cell fate decision in the mammalian embryo separates the extra-embryonic trophoblast lineage, which forms the fetal portion of the placenta, from the embryonic cell lineages. The body plan of the embryo proper is established only later at gastrulation, when the pluripotent epiblast gives rise to the germ layers ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Here we show that the T-box gene Eomesodermin(1) performs essential functions in both trophoblast development and gastrulation, Mouse embryos lacking Eomesodermin arrest at the blastocyst stage. Mutant trophoectoderm does not differentiate into trophoblast, indicating that Eomesodermin may be required for the development of trophoblast stem cells(2), In the embryo proper, Eomesodermin is essential for mesoderm formation. Although the specification of the anterior-posterior axis and the initial response to mesoderm-inducing signals is intact in mutant epiblasts, the prospective mesodermal cells are not recruited into the primitive streak. Our results indicate that Eomesodermin defines a conserved molecular pathway controlling the morphogenetic movements of germ layer formation and has acquired a new function in mammals in the differentiation of trophoblast.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome CRC Inst Canc & Dev Biol, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Physiol, Cambridge CB2 3EG, England.
   Paradigm Therapeut Ltd, Cambridge CB2 3EG, England.
   Niedersachs Inst Peptidforsch, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
   Addenbrookes Hosp, Cambridge Inst Med Res, Dept Oncol, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Genome Res, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; University of Edinburgh
RP Russ, AP (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome CRC Inst Canc & Dev Biol, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
NR 29
TC 510
Z9 607
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 95
EP 99
DI 10.1038/35003601
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100053
PM 10716450
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Müller-Navarra, DC
   Brett, MT
   Liston, AM
   Goldman, CR
AF Müller-Navarra, DC
   Brett, MT
   Liston, AM
   Goldman, CR
TI A highly unsaturated fatty acid predicts carbon transfer between primary producers and consumers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID daphnia growth; limitation; zooplankton; microalgae; quality
AB The factors that regulate energy transfer between primary producers and consumers in aquatic ecosystems have been investigated for more than 50 years (refs 1-3). Among all levels of the food web (plants, herbivores, carnivores), the plant-animal interface is the most variable and least predictable link(4-6). In hypereutrophic lakes, for example, biomass and energy transfer is often inhibited at the phytoplankton-zooplankton link(4), resulting in an accumulation of phytoplankton biomass instead of sustaining production at higher trophic levels, such as fish. Accumulation of phytoplankton (especially cyanobacteria) results in severe deterioration of water quality, with detrimental effects on the health of humans and domestic animals, and diminished recreational value of water bodies(7,8). We show here that low transfer efficiencies between primary producers and consumers during cyanobacteria bloom conditions are related to low relative eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 omega 3) content of the primary producer community. Zooplankton growth and egg production were strongly related to the primary producer 20:5 omega 3 to carbon ratio. This indicates that limitation of zooplankton production by this essential fatty acid is of central importance at the pelagic producer-consumer interface.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Müller-Navarra, DC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
NR 25
TC 661
Z9 728
U1 7
U2 312
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 74
EP 77
DI 10.1038/47469
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400044
PM 10638754
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bracht, H
   Nicols, SP
   Walukiewicz, W
   Silveira, JP
   Briones, F
   Haller, EE
AF Bracht, H
   Nicols, SP
   Walukiewicz, W
   Silveira, JP
   Briones, F
   Haller, EE
TI Large disparity between gallium and antimony self-diffusion in gallium antimonide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gaas isotope heterostructures; v compound semiconductors; electronic-structure; vacancy; gasb
AB The most fundamental mass transport process in solids is selfdiffusion. The motion of host-lattice (`self-') atoms in solids is mediated by point defects such as vacancies or interstitial atoms, whose formation and migration enthalpies determine the kinetics of this thermally activated process(1,2). Self-diffusion studies also contribute to the understanding of the diffusion of impurities, and a quantitative understanding of self- and foreign-atom diffusion in semiconductors is central to the development of advanced electronic devices. In the past few years, self- diffusion studies have been performed successfully with isotopically controlled semiconductor heterostructures of germanium(3), silicon(4), gallium arsenide(5,6) and gallium phosphide(7). Self- diffusion studies with isotopically controlled GaAs and GaP have been restricted to Ga self- diffusion, as only Ga has two stable isotopes, Ga-69 and Ga-71. Here we report self- diffusion studies with an isotopically controlled multilayer structure of crystalline GaSb. Two stable isotopes exist for both Ga and Sb, allowing the simultaneous study of diffusion on both sublattices. Our experiments show that near the melting temperature, Ga diffuses more rapidly than Sb by over three orders of magnitude. This surprisingly large difference in atomic mobility requires a physical explanation going beyond standard diffusion models. Combining our data for Ga and Sb diffusion with related results for foreign-atom diffusion in GaSb (refs 8, 9), we conclude that the unusually slow Sb diffusion in GaSb is a consequence of reactions between defects on the Ga and Sb sublattices, which suppress the defects that are required for Sb diffusion.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   CSIC, Ctr Nacl Microelect, Inst Microelect Madrid, Madrid 28066, Spain.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Microelectronica de Madrid (IMM); CSIC - Centro Nacional de Microelectronica (CNM); CSIC - Instituto de Microelectronica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM)
RP Bracht, H (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 19
TC 91
Z9 108
U1 1
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 69
EP 72
DI 10.1038/35040526
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400051
PM 11081507
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schrope, M
AF Schrope, M
TI Trouble in the greenhouse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anthropogenic aerosols; cloud albedo; droplets; model
NR 13
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 10
EP 12
DI 10.1038/35024254
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000013
PM 10993048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reisz, RR
   Sues, HD
AF Reisz, RR
   Sues, HD
TI Palaeontology the 'feathers' of Longisquama
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Biol, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
   Royal Ontario Museum, Dept Palaeobiol, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; University Toronto Mississauga; Royal Ontario Museum
RP Reisz, RR (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Biol, 3359 Mississauga Rd, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
NR 3
TC 19
Z9 20
U1 1
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 428
EP 428
DI 10.1038/35044204
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800035
PM 11100716
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCreath, KJ
   Howcroft, J
   Campbell, KHS
   Colman, A
   Schnieke, AE
   Kind, AJ
AF McCreath, KJ
   Howcroft, J
   Campbell, KHS
   Colman, A
   Schnieke, AE
   Kind, AJ
TI Production of gene-targeted sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured somatic cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pro-alpha-1(i) collagen gene; cloned transgenic calves; homologous recombination; 3'-untranslated region; fetal fibroblasts; expression; therapy; sequences
AB It is over a decade since the first demonstration that mouse embryonic stem cells could be used to transfer a predetermined genetic modification to a whole animal(1). The extension of this technique to other mammalian species, particularly livestock, might bring numerous biomedical benefits, for example, ablation of xenoreactive transplantation antigens, inactivation of genes responsible for neuropathogenic disease and precise placement of transgenes designed to produce proteins for human therapy. Gene targeting has not yet been achieved in mammals other than mice, however, because functional embryonic stem cells have not been derived. Nuclear transfer from cultured somatic cells provides an alternative means of cell-mediated transgenesis(2,3). Here we describe efficient and reproducible gene targeting in fetal fibroblasts to place a therapeutic transgene at the ovine alpha 1(I) procollagen (COL1A1) locus and the production of live sheep by nuclear transfer.
C1 PPL Therapeut Ltd, Roslin EH25 9PP, Midlothian, Scotland.
RP Kind, AJ (corresponding author), PPL Therapeut Ltd, Roslin EH25 9PP, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 25
TC 458
Z9 640
U1 0
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1066
EP 1069
DI 10.1038/35016604
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700049
PM 10890449
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alison, MR
   Poulsom, R
   Jeffery, R
   Dhillon, AP
   Quaglia, A
   Jacob, J
   Novelli, M
   Prentice, G
   Williamson, J
   Wright, NA
AF Alison, MR
   Poulsom, R
   Jeffery, R
   Dhillon, AP
   Quaglia, A
   Jacob, J
   Novelli, M
   Prentice, G
   Williamson, J
   Wright, NA
TI Cell differentiation - Hepatocytes from nonhepatic adult stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primary biliary-cirrhosis; y-chromosome; liver; transplantation; microchimerism
C1 Imperial Coll Sch Med, Dept Histopathol, London W12 0NN, England.
   Imperial Canc Res Fund, Histopathol Unit, London WC2A 3PX, England.
   UCL Royal Free & Univ Coll Sch Med, Dept Histopathol, London NW3 2PF, England.
   UCL Royal Free & Univ Coll Sch Med, Dept Haematol, London NW3 2PF, England.
   UCL, Dept Histopathol, London WC1E 6JJ, England.
   Imperial Canc Res Fund, Human Cytogenet Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
C3 Imperial College London; Cancer Research UK; University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; Cancer Research UK
RP Alison, MR (corresponding author), Imperial Coll Sch Med, Dept Histopathol, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, England.
EM m.alison@ic.ac.uk
NR 11
TC 853
Z9 989
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 257
EP 257
DI 10.1038/35018642
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900037
PM 10917519
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chibotaru, LF
   Ceulemans, A
   Bruyndoncx, V
   Moshchalkov, VV
AF Chibotaru, LF
   Ceulemans, A
   Bruyndoncx, V
   Moshchalkov, VV
TI Symmetry-induced formation of antivortices in mesoscopic superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lattice
AB Recent progress in nanotechnology has stimulated interest in mesoscopic superconductors as components for quantum computing and cryoelectronics. The critical parameters for superconductivity (current and field) of a mesoscopic sample are determined by the pattern of vortices in it, which in turn is controlled by the symmetry imposed by the shape of the sample (see ref. 1 and references therein). Hitherto it has been unclear what happens when the number of vortices is not consistent with the natural symmetry. Here we show that additional vortex-antivortex pairs nucleate spontaneously so as to preserve the symmetry of the sample. For example, in a square with three vortices, the spontaneously generated pair, along with the original three vortices, distribute themselves so that the four vortices sit in the four corners, with the antivortex in the centre. The measured superconducting phase boundary (of superconducting transition temperature T-c versus magnetic field strength) is in very good agreement with the calculations, giving direct experimental evidence for these symmetry-induced vortex-antivortex pairs. Vortex entry into the sample is also changed: vortices enter a square in fours, with antivortices generated to preserve the imposed vorticity. The symmetry-induced nucleation of antivortices is not restricted to superconductors, but should also apply to symmetrically confined superfluids and Bose-Einstein condensates.
C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Vaste Stof Fys Magnetisme Lab, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Afdeling Kwantumchem, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
C3 KU Leuven; KU Leuven
RP Moshchalkov, VV (corresponding author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Vaste Stof Fys Magnetisme Lab, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
EM victor.moshchalkov@fys.kuleuven.ac.be
NR 14
TC 290
Z9 300
U1 2
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 833
EP 835
DI 10.1038/35048521
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300042
PM 11130716
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cockayne, DA
   Hamilton, SG
   Zhu, QM
   Dunn, PM
   Zhong, Y
   Novakovic, S
   Malmberg, AB
   Cain, G
   Berson, A
   Kassotakis, L
   Hedley, L
   Lachnit, WG
   Burnstock, G
   McMahon, SB
   Ford, APDW
AF Cockayne, DA
   Hamilton, SG
   Zhu, QM
   Dunn, PM
   Zhong, Y
   Novakovic, S
   Malmberg, AB
   Cain, G
   Berson, A
   Kassotakis, L
   Hedley, L
   Lachnit, WG
   Burnstock, G
   McMahon, SB
   Ford, APDW
TI Urinary bladder hyporeflexia and reduced pain-related behaviour in P2X3-deficient mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID root ganglion neurons; p2x receptors; sensory neurons; rat; atp; inflammation; micturition; responses
AB Extracellular ATP is implicated in numerous sensory processes ranging from the response to pain to the regulation of motility in visceral organs(1). The ATP receptor P2X(3) is selectively expressed on small diameter sensory neurons(2-4), supporting this hypothesis. Here we show that mice deficient in P2X(3) lose the rapidly desensitizing ATP-induced currents in dorsal root ganglion neurons. P2X(3) deficiency also causes a reduction in the sustained ATP-induced currents in nodose ganglion neurons. P2X(3)-null mice have reduced pain-related behaviour in response to injection of ATP and formalin. Significantly, P2X(3)-null mice exhibit a marked urinary bladder hyporeflexia, characterized by decreased voiding frequency and increased bladder capacity, but normal bladder pressures. Immunohistochemical studies localize P2X(3) to nerve fibres innervating the urinary bladder of wild-type mice, and show that loss of P2X(3) does not alter sensory neuron innervation density. Thus, P2X(3) is critical for peripheral pain responses and afferent pathways controlling urinary bladder volume reflexes. Antagonists to P2X(3) may therefore have therapeutic potential in the treatment of disorders of urine storage and voiding such as overactive bladder.
C1 Roche Biosci, Neurobiol Unit, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   Kings Coll London, Neurosci Res Ctr, London SE1 9RT, England.
   UCL Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Autonom Neurosci Inst, London NW3 2PF, England.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; University of London; King's College London; University of London; University College London; UCL Medical School
RP Cockayne, DA (corresponding author), Roche Biosci, Neurobiol Unit, 3401 Hillview Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
EM debra.cockayne@roche.com
NR 28
TC 836
Z9 943
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6807
BP 1011
EP 1015
DI 10.1038/35039519
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 366XX
UT WOS:000090032500045
PM 11069181
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ortiz, JL
   Sada, PV
   Rubio, LRB
   Aceituno, FJ
   Aceituno, J
   Gutiérrez, PJ
   Thiele, U
AF Ortiz, JL
   Sada, PV
   Rubio, LRB
   Aceituno, FJ
   Aceituno, J
   Gutiérrez, PJ
   Thiele, U
TI Optical detection of meteoroidal impacts on the Moon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmosphere
AB Impacts of meteoroids on the Moon should cause detectable optical flashes(1), but the population of objects that are big enough is very low, and hitherto no unambiguous impact flashes have been recorded. The flux of meteoroids associated with the Leonid meteor shower of 18 November 1999 was predicted to produce observable flashes on the night side of the Moon(2). Here we report the unambiguous detection of five such impact flashes, three of which were seen simultaneously by other observers(3). We also observed a possible impact flash on 16 July 1999. All of the flashes were of very brief duration (<0.02 s), as expected for high-speed impacts.
C1 CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Granada 18080, Spain.
   Univ Monterrey, Dept Fis & Matemat, Nuevo Leon 66238, Mexico.
   Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38200 Tenerife, Spain.
   Ctr Astron Hispano Aleman, Almeria 04080, Spain.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA); Universidad de Monterrey; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias
RP Ortiz, JL (corresponding author), CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Aptdo 3004, Granada 18080, Spain.
NR 14
TC 73
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 921
EP 923
DI 10.1038/35016015
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700041
PM 10879526
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bernhard, JM
   Buck, KR
   Farmer, MA
   Bowser, SS
AF Bernhard, JM
   Buck, KR
   Farmer, MA
   Bowser, SS
TI The Santa Barbara Basin is a symbiosis oasis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sediments; sea; hypothesis; diversity; bacteria; patterns; protozoa; water
AB It is generally agreed that the origin and initial diversification of Eucarya occurred in the late Archaean or Proterozoic Eons when atmospheric oxygen levels were low(1) and the risk of DNA damage due to ultraviolet radiation was high(2). Because deep water provides refuge against ultraviolet radiation(3) and early eukaryotes may have been aerotolerant anaerobes(1,4,5), deep-water dysoxic environments are likely settings for primeval eukaryotic diversification. Fossil evidence shows that deep-sea microbial mats, possibly of sulphur bacteria similar to Beggiatoa, existed during that time(6). Here we report on the eukaryotic community of a modern analogue, the Santa Barbara Basin (California, USA). The Beggiatoa mats of these severely dysoxic and sulphidic sediments support a surprisingly abundant protistan and metazoan meiofaunal community, most members of which harbour prokaryotic symbionts, Many of these taxa are new to science, and both microaerophilic and anaerobic taxa appear to be represented. Compared with nearby aerated sites, the Santa Barbara Basin is a 'symbiosis oasis' offering a new source of organisms for testing symbiosis hypotheses of eukaryogenesis.
C1 Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
   Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.
   Univ Georgia, Dept Cellular Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
C3 University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia; Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; Wadsworth Center; State University of New York (SUNY) System
RP Bernhard, JM (corresponding author), Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
NR 30
TC 206
Z9 234
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 77
EP 80
DI 10.1038/47476
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400045
PM 10638755
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Doncaster, CP
   Pound, GE
   Cox, SJ
AF Doncaster, CP
   Pound, GE
   Cox, SJ
TI The ecological cost of sex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coexistence; coevolution; diversity; selection; clones; model
AB Why sex prevails in nature remains one of the great puzzles of evolution(1,2). Sexual reproduction has an immediate cost relative to asexual reproduction, as males only express their contribution to population growth through females. With no males to sustain, an asexual mutant can double its relative representation in the population in successive generations. This is the widely accepted 'twofold cost of males'(1-3). Many studies(4-7) have attempted to explain how sex can recoup this cost from fitness benefits associated with the recombination of parental genotypes, but these require complex biological environments that cycle over evolutionary timescales. In contrast, we have considered the ecological dynamics that govern asexual invasion. Here we show the existence of a threshold growth rate for the sexual population, above which the invasion is halted by intraspecific competition. The asexual population then exerts a weaker inhibitory effect on the carrying capacity of the sexual population than on its own carrying capacity. The stable outcome of this is coexistence on a depleted resource base. Under these ecological circumstances, longer-term benefits of sex may eventually drive out the asexual competitor.
C1 Univ Southampton, Sch Biol Sci, Div Biodivers & Ecol, Southampton SO16 7PX, Hants, England.
   Univ Southampton, Dept Elect & Comp Sci, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England.
C3 University of Southampton; University of Southampton
RP Doncaster, CP (corresponding author), Univ Southampton, Sch Biol Sci, Div Biodivers & Ecol, Bassett Crescent E, Southampton SO16 7PX, Hants, England.
EM cpd@soton.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 115
Z9 125
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 281
EP 285
DI 10.1038/35005078
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200048
PM 10749210
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sinclair, RC
   Mark, MM
   Moore, SE
   Lavis, CA
   Soldat, AS
AF Sinclair, RC
   Mark, MM
   Moore, SE
   Lavis, CA
   Soldat, AS
TI Psychology - An electoral butterfly effect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Psychol, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Psychol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 University of Alberta; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Sinclair, RC (corresponding author), Univ Alberta, Dept Psychol, P-343 Biosci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
NR 0
TC 23
Z9 29
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 665
EP 666
DI 10.1038/35047160
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200032
PM 11130058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rasmussen, B
AF Rasmussen, B
TI Filamentous microfossils in a 3,235-million-year-old volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID western-australia; bacteria; life; mineralization; hydrocarbons; pilbara; vents
AB The record of Archaean microfossils is sparse(1). Of the few bona fide fossil assemblages, most are from shallow-water settings, and they are typically associated with laminated, stromatolitic sedimentary rocks(2-4). Microfossils from deep-sea hydrothermal systems have not been reported in Precambrian rocks (>544 million years old), although thermophilic microbes are ubiquitous in modern sea-floor hydrothermal settings(5,6), and apparently have the most ancient lineages(7,8). Here, I report the discovery of pyritic filaments, the probable fossil remains of thread-like microorganisms, in a 3,235-million-year-old deep-sea volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit from the Pilbara Craton of Australia. From their mode of occurrence, the micro-organisms were probably thermophilic chemotropic prokaryotes, which inhabited sub-sea-floor hydrothermal environments. They represent the first fossil evidence for microbial life in a Precambrian submarine thermal spring system, and extend the known range of submarine hydrothermal biota by more than 2,700 million years(9). Such environments may have hosted the first living systems on Earth, consistent with proposals for a thermophilic origin of life(10-13).
C1 Univ Western Australia, Dept Geol & Geophys, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia.
C3 University of Western Australia
RP Rasmussen, B (corresponding author), Univ Western Australia, Dept Geol & Geophys, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia.
NR 30
TC 297
Z9 360
U1 4
U2 75
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 676
EP 679
DI 10.1038/35015063
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800044
PM 10864322
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sabatini, BL
   Svoboda, K
AF Sabatini, BL
   Svoboda, K
TI Analysis of calcium channels in single spines using optical fluctuation analysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID g-protein modulation; dendritic spines; ca2+ channels; pyramidal neurons; voltage dependence; nmda receptors; transients; currents; release; influx
AB Most synapses form on small, specialized postsynaptic structures known as dendritic spines(1). The influx of Ca2+ ions into such spines-through synaptic receptors and voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels (VSCCs)-triggers diverse processes that underlie synaptic plasticity(2). Using two-photon laser scanning microscopy(3), we imaged action-potential-induced transient changes in Ca2+ concentration in spines and dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampal slices(4). Through analysis of the large trial-to-trial fluctuations in these transients, we have determined the number and properties of VSCCs in single spines. Here we report that each spine contains 1-20 VSCCs, and that this number increases with spine volume. We are able to detect the opening of a single VSCC on a spine. In spines located on the proximal dendritic tree, VSCCs normally open with high probability (similar to0.5) following dendritic action potentials. Activation of GABA(B) receptors reduced this probability in apical spines to similar to0.3 but had no effect on VSCCs in dendrites or basal spines. Our studies show that the spatial distribution of VSCC subtypes and their modulatory potential is regulated with submicrometre precision.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Svoboda, K (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
NR 30
TC 223
Z9 264
U1 1
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 589
EP 593
DI 10.1038/35046076
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600119
PM 11117746
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Christians, E
   Davis, AA
   Thomas, SD
   Benjamin, IJ
AF Christians, E
   Davis, AA
   Thomas, SD
   Benjamin, IJ
TI Embryonic development - Maternal effect of Hsf1 on reproductive success
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse embryo; gene; transcription; expression; activation; protection; factor-1; mice
C1 Univ Liege, Fac Vet Med, Dept Histol & Embryol, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Div Cell & Mol Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 University of Liege; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Christians, E (corresponding author), Univ Liege, Fac Vet Med, Dept Histol & Embryol, 20 Blvd Colonster, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
EM ivor.benjamin@utsouthwestern.edu
NR 12
TC 228
Z9 272
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 693
EP 694
DI 10.1038/35037669
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900028
PM 11048707
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schneggenburger, R
   Neher, E
AF Schneggenburger, R
   Neher, E
TI Intracellular calcium dependence of transmitter release rates at a fast central synapse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bovine chromaffin cells; neurotransmitter release; flash-photolysis; ca2+ binding; time-course; caged ca2+; chelators; cns; desensitization; receptors
AB Calcium-triggered fusion of synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitter release are fundamental signalling steps in the central nervous system. It is generally assumed that fast transmitter release is triggered by elevations in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+](i)) to at least 100 mu M near the sites of vesicle fusion(1-5). For synapses in the central nervous system, however, there are no experimental estimates of this local [Ca2+](i) signal. Here we show, by using calcium ion uncaging in the large synaptic terminals of the calyx of Held, that step-like elevations to only 10 mu M [Ca2+](i) induce fast transmitter release, which depletes around 80% of a pool of available vesicles in less than 3 ms. Kinetic analysis of transmitter release rates after [Ca2+](i) steps revealed the rate constants for calcium binding and vesicle fusion. These show that transient (around 0.5 ms) local elevations of [Ca2+](i) to peak values as low as 25 mu M can account for transmitter release during single presynaptic action potentials. The calcium sensors for vesicle fusion are far from saturation at normal release probability. This non-saturation, and the high intracellular calcium cooperativity in triggering vesicle fusion, make fast synaptic transmission very sensitive to modulation by changes in local [Ca2+](i).
C1 Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Abt Membranbiophys, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Schneggenburger, R (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Abt Membranbiophys, Fassberg 11, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
EM rschneg@gwdg.de
NR 31
TC 583
Z9 668
U1 2
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 889
EP 893
DI 10.1038/35022702
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600044
PM 10972290
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Néda, Z
   Ravasz, E
   Brechet, Y
   Vicsek, T
   Barabási, AL
AF Néda, Z
   Ravasz, E
   Brechet, Y
   Vicsek, T
   Barabási, AL
TI The sound of many hands clapping -: Tumultuous applause can transform itself into waves of synchronized clapping
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Babes Bolyai, Dept Theoret Phys, RO-3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania.
   INP Grenoble, ENSEEG, LTPCM, St Martin Dheres, France.
   Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
   Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
C3 Babes Bolyai University from Cluj; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble; Eotvos Lorand University; University of Notre Dame
RP Néda, Z (corresponding author), Univ Babes Bolyai, Dept Theoret Phys, Str Kogalniceanu 1, RO-3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania.
NR 6
TC 513
Z9 591
U1 0
U2 102
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 849
EP 850
DI 10.1038/35002660
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200041
PM 10706271
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ishikawa, T
   Maurizi, MR
   Belnap, D
   Steven, AC
AF Ishikawa, T
   Maurizi, MR
   Belnap, D
   Steven, AC
TI ATP-dependent proteases - Docking of components in a bacterial complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein
C1 NIAMSD, Struct Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NCI, Cell Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Arthritis & Musculoskeletal & Skin Diseases (NIAMS); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Ishikawa, T (corresponding author), NIAMSD, Struct Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM steven@calvin.niams.nih.gov
NR 11
TC 33
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 667
EP 668
DI 10.1038/35047165
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200034
PM 11130060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mushotzky, RF
   Cowie, LL
   Barger, AJ
   Arnaud, KA
AF Mushotzky, RF
   Cowie, LL
   Barger, AJ
   Arnaud, KA
TI Resolving the extragalactic hard X-ray background
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rosat deep survey; n-log s; faint galaxy; lockman field; high-redshift; radio-sources; spectrum; asca; identification; spectroscopy
AB The origin of the hard (2-10 keV) X-ray background has been a mystery for over 35 years. Most of the soft X-ray background has been resolved into individual sources (mainly quasars), but these sources do not have the spectral energy distribution required to match the spectrum of the X-ray background as a whole. Here we report the results of a deep survey, using the Chandra satellite, in which the detected hard X-ray sources account for at least 75 per cent of the hard X-ray background. The mean X-ray spectral energy distribution of these sources is in good agreement with that of the background. Moreover, most of those hard X-ray sources are associated unambiguously with either the nuclei of otherwise normal bright galaxies, or with optically faint sources. The latter could be active nuclei in dust-enshrouded galaxies or a population of quasars at extremely high redshift.
C1 Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Cowie, LL (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, 2680 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
NR 44
TC 427
Z9 445
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 459
EP 464
DI 10.1038/35006564
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700037
PM 10761906
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ryan, KM
   Ernst, MK
   Rice, NR
   Vousden, KH
AF Ryan, KM
   Ernst, MK
   Rice, NR
   Vousden, KH
TI Role of NF-κB in p53-mediated programmed cell death
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribosomal s6 kinase; p53-dependent apoptosis; dna-damage; p53; alpha; induction; degradation; mutants
AB The tumour suppressor p53 inhibits cell growth through activation of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis(1), and most cancers have either mutation within the p53 gene or defects in the ability to induce p53. Activation or re-introduction of p53 induces apoptosis in many tumour cells and may provide effective cancer therapy 2. One of the key proteins that modulates the apoptotic response is NF-kappa B, a transcription factor that can protect or contribute to apoptosis(3). Here we show that induction of p53 causes an activation of NF-kappa B that correlates with the ability of p53 to induce apoptosis. Inhibition or loss of NF-kappa B activity abrogated p53-induced apoptosis, indicating that NF-kappa B is essential in p53-mediated cell death. Activation of NF-kappa B by p53 was distinct from that mediated by tumour-necrosis factor-alpha and involved MEK1 and the activation of pp90(rsk). Inhibition of MEK1 blocked activation of NF-kappa B by p53 and completely abrogated p53-induced cell death. We conclude that inhibition of NF-kappa B in tumours that retain wild-type p53 may diminish, rather than augment, a therapeutic response.
C1 NCI, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, Regulat Cell Growth Lab, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
C3 Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Vousden, KH (corresponding author), NCI, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, Regulat Cell Growth Lab, Bldg 560,Room 22-96,W 7th St, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
NR 30
TC 672
Z9 748
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 892
EP 897
DI 10.1038/35009130
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000050
PM 10786798
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kopelman, PG
AF Kopelman, PG
TI Obesity as a medical problem
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coronary heart-disease; cardiovascular risk-factors; left-ventricular function; weight-gain; insulin-resistance; sleep-apnea; waist circumference; energy-expenditure; body-weight; women
AB Obesity is now so common within the world's population that it is beginning to replace undernutrition and infectious diseases as the mast significant contributor to ill health. In particular, obesity is associated with diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, certain forms of cancer, and sleep-breathing disorders. Obesity is defined by a body-mass index (weight divided by square of the height) of 30 kg m(-2) or greater, but this does not take into account the morbidity and mortality associated with more modest degrees of overweight, nor the detrimental effect of intra-abdominal fat. The global epidemic of obesity results from a combination of genetic susceptibility, increased availability of high-energy foods and decreased requirement for physical activity in modern society. Obesity should no longer be regarded simply as a cosmetic problem affecting certain individuals, but an epidemic that threatens global well being.
C1 St Bartholomews & Royal London Sch Med, Univ London Queen Mary & Westfield Coll, London E1 2AD, England.
C3 University of London; Queen Mary University London
RP Kopelman, PG (corresponding author), St Bartholomews & Royal London Sch Med, Univ London Queen Mary & Westfield Coll, London E1 2AD, England.
NR 68
TC 3553
Z9 4235
U1 2
U2 500
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 635
EP 643
DI 10.1038/35007508
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100063
PM 10766250
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miller, PJO
   Biassoni, N
   Samuels, A
   Tyack, PL
AF Miller, PJO
   Biassoni, N
   Samuels, A
   Tyack, PL
TI Whale songs lengthen in response to sonar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID humpback whales
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Chicago Zool Soc, Daniel F & Ada L Rice Conservat Biol & Res Ctr, Brookfield, IL 60513 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Miller, PJO (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
NR 9
TC 185
Z9 220
U1 0
U2 85
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 903
EP 903
DI 10.1038/35016148
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700035
PM 10879521
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jackson, A
AF Jackson, A
TI Critical time for fluid dynamos
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Leeds, Dept Earth Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Leeds
RP Jackson, A (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Dept Earth Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
NR 9
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1003
EP 1004
DI 10.1038/35016667
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700025
PM 10890425
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spotila, JR
   Reina, RD
   Steyermark, AC
   Plotkin, PT
   Paladino, FV
AF Spotila, JR
   Reina, RD
   Steyermark, AC
   Plotkin, PT
   Paladino, FV
TI Pacific leatherback turtles face extinction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Drexel Univ, Sch Environm Sci Engn & Policy, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Ctr Marine Conservat, Washington, DC 20036 USA.
   Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Wayne, IN 46805 USA.
C3 Drexel University; Purdue University System; Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne
RP Spotila, JR (corresponding author), Drexel Univ, Sch Environm Sci Engn & Policy, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
NR 13
TC 291
Z9 369
U1 2
U2 90
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 529
EP 530
DI 10.1038/35014729
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500036
PM 10850701
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Filatov, DA
   Monéger, F
   Negrutiu, I
   Charlesworth, D
AF Filatov, DA
   Monéger, F
   Negrutiu, I
   Charlesworth, D
TI Low variability in a Y-linked plant gene and its implications for Y-chromosome evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sex-determining locus; dioecious plant; melandrium-album; dna-sequences; polymorphism; hitchhiking; hypothesis; mice; sry
AB Sex chromosomes have evolved independently in several different groups of organisms, but they share common features, including genetic degeneration of the Y chromosome(1,2). Suppression of recombination between ancestral proto-X and proto-Y chromosomes is thought to have led to their gradual divergence, and to degeneration of the Y chromosome(2), but the evolutionary forces responsible are unknown. In non-recombining Y chromosomes, deleterious mutations may be carried to fixation by linked advantageous mutations ("selective sweeps")(3). Occurrence of deleterious mutations may drive "Muller's ratchet" (stochastic loss of chromosomes with the fewest mutations)(2,4). Selective elimination of deleterious mutations, causing "background selection"(5,6) may accelerate stochastic fixation of mildly detrimental mutations(2). All these processes lower effective population sizes, and therefore reduce variability of genes in evolving Y chromosomes. We have studied DNA diversity and divergence in a recently described X- and Y-linked gene pair(7) (SLX-1 and SLY-1) of the plant Silene latifolia to obtain evidence about the early stages of Y degeneration. Here we show that DNA polymorphism in SLY-1 is 20-fold lower than in SLX-1, but the pattern of polymorphism does not suggest a selective sweep.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Ecole Normale Super Lyon, ENS Lyon 1, INRA, CNRS,UMR 5667, F-69364 Lyon, France.
C3 University of Edinburgh; INRAE; Universite Lyon 1; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON)
RP Charlesworth, D (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM Deborah.Charlesworth@ed.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 150
Z9 159
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 388
EP 390
DI 10.1038/35006057
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000050
PM 10746725
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ito, K
   Uno, M
   Nakamura, Y
AF Ito, K
   Uno, M
   Nakamura, Y
TI A tripeptide 'anticodon' deciphers stop codons in messenger RNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID release factor-2; amino-acid; escherichia-coli; peptide; translation; suppressor; mutant
AB The two translational release factors of prokaryotes, RF1 and RF2, catalyse the termination of polypeptide synthesis at UAG/UAA and UGA/UAA stop codons, respectively(1-3). However, how these polypeptide release factors read both non-identical and identical stop codons is puzzling(4), Here we describe the basis of this recognition. Swaps of each of the conserved domains between RF1 and RF2 in an RF1-RF2. hybrid led to the identification of a domain that could switch recognition specificity. A genetic selection among clones encoding random variants of this domain showed that the tripeptides Pro-Ala-Thr and Ser-Pro-Phe determine release-factor specificity in vivo in RF1 and RF2, respectively. An in vitro release study of tripeptide variants indicated that the first and third amino acids independently discriminate the second and third purine bases, respectively. Analysis with stop codons containing base analogues indicated that the C2 amino group of purine may be the primary target of discrimination of G from A. These findings show that the discriminator tripeptide of bacterial release factors is functionally equivalent to that of the anticodon of transfer RNA, irrespective of the difference between protein and RNA.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Dept Tumor Biol, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Nakamura, Y (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Dept Tumor Biol, Minato Ku, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
EM nak@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 16
TC 225
Z9 271
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 680
EP 684
DI 10.1038/35001115
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200060
PM 10688208
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hanaoka, K
   Qian, F
   Boletta, A
   Bhumia, AK
   Piontek, K
   Tsiokas, L
   Sukhatme, VP
   Guggino, WB
   Germino, GG
AF Hanaoka, K
   Qian, F
   Boletta, A
   Bhumia, AK
   Piontek, K
   Tsiokas, L
   Sukhatme, VP
   Guggino, WB
   Germino, GG
TI Co-assembly of polycystin-1 and-2 produces unique cation-permeable currents
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kidney-disease; gene-product; pkd1; channel; receptor; identification; heterogeneity; encodes
AB The human kidney is composed of roughly 1.2-million renal tubules that must maintain their tubular structure to function properly. In autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) cysts develop from renal tubules and enlarge independently, in a process that ultimately causes renal failure in 50% of affected individuals(1,2). Mutations in either PKD1 or PKD2 are associated with ADPKD but the function of these genes is unknown. PKD1 is thought to encode a membrane protein, polycystin-1, involved in cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions(3-5), whereas the PKD2 gene product, polycystin-2, is thought to be a channel protein(6). Here we show that polycystin-1 and -2 interact to produce new calcium-permeable non-selective cation currents. Neither polycystin-1 nor -2 alone is capable of producing currents. Moreover, disease-associated mutant forms of either polycystin protein that are incapable of heterodimerization do not result in new channel activity. We also show that polycystin-2 is localized in the cell in the absence of polycystin-1, but is translocated to the plasma membrane in its presence. Thus, polycystin-1 and -2 co-assemble at the plasma membrane to produce a new channel and to regulate renal tubular morphology and function.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA.
   Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Warren Med Res Inst, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Renal, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School
RP Guggino, WB (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, 725 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM wguggino@jhmi.edu; ggermino@mail.jhmi.edu
NR 30
TC 671
Z9 787
U1 1
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 990
EP 994
DI 10.1038/35050128
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100054
PM 11140688
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koop, T
   Luo, BP
   Tsias, A
   Peter, T
AF Koop, T
   Luo, BP
   Tsias, A
   Peter, T
TI Water activity as the determinant for homogeneous ice nucleation in aqueous solutions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transitions; supercooled water; pressure; temperatures; aerosols; glassy
AB The unique properties of water in the supercooled (metastable) state are not fully understood(1). In particular, the effects of solutes and mechanical pressure on the kinetics of the liquid-to-solid phase transition of supercooled water and aqueous solutions to ice have remained unresolved. Here we show from experimental data that the homogeneous nucleation of ice from supercooled aqueous solutions is independent of the nature of the solute, but depends only on the water activity of the solution-that is, the ratio between the water vapour pressures of the solution and of pure water under the same conditions. In addition, we show that the presence of solutes and the application of pressure have a very similar effect on ice nucleation. We present a thermodynamic theory for homogeneous ice nucleation, which expresses the nucleation rate coefficient as a function of water activity and pressure. Recent observations from clouds containing ice are in good agreement with our theory and our results should help to overcome one of the main weaknesses of numerical models of the atmosphere, the formulation of cloud processes.
C1 ETH Honggerberg, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Atmospher Sci, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Max Planck Inst Chem, Nachwuchsgrp, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Max Planck Society
RP Koop, T (corresponding author), ETH Honggerberg, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Atmospher Sci, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 30
TC 1087
Z9 1201
U1 8
U2 451
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 611
EP 614
DI 10.1038/35020537
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800043
PM 10949298
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krieger, MJB
   Billeter, JB
   Keller, L
AF Krieger, MJB
   Billeter, JB
   Keller, L
TI Ant-like task allocation and recruitment in cooperative robots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insect society; honey-bee; colony; size; division; labor
AB One of the greatest challenges in robotics is to create machines that are able to interact with unpredictable environments in real time. A possible solution may be to use swarms of robots behaving in a self-organized manner, similar to workers in an ant colony(1-5). Efficient mechanisms of division of labour, in particular series-parallel operation and transfer of information among group members(6), are key components of the tremendous ecological success of ants(7,8). Here we show that the general principles regulating division of labour in ant colonies indeed allow the design of flexible, robust and effective robotic systems. Groups of robots using ant-inspired algorithms of decentralized control techniques foraged more efficiently and maintained higher levels of group energy than single robots. But the benefits of group living decreased in larger groups, most probably because of interference during foraging. Intriguingly, a similar relationship between group size and efficiency has been documented in social insects(9-11). Moreover, when food items were clustered, groups where robots could recruit other robots in an ant-like manner were more efficient than groups without information transfer, suggesting that group dynamics of swarms of robots may follow rules similar to those governing social insects.
C1 Univ Lausanne, Inst Ecol, BB, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Lab Microinformat, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
C3 University of Lausanne; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
RP Keller, L (corresponding author), Univ Lausanne, Inst Ecol, BB, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
EM Laurent.Keller@ie-zea.unil.ch
NR 26
TC 243
Z9 278
U1 6
U2 133
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 992
EP 995
DI 10.1038/35023164
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200044
PM 10984052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mitchell, SJ
   Silver, RA
AF Mitchell, SJ
   Silver, RA
TI Glutamate spillover suppresses inhibition by activating presynaptic mGluRs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID purkinje-cell synapses; rat cerebellum; synaptic inhibition; gaba(a) receptors; granule cells; modulation; transmission; probability; depression; currents
AB Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) found on synaptic terminals throughout the brain are thought to be important in modulating neurotransmission(1,2). Activation of mGluRs by synaptically released glutamate depresses glutamate release from excitatory terminals(3-5) but the physiological role of mGluRs on inhibitory terminals is unclear. We have investigated activation of mGluRs on inhibitory terminals within the cerebellar glomerulus, a structure in which GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-releasing inhibitory terminals and glutamatergic excitatory terminals are in close apposition and make axo-dendritic synapses onto granule cells(6). Here we show that 'spillover' of glutamate, which is released from excitatory mossy fibres, inhibits GABA release from Golgi cell terminals by activating presynaptic mGluRs under physiological conditions. The magnitude of the depression of the inhibitory postsynaptic current is dependent on the frequency of mossy fibre stimulation, reaching 50% at 100 Hz. Furthermore, the duration of inhibitory postsynaptic current depression mirrors the time course of mossy fibre activity. Our results establish that mGluRs on inhibitory interneuron axons(7) sense the activity of neighbouring excitatory synapses. This heterosynaptic mechanism is likely to boost the efficacy of active excitatory fibres by locally reducing the level of inhibition.
C1 UCL, Dept Physiol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Silver, RA (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Physiol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM a.silver@ucl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 200
Z9 223
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 498
EP 502
DI 10.1038/35006649
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700049
PM 10761918
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lane, BF
   Kuchner, MJ
   Boden, AF
   Creech-Eakman, M
   Kulkarni, SR
AF Lane, BF
   Kuchner, MJ
   Boden, AF
   Creech-Eakman, M
   Kulkarni, SR
TI Direct detection of pulsations of the Cepheid star ξ Gem and an independent calibration of the period-luminosity relation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID palomar testbed interferometer; distances; variables; radii
AB Cepheids are a class of variable (pulsating) stars whose absolute luminosities are related in a simple manner to their pulsational periods. By measuring the period and using the `period-luminosity' relationship, astronomers can use the observed visual brightness to determine the distance to the star. Because these stars are very luminous, they can be observed in other galaxies, and therefore can be used to help determine the expansion rate of the Universe(1) (the Hubble constant). Calibration of the period-luminosity relation is a necessary first step, but the small number of sufficiently nearby Cepheids has forced the use of a number of indirect means, with associated systematic uncertainties. Here we present a distance to the Cepheid zeta Geminorum, determined using a direct measurement (by an optical interferometer) of its changes in diameter as it pulsates. Within our uncertainty of 15 per cent, our distance is in agreement with previous indirect determinations. Planned improvements to the instrument will allow us to calibrate directly the period-luminosity relation to better than a few per cent.
C1 CALTECH, Palomar Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab 171 113, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology
RP Lane, BF (corresponding author), CALTECH, Palomar Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM bfl@astro.caltech.edu
NR 22
TC 52
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 485
EP 487
DI 10.1038/35035015
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400041
PM 11028993
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pagola, S
   Stephens, PW
   Bohle, DS
   Kosar, AD
   Madsen, SK
AF Pagola, S
   Stephens, PW
   Bohle, DS
   Kosar, AD
   Madsen, SK
TI The structure of malaria pigment β-haematin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID falciparum hemoglobin degradation; plasmodium-falciparum; heme polymerization; powder diffraction; iron environment; hematin; chloroquine; mechanism; trophozoites; inhibition
AB Despite the worldwide public health impact of malaria, neither the mechanism by which the Plasmodium parasite detoxifies and sequesters haem, nor the action of current antimalarial drugs is well understood. The haem groups released from the digestion of the haemoglobin of infected red blood cells are aggregated into an insoluble material called haemozoin or malaria pigment. Synthetic beta-haematin (Fe-III-protoporphyrin-IX)(2) is chemically(1,2). spectroscopically(2,3) and crystallographically(4) identical to haemozoin and is believed to consist of strands of Fe-III-porphyrin units, linked into a polymer by propionate oxygen-iron bonds. Here we report the crystal structure of beta-haematin determined using simulated annealing techniques to analyse powder diffraction data obtained with synchrotron radiation. The molecules are linked into dimers through reciprocal iron-carboxylate bonds to one of the propionic side chains of each porphyrin, and the dimers form chains linked by hydrogen bonds in the crystal. This result has implications for understanding the action of current antimalarial drugs and possibly for the design of new therapeutic agents.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Univ Wyoming, Dept Chem, Laramie, WY 82071 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; University of Wyoming
RP Stephens, PW (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
NR 30
TC 764
Z9 899
U1 1
U2 104
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 307
EP 310
DI 10.1038/35005132
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200055
PM 10749217
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bell, AC
   Felsenfeld, G
AF Bell, AC
   Felsenfeld, G
TI Methylation of a CTCF-dependent boundary controls imprinted expression of the Igf2 gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse h19 gene; beckwith-wiedemann-syndrome; wilms-tumor; epigenetic changes; control element; region; insulator; upstream; domain; locus
AB The expression of the insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and H19 genes is imprinted. Although these neighbouring genes share an enhancer(1), H19 is expressed only from the maternal allele, and Igf2 only from the paternally inherited allele(2,3). A region of paternal-specific methylation upstream of H19 appears to be the site of an epigenetic mark that is required for the imprinting of these genes(4,5). A deletion within this region results in loss of imprinting of both H19 and Igf2 (ref. 5). Here we show that this methylated region contains an element that blocks enhancer activity. The activity of this element is dependent upon the vertebrate enhancer-blocking protein CTCF. Methylation of CpGs within the CTCF-binding sites eliminates binding of CTCF in vitro, and deletion of these sites results in loss of enhancer-blocking activity in vivo, thereby allowing gene expression. This CTCF-dependent enhancer-blocking element acts as an insulator. We suggest that it controls imprinting of Igf 2. The activity of this insulator is restricted to the maternal allele by specific DNA methylation of the paternal allele. Our results reveal that DNA methylation can control gene expression by modulating enhancer access to the gene promoter through regulation of an enhancer boundary.
C1 NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
RP Felsenfeld, G (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 30
TC 1414
Z9 1721
U1 0
U2 139
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 482
EP 485
DI 10.1038/35013100
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000054
PM 10839546
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Higgins, AM
   Jones, RAL
AF Higgins, AM
   Jones, RAL
TI Anisotropic spinodal dewetting as a route to self-assembly of patterned surfaces
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin polymer-films; interface
AB The ability to pattern surfaces on a microscopic length scale is of importance for technological applications such as the fabrication of microelectronic circuits and digital storage media. Devices fabricated entirely from polymers are now available, opening up the possibility of adapting polymer processing technologies to fabricate cheap, large-area devices using non-lithographic techniques(1,2)-for example, by exploiting dewetting(3) and phase separation(4-6) in thin films. But the final pattern adopted by the polymer film using such approaches requires a template printed onto the substrate by optical lithography, microcontact printing(4,5) or vapour deposition(3). Here we describe a simple process for patterning surfaces that does not require a template. Our method involves the spinodal dewetting of a polymer surface by a thin polymer film, in which a liquid film breaks up owing to the amplification of thermal fluctuations in film thickness induced by dispersion forces(7-14). A preferred orientation is imposed on the dewetting process simply by rubbing the substrate, and this gives rise to patterns of remarkably well-aligned polymer lines. The width of these lines is well-defined, and is controlled by the magnitude of the dispersion forces at the interface, which in turn can be varied by varying the thickness of the polymer substrate. We expect that further work will make it possible to optimize the degree of order in the final morphology.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Phys & Astron, Sheffield S3 7RH, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Sheffield
RP Jones, RAL (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Phys & Astron, Hicks Bldg, Sheffield S3 7RH, S Yorkshire, England.
EM R.A.L.Jones@Sheffield.ac.uk
NR 16
TC 356
Z9 392
U1 4
U2 188
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 476
EP 478
DI 10.1038/35006597
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700041
PM 10761910
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McDonald, JJ
   Teder-Sälejärvi, WA
   Hillyard, SA
AF McDonald, JJ
   Teder-Sälejärvi, WA
   Hillyard, SA
TI Involuntary orienting to sound improves visual perception
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID audiovisual links; attention; mechanisms; identification; modality; cues
AB To perceive real-world objects and events, we need to integrate several stimulus features belonging to different sensory modalities. Although the neural mechanisms and behavioural consequences of intersensory integration have been extensively studied(1-4), the processes that enable us to pay attention to multimodal objects are still poorly understood. An important question is whether a stimulus in one sensory modality automatically attracts attention to spatially coincident stimuli that appear subsequently in other modalities, thereby enhancing their perceptual salience. The occurrence of an irrelevant sound does facilitate motor responses to a subsequent light appearing nearby(5-7). However, because participants in previous studies made speeded responses rather than psychophysical judgements, it remains unclear whether involuntary auditory attention actually affects the perceptibility of visual stimuli as opposed to postperceptual decision and response processes. Here we provide psychophysical evidence that a sudden sound improves the detectability of a subsequent flash appearing at the same location. These data show that the involuntary orienting of attention to sound enhances early perceptual processing of visual stimuli.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP McDonald, JJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 23
TC 372
Z9 420
U1 2
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 906
EP 908
DI 10.1038/35038085
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900052
PM 11057669
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, MH
   vom Saal, FS
AF Wang, MH
   vom Saal, FS
TI Maternal age and traits in offspring - The timing of a mouse's first litter influences the development of her pups.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID estradiol; pregnancy; exposure
C1 Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.
C3 University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia
RP Wang, MH (corresponding author), Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.
EM vomsaalf@missouri.edu
NR 11
TC 59
Z9 64
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 469
EP 470
DI 10.1038/35035156
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400037
PM 11028989
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gustafson, DE
   Stoecker, DK
   Johnson, MD
   Van Heukelem, WF
   Sneider, K
AF Gustafson, DE
   Stoecker, DK
   Johnson, MD
   Van Heukelem, WF
   Sneider, K
TI Cryptophyte algae are robbed of their organelles by the marine ciliate Mesodinium rubrum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phototrophic ciliate; southampton water; myrionecta-rubra; laboea-strobila; chloroplasts; ciliophora; abundance; estuary; maine; gulf
AB Mesodinium rubrum (Lohmann 1908) Jankowski 1976 (= Myrionecta rubra)(1,2) is a common photosynthetic marine planktonic ciliate which can form coastal red-tides(3). It may represent a 'species complex'(4,5) and since Darwin's voyage on the Beagle, it has been of great cytological, physiological and evolutionary interest(4). It is considered to be functionally a phytoplankter because it was thought to have lost the capacity to feed and possesses a highly modified algal endosymbiont(5,6). Whether M. rubrum is the result of a permanent endosymbiosis or a transient association between a ciliate and an alga is controversial(7). We conducted 'feeding' experiments to determine how exposure to a cryptophyte alga affects M. rubrum. Here we show that although M. rubrum lacks a cytostome (oral cavity)(8), it ingests cryptophytes and steals their organelles, and may not maintain a permanent endosymbiont. M. rubrum does not fall into recognized cellular or functional categories, but may be a chimaera partially supported by organelle robbery.
C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Environm Lab, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science
RP Gustafson, DE (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Environm Lab, POB 775, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA.
NR 28
TC 185
Z9 203
U1 2
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1049
EP 1052
DI 10.1038/35016570
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700044
PM 10890444
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sekiyama, K
   Miyauchi, S
   Imaruoka, T
   Egusa, H
   Tashiro, T
AF Sekiyama, K
   Miyauchi, S
   Imaruoka, T
   Egusa, H
   Tashiro, T
TI Body image as a visuomotor transformation device revealed in adaptation to reversed vision
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID positron-emission-tomography; posterior parietal cortex; mental rotation; premotor cortex; working-memory; human brain; mechanisms; neurons; objects; hands
AB People adapt with remarkable flexibility to reversal of the visual field caused by prism spectacles(1,2). With sufficient time, this adaptation restores visually guided behaviour and perceptual harmony between the visible and tactile worlds(1-3). Although it has been suggested that seeing one's own body is crucial for adaptation(1,2), the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here we show that a new representation of visuomotor mapping with respect to the hands emerges in a month during adaptation to reversed vision. The subjects become bi-perceptual(3-5), or able to use both new and old representations. In a visual task designed to assess the new hand representation, subjects identified visually presented hands as left or right by matching the picture to the representation of their own hands. Functional magnetic resonance imaging showed brain activity in the left posterior frontal cortex (Broca's area) that was unique to the new hand representations of both hands, together with activation in the intraparietal sulcus and prefrontal cortex. The emergence of the new hand representation coincided with the adaptation of perceived location of visible objects in space. These results suggest that the hand representation operates as a visuomotor transformation device that provides an arm-centred frame of reference(6) for space perception.
C1 Future Univ Hakodate, Div Cognit Psychol, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418655, Japan.
   Kansai Adv Res Ctr, Commun Res Lab, Auditory & Visual Informat Sect, Kobe, Hyogo 6512492, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Med, Suita, Osaka 5650781, Japan.
   Int Univ Hlth & Welf, Sch Hlth, Ohtawara 3248501, Japan.
   Osaka City Univ, Dept Psychol, Osaka 5588585, Japan.
C3 Future University Hakodate; National Institute of Information & Communications Technology (NICT) - Japan; University of Osaka; International University of Health & Welfare; Osaka Metropolitan University
RP Sekiyama, K (corresponding author), Future Univ Hakodate, Div Cognit Psychol, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418655, Japan.
NR 29
TC 76
Z9 84
U1 2
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 374
EP 377
DI 10.1038/35030096
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700046
PM 11014192
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Einum, S
   Fleming, IA
AF Einum, S
   Fleming, IA
TI Highly fecund mothers sacrifice offspring survival to maximize fitness
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID egg size; atlantic salmon; natural-selection; clutch size; evolution; number; strategy; quality
AB Why do highly fecund organisms apparently sacrifice offspring size for increased numbers when offspring survival generally increases with size(1-3)? The theoretical tools for understanding this evolutionary trade-off between number and size of offspring have developed over the past 25 years(1,4-10); however, the absence of data on the relation between offspring size and fitness in highly fecund species, which would control for potentially confounding variables, has caused such models to remain largely hypothetical(11,12). Here we manipulate egg size, controlling for maternal trait interactions, and determine the causal consequences of offspring size in a wild population of Atlantic salmon. The joint effect of egg size on egg number and offspring survival resulted in stabilizing phenotypic selection for an optimal size. The optimal egg size differed only marginally from the mean value observed in the population, suggesting that it had evolved mainly in response to selection on maternal rather than offspring fitness. We conclude that maximization of maternal fitness by sacrificing offspring survival may well be a general phenomenon among highly fecund organisms.
C1 Norwegian Inst Nat Res, N-7485 Trondheim, Norway.
   Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Zool, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway.
C3 Norwegian Institute Nature Research; Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU)
RP Einum, S (corresponding author), Norwegian Inst Nat Res, Tungasletta 2, N-7485 Trondheim, Norway.
EM sigurd.einum@ninatrd.ninaniku.no
NR 21
TC 355
Z9 395
U1 1
U2 111
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 565
EP 567
DI 10.1038/35014600
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500049
PM 10850714
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barber, PH
   Palumbi, SR
   Erdmann, MV
   Moosa, MK
AF Barber, PH
   Palumbi, SR
   Erdmann, MV
   Moosa, MK
TI Biogeography - A marine Wallace's line?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coral-reef fish; recruitment; population
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Oseanol, Jakarta 1048, Indonesia.
C3 Harvard University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Barber, PH (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 14
TC 320
Z9 367
U1 2
U2 100
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 692
EP 693
DI 10.1038/35021135
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700032
PM 10963585
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nicol, S
   Pauly, T
   Bindoff, NL
   Wright, S
   Thiele, D
   Hosie, GW
   Strutton, PG
   Woehler, E
AF Nicol, S
   Pauly, T
   Bindoff, NL
   Wright, S
   Thiele, D
   Hosie, GW
   Strutton, PG
   Woehler, E
TI Ocean circulation off east Antarctica affects ecosystem structure and sea-ice extent
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circumpolar current; southern-ocean; krill; photosynthesis; pacific
AB Sea ice and oceanic boundaries have a dominant effect in structuring Antarctic marine ecosystems. Satellite imagery and historical data have identified the southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current(1) as a site of enhanced biological productivity(2). Meso-scale surveys off the Antarctic peninsula have related the abundances of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and salps (Salpa thompsoni) to inter-annual variations in sea-ice extent(3). Here we have examined the ecosystem structure and oceanography spanning 3,500 km of the east Antarctic coastline, linking the scales of local surveys and global observations. Between 80 degrees and 150 degrees E there is a threefold variation in the extent of annual sea-ice cover, enabling us to examine the regional effects of sea ice and ocean circulation on biological productivity. Phytoplankton, primary productivity, Antarctic krill, whales and seabirds were concentrated where winter sea-ice extent is maximal, whereas salps were located where the sea-ice extent is minimal. We found enhanced biological activity south of the southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current rather than in association with it(2). We propose that along this coastline ocean circulation determines both the sea-ice conditions and the level of biological productivity at all trophic levels.
C1 Australian Antarctic Div, Dept Environm & Heritage, Kingston, Tas 7050, Australia.
   Univ Tasmania, Antarctic Cooperat Res Ctr, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   Sch Ecol & Environm, Warrnambool, Vic 3280, Australia.
   Flinders Univ S Australia, Sch Biol, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
C3 Australian Antarctic Division; University of Tasmania; Flinders University
RP Nicol, S (corresponding author), Australian Antarctic Div, Dept Environm & Heritage, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas 7050, Australia.
EM stephe_nik@antdiv.gov.au
NR 31
TC 262
Z9 292
U1 0
U2 92
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 504
EP 507
DI 10.1038/35020053
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000043
PM 10952309
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gehrels, N
   Macomb, DJ
   Bertsch, DL
   Thompson, DJ
   Hartman, RC
AF Gehrels, N
   Macomb, DJ
   Bertsch, DL
   Thompson, DJ
   Hartman, RC
TI Discovery of a new population of high-energy γ-ray sources in the Milky Way
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID egret sources; supernova-remnants; galactic plane; gould belt; emission; pulsars
AB One of the great mysteries of the high-energy gamma-ray sky is the group of similar to 170 unidentified point sources(1,2) found along the Galactic plane. They are more numerous than all other high-energy gamma-ray sources combined and, despite 20 years of effort, no clear counterparts have been found at other wavelengths. Here we report a new population of such objects. A cluster of similar to 20 faint sources appears north of the Galactic Centre, which is part of a broader class of faint objects at mid-latitudes. In addition, we show in a model-independent way that the mid-latitude sources are distinct from the population of bright unidentified sources along the Galactic plane. The distribution on the sky indicates that the faint mid-latitude sources are associated with the Gould belt(3,4) of massive stars and gas clouds at similar to 600 light years distance, as has been previously suggested(5).
C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Gehrels, N (corresponding author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
NR 25
TC 120
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 363
EP 365
DI 10.1038/35006001
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000041
PM 10746716
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ansel, KM
   Ngo, VN
   Hyman, PL
   Luther, SA
   Förster, R
   Sedgwick, JD
   Browning, JL
   Lipp, M
   Cyster, JG
AF Ansel, KM
   Ngo, VN
   Hyman, PL
   Luther, SA
   Förster, R
   Sedgwick, JD
   Browning, JL
   Lipp, M
   Cyster, JG
TI A chemokine-driven positive feedback loop organizes lymphoid follicles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; follicular dendritic cells; b-cell; lymphotoxin-alpha; immune-responses; t-cell; lymphocytes; expression; beta; receptor
AB Lymphoid follicles are B-cell-rich compartments of lymphoid organs that function as sites of B-cell antigen encounter and differentiation. CXC chemokine receptor-5 (CXCR5) is required for B-cell migration to splenic follicles(1), but the requirements for homing to B-cell areas in lymph nodes remain to be defined. Here we show that lymph nodes contain two types of B-cell-rich compartment: follicles containing follicular dendritic cells, and areas lacking such cells. Using gene-targeted mice, we establish that B-lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC/BCA1)(2,3) and its receptor, CXCR5, are needed for B-cell homing to follicles in lymph nodes as well as in spleen. We also rnd that BLC is required for the development of most lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. In addition to mediating chemoattraction, BLC induces B cells to upregulate membrane lymphotoxin alpha 1 beta 2, a cytokine that promotes follicular dendritic cell development and BLC expression(4,5), establishing a positive feedback loop that is likely to be important in follicle development and homeostasis. In germinal centres the feedback loop is overridden, with B-cell lymphotoxin a1b2 expression being induced by a mechanism independent of BLC.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Max Delbruck Ctr Mol Med, D-13092 Berlin, Germany.
   DNAX Res Inst Mol & Cellular Biol Inc, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   Biogen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine; Merck & Company; Dnax Research Institute Of Molecular & Cellular Biology Inc.; Biogen
RP Cyster, JG (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 30
TC 1046
Z9 1239
U1 1
U2 57
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 309
EP 314
DI 10.1038/35018581
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900051
PM 10917533
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carmi, R
   Polturak, E
   Koren, G
   Auerbach, A
AF Carmi, R
   Polturak, E
   Koren, G
   Auerbach, A
TI Spontaneous macroscopic magnetization at the superconducting transition temperature of YBa2Cu3O7-δ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID time-reversal-symmetry; high-tc superconductors; c superconductors; junctions; states; bi2sr2cacu2o8; order
AB A noteworthy feature of the high-temperature superconductors is the unconventional symmetry of the superconducting order parameter. Several experiments(1-3) have established that the order parameter has a four-fold d(x2-y2) symmetry under rotation of the lattice (the order parameter of conventional superconductors is, in contrast, isotropic). An intriguing and much debated possibility is that, in certain cases, an additional imaginary component might be present, having an isotropic s-wave(4-6) or d(xy) symmetry(7-1)0. A consequence of a complex order parameter of the form d(x2-y2) + id(xy) is that it would break both reflection (parity, P) symmetry and time-reversal (T) symmetry, a clear signature of which would be the spontaneous appearance of a macroscopic magnetization at the superconducting transition temperature. Broken T symmetry has been reported(5,11), but searches for the effects of combined P and T symmetry breaking have so far yielded null results(12-15). Here we report the observation of a weak (similar to 10(-5) gauss) magnetic field that appears spontaneously at the superconducting transition temperature of epitaxial thin films of YBa2Cu3O7-delta. The magnetic signal originates near the edges of the samples. One interpretation for this observation is that the order parameter carries an intrinsic angular momentum, related to the breaking of P and T symmetries, but other possibilities cannot yet be excluded.
C1 Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
C3 Technion Israel Institute of Technology
RP Polturak, E (corresponding author), Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
NR 19
TC 45
Z9 46
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 853
EP 855
DI 10.1038/35009062
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000039
PM 10786787
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hu, DH
   Yu, J
   Wong, K
   Bagchi, B
   Rossky, PJ
   Barbara, PF
AF Hu, DH
   Yu, J
   Wong, K
   Bagchi, B
   Rossky, PJ
   Barbara, PF
TI Collapse of stiff conjugated polymers with chemical defects into ordered, cylindrical conformations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spectroscopy; molecules; homopolymer; excitations; transition; anisotropy; oligomers; dynamics; globule; length
AB The optical, electronic and mechanical properties of synthetic and biological materials consisting of polymer chains depend sensitively on the conformation adopted by these chains. The range of conformations available to such systems has accordingly been of intense fundamental(1,2) as well as practical(3-6) interest, and distinct conformational classes have been predicted, depending on the stiffness of the polymer chains and the strength of attractive interactions between segments within a chain(7-10). For example, flexible polymers should adopt highly disordered conformations resembling either a random coil or, in the presence of strong intrachain attractions, a so-called 'molten globule'(2,10). Stiff polymers with strong intrachain interactions, in contrast, are expected to collapse into conformations with long-range order, in the shape of toroids or rod-like structures(8,9,11). Here we use computer simulations to show that the anisotropy distribution obtained from polarization spectroscopy measurements on individual poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyl)oxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene] polymer molecules is consistent with this prototypical stiff conjugated polymer adopting a highly ordered, collapsed conformation that cannot be correlated with ideal toroid or rod structures. We rnd that the presence of so-called 'tetrahedral chemical defects', where conjugated carbon-carbon links are replaced by tetrahedral links, divides the polymer chain into structurally identifiable quasi-straight segments that allow the molecule to adopt cylindrical conformations. Indeed, highly ordered, cylindrical conformations may be a critical factor in dictating the extraordinary photophysical properties of conjugated polymers, including highly efficient intramolecular energy transfer and significant local optical anisotropy in thin films.
C1 Univ Texas, Dept Chem & Biochem, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Indian Inst Sci, Solid State & Struct Chem Unit, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Indian Institute of Science (IISC) - Bangalore
RP Barbara, PF (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Dept Chem & Biochem, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
NR 30
TC 449
Z9 498
U1 1
U2 144
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1030
EP 1033
DI 10.1038/35016520
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700038
PM 10890438
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tombler, TW
   Zhou, CW
   Alexseyev, L
   Kong, J
   Dai, HJ
   Lei, L
   Jayanthi, CS
   Tang, MJ
   Wu, SY
AF Tombler, TW
   Zhou, CW
   Alexseyev, L
   Kong, J
   Dai, HJ
   Lei, L
   Jayanthi, CS
   Tang, MJ
   Wu, SY
TI Reversible electromechanical characteristics of carbon nanotubes under local-probe manipulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electronic-structure; ropes
AB The effects of mechanical deformation on the electrical properties of carbon nanotubes are of interest given the practical potential of nanotubes in electromechanical devices, and they have been studied using both theoretical(1-4) and experimental(5,6) approaches. One recent experiment 6 used the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM) to manipulate multi-walled nanotubes, revealing that changes in the sample resistance were small unless the nanotubes fractured or the metal-tube contacts were perturbed. But it remains unclear how mechanical deformation affects the intrinsic electrical properties of nanotubes. Here we report an experimental and theoretical elucidation of the electromechanical characteristics of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) under local-probe manipulation. We use AFM tips to deflect suspended SWNTs reversibly, without changing the contact resistance; in situ electrical measurements reveal that the conductance of an SWNT sample can be reduced by two orders of magnitude when deformed by an AFM tip. Our tight-binding simulations indicate that this effect is owing to the formation of local sp(3) bonds caused by the mechanical pushing action of the tip.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Louisville, Dept Phys, Louisville, KY 40292 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Phys Directorate, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
C3 Stanford University; University of Louisville; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP Dai, HJ (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM hdai@chem.stanford.edu
NR 19
TC 1086
Z9 1245
U1 1
U2 311
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 769
EP 772
DI 10.1038/35015519
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600043
PM 10866192
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Amedeo, P
   Habu, Y
   Afsar, K
   Scheid, OM
   Paszkowski, J
AF Amedeo, P
   Habu, Y
   Afsar, K
   Scheid, OM
   Paszkowski, J
TI Disruption of the plant gene MOM releases transcriptional silencing of methylated genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arabidopsis-thaliana; dna methylation; histone deacetylase; protein; helicase; cloning; demethylation; maintenance; repression; chromatin
AB Epigenetic modifications change transcription patterns in multicellular organisms to achieve tissue-specific gene expression and inactivate alien DNA such as transposons or transgenes(1,2). In plants and animals, DNA methylation is involved in heritability and flexibility of epigenetic states(3), although its function is far from clear. We have isolated an Arabidopsis gene, MOM, whose product is required for the maintenance of transcriptional gene silencing. Mutation of this gene or depletion of its transcript by expression of antisense RNA reactivates transcription from several previously silent, heavily methylated loci. Despite this, the dense methylation at these reactivated loci is maintained even after nine generations, indicating that transcriptional activity and methylation pattern are inherited independently. The predicted MOM gene product is a nuclear protein of 2,001 amino acids containing a region similar to part of the ATPase region of the SWI2/SNF2 family, members of which are involved in chromatin remodelling(4). MOM is the first known molecular component that is essential for transcriptional gene silencing and does not affect methylation pattern. Thus, it may act downstream of methylation in epigenetic regulation, or be part of a new pathway that does not require methylation marks.
C1 Friedrich Miescher Inst, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research
RP Habu, Y (corresponding author), Friedrich Miescher Inst, POB 2543, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
EM habu@fmi.ch
NR 30
TC 220
Z9 248
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 203
EP 206
DI 10.1038/35012108
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100056
PM 10821279
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seder, RA
   Hill, AVS
AF Seder, RA
   Hill, AVS
TI Vaccines against intracellular infections requiring cellular immunity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID memory t-cells; immunodeficiency virus-infection; active antiretroviral therapy; in-vivo; protective immunity; interferon-gamma; dna vaccination; cpg motifs; antigen; lymphocytes
AB Vaccines against a variety of infectious diseases represent one of the great triumphs of medicine. The immune correlates of protection induced by most current vaccines seem to be mediated by long-lived humoral immune responses. By contrast, there are no currently available vaccines that are uniformly effective for diseases such as HIV, malaria and tuberculosis, in which the cellular immune response might be crucial in mediating protection. Here we examine the mechanisms by which long-lived cellular immune responses are generated and maintained in vivo. We then discuss current approaches for vaccination against diseases in which cellular immune responses are important for protection.
C1 NIAID, Clin Immunol Sect, Clin Invest Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Nuffield Dept Med, Inst Mol Med,Mol Immunol Grp, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); University of Oxford
RP Seder, RA (corresponding author), NIAID, Clin Immunol Sect, Clin Invest Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM rseder@niaid.nih.gov
NR 47
TC 325
Z9 386
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 793
EP 798
DI 10.1038/35021239
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700057
PM 10963610
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ball, P
AF Ball, P
TI Chemistry meets computing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 14
TC 210
Z9 226
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 118
EP 120
DI 10.1038/35018259
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100012
PM 10910327
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burstein, GT
   Hutchings, IM
   Sasaki, K
AF Burstein, GT
   Hutchings, IM
   Sasaki, K
TI Electrochemically induced annealing of stainless-steel surfaces
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deformation; martensite
AB Modification of the surface properties of metals without affecting their bulk properties is of technological interest in demanding applications where surface stability and hardness are important. When austenitic stainless steel is heavily plastically deformed by grinding or rolling, a martensitic phase transformation occurs that causes significant changes in the bulk and surface mechanical properties(1-9) of the alloy. This martensitic phase can also be generated in stainless-steel surfaces by cathodic charging, as a consequence of lattice strain generated by absorbed hydrogen(10-16). Heat treatment of the steel to temperatures of several hundred degrees can result in loss of the martensitic structure(1), but this alters the bulk properties of the alloy. Here we show that martensitic structures in stainless steel can be removed by appropriate electrochemical treatment in aqueous solutions at much lower temperature than conventional annealing treatments. This electrochemically induced annealing process allows the hardness of cold-worked stainless steels to be maintained, while eliminating the brittle martensitic phase from the surface. Using this approach, we are able to anneal the surface and near-surface regions of specimens that contain rolling-induced martensite throughout their bulk, as well as those containing surface martensite induced by grinding. Although the origin of the electrochemical annealing process still needs further clarification, we expect that this treatment will lead to further development in enhancing the surface properties of metals.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Met, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Burstein, GT (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Met, Pembroke St, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, England.
NR 18
TC 39
Z9 47
U1 2
U2 98
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 885
EP 887
DI 10.1038/35038040
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900045
PM 11057662
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Verschuren, D
   Laird, KR
   Cumming, BF
AF Verschuren, D
   Laird, KR
   Cumming, BF
TI Rainfall and drought in equatorial east Africa during the past 1,100 years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lake-level; climate; kenya
AB Knowledge of natural long-term rainfall variability is essential for water-resource and land-use management in sub-humid regions of the world. In tropical Africa, data relevant to determining this variability are scarce because of the lack of long instrumental climate records and the limited potential of standard high-resolution proxy records such as tree rings and ice cores(1-3). Here we present a decade-scale reconstruction of rainfall and drought in equatorial east Africa over the past 1,100 years, based on lake-level and salinity fluctuations of Lake Naivasha (Kenya) inferred from three different palaeolimnological proxies: sediment stratigraphy and the species compositions of fossil diatom and midge assemblages. Our data indicate that, over the past millennium, equatorial east Africa has alternated between contrasting climate conditions, with significantly drier climate than today during the 'Medieval Warm Period' (similar to AD 1000-1270) and a relatively wet climate during the 'Little ice Age' (similar to AD 1270-1850) which was interrupted by three prolonged dry episodes. We also find strong chronological links between the reconstructed history of natural long-term rainfall variation and the pre-colonial cultural history of east Africa(4), highlighting the importance of a detailed knowledge of natural long-term rainfall fluctuations for sustainable socio-economic development.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Limnol Res Ctr, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   State Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
   Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Paleoecol Environm Assessment & Res Lab, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Ghent University; Queens University - Canada
RP Verschuren, D (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Limnol Res Ctr, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
NR 31
TC 553
Z9 620
U1 2
U2 243
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 410
EP 414
DI 10.1038/35000179
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100045
PM 10667789
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jehl, X
   Sanquer, M
   Calemczuk, R
   Mailly, D
AF Jehl, X
   Sanquer, M
   Calemczuk, R
   Mailly, D
TI Detection of doubled shot noise in short normal-metal/superconductor junctions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metal-superconductor junctions; quasi-particles; suppression; scattering; reentrance; contacts; charge
AB Shot noise refers to the fluctuations in electrical current through a device arising from the discrete nature of the charge-carrying particles. Recent experiments have exploited the fact that the shot noise is proportional to the charge of the carriers to establish fractional quantization of quasiparticles in the fractional quantum Hall effect(1,2). By a similar argument, it is expected that when a superconducting reservoir emits Cooper pairs, (which have a charge twice that of an electron) into a short normal-metal wire, the shot noise should be double that obtained for a normal-metal reservoir(3,4). Although the charge of Cooper pairs has been well established by flux quantization and tunnel experiments(5), doubling of their shot noise has not yet been observed. Here we report a shot-noise experiment using a short diffusive normal-metal superconductor contact, in which we confirm the predicted noise behaviour for double charges. The measurements, taken over a large range of bias current, establish that phase coherence is not required to observe the effect.
C1 CEA Grenoble, SPSMS, DRFMC, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
   CNRS, LMM, F-92225 Bagneux, France.
C3 Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Sanquer, M (corresponding author), CEA Grenoble, SPSMS, DRFMC, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
EM msanquer@cea.fr
NR 31
TC 155
Z9 170
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 50
EP 53
DI 10.1038/35011012
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600046
PM 10811213
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sobolev, AV
   Hofmann, AW
   Nikogosian, IK
AF Sobolev, AV
   Hofmann, AW
   Nikogosian, IK
TI Recycled oceanic crust observed in 'ghost plagioclase' within the source of Mauna Loa lavas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scientific drilling project; melt inclusions; oxygen-isotope; mantle; olivine; ophiolite; eclogite; basalts; plume; ridge
AB The hypothesis that mantle plumes contain recycled oceanic crust(1) is now widely accepted. Some specific source components of the Hawaiian plume have been inferred to represent recycled oceanic basalts(2), pelagic sediments(3,4) or oceanic gabbros(5). Bulk lava compositions, however, retain the specific trace-element fingerprint of the original crustal component in only a highly attenuated form. Here we report the discovery of exotic, strontium-enriched melt inclusions in Mauna Loa olivines. Their complete trace-element patterns strongly resemble those of layered gabbros found in ophiolites, which are characterized by cumulus plagioclase with very high strontium abundances(6). The major-element compositions of these melts indicate that their composition cannot be the result of the assimilation of present-day oceanic crust through which the melts have travelled. Instead, the gabbro has been transformed into a (high-pressure) eclogite by subduction and recycling, and this eclogite has then been incorporated into the Hawaiian mantle plume. The trace-element signature of the original plagioclase is present only as a 'ghost' signature, which permits specific identification of the recycled rock type. The 'ghost plagioclase' trace-element signature demonstrates that the former gabbro can retain much of its original chemical identity through the convective cycle without completely mixing with other portions of the former oceanic crust.
C1 Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
   Russian Acad Sci, Vernadskii Inst Geochem, Moscow 117975, Russia.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Petrol, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Max Planck Society; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry & Analytical Chemistry; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP Sobolev, AV (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Chem, Postfach 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
NR 31
TC 305
Z9 343
U1 0
U2 105
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 986
EP 990
DI 10.1038/35010098
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000053
PM 10801125
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, SQJ
   Cull-Candy, SG
AF Liu, SQJ
   Cull-Candy, SG
TI Synaptic activity at calcium-permeable AMPA receptors induces a switch in receptor subtype
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; hippocampal interneurons; rectification; neurons; block; modulation; determines; activation; depression; dendrites
AB Activity-dependent change in the efficacy of transmission is a basic feature of many excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. The best understood postsynaptic modification involves a change in responsiveness of AMPAR (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor)-mediated currents following activation of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors(1,2) or Ca(2+)-permeable AMPARs(3-6). This process is thought to involve alteration in the number and phosphorylation state of postsynaptic AMPARs(2). Here we describe a new form of synaptic plasticity-a rapid and lasting change in the subunit composition and Ca(2+) permeability of AMPARs at cerebellar stellate cell synapses following synaptic activity. AMPARs lacking the edited GluR2 subunit not only exhibit high Ca(2+) permeability(7) but also are blocked by intracellular polyamines(8-11). These properties have allowed us to follow directly the involvement of GluR2 subunits in synaptic transmission. Repetitive synaptic activation of Ca(2+)-permeable AMPARs causes a rapid reduction in Ca(2+) permeability and a change in the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic currents, owing to the incorporation of GluR2-containing AMPARs. Our experiments show that activity-induced Ca(2+) influx through GluR2-lacking AMPARs controls the targeting of GluR2-containing AMPARs, implying the presence of a self-regulating mechanism.
C1 UCL, Dept Pharmacol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Cull-Candy, SG (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Pharmacol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM s.cull-candy@ulc.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 380
Z9 453
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 454
EP 458
DI 10.1038/35013064
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000048
PM 10839540
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vidale, JE
   Earle, PS
AF Vidale, JE
   Earle, PS
TI Fine-scale heterogeneity in the Earth's inner core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anisotropy; iron; attenuation; boundary; density
AB The seismological properties of the Earth's inner core have become of particular interest as we understand more about its composition and thermal state(1,2). Observations of anisotropy and velocity heterogeneity in the inner core are beginning to reveal how it has grown and whether it convects(3,4). The attenuation of seismic waves in the inner core is strong, and studies of seismic body waves(5,6) have found that this high attenuation is consistent with either scattering or intrinsic attenuations, The outermost portion of the inner core has been inferred to possess layering and to be less anisotropic than at greater depths(7-10). Here we present observations of seismic waves scattered in the inner core which follow the expected arrival time of the body-wave reflection from the inner-core boundary. The amplitude of these scattered waves can be explained by stiffness variations of 1.2% with a scale length of 2 kilometres across the outermost 300 km of the inner core. These variations might be caused by variations in composition, by pods of partial melt in a mostly solid matrix or by variations in the orientation or strength of seismic anisotropy.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Vidale, JE (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 26
TC 136
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 273
EP 275
DI 10.1038/35005059
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200045
PM 10749207
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Okamoto, H
   Yonemori, F
   Wakitani, K
   Minowa, T
   Maeda, K
   Shinkai, H
AF Okamoto, H
   Yonemori, F
   Wakitani, K
   Minowa, T
   Maeda, K
   Shinkai, H
TI A cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor attenuates atherosclerosis in rabbits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-density-lipoproteins; lipid-transfer protein; coronary heart-disease; plasma; hdl; deficiency; transport; mutation; gene
AB Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a plasma protein that mediates the exchange of cholesteryl ester in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) for triglyceride in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)(1,2). This process decreases the level of antiatherogenic HDL cholesterol and increases pro-atherogenic VLDL and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, so CETP is potentially atherogenic(3-9). On the other hand, CETP could also be anti-atherogenic(10-14), because it participates in reverse cholesterol transport (transfer of cholesterol from peripheral cells through the plasma to the liver)(15). Because the role of CETP in atherosclerosis remains unclear, we have attempted to develop a potent and specific CETP inhibitor. Here we describe CETP inhibitors that form a disulphide bond with CETP, and present one such inhibitor (JTT-705) that increases HDL cholesterol, decreases non-HDL cholesterol and inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis in rabbits. Our findings indicate that CETP may be atherogenic in vivo and that JTT-705 may be a potential antiatherogenic drug.
C1 JT Inc, Cent Pharmaceut Res Inst, Biol Pharmacol Res Labs, Osaka 5691125, Japan.
   JT Inc, Cent Pharmaceut Res Inst, Chem Res Labs, Osaka 5691125, Japan.
   JT Inc, Cent Pharmaceut Res Inst, Pharmaceut Frontier Res Labs, Kanazawa Ku, Kanagawa 2360004, Japan.
RP Okamoto, H (corresponding author), JT Inc, Cent Pharmaceut Res Inst, Biol Pharmacol Res Labs, 1-1 Murasaki Cho, Osaka 5691125, Japan.
NR 28
TC 456
Z9 495
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 203
EP 207
DI 10.1038/35018119
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100053
PM 10910363
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Diebel, CE
   Proksch, R
   Green, CR
   Neilson, P
   Walker, MM
AF Diebel, CE
   Proksch, R
   Green, CR
   Neilson, P
   Walker, MM
TI Magnetite defines a vertebrate magnetoreceptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID force microscopy; biogenic magnetite; oncorhynchus-nerka; sockeye salmon; homing pigeons; sensitivity; animals
AB The key behavioural, physiological and anatomical components of a magnetite-based magnetic sense have been demonstrated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)(1). Candidate receptor cells located within a discrete sub-layer of the olfactory lamellae contained iron-rich crystals that were similar in size and shape to magnetite crystals extracted from salmon(1,2). Here we show that these crystals, which mapped to individual receptors using confocal and atomic force microscopy, are magnetic, as they are uniquely associated with dipoles detected by magnetic force microscopy. Analysis of their magnetic properties identifies the crystals as single-domain magnetite. In addition, three-dimensional reconstruction of the candidate receptors using confocal and atomic force microscopy imaging confirm that several magnetic crystals are arranged in a chain of about 1 mm within the receptor, and that the receptor is a multi-lobed single cell. These results are consistent with a magnetite-based detection mechanism(2,3), as 1-mu m chains of single-domain magnetite crystals are highly suitable for the behavioural and physiological responses to magnetic intensity previously reported in the trout.
C1 Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Expt Biol Res Grp, Auckland, New Zealand.
   Digital Instruments, Magnet Lab, Goleta, CA 93117 USA.
   Univ Auckland, Sch Med, Dept Anat Radiol, Auckland, New Zealand.
C3 University of Auckland; University of Auckland
RP Diebel, CE (corresponding author), Auckland Museum, Private Bag 92018, Auckland, New Zealand.
NR 24
TC 196
Z9 233
U1 0
U2 79
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 299
EP 302
DI 10.1038/35018561
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900048
PM 10917530
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elderfield, H
   Ganssen, G
AF Elderfield, H
   Ganssen, G
TI Past temperature and δ18O of surface ocean waters inferred from foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnesium; paleotemperature; mg; strontium; atlantic; calcite; shells; proxy
AB Determining the past record of temperature and salinity of ocean surface waters is essential for understanding past changes in climate, such as those which occur across glacial-interglacial transitions. As a useful proxy, the oxygen isotope composition (delta(18)O) of calcite from planktonic foraminifera has been shown to reflect both surface temperature and seawater delta(18)O, itself an indicator of global ice volume and salinity(1,2). In addition, magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratios in foraminiferal calcite show a temperature dependence(3-5) due to the partitioning of Mg during calcification. Here we demonstrate, in a field-based calibration experiment, that the variation of Mg/Ca ratios with temperature is similar for eight species of planktonic foraminifera (when accounting for Mg dissolution effects). Using a multi-species record from the Last Glacial Maximum in the North Atlantic Ocean we found that past temperatures reconstructed from Mg/Ca ratios followed the two other palaeotemperature proxies: faunal abundance(6,7) and alkenone saturation(8). Moreover, combining Mg/Ca and delta(18)O data from the same faunal assemblage, we show that reconstructed surface water delta(18)O from all foraminiferal species record the same glacial-interglacial change-representing changing hydrography and global ice volume. This reinforces the potential of this combined technique in probing past ocean-climate interactions.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
   Free Univ Amsterdam, Inst Earth Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 University of Cambridge; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP Elderfield, H (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
NR 21
TC 606
Z9 706
U1 6
U2 221
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 442
EP 445
DI 10.1038/35013033
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000044
PM 10839536
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alexander, RB
   Smith, RA
   Schwarz, GE
AF Alexander, RB
   Smith, RA
   Schwarz, GE
TI Effect of stream channel size on the delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coastal marine ecosystems; mississippi river; water-quality; fresh-water; denitrification; responses; exchange; budget; system
AB An increase in the flux of nitrogen from the Mississippi river during the latter half of the twentieth century has caused eutrophication and chronic seasonal hypoxia in the shallow waters of the Louisiana shelf in the northern Gulf of Mexico(1-5). This has led to reductions in species diversity, mortality of benthic communities and stress in fishery resources(4). There is evidence for a predominantly anthropogenic origin of the increased nitrogen flux(2,5-7), hut the location of the most significant sources in the Mississippi basin responsible for the delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico have not been clearly identified, because the parameters influencing nitrogen-loss rates in rivers are not well known. Here we present an analysis of data from 374 US monitoring stations, including 123 along the six largest tributaries to the Mississippi, that shows a rapid decline in the average first-order rate of nitrogen loss with channel size-from 0.45 day(-1) in small streams to 0.005 day(-1) in the Mississippi river. Using stream depth as an explanatory variable, our estimates of nitrogen-loss rates agreed with values from earlier studies. We conclude that the proximity of sources to large streams and rivers is an important determinant of nitrogen delivery to the estuary in the Mississippi basin, and possibly also in other large river basins.
C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, Reston, VA USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Alexander, RB (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, Reston, VA USA.
EM ralex@usgs.gov
NR 30
TC 919
Z9 1142
U1 7
U2 456
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 758
EP 761
DI 10.1038/35001562
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100049
PM 10693802
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Van Esch, H
   Groenen, P
   Nesbit, MA
   Schuffenhauer, S
   Lichtner, P
   Vanderlinden, G
   Harding, B
   Beetz, R
   Bilous, RW
   Holdaway, I
   Shaw, NJ
   Fryns, JP
   Van de Ven, WV
   Thakker, RV
   Devriendt, K
AF Van Esch, H
   Groenen, P
   Nesbit, MA
   Schuffenhauer, S
   Lichtner, P
   Vanderlinden, G
   Harding, B
   Beetz, R
   Bilous, RW
   Holdaway, I
   Shaw, NJ
   Fryns, JP
   Van de Ven, WV
   Thakker, RV
   Devriendt, K
TI GATA3 haplo-insufficiency causes human HDR syndrome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor gata-3; embryonic expression; digeorge-syndrome; gene; mutations; 10p; hypoparathyroidism; deafness; region; system
AB Terminal deletions of chromosome 10p result in a DiGeorge-like phenotype that includes hypoparathyroidism, heart defects, immune deficiency, deafness and renal malformations(1). Studies in patients with 10p deletions have defined two non-overlapping regions that contribute to this complex phenotype. These are the DiGeorge critical region II (refs 1, 2), which is located on 10p13-14, and the region for the hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural deafness, renal anomaly (HDR) syndrome(3) (Mendelian Inheritance in Man number 146255)(4), which is located more telomeric (10p14-10pter)(5,6). We have performed deletion-mapping studies in two HDR patients, and here we define a critical 200-kilobase region which contains the GATA3 gene(7). This gene belongs to a family of zinc-finger transcription factors that are involved in vertebrate embryonic development(8-10). Investigation for GATA3 mutations in three other HDR probands identified one nonsense mutation and two intragenic deletions that predicted a loss of function, as confirmed by absence of DNA binding by the mutant GATA3 protein. These results show that GATA3 is essential in the embryonic development of the parathyroids, auditory system and kidneys, and indicate that other GATA family members may be involved in the aetiology of human malformations.
C1 Univ Leuven, Ctr Human Genet, Dept Clin Genet, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Birmingham Childrens Hosp, Dept Endocrinol, Birmingham B46 1YH, W Midlands, England.
   Auckland Hosp, Dept Endocrinol, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
   Med Sch Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Med, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Univ Mainz, Childrens Hosp, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Childrens Hosp, Dept Med Genet, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Mol Endocrinol Grp, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
   Univ Leuven, Ctr Human Genet, Oncol Mol Lab, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Flanders Interuniv Inst Biotechnol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
C3 KU Leuven; University of Birmingham; Auckland City Hospital; Newcastle University - UK; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; University of Munich; University of Oxford; KU Leuven
RP Devriendt, K (corresponding author), Univ Leuven, Ctr Human Genet, Dept Clin Genet, Herestr 49, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
NR 28
TC 420
Z9 485
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 419
EP 422
DI 10.1038/35019088
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800049
PM 10935639
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Etcoff, NL
   Ekman, P
   Magee, JJ
   Frank, MG
AF Etcoff, NL
   Ekman, P
   Magee, JJ
   Frank, MG
TI Lie detection and language comprehension
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID face
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp East, Dept Psychiat, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Human Interact Lab, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Circle Com, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Sch Commun Informat & Lib Studies, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Etcoff, NL (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp East, Dept Psychiat, Bldg 149,13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
NR 9
TC 51
Z9 61
U1 1
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 139
EP 139
DI 10.1038/35012129
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100036
PM 10821259
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Savill, J
   Fadok, V
AF Savill, J
   Fadok, V
TI Corpse clearance defines the meaning of cell death
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apoptotic cells; macrophage recognition; dendritic cells; membrane phosphatidylserine; cutting edge; phagocytosis; body; leukocytes; engulfment; antibody
AB While philosophers seek the meaning of life, cell biologists are becoming ever more interested in the meaning of death. Apoptosis marks unwanted cells with 'eat me' signals that direct recognition, engulfment and degradation by phagocytes. Far from being the end of the story, these clearance events allow scavenger cells to confer meaning upon cell death. But if the phagocytic 'spin doctors' receive or transmit the wrong messages, trouble ensues.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Royal Infirm, Dept Clin & Surg Sci Internal Med, MRC,Ctr Inflammat Res, Edinburgh EH3 9YW, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Natl Jewish Med & Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Cell Biol Program, Denver, CO 80206 USA.
C3 University of Edinburgh; Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; National Jewish Health
RP Savill, J (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Royal Infirm, Dept Clin & Surg Sci Internal Med, MRC,Ctr Inflammat Res, Edinburgh EH3 9YW, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM j.savill@ed.ac.uk
NR 50
TC 1205
Z9 1492
U1 2
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6805
BP 784
EP 788
DI 10.1038/35037722
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362JB
UT WOS:000089773900053
PM 11048729
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hibbett, DS
   Gilbert, LB
   Donoghue, MJ
AF Hibbett, DS
   Gilbert, LB
   Donoghue, MJ
TI Evolutionary instability of ectomycorrhizal symbioses in basidiomycetes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID host specificity; yucca moths; fungi; eucalyptus; plants
AB Mycorrhizae, the symbiotic associations of plant roots and fungal hyphae, are classic examples of mutualisms. In these ecologically important associations, the fungi derive photosynthetic sugars from their plant hosts, which in turn benefit from fungus-mediated uptake of mineral nutrients. Early views on the evolution of symbioses suggested that all long-term, intimate associations tend to evolve toward mutualism. Following this principle, it has been suggested that mycorrhizal symbioses are the stable derivatives of ancestral antagonistic interactions involving plant parasitic fungi(1). Alternatively, mutualisms have been interpreted as inherently unstable reciprocal parasitisms, which can be disrupted by conflicts of interest among the partners(2-5). To determine the number of origins of mycorrhizae, and to assess their evolutionary stability, it is necessary to understand the phylogenetic relationships of the taxa involved. Here we present a broad phylogenetic analysis of mycorrhizal and free-living homobasidiomycetes (mushroom-forming fungi). Our results indicate that mycorrhizal symbionts with diverse plant hosts have evolved repeatedly from saprotrophic precursors, but also that there have been multiple reversals to a free-living condition. These findings suggest that mycorrhizae are unstable, evolutionarily dynamic associations.
C1 Harvard Univ Herbaria, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Hibbett, DS (corresponding author), Clark Univ, Dept Biol, 950 Main St, Worcester, MA 01610 USA.
EM dhibbett@black.clarku.edu
NR 29
TC 309
Z9 359
U1 0
U2 132
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 506
EP 508
DI 10.1038/35035065
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400048
PM 11029000
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lever, MA
   Th'ng, JPH
   Sun, XJ
   Hendzel, MJ
AF Lever, MA
   Th'ng, JPH
   Sun, XJ
   Hendzel, MJ
TI Rapid exchange of histone H1.1 on chromatin in living human cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID h3 phosphorylation; linker histones; in-vivo; chromosome condensation; mouse fibroblasts; gene-expression; kinase-activity; okadaic acid; hela-cells; transcription
AB The considerable length of DNA in eukaryotic genomes requires packaging into chromatin to rt inside the small dimensions of the cell nucleus. Histone H1 functions in the compaction of chromatin into higher order structures derived from the repeating 'beads on a string' nucleosome polymer. Modulation of H1 binding activity is thought to be an important step in the potentiation/depotentiation of chromatin structure for transcription(1-4). It is generally accepted that H1 binds less tightly than other histones to DNA in chromatin and can readily exchange in living cells(5-8). Fusion proteins of Histone H1 and green fluorescent protein (GFP) have been shown(9) to associate with chromatin in an apparently identical fashion to native histone H1. This provides a means by which to study histone H1-chromatin interactions in living cells. Here we have used human cells with a stably integrated H1.1-GFP fusion protein to monitor histone H1 movement directly by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in living cells. We rnd that exchange is rapid in both condensed and decondensed chromatin, occurs throughout the cell cycle, and does not require fibre-fibre interactions. Treatment with drugs that alter protein phosphorylation significantly reduces exchange rates. Our results show that histone H1 exchange in vivo is rapid, occurs through a soluble intermediate, and is modulated by the phosphorylation of a protein or proteins as yet to be determined.
C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Oncol, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
   Univ Alberta, Fac Med & Dent, Cross Canc Inst, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
   NW Ontario Reg Canc Ctr, Thunder Bay, ON P7A 7T1, Canada.
C3 University of Alberta; University of Alberta
RP Hendzel, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Alberta, Dept Oncol, 11560 Univ Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
NR 30
TC 337
Z9 389
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 873
EP 876
DI 10.1038/35048603
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300054
PM 11130728
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Janus, C
   Pearson, J
   McLaurin, J
   Mathews, PM
   Jiang, Y
   Schmidt, SD
   Chishti, MA
   Horne, P
   Heslin, D
   French, J
   Mount, HTJ
   Nixon, RA
   Mercken, M
   Bergeron, C
   Fraser, PE
   St George-Hyslop, P
   Westaway, D
AF Janus, C
   Pearson, J
   McLaurin, J
   Mathews, PM
   Jiang, Y
   Schmidt, SD
   Chishti, MA
   Horne, P
   Heslin, D
   French, J
   Mount, HTJ
   Nixon, RA
   Mercken, M
   Bergeron, C
   Fraser, PE
   St George-Hyslop, P
   Westaway, D
TI Aβ peptide immunization reduces behavioural impairment and plaques in a model of Alzheimer's disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water-maze; transgenic mice; protein; memory; neurotoxicity; deficits; tasks; mouse; trial
AB Much evidence indicates that abnormal processing and extracellular deposition of amyloid-beta peptide (A beta), a proteolytic derivative of the beta -amyloid precursor protein (beta APP), is central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (reviewed in ref. 1). In the PDAPP transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, immunization with Ab causes a marked reduction in burden of the brain amyloid(2,3). Evidence that A beta immunization also reduces cognitive dysfunction in murine models of Alzheimer's disease would support the hypothesis that abnormal A beta processing is essential to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, and would encourage the development of other strategies directed at the 'amyloid cascade'. Here we show that A beta immunization reduces both deposition of cerebral fibrillar A beta and cognitive dysfunction in the TgCRND8 murine model of Alzheimer's disease without, however, altering total levels of A beta in the brain. This implies that either a similar to 50% reduction in dense-cored A beta plaques is sufficient to affect cognition, or that vaccination may modulate the activity/abundance of a small subpopulation of especially toxic A beta species.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Ctr Res Neurodegenerat Dis, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Lab Med & Pathobiol, Ctr Res Neurodegenerat Dis, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Ctr Res Neurodegenerat Dis, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada.
   Nathan S Kline Inst Ctr Dementia Res, Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA.
   Univ Hlth Network, Toronto Western Hosp, Dept Med, Div Neurol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Janssen Res Fdn, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research; New York University; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; Johnson & Johnson; Johson & Johnson Belgium
RP St George-Hyslop, P (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Ctr Res Neurodegenerat Dis, Tanz Neurosci Bldg,6 Queens Pk Crescent W, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada.
NR 30
TC 1273
Z9 1544
U1 1
U2 119
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 979
EP 982
DI 10.1038/35050110
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100051
PM 11140685
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, GA
   Shraiman, BI
   Glodis, PF
   Stephen, MJ
AF Thomas, GA
   Shraiman, BI
   Glodis, PF
   Stephen, MJ
TI Towards the clarity limit in optical fibre
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB An important scientific and technological goal(1-4) in the held of optical communications is the achievement of the clarity limit in optical fibres-that is, ensuring that the SiO2 glass from which fibres are made is as transparent as possible. The clarity of the wavelength transmission window (and the width of that window) in existing fibres is already sufficient to form the basis of a world-wide optical communication system(3,4), yet it is still limited by contamination of the fibre by water. Here we measure the spatial distribution of water in the glass rods from which optical fibres are drawn and explain the distribution quantitatively with a mathematical model of diffusion(5,6) in a medium with essentially perfect cylindrical symmetry. Our analysis shows that the water enters from the outside of the rod and diffuses into the molten, flowing glass much faster than is expected from extrapolation of low-temperature measurements(6,7). Our elucidation of the physics underlying the contamination process has already led to the fabrication of dry fibres(8,9), which have a clarified and broadened communications window. The improved operational range of wavelengths should yield applications for new lasers, optical amplifiers and detectors, and should substantially increase the information-carrying capacity of optical communications systems.
C1 Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Lucent Technol, Network Prod, Norcross, GA 30071 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Thomas, GA (corresponding author), MIT, George R Harrison Spect Lab, Room 6-008,77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 11
TC 116
Z9 134
U1 1
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 262
EP 264
DI 10.1038/35005034
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200041
PM 10749203
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clarke, G
   Collins, RA
   Leavitt, BR
   Andrews, DF
   Hayden, MR
   Lumsden, CJ
   McInnes, RR
AF Clarke, G
   Collins, RA
   Leavitt, BR
   Andrews, DF
   Hayden, MR
   Lumsden, CJ
   McInnes, RR
TI A one-hit model of cell death in inherited neuronal degenerations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinitis-pigmentosa; retinal degeneration; alzheimers-disease; parkinsons-disease; mutant mouse; light; neurodegeneration; nuclear; rod; rat
AB In genetic disorders associated with premature neuronal death, symptoms may not appear for years or decades. This delay in clinical onset is often assumed to reflect the occurrence of age-dependent cumulative damage(1-6). For example, it has been suggested that oxidative stress disrupts metabolism in neurological degenerative disorders by the cumulative damage of essential macromolecules(1,4,7). A prediction of the cumulative damage hypothesis is that the probability of cell death will increase over time. Here we show in contrast that the kinetics of neuronal death in 12 models of photoreceptor degeneration, hippocampal neurons undergoing excitotoxic cell deaths, a mouse model of cerebellar degeneration(9) and Parkinson's(10) and Huntington's diseases are all exponential and better explained by mathematical models in which the risk of cell death remains constant or decreases exponentially with age. These kinetics argue against the cumulative damage hypothesis; instead, the time of death of any neuron is random. Our findings are most simply accommodated by a 'one-hit' biochemical model in which mutation imposes a mutant steady state on the neuron and a single event randomly initiates cell death. This model appears to be common to many forms of neurodegeneration and has implications for therapeutic strategies.
C1 Hosp Sick Children, Res Inst, Program Dev Biol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Hosp Sick Children, Res Inst, Genet Program, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Mol & Med Genet, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Pediat, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Inst Med Sci, Dept Med, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Ctr Mol Med & Therapeut, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Stat, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of British Columbia; University of Toronto
RP McInnes, RR (corresponding author), Hosp Sick Children, Res Inst, Program Dev Biol, 555 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
NR 28
TC 260
Z9 298
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 195
EP 199
DI 10.1038/35018098
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100051
PM 10910361
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Darling, KF
   Wade, CM
   Stewart, IA
   Kroon, D
   Dingle, R
   Brown, AJL
AF Darling, KF
   Wade, CM
   Stewart, IA
   Kroon, D
   Dingle, R
   Brown, AJL
TI Molecular evidence for genetic mixing of Arctic and Antarctic subpolar populations of planktonic foraminifers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cryptic speciation; fossil record; evolution; temperature; rates; sea; phylogeny; sequences; bindin; ocean
AB Bipolarity, the presence of a species in the high latitudes separated by a gap in distribution across the tropics, is a well-known pattern of global species distribution. But the question of whether bipolar species have evolved independently at the poles since the establishment of the cold-water provinces 16-8 million years ago, or if genes have been transferred across the tropics since that time, has not been addressed. Here we examine genetic variation in the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene of three bipolar planktonic foraminiferal morphospecies. We identify at least one identical genotype in all three morphospecies in both the Arctic and Antarctic subpolar provinces, indicating that trans-tropical gene flow must have occurred. Our genetic analysis also reveals that foraminiferal morphospecies can consist of a complex of genetic types. Such occurrences of genetically distinct populations within one morphospecies may affect the use of planktonic foraminifers as a palaeoceanographic proxy for climate change and necessitate a reassessment of the species concept for the group.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Dept Geol & Geophys, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Nottingham, Inst Genet, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England.
   British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Edinburgh; University of Nottingham; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey
RP Darling, KF (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Dept Geol & Geophys, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 40
TC 277
Z9 313
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 43
EP 47
DI 10.1038/35011002
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600044
PM 10811211
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Myatt, CJ
   King, BE
   Turchette, QA
   Sackett, CA
   Kielpinski, D
   Itano, WM
   Monroe, C
   Wineland, DJ
AF Myatt, CJ
   King, BE
   Turchette, QA
   Sackett, CA
   Kielpinski, D
   Itano, WM
   Monroe, C
   Wineland, DJ
TI Decoherence of quantum superpositions through coupling to engineered reservoirs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nonclassical motional states; trapped ion; atom; coherence
AB The theory of quantum mechanics applies to closed systems. In such ideal situations, a single atom can, for example, exist simultaneously in a superposition of two different spatial locations, In contrast, real systems always interact with their environment, with the consequence that macroscopic quantum superpositions (as illustrated by the 'Schrodinger's cat' thought-experiment) are not observed, Moreover, macroscopic superpositions decay so quickly that even the dynamics of decoherence cannot,be observed, However, mesoscopic systems offer the possibility of observing the decoherence of such quantum superpositions, Here we present measurements of the decoherence of superposed motional states of a single trapped atom. Decoherence is induced by coupling the atom to engineered reservoirs, in which the coupling and state of the environment are controllable, we perform three experiments, finding that the decoherence rate scales with the square of a quantity describing the amplitude of the superposition state.
C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div 847 10, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Wineland, DJ (corresponding author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div 847 10, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
EM dwineland@nist.gov
NR 32
TC 630
Z9 662
U1 0
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 269
EP 273
DI 10.1038/35002001
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700041
PM 10659838
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Helmlinger, G
   Endo, M
   Ferrara, N
   Hlatky, L
   Jain, RK
AF Helmlinger, G
   Endo, M
   Ferrara, N
   Hlatky, L
   Jain, RK
TI Growth factors - Formation of endothelial cell networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor angiogenesis; hypoxia; proliferation
C1 Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Steele Lab,Dept Radiat Oncol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Genentech Inc, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dana Farber Canc Inst,Dept Radiat Oncol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School
RP Helmlinger, G (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Steele Lab,Dept Radiat Oncol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
NR 13
TC 140
Z9 160
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 139
EP 141
DI 10.1038/35012132
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100037
PM 10821260
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Royant, A
   Edman, K
   Ursby, T
   Pebay-Peyroula, E
   Landau, EM
   Neutze, R
AF Royant, A
   Edman, K
   Ursby, T
   Pebay-Peyroula, E
   Landau, EM
   Neutze, R
TI Helix deformation is coupled to vectorial proton transport in the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lipidic cubic phases; to-m transition; angstrom resolution; conformational-changes; structural-changes; membrane-proteins; schiff-base; release; intermediate; crystals
AB A wide variety of mechanisms are used to generate a protonmotive potential across cell membranes, a function lying at the heart of bioenergetics. Bacteriorhodopsin, the simplest known proton pump(1), provides a paradigm for understanding this process. Here we report, at 2.1 Angstrom resolution, the structural changes in bacteriorhodopsin immediately preceding the primary proton transfer event in its photocycle. The early structural rearrangements(2) propagate from the protein's core towards the extracellular surface, disrupting the network of hydrogen-bonded water molecules that stabilizes helix C in the ground state. Concomitantly, a bend of this helix enables the negatively charged(3) primary proton acceptor, Asp 85, to approach closer to the positively charged primary proton donor, the Schiff base. The primary proton transfer event would then neutralize these two groups, cancelling their electrostatic attraction and facilitating a relaxation of helix C to a less strained geometry. Reprotonation of the Schiff base by Asp 85 would thereby be impeded, ensuring vectorial proton transport. Structural rearrangements also occur near the protein's surface, aiding proton release to the extracellular medium.
C1 Univ Basel, Biozentrum, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
   Univ Grenoble 1, Inst Biol Struct, CEA, CNRS,UMR 5075, F-38027 Grenoble 1, France.
   Uppsala Univ, Biomed Ctr, Dept Biochem, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
   European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
C3 University of Basel; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Uppsala University; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
RP Landau, EM (corresponding author), Univ Basel, Biozentrum, Klingelbergstr 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
NR 30
TC 231
Z9 249
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 645
EP 648
DI 10.1038/35020599
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800052
PM 10949307
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saxena, SS
   Agarwal, P
   Ahilan, K
   Grosche, FM
   Haselwimmer, RKW
   Steiner, MJ
   Pugh, E
   Walker, IR
   Julian, SR
   Monthoux, P
   Lonzarich, GG
   Huxley, A
   Sheikin, I
   Braithwaite, D
   Flouquet, J
AF Saxena, SS
   Agarwal, P
   Ahilan, K
   Grosche, FM
   Haselwimmer, RKW
   Steiner, MJ
   Pugh, E
   Walker, IR
   Julian, SR
   Monthoux, P
   Lonzarich, GG
   Huxley, A
   Sheikin, I
   Braithwaite, D
   Flouquet, J
TI Superconductivity on the border of itinerant-electron ferromagnetism in UGe2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductivity; heavy-fermion compounds; hydrostatic-pressure; spin fluctuations; phase-transition; metals; systems; states; crystal; he-3
AB The absence of simple examples of superconductivity adjoining itinerant-electron ferromagnetism in the phase diagram has for many years cast doubt on the validity of conventional models of magnetically mediated superconductivity. On closer examination, however, very few systems have been studied in the extreme conditions of purity, proximity to the ferromagnetic state and very low temperatures required to test the theory definitively. Here we report the observation of superconductivity on the border of ferromagnetism in a pure system, UGe2, which is known to be qualitatively similar to the classic d-electron ferromagnets. The superconductivity that we observe below 1 K, in a limited pressure range on the border of ferromagnetism, seems to arise from the same electrons that produce band magnetism. In this case, superconductivity is most naturally understood in terms of magnetic as opposed to lattice interactions, and by a spin-triplet rather than the spin-singlet pairing normally associated with nearly antiferromagnetic metals.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Dept Phys, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   Univ Groningen, Ctr Mat Sci, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   CEA Grenoble, Dept Rech Fondamentale & Mat Condensee, SPSMS, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Groningen; CEA; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
RP Lonzarich, GG (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Dept Phys, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
NR 65
TC 1439
Z9 1528
U1 6
U2 273
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 587
EP 592
DI 10.1038/35020500
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800037
PM 10949292
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gottfried, K
AF Gottfried, K
TI Inferring the statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics from the classical limit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID states
AB It is widely believed that the statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics cannot be inferred from the Schrodinger equation itself, and must be stated as an additional independent axiom. Here I propose that the situation is not so stark. For systems that have both continuous and discrete degrees of freedom (such as coordinates and spin respectively), the statistical interpretation for the discrete variables is implied by requiring that the system's gross motion can be classically described under circumstances specified by the Schrodinger equation. However, this is not a full-fledged derivation of the statistical interpretation because it does not apply to the continuous variables of classical mechanics.
C1 Cornell Univ, Nucl Studies Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Gottfried, K (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Nucl Studies Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
NR 9
TC 6
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 533
EP 536
DI 10.1038/35014500
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500040
PM 10850705
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fadok, VA
   Bratton, DL
   Rose, DM
   Pearson, A
   Ezekewitz, RAB
   Henson, PM
AF Fadok, VA
   Bratton, DL
   Rose, DM
   Pearson, A
   Ezekewitz, RAB
   Henson, PM
TI A receptor for phosphatidylserine-specific clearance of apoptotic cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vitronectin receptor; c-elegans; membrane phosphatidylserine; macrophage recognition; spermatogenic cells; murine macrophages; sertoli cells; phagocytosis; protein; exposure
AB The culmination of apoptosis in vivo is phagocytosis of cellular corpses. During apoptosis, the asymmetry of plasma membrane phospholipids is lost, which exposes phosphatidylserine externally(1-4). The phagocytosis of apoptotic cells can be inhibited stereospecifically by phosphatidylserine and its structural analogues, but not by other anionic phospholipids, suggesting that phosphatidylserine is specifically recognized(1,5-10). Using phage display, we have cloned a gene that appears to recognize phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells. Here we show that this gene, when transfected into B and T lymphocytes, enables them to recognize and engulf apoptotic cells in a phosphatidylserine-specific manner. Flow cytometric analysis using a monoclonal antibody suggested that the protein is expressed on the surface of macrophages, fibroblasts and epithelial cells; this antibody, like phosphatidylserine liposomes, inhibited the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and, in macrophages, induced an anti-inflammatory state. This candidate phosphatidylserine receptor is highly homologous to genes of unknown function in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that phosphatidylserine recognition on apoptotic cells during their removal by phagocytes is highly conserved throughout phylogeny.
C1 Natl Jewish Med & Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Denver, CO 80206 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 National Jewish Health; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Fadok, VA (corresponding author), Natl Jewish Med & Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO 80206 USA.
NR 30
TC 1232
Z9 1396
U1 1
U2 85
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 85
EP 90
DI 10.1038/35011084
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600056
PM 10811223
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tuljapurkar, S
   Li, N
   Boe, C
AF Tuljapurkar, S
   Li, N
   Boe, C
TI A universal pattern of mortality decline in the G7 countries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID united-states
AB Human lifespan has increased enormously this century(1-3). But we remain uncertain about the forces that reduce mortality, and about the cost implications of ageing populations(4,5) and their associated social burden. The poor understanding of the factors driving mortality decline(2,6,7), and the difficulty of forecasting mortality(8-11) are due in part to the pronounced irregularity of annual to decadal mortality change(7,12). Here we examine mortality over five decades in the G7 countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, US). In every country over this period, mortality at each age has declined exponentially at a roughly constant rate. This trend places a constraint on any theory of society-driven mortality decline, and provides a basis for stochastic mortality forecasting. We rnd that median forecasts of life expectancy are substantially larger than in existing official forecasts. In terms of the costs of ageing, we forecast values of the dependency ratio (that is, the ratio of people over 65 to working people) in 2050 that are between 6% (UK) and 40% (Japan) higher than official forecasts.
C1 Mt View Res, Los Altos, CA 94204 USA.
RP Tuljapurkar, S (corresponding author), Mt View Res, 2251 Grant Rd, Los Altos, CA 94204 USA.
NR 26
TC 327
Z9 366
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 789
EP 792
DI 10.1038/35015561
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600050
PM 10866199
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, MS
   Huber, AB
   van der Haar, ME
   Frank, M
   Schnell, L
   Spillmann, AA
   Christ, F
   Schwab, ME
AF Chen, MS
   Huber, AB
   van der Haar, ME
   Frank, M
   Schnell, L
   Spillmann, AA
   Christ, F
   Schwab, ME
TI Nogo-A is a myelin-associated neurite outgrowth inhibitor and an antigen for monoclonal antibody IN-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-inhibitors; gene; rat; expression; protein; identification; transcripts; recovery; sequence; cloning
AB The capacity of the adult brain and spinal cord to repair lesions by axonal regeneration or compensatory fibre growth is extremely Limited. A monoclonal antibody (IN-1) raised against NI-220/250, a myelin protein that is a potent inhibitor of neurite growth, promoted axonal regeneration and compensatory plasticity following lesions of the central nervous system (CNS) in adult rats(1-4). Here we report the cloning of nogo A, the rat complementary DNA encoding NI-220/250. The nogo gene encodes at least three major protein products (Nogo-A, -B and -C), Recombinant Nogo-A is recognized by monoclonal antibody IN-1, and it inhibits neurite outgrowth from dorsal root ganglia and spreading of 3T3 fibroblasts in an IN-1-sensitive manner. Antibodies against Nogo-A stain CNS myelin and oligodendrocytes and allow dorsal root ganglion neurites to grow on CNS myelin and into optic nerve explants. These data show that Nogo-A is a potent inhibitor of neurite growth and an IN-1 antigen produced by oligodendrocytes, and may allow the generation of new reagents to enhance CNS regeneration and plasticity.
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Brain Res, Dept Neuromorphol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Zurich; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Schwab, ME (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Brain Res, Dept Neuromorphol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 19
TC 1225
Z9 1597
U1 2
U2 83
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 434
EP 439
DI 10.1038/35000219
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100052
PM 10667796
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jha, A
AF Jha, A
TI Britain turns its attention to nanotech transfer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Res Fortnight, London, England.
RP Jha, A (corresponding author), Res Fortnight, London, England.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 620
EP 621
DI 10.1038/35046280
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600131
PM 11117754
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Soibel, A
   Zeldov, E
   Rappaport, M
   Myasoedov, Y
   Tamegai, T
   Ooi, S
   Konczykowski, M
   Geshkenbein, VB
AF Soibel, A
   Zeldov, E
   Rappaport, M
   Myasoedov, Y
   Tamegai, T
   Ooi, S
   Konczykowski, M
   Geshkenbein, VB
TI Imaging the vortex-lattice melting process in the presence of disorder
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductors; single-crystals; transition; yba2cu3o7-delta; bi2sr2cacu2o8
AB General arguments(1) suggest that first-order phase transitions become less sharp in the presence of weak disorder, while extensive disorder can transform them into second-order transitions; but the atomic level details of this process are not clear. The vortex lattice in superconductors provides a unique system in which to study the first-order transition(2-6) on an inter-particle scale, as well as over a wide range of particle densities. Here we use a differential magneto-optical technique to obtain direct experimental visualization of the melting process in a disordered superconductor. The images reveal complex behaviour in nucleation, pattern formation, and solid-liquid interface coarsening and pinning. Although the local melting is found to be first-order, a global rounding of the transition is observed; this results from a disorder-induced broad distribution of local melting temperatures, at scales down to the mesoscopic level. We also resolve local hysteretic supercooling of microscopic liquid domains, a nonequilibrium process that occurs only at selected sites where the disorder-modified melting temperature has a local maximum. By revealing the nucleation process, we are able to experimentally evaluate the solid-liquid surface tension, which we rnd to be extremely small.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Serv Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Ecole Polytech, Lab Solides Irradies, CNRS, UMR 7642, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.
   ETH Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   LD Landau Theoret Phys Inst, Moscow 117940, Russia.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Weizmann Institute of Science; University of Tokyo; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP); Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; CEA; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Russian Academy of Sciences; Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics
RP Soibel, A (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM hsasha@wisemail.weizmann.ac.il
NR 13
TC 217
Z9 222
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 282
EP 287
DI 10.1038/35018532
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900043
PM 10917525
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Delgado, P
   Fernández, E
   Dave, V
   Kappes, D
   Alarcón, B
AF Delgado, P
   Fernández, E
   Dave, V
   Kappes, D
   Alarcón, B
TI CD3δ couples T-cell receptor signalling to ERK activation and thymocyte positive selection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-beta; lineage commitment; engagement; pathway; mice; phosphorylation; requirement; involvement; lat
AB Thymocytes from mice lacking the CD3 delta chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR), unlike those of other CD3-deficient mice(1,2), progress from a CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative to a CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive stage. However, CD3 delta(-/-) double-positive cells fail to undergo positive selection, by which double-positive cells differentiate into more mature thymocytes(3). Positive selection is also impaired in mice expressing inactive components of the Ras/mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase signalling pathway(4-6). Here we show that CD3 delta(-/-) thymocytes are defective in the induction of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) MAP kinases upon TCR engagement, whereas activation of other MAP kinases is unaffected. The requirement for CD3d maps to its extracellular or transmembrane domains, or both, as expression of a tail-less CD3d rescues both ERK activation and positive selection in CD3 delta(-/-) mice. Furthermore, the defect correlates with severely impaired tyrosine phosphorylation of the linker protein LAT, and of the CD3 zeta chain that is localized to membrane lipid rafts upon TCR engagement. Our data indicate that the blockade of positive selection of CD3 delta(-/-) thymocytes may derive from defective tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3z in lipid rafts, resulting in impaired activation of the LAT/Ras/ERK pathway.
C1 Univ Autonoma Madrid, CSIC, Ctr Biol Mol Severo Ochoa, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
   Fox Chase Canc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA.
C3 Autonomous University of Madrid; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM); Fox Chase Cancer Center
RP Alarcón, B (corresponding author), Univ Autonoma Madrid, CSIC, Ctr Biol Mol Severo Ochoa, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
NR 28
TC 116
Z9 125
U1 1
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 426
EP 430
DI 10.1038/35019102
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800051
PM 10935641
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tregenza, T
   Butlin, RK
   Wedell, N
AF Tregenza, T
   Butlin, RK
   Wedell, N
TI Evolutionary biology - Sexual conflict and speciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Leeds
RP Tregenza, T (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
NR 4
TC 10
Z9 17
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 149
EP 150
DI 10.1038/35025138
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000033
PM 11001043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Varcoe, BTH
   Brattke, S
   Weidinger, M
   Walther, H
AF Varcoe, BTH
   Brattke, S
   Weidinger, M
   Walther, H
TI Preparing pure photon number states of the radiation field
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID one-atom maser; micromaser; behavior; cavity
AB The quantum mechanical description of a radiation field is based on states that are characterized by the number of photons in a particular mode; the most basic quantum states are those with fixed photon number, usually referred to as number (or Fock) states. Although Fock states of vibrational motion can be observed readily in ion traps', number states of the radiation field are very fragile and difficult to produce and maintain. Single photons in multi-mode fields have been generated using the technique of photon pairs(2,3). But in order to generate these states in a cavity, the mode in question must have minimal losses; moreover, additional sources of photon number fluctuations, such as the thermal field, must be eliminated. Here we observe the build-up of number states in a high-Q cavity, by investigating the interaction dynamics of a probe atom with the field. We employ a dynamical method of number state preparation that involves state reduction of highly excited atoms in a cavity, with a photon lifetime as high as 0.2 seconds. (This set-up is usually known as the one-atom maser or 'micromaser'.) Pure states containing up to two photons are measured unambiguously.
C1 Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Sekt Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Munich
RP Walther, H (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, Hans Kopfermann Str 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
NR 19
TC 343
Z9 358
U1 0
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 743
EP 746
DI 10.1038/35001526
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100044
PM 10693797
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nishida, M
   Maruyama, Y
   Tanaka, R
   Kontani, K
   Nagao, T
   Kurose, H
AF Nishida, M
   Maruyama, Y
   Tanaka, R
   Kontani, K
   Nagao, T
   Kurose, H
TI Gαi and Gαo are target proteins of reactive oxygen species
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-gamma-subunits; recombinant adenovirus; reoxygenation injury; oxidative stress; cardiac myocytes; receptor kinase; free-radicals; activation; pathway; binding
AB Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been identified as central mediators in certain signalling events(1-4). In the heart, ROS have important functions in ischaemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac injury(5,6) and in cytokine-stimulated hypertrophy(7). Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is one of the ROS-responsive serine/threonine kinases. Previous studies showed that tyrosine kinases and small G proteins are involved in the activation of ERK by ROS4,8; however, the initial target protein of ROS that leads to ERK activation remains unknown. Here we show that inhibition of the beta gamma -subunit of G protein (G beta gamma) attenuates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced ERK activation in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. The G beta gamma -responsive ERK activation induced by H2O2 is independent of ligands binding to G(i)-coupled receptors, but requires phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and Src activation. In in vitro studies, however, treatment with H2O2 increases [S-35]GTP-gammaS binding to cardiac membranes and directly activates purified heterotrimeric G(i) and G(o) but not G(s). Analysis using heterotrimeric G(o) and its individual subunits indicates that H2O2 modifies G alpha (o) but not G beta gamma, which leads to subunit dissociation. We conclude that G alpha (i) and G alpha (o) are critical targets of oxidative stress for activation of ERK.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Lab Pharmacol & Toxicol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Physiol Chem Lab, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo
RP Kurose, H (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Lab Pharmacol & Toxicol, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM kurose@mol.f.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 28
TC 224
Z9 245
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 492
EP 495
DI 10.1038/35044120
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800053
PM 11100733
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schiller, J
   Major, G
   Koester, HJ
   Schiller, Y
AF Schiller, J
   Major, G
   Koester, HJ
   Schiller, Y
TI NMDA spikes in basal dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat hippocampal slices; action-potentials; cells; activation; components; spines; model
AB Basal dendrites are a major target for synaptic inputs innervating cortical pyramidal neurons(1). At present little is known about signal processing in these fine dendrites. Here we show that coactivation of clustered neighbouring basal inputs initiated local dendritic spikes, which resulted in a 5.9 +/- 1.5 mV (peak) and 64.4 +/- 19.8 ms (half-width) cable-filtered voltage change at the soma that amplified the somatic voltage response by 226 +/- 46%. These spikes were accompanied by large calcium transients restricted to the activated dendritic segment. In contrast to conventional sodium or calcium spikes, these spikes were mediated mostly by NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor channels, which contributed at least 80% of the total charge. The ionic mechanism of these NMDA spikes may allow 'dynamic spike-initiation zones', set by the spatial distribution of glutamate pre-bound to NMDA receptors, which in turn would depend on recent and ongoing activity in the cortical network. In addition, NMDA spikes may serve as a powerful mechanism for modification of the cortical network by inducing long-term strengthening of co-activated neighbouring inputs.
C1 Technion Med Sch, Dept Physiol, IL-31096 Haifa, Israel.
   Technion Med Sch, Dept Biophys, IL-31096 Haifa, Israel.
   Lucent Technol, Biol Computat Res Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ USA.
   Univ Lab Physiol, Oxford, England.
   Max Planck Inst Med Res, Dept Cell Physiol, Heidelberg, Germany.
   Rambam Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, Haifa, Israel.
C3 Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; University of Oxford; Max Planck Society; Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Rambam Health Care Campus
RP Schiller, J (corresponding author), Technion Med Sch, Dept Physiol, Bat Galim, IL-31096 Haifa, Israel.
EM Jackie@tx.technion.ac.il
NR 17
TC 534
Z9 622
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6775
BP 285
EP 289
DI 10.1038/35005094
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 296JX
UT WOS:000086022200049
PM 10749211
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goodson, JL
   Bass, AH
AF Goodson, JL
   Bass, AH
TI Forebrain peptides modulate sexually polymorphic vocal circuitry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vasoactive intestinal polypeptide; teleost fish; vasotocin; vasopressin; aggression; oxytocin; neurons; brain; rats; vertebrates
AB The peptide arginine-vasopressin (mammals) and its evolutionary precursor arginine-vasotocin (non-mammals) modulate reproductive physiology and numerous related social behaviours, as do oxytocin (mammals) and its homologues mesotocin and isotocin (fish)(1). The distributions in the brain and/or the behavioural functions of these peptides often differ between the sexes(2-4), and between species with divergent social structures(3,5,6). Here we present neurophysiological evidence that males with vocal characteristics typical of females share a pattern of neuropeptide function with females rather than conspecific males. The plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) has two male morphs with different reproductive tactics and vocalizations (a key species-typical behaviour which varies in its physical attributes and contextual usage, depending on the morph's social strategy)(7,8). Forebrain-evoked, rhythmic vocal-motor activity that precisely mimics natural vocalizations was modulated by arginine-vasotocin, isotocin and their antagonists delivered to the preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus, a primary site for behavioural integration in all vertebrates. Peptides had different effects in males that acoustically court females (arginine-vasotocin-sensitive) than in females and sneak-spawning males (isotocin-sensitive), showing that the neuromodulatory mechanisms that establish reproduction-related behaviour can be dissociated from gonadal sex.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Behav, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Univ Calif Bodega, Marine Lab, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Goodson, JL (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Behav, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM jlg14@cornell.edu
NR 30
TC 237
Z9 268
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 769
EP 772
DI 10.1038/35001581
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100052
PM 10693805
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loder, N
AF Loder, N
TI A question of trust - It is the world's biggest medical research charity and it exerts a huge influence over UK science policy. But is the Wellcome Trust becoming a victim of its own success
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 1
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 878
EP 880
DI 10.1038/35016236
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700012
PM 10879505
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huiskes, R
   Ruimerman, R
   van Lenthe, GH
   Janssen, JD
AF Huiskes, R
   Ruimerman, R
   van Lenthe, GH
   Janssen, JD
TI Effects of mechanical forces on maintenance and adaptation of form in trabecular bone
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wolffs law; osteocytes; estrogen; architecture; density; history; tissue
AB The architecture of trabecular bone, the porous bone found in the spine and at articulating joints, provides the requirements for optimal load transfer, by pairing suitable strength and stiffness to minimal weight according to rules of mathematical design(1-6). But, as it is unlikely that the architecture is fully pre-programmed in the genes(7), how are the bone cells informed about these rules, which so obviously dictate architecture? A relationship exists between bone architecture and mechanical usage(8)-while strenuous exercise increases bone mass(9), disuse, as in microgravity and inactivity, reduces it(10). Bone resorption cells (osteoclasts) and bone formation cells (osteoblasts) normally balance bone mass in a coupled homeostatic process of remodelling, which renews some 25% of trabecular bone volume per year. Here we present a computational model of the metabolic process in bone that confirms that cell coupling is governed by feedback from mechanical load transfer(11-13). This model can explain the emergence and maintenance of trabecular architecture as an optimal mechanical structure, as well as its adaptation to alternative external loads.
C1 Univ Nijmegen, Dept Orthopaed, Orthopaed Res Lab, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Eindhoven Univ Technol, Fac Biomed Engn, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen; Eindhoven University of Technology
RP Huiskes, R (corresponding author), Univ Nijmegen, Dept Orthopaed, Orthopaed Res Lab, POB 9101, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands.
NR 30
TC 896
Z9 1057
U1 4
U2 172
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 704
EP 706
DI 10.1038/35015116
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800052
PM 10864330
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walker, ML
   Burgess, SA
   Sellers, JR
   Wang, F
   Hammer, JA
   Trinick, J
   Knight, PJ
AF Walker, ML
   Burgess, SA
   Sellers, JR
   Wang, F
   Hammer, JA
   Trinick, J
   Knight, PJ
TI Two-headed binding of a processive myosin to F-actin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motor protein; resolution; filaments; molecules; movement; atp
AB Myosins are motor proteins in cells. They move along actin by changing shape after making stereospecific interactions with the actin subunits(1). As these are arranged helically, a succession of steps will follow a helical path. However, if the myosin heads are long enough to span the actin helical repeat (similar to 36 nm), linear motion is possible. Muscle myosin (myosin II) heads are about 16 nm long(2), which is insufficient to span the repeat(3). Myosin V, however, has heads of about 31 nm that could span 36 nm (refs 4, 5) and thus allow single two-headed molecules to transport cargo by walking straight 5. Here we use electron microscopy to show that while working, myosin V spans the helical repeat. The heads are mostly 13 actin subunits apart, with values of 11 or 15 also found. Typically the structure is polar and one head is curved, the other straighter. Single particle processing reveals the polarity of the underlying actin filament, showing that the curved head is the leading one. The shape of the leading head may correspond to the beginning of the working stroke of the motor. We also observe molecules attached by one head in this conformation.
C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Biomed Sci, Astbury Ctr Struct Mol Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   NHLBI, Mol Cardiol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NHLBI, Cell Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of Leeds; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Heart Lung & Blood Institute (NHLBI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Heart Lung & Blood Institute (NHLBI)
RP Knight, PJ (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Sch Biomed Sci, Astbury Ctr Struct Mol Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
FU National Heart Lung and Blood Institute [ZIAHL004229] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 27
TC 261
Z9 294
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 804
EP +
DI 10.1038/35015592
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600054
PM 10866203
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zeff, BW
   Kleber, B
   Fineberg, J
   Lathrop, DP
AF Zeff, BW
   Kleber, B
   Fineberg, J
   Lathrop, DP
TI Singularity dynamics in curvature collapse and jet eruption on a fluid surface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pinchoff; cavity; bubbles; waves
AB Finite-time singularities-local divergences in the amplitude or gradient of a physical observable at a particular time-occur in a diverse range of physical systems. Examples include singularities capable of damaging optical fibres and lasers in nonlinear optical systems(1), and gravitational singularities(2) associated with black holes. In fluid systems, the formation of finite-time singularities cause spray and air-bubble entrainment(3), processes which influence air-sea interaction on a global scale(4,5). Singularities driven by surface tension have been studied in the break-up of pendant drops(6-9) and liquid sheets(10-12). Here we report a theoretical and experimental study of the generation of a singularity by inertial : focusing, in which no break-up of the fluid surface occurs. Inertial forces cause a collapse of the surface that leads to jet formation; our analysis, which includes surface tension effects, predicts that the surface profiles should be describable by a single universal exponent. These theoretical predictions correlate closely with our experimental measurements of a collapsing surface singularity The solution can be generalized to apply to a broad class of singular phenomena.
C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Plasma Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Lathrop, DP (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Inst Plasma Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
NR 21
TC 235
Z9 255
U1 1
U2 82
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 401
EP 404
DI 10.1038/35000151
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100042
PM 10667786
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ozes, ON
   Mayo, LD
   Gustin, JA
   Pfeffer, SR
   Pfeffer, LM
   Donner, DB
AF Ozes, ON
   Mayo, LD
   Gustin, JA
   Pfeffer, SR
   Pfeffer, LM
   Donner, DB
TI Signalling pathways - Kinase regulation in inflammatory response - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; activation; akt; phosphorylation; mice
C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Immunol & Microbiol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.
   Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Walther Oncol Ctr, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.
   Univ Tennessee, Ctr Hlth Sci, Dept Pathol, Memphis, TN 38163 USA.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Indianapolis; Indiana University System; Indiana University Indianapolis; Walther Cancer Foundation; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center
RP Ozes, ON (corresponding author), Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Immunol & Microbiol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.
NR 18
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6794
BP 368
EP 368
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 337WC
UT WOS:000088383800033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gunnarsson, O
   Han, JE
AF Gunnarsson, O
   Han, JE
TI The mean free path for electron conduction in metallic fullerenes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID resistivity saturation; fermion systems; field theory; doped c-60; state; k3c60; temperature; rb3c60; transition
AB The electrical resistivity, rho, of a metal is usually interpreted in terms of the mean free path (the average distance, l, an electron travels before it is scattered). As the temperature is raised, the resistivity increases and the apparent mean free path is correspondingly reduced. In this semi-classical picture, the mean free path cannot be much shorter than the distance, d, between two atoms. This has been confirmed for many systems and was considered to be a universal behaviour(1,2). Recently, some apparent exceptions were found, including alkali-doped fullerenes(3-7) and high-temperature superconductors. However, there remains the possibility that these systems are in exotic states, with only a small fraction of the conduction electrons contributing to the conductivity; the mean free path would then have to be correspondingly larger to explain the observed resistivity. Here we report a model calculation of electron conduction in alkali-doped fullerenes, in which the electrons are scattered by intramolecular vibrations. The resistivity at large temperatures implies l << d, demonstrating that there is no fundamental principle requiring l greater than or similar to d. At high temperatures, the semi-classical picture breaks down, and the electrons cannot be described as quasiparticles.
C1 Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70506 Stuttgart, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Gunnarsson, O (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70506 Stuttgart, Germany.
NR 20
TC 39
Z9 44
U1 1
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1027
EP 1030
DI 10.1038/35016512
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700037
PM 10890437
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yoshida, N
   Toyoda, S
AF Yoshida, N
   Toyoda, S
TI Constraining the atmospheric N2O budget from intramolecular site preference in N2O isotopomers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stratospheric nitrous-oxide; o-17/o-16 ratios; north pacific; kinetic nitrogen; mass; fractionation; o-18/o-16; nitrification; waters; ocean
AB Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important trace gas in the atmosphere. It is an active greenhouse gas in the troposphere and it also controls ozone concentration in the stratosphere through nitric oxide production(1). One way to trace the geochemical cycle of N2O is by measuring the natural abundance of stable isotopes, namely N-15 and O-18 (refs 2-15). Here we report the intramolecular distribution of N-15 within the linear NNO molecule, determined by measuring molecular and fragment ions of N2O on a modified mass spectrometer. This revealed a preference for N-15 at the central N position, or alpha-site, within N2O isotopomers (isotope-containing molecules). Moreover, this preference varied significantly throughout the atmosphere. In the troposphere, low a-site preference indicates local emission of N2O from soils and fossil-fuel combustion, each with distinct isotopomer signatures, which then mixes with background N2O. In the stratosphere, on the other hand, loss of N2O is observed as enhanced a-site preference for N-15, due to fractionation during ultraviolet photolysis of N2O. We have constructed an atmospheric mass balance of N2O, incorporating isotopomer abundance, which shows that the intramolecular distribution of N-15 is a parameter that has the potential to increase significantly the resolution with which sources and sinks of N2O can be identified and quantified in the atmosphere.
C1 Tokyo Inst Technol, Interdisciplinary Grad Sch Sci & Engn, Dept Environm Sci & Technol, Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268502, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST Project, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Yoshida, N (corresponding author), Tokyo Inst Technol, Interdisciplinary Grad Sch Sci & Engn, Dept Environm Sci & Technol, Midori Ku, 4259 Nagatsuta, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268502, Japan.
NR 30
TC 288
Z9 325
U1 6
U2 199
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 330
EP 334
DI 10.1038/35012558
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700042
PM 10830958
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morisset, S
   Rouleau, A
   Ligneau, X
   Gbahou, F
   Tardivel-Lacombe, J
   Stark, H
   Schunack, W
   Ganellin, CR
   Schwartz, JC
   Arrang, JM
AF Morisset, S
   Rouleau, A
   Ligneau, X
   Gbahou, F
   Tardivel-Lacombe, J
   Stark, H
   Schunack, W
   Ganellin, CR
   Schwartz, JC
   Arrang, JM
TI High constitutive activity of native H3 receptors regulates histamine neurons in brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inverse agonists; cerebral-cortex; expression; ligands; binding; potent; h-3-receptors; antagonists; isoforms; release
AB Some G-protein-coupled receptors display 'constitutive activity', that is, spontaneous activity in the absence of agonist(1-4). This means that a proportion of the receptor population spontaneously undergoes an allosteric transition, leading to a conformation that can bind G proteins(3). The process has been shown to occur with recombinant receptors expressed at high density, and/or mutated, but also non-mutated recombinant receptors expressed at physiological concentrations(5-7). Transgenic mice that express a constitutively active mutant of the beta (2)-adrenergic receptor display cardiac anomalies(8); and spontaneous receptor mutations leading to constitutive activity are at the origin of some human diseases(9,10). Nevertheless, this process has not previously been found to occur in animals expressing normal levels of receptor(3,4). Here we show that two isoforms of the recombinant rat H(3) receptor(11,12) display high constitutive activity. Using drugs that abrogate this activity ('inverse agonists') and a drug that opposes both agonists and inverse agonists ('neutral antagonist'), we show that constitutive activity of native H(3) receptors is present in rodent brain and that it controls histaminergic neuron activity in vivo. Inverse agonists may therefore rnd therapeutic applications, even in the case of diseases involving non-mutated receptors expressed at normal levels.
C1 Ctr Paul Broca, INSERM, U109, Unite Neurobiol & Pharmacol Mol, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Lab Bioprojet, F-75002 Paris, France.
   Free Univ Berlin, Inst Pharm, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   UCL, Christopher Ingold Labs, Dept Chem, London WC1H 0AJ, England.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Free University of Berlin; University of London; University College London
RP Arrang, JM (corresponding author), Ctr Paul Broca, INSERM, U109, Unite Neurobiol & Pharmacol Mol, 2ter Rue Alesia, F-75014 Paris, France.
EM arrang@broca.inserm.fr
NR 30
TC 407
Z9 467
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 860
EP 864
DI 10.1038/35048583
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300051
PM 11130725
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aubert, C
   Vos, MH
   Mathis, P
   Eker, APM
   Brettel, K
AF Aubert, C
   Vos, MH
   Mathis, P
   Eker, APM
   Brettel, K
TI Intraprotein radical transfer during photoactivation of DNA photolyase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-transfer; escherichia-coli; anacystis-nidulans; catalysis; proteins; fadh; epr
AB Amino-acid radicals play key roles in many enzymatic reactions(1). Catalysis often involves transfer of a radical character within the protein, as in class I ribonucleotide reductase where radical transfer occurs over 35 Angstrom, from a tyrosyl radical to a cysteine(1-3). It is currently debated whether this kind of long-range transfer occurs by electron transfer, followed by proton release to create a neutral radical, or by H-atom transfer, that is, simultaneous transfer of electrons and protons(4-7), The latter mechanism avoids the energetic cost of charge formation in the low dielectric protein(4,5), but it is less robust to structural changes than is electron transfer(7). Available experimental data do not clearly discriminate between these proposals. We have studied the mechanism of photoactivation (light-induced reduction of the flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor) of Escherichia coli DNA photolyase(8-10) using time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. Here we show that the excited flavin adenine dinucleotide radical abstracts an electron from a nearby tryptophan in 30 ps. After subsequent electron transfer along a chain of three tryptophans, the most remote tryptophan (as a cation radical) releases a proton to the solvent in about 300 ns, showing that electron transfer occurs before proton dissociation. A similar process may take place in photolyase-like blue-light receptors.
C1 CEA Saclay, Sect Bioenerget, CNRS, URA 2096, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Ecole Polytech ENSTA, Lab Opt Appl, INSERM, U451, F-91761 Palaiseau, France.
   Erasmus Univ, Ctr Med Genet, Dept Cell Biol & Genet, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
C3 CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut Polytechnique de Paris; ENSTA Paris; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Ecole Polytechnique; Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; Erasmus University Rotterdam
RP Brettel, K (corresponding author), CEA Saclay, Sect Bioenerget, CNRS, URA 2096, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM brettel@dsvidf.cea.fr
NR 28
TC 382
Z9 444
U1 3
U2 92
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 586
EP 590
DI 10.1038/35014644
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500055
PM 10850720
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Song, YQ
   Ryu, SG
   Sen, PN
AF Song, YQ
   Ryu, SG
   Sen, PN
TI Determining multiple length scales in rocks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID porous-media; susceptibility differences; diffusion; nmr; diffraction; fluids
AB Carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East are believed to contain about half of the world's oil(1). The processes of sedimentation and diagenesis produce in carbonate rocks microporous grains and a wide range of pore sizes, resulting in a complex spatial distribution of pores and pore connectivity(2). This heterogeneity makes it difficult to determine by conventional techniques the characteristic pore-length scales, which control fluid transport properties. Here we present a bulk-measurement technique that is non-destructive and capable of extracting multiple length scales from carbonate rocks. The technique uses nuclear magnetic resonance to exploit the spatially varying magnetic field inside the pore space itself-a 'fingerprint' of the pore structure. We found three primary length scales (1-100 mu m) in the Middle-East carbonate rocks and determined that the pores are well connected and spatially mixed. Such information is critical for reliably estimating the amount of capillary-bound water in the rock, which is important for efficient oil production. This method might also be used to complement other techniques(3-5) for the study of shaly sand reservoirs and compartmentalization in cells and tissues.
C1 Schlumberger Doll Res Ctr, Ridgefield, CT 06877 USA.
C3 Schlumberger
RP Song, YQ (corresponding author), Schlumberger Doll Res Ctr, Old Quarry Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877 USA.
NR 19
TC 222
Z9 249
U1 7
U2 78
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 178
EP 181
DI 10.1038/35018057
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100045
PM 10910355
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yasutomo, K
   Doyle, C
   Miele, L
   Germain, RN
AF Yasutomo, K
   Doyle, C
   Miele, L
   Germain, RN
TI The duration of antigen receptor signalling determines CD4+ versus CD8+ T-cell lineage fate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID class-ii interaction; transgenic mice; tyrosine kinase; thymocytes; commitment; differentiation; specificity; expression; activation; mechanism
AB Signals elicited by binding of the T-cell antigen receptor and the CD4/CD8 co-receptor to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules control the generation of CD4(+) (helper) or CD8(+) (cytotoxic) T cells from thymic precursors that initially express both co-receptor proteins'. These precursors have unique, clonally distributed T-cell receptors with unpredictable specificity for the self-MHC molecules involved in this differentiation process', However, the mature T cells that emerge express only the CD4 (MHC class II-binding) or CD8 (MHC class I-binding) co-receptor that complements the MHC class-specificity of the T-cell receptor. How this matching of co-receptor-defined lineage and T-cell-receptor specificity is achieved remains unknown(1,3,4), as does whether signalling by the T-cell receptors, co-receptors and/ or general cell-fate regulators such as Notch-1 (refs 5, 6) contributes to initial lineage choice, to subsequent differentiation processes or to both. Here we show that the CD4 versus CD8 lineage fate of immature thymocytes is controlled by the co-receptor-influenced duration of initial T-cell receptor-dependent signalling. Notch-1 does not appear to be essential for this fate determination, but it is selectively required for CD8(+) T-cell maturation after commitment directed by T-cell receptors, This indicates that the signals constraining CD4 versus CD8 lineage decisions are distinct from those that support subsequent differentiation events such as silencing of co-receptor loci.
C1 NIAID, Lymphocyte Biol Sect, Immunol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Immunol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Loyola Univ, Med Ctr, Cardinal Bernardin Canc Ctr, Canc Immunol Program, Maywood, IL 60153 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Duke University; Loyola University Chicago
RP Germain, RN (corresponding author), NIAID, Lymphocyte Biol Sect, Immunol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 30
TC 203
Z9 249
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 506
EP 510
DI 10.1038/35006664
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700051
PM 10761920
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, TI
   Causton, HC
   Holstege, FCP
   Shen, WC
   Hannett, N
   Jennings, EG
   Winston, F
   Green, NR
   Young, RA
AF Lee, TI
   Causton, HC
   Holstege, FCP
   Shen, WC
   Hannett, N
   Jennings, EG
   Winston, F
   Green, NR
   Young, RA
TI Redundant roles for the TFIID and SAGA complexes in global transcription
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymerase-ii transcription; tata-binding protein; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; in-vivo; histone acetyltransferase; nucleosome acetylation; ada-complex; yeast; gcn5; activation
AB The transcription factors TFIID and SAGA are multi-subunit complexes involved in transcription by RNA polymerase II1,2. TFIID and SAGA contain common TATA-binding protein (TBP)-associated factor (TAF(II)) subunits and each complex contains a subunit with histone acetyltransferase activity(3). These observations have raised questions about whether the functions of the two complexes in vivo are unique or overlapping. Here we use genome-wide expression analysis to investigate how expression of the yeast genome depends on both shared and unique subunits of these two complexes. We find that expression of most genes requires one or more of the common TAF(II) subunits, indicating that the functions of TFIID and SAGA are widely required for gene expression. Among the subunits shared by TFIID and SAGA are three histone-like TAF(II)s, which have been proposed to forma sub-complex and mediate a common function in global transcription. Unexpectedly, we find that the histonelike TAF(II)s have distinct roles in expression of the yeast genome. Most importantly, we show that the histone acetylase components of TFIID and SAGA (TAF(II)145 and Gcn5) are functionally redundant, indicating that expression of a large fraction of yeast genes can be regulated through the action of either complex.
C1 Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Utrecht, Med Ctr, Dept Med Genet, NL-3584 EA Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Massachusetts, Med Ctr, Program Mol Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Utrecht University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Young, RA (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
NR 29
TC 307
Z9 367
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 701
EP 704
DI 10.1038/35015104
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800051
PM 10864329
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stover, CK
   Warrener, P
   VanDevanter, DR
   Sherman, DR
   Arain, TM
   Langhorne, MH
   Anderson, SW
   Towell, JA
   Yuan, Y
   McMurray, DN
   Kreiswirth, BN
   Barry, CE
   Baker, WR
AF Stover, CK
   Warrener, P
   VanDevanter, DR
   Sherman, DR
   Arain, TM
   Langhorne, MH
   Anderson, SW
   Towell, JA
   Yuan, Y
   McMurray, DN
   Kreiswirth, BN
   Barry, CE
   Baker, WR
TI A small-molecule nitroimidazopyran drug candidate for the treatment of tuberculosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mycobacterium-tuberculosis; f-420-dependent glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase; mycolic acids; metronidazole; biosynthesis; mechanism; smegmatis; bacilli
AB Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, is the greatest single infectious cause of mortality worldwide, killing roughly two million people annually(1). Estimates indicate that one-third of the world population is infected with latent M. tuberculosis(2). The synergy between tuberculosis and the AIDS epidemic(3-5), and the surge of multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis have reaffirmed tuberculosis as a primary public health threat. However, new antitubercular drugs with new mechanisms of action have not been developed in over thirty years. Here we report a series of compounds containing a nitroimidazopyran nucleus that possess antitubercular activity. After activation by a mechanism dependent on M. tuberculosis F420 cofactor, nitroimidazopyrans inhibited the synthesis of protein and cell wall lipid. In contrast to current antitubercular drugs, nitroimidazopyrans exhibited bactericidal activity against both replicating and static M. tuberculosis. Lead compound PA-824 showed potent bactericidal activity against multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis and promising oral activity in animal infection models. We conclude that nitroimidazopyrans offer the practical qualities of a small molecule with the potential for the treatment of tuberculosis.
C1 PathoGenesis Corp, Seattle, WA 98119 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Dept Pathobiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Publ Hlth Res Inst City New York Inc, TB Ctr, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NIAID, TB Res Sect, Host Def Lab, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Texas A&M Health Science Center; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Stover, CK (corresponding author), PathoGenesis Corp, 201 Elliott Ave W, Seattle, WA 98119 USA.
FU Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 AI000693] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 891
Z9 1031
U1 4
U2 85
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 962
EP 966
DI 10.1038/35016103
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700054
PM 10879539
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU An, WF
   Bowlby, MR
   Betty, M
   Cao, J
   Ling, HP
   Mendoza, G
   Hinson, JW
   Mattsson, KI
   Strassle, BW
   Trimmer, JS
   Rhodes, KJ
AF An, WF
   Bowlby, MR
   Betty, M
   Cao, J
   Ling, HP
   Mendoza, G
   Hinson, JW
   Mattsson, KI
   Strassle, BW
   Trimmer, JS
   Rhodes, KJ
TI Modulation of A-type potassium channels by a family of calcium sensors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID k+ channel; subthreshold potentials; pyramidal neurons; binding protein; mammalian brain; association; dendrites; subunits; system
AB In the brain and heart, rapidly inactivating (A-type) voltage-gated potassium (Kv) currents operate at subthreshold membrane potentials to control the excitability of neurons and cardiac myocytes(1,2). Although pore-forming alpha-subunits of the Kv4, or Shal-related, channel family form A-type currents in heterologous cells(3), these differ significantly from native A-type currents. Here we describe three Kv channel-interacting proteins (KChIPs) that bind to the cytoplasmic amino termini of Kv4 alpha-subunits. We find that expression of KChIP and Kv4 together reconstitutes several features of native A-type currents by modulating the density, inactivation kinetics and rate of recovery from inactivation of Kv4 channels in heterologous cells. All three KChIPs co-localize and co-immunoprecipitate with brain Kv4 alpha-subunits, and are thus integral components of native Kv4 channel complexes. The KChIPs have four EF-hand-like domains and bind calcium ions. As the activity and density of neuronal A-type currents tightly control responses to excitatory synaptic inputs, these KChIPs may regulate A-type currents, and hence neuronal excitability, in response to changes in intracellular calcium.
C1 Wyeth Ayerst Res, Div Neurosci, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA.
   Millennium Pharmaceut, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Biochem & Cell Biol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 Pfizer; Pfizer USA; Wyeth; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd; Millennium Pharmaceuticals; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Rhodes, KJ (corresponding author), Wyeth Ayerst Res, Div Neurosci, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA.
NR 22
TC 827
Z9 932
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 553
EP 556
DI 10.1038/35000592
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300052
PM 10676964
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walker, DW
   McColl, G
   Jenkins, NL
   Harris, J
   Lithgow, GJ
AF Walker, DW
   McColl, G
   Jenkins, NL
   Harris, J
   Lithgow, GJ
TI Natural selection - Evolution of lifespan in C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; wild-type; mutant; thermotolerance; longevity; age-1; long
C1 Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
C3 University of Manchester
RP Walker, DW (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
EM Gordon.Lithgow@man.ac.uk
NR 10
TC 149
Z9 177
U1 1
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 296
EP 297
DI 10.1038/35012693
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700031
PM 10830948
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tegler, SC
   Romanishin, W
AF Tegler, SC
   Romanishin, W
TI Extremely red Kuiper-belt objects in near-circular orbits beyond 40 AU
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photometry; 1993-sc
AB Kuiper-belt objects (KBOs) are an ancient reservoir of comets beyond Neptune's orbit(1,2). Some of these objects were recently found to have the reddest optical colours in the Solar System(3), but the number of objects for which accurate colours were available was too small for any correlation to be discerned between colour and physical or dynamical properties, which might shed light on the origin of these objects. Here we report that all nine of the KBOs in our survey on near-circular (low-eccentricity) orbits with perihelion distances larger than 40 AU have extremely red surfaces, thereby connecting an observable property with a dynamical class. Of the objects with orbital eccentricities greater than 0.1, about half are also very red, while the rest have colours similar to the Sun, meaning that reflected sunlight is not strongly modified by the objects' surface properties. In addition, of the 13 'classical' KBOs (those with semimajor axis a approximate to 45 AU and eccentricity e < 0.15), the ten that are very red are in orbits with small angles of inclination to the ecliptic, whereas the three with solar colours are all in high-inclination orbits. We suggest that these three 'grey' classical KBOs may be part of a dynamical group that is separate from the 'red' classical KBOs.
C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA.
   Univ Oklahoma, Dept Phys & Astron, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
C3 Northern Arizona University; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman
RP Tegler, SC (corresponding author), No Arizona Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA.
NR 9
TC 159
Z9 171
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6807
BP 979
EP 981
DI 10.1038/35039572
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 366XX
UT WOS:000090032500035
PM 11069171
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ryu, WS
   Berry, RM
   Berg, HC
AF Ryu, WS
   Berry, RM
   Berg, HC
TI Torque-generating units of the flagellar motor of Escherichia coli have a high duty ratio
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical tweezers; rotation; movement; motility; domain; model
AB Rotation of the bacterial flagellar motor is driven by an ensemble of torque-generating units containing the proteins MotA and; MotB(1-3). Here, by inducing expression of MotA in motA(-) cells under conditions of low viscous load, we show that the limiting speed of the motor is independent of the number of units: at vanishing load, one unit turns the motor as rapidly as many. This result indicates that each unit may remain attached to the rotor for most of its mechanochemical cycle, that is, that it has a high duty ratio(4). Thus, torque generators behave more like kinesin, the protein that moves vesicles along microtubules, than myosin, the protein that powers muscle. However, their translation rates, stepping frequencies and power outputs are much higher, being greater than 30 mu m s(-1), 12 Hz and 1.5 x 10(5) pN nm s(-1) respectively.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Rowland Inst Sci Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Kings Coll London, Randall Ctr, London SE1 1UL, England.
C3 Harvard University; University of London; King's College London
RP Berg, HC (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, 16 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 30
TC 208
Z9 228
U1 1
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 444
EP 447
DI 10.1038/35000233
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100054
PM 10667798
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jayaraman, KS
AF Jayaraman, KS
TI India's finest, for hire
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 830
EP 831
DI 10.1038/35038246
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900014
PM 11057637
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alewell, C
   Manderscheid, B
   Meesenburg, H
   Bittersohl, J
AF Alewell, C
   Manderscheid, B
   Meesenburg, H
   Bittersohl, J
TI Environmental chemistry - Is acidification still an ecological threat?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID forest ecosystem; recovery; trends
C1 Univ Bayreuth, BITOK, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
   Forest Res Stn Lower Saxony, D-37079 Gottingen, Germany.
   Bavarian State Off Water Management, D-80636 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Bayreuth
RP Alewell, C (corresponding author), Univ Bayreuth, BITOK, POB 101251, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
NR 9
TC 78
Z9 84
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 856
EP 857
DI 10.1038/35038158
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900037
PM 11057655
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nuth, JA III
   Hill, HGM
   Kletetschka, G
AF Nuth, JA III
   Hill, HGM
   Kletetschka, G
TI Determining the ages of comets from the fraction of crystalline dust
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar nebula; silicate grains; beta-pictoris; disk
AB The timescale for the accretion of bodies in the disk surrounding a young star depends upon a number of assumptions, but there are few observational constraints. In our own Solar System, measurements of meteoritic components can provide information about the inner regions of the nebula, but not the outer parts. Observations of the evolution of more massive protostellar systems (Herbig A(e)/B-e stars) imply that significant changes occur in the physical properties of their dust with time(1). The simplest explanation is that thermal annealing of the original, amorphous grains in the hot inner nebula slowly increases the fractional abundance of crystalline material over time. Crystalline dust is then transported outward, where it is incorporated into comets that serve as a longterm reservoir for dust disks, such as that surrounding Beta Pictoris. Here we show that when applied to our own Solar System, this process can explain observed variations in both the volatile and dusty components of comets, while also providing a natural indicator of a comet's mean formation age. Studies of comets with different dust contents can therefore be used to investigate the timescales of the early Solar System.
C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrochem Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Nuth, JA III (corresponding author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrochem Branch, Code 691, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
EM uljan@lepvax.gsfc.nasa.gov
NR 21
TC 72
Z9 73
U1 1
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 275
EP 276
DI 10.1038/35018516
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900040
PM 10917522
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Ginneken, VJT
   van den Thillart, GEEJM
AF van Ginneken, VJT
   van den Thillart, GEEJM
TI Physiology - Eel fat stores are enough to reach the Sargasso
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea
C1 Inst Ecol & Evolutionary Sci Integrat Zool, Van Der Klaauw Lab, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
RP van Ginneken, VJT (corresponding author), Inst Ecol & Evolutionary Sci Integrat Zool, Van Der Klaauw Lab, POB 9511, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
NR 11
TC 107
Z9 120
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 156
EP 157
DI 10.1038/35003110
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300041
PM 10646590
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, SX
   Sun, NX
   Yamaguchi, M
   Yabukami, S
AF Wang, SX
   Sun, NX
   Yamaguchi, M
   Yabukami, S
TI Sandwich films - Properties of a new soft magnetic material
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Adv Mat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Tohoku Univ, Elect Commun Res Inst, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
C3 Stanford University; Tohoku University
RP Wang, SX (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Adv Mat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 9
TC 250
Z9 286
U1 2
U2 108
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 150
EP 151
DI 10.1038/35025142
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000035
PM 11001044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gittins, DI
   Bethell, D
   Schiffrin, DJ
   Nichols, RJ
AF Gittins, DI
   Bethell, D
   Schiffrin, DJ
   Nichols, RJ
TI A nanometre-scale electronic switch consisting of a metal cluster and redox-addressable groups
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning-tunneling-microscopy; monolayers; conduction; ensembles; molecules
AB So-called bottom-up fabrication methods aim to assemble and integrate molecular components exhibiting specific functions into electronic devices that are orders of magnitude smaller than can be fabricated by lithographic techniques. Fundamental to the success of the bottom-up approach is the ability to control electron transport across molecular components. Organic molecules containing redox centres-chemical species whose oxidation number, and hence electronic structure, can be changed reversibly-support resonant tunnelling(1,2) and display promising functional behaviour when sandwiched as molecular layers between electrical contacts(3,4), but their integration into more complex assemblies remains challenging. For this reason, functionalized metal nanoparticles have attracted much interest(5-7): they exhibit single-electron characteristics(8-10) (such as quantized capacitance charging) and can be organized(11-13) through simple self-assembly methods into well ordered structures, with the nanoparticles at controlled locations. Here we report scanning tunnelling microscopy measurements showing that organic molecules containing redox centres can be used to attach metal nanoparticles to electrode surfaces and so control the electron transport between them. Our system consists of gold nanoclusters a few nanometres across and functionalized with polymethylene chains that carry a central, reversibly reducible bipyridinium moiety(14,15). We expect that the ability to electronically contact metal nanoparticles via redox-active molecules, and to alter profoundly their tunnelling properties by charge injection into these molecules, can form the basis for a range of nanoscale electronic switches.
C1 Univ Liverpool, Dept Chem, Ctr Nanoscale Sci, Liverpool L69 7ZD, Merseyside, England.
C3 University of Liverpool
RP Nichols, RJ (corresponding author), Univ Liverpool, Dept Chem, Ctr Nanoscale Sci, Liverpool L69 7ZD, Merseyside, England.
NR 24
TC 723
Z9 792
U1 0
U2 179
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 67
EP 69
DI 10.1038/35040518
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400050
PM 11081506
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murtagh, GJ
   Dyer, PS
   Crittenden, PD
AF Murtagh, GJ
   Dyer, PS
   Crittenden, PD
TI Reproductive systems - Sex and the single lichen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; island; plants
C1 Univ Nottingham, Sch Biol Sci, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
C3 University of Nottingham
RP Murtagh, GJ (corresponding author), Univ Nottingham, Sch Biol Sci, Univ Pk, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
NR 13
TC 88
Z9 99
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 564
EP 564
DI 10.1038/35007142
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100040
PM 10766229
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hobmayer, B
   Rentzsch, F
   Kuhn, K
   Happel, CM
   von Laue, CC
   Snyder, P
   Rothbächer, U
   Holstein, TW
AF Hobmayer, B
   Rentzsch, F
   Kuhn, K
   Happel, CM
   von Laue, CC
   Snyder, P
   Rothbächer, U
   Holstein, TW
TI WNT signalling molecules act in axis formation in the diploblastic metazoan Hydra
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pattern-formation; xenopus embryos; beta-catenin; drosophila; regeneration; evolution; wingless; homolog
AB Members of the Wnt/wingless family of secreted proteins act as short-range inducers and long-range organizers during axis formation, organogenesis and tumorigenesis in many developing tissues(1). Wnt signalling pathways are conserved in nematodes, insects and vertebrates(2). Despite its developmental significance, the evolutionary origin of Wnt signalling is unclear. Here we describe the molecular characterization of members of the Wnt signalling pathwayDWnt, Dishevelled, GSK3, beta-Catenin and Tcf/Lef-in Hydra, a member of the evolutionarily old metazoan phylum Cnidaria. Wnt and Tcf are expressed in the putative Hydra head organizer, the upper part of the hypostome. Wnt, beta-Catenin and Tcf are transcriptionally upregulated when head organizers are established early in bud formation and head regeneration. Wnt and Tcf expression domains also define head organizers created by de novo pattern formation in aggregates. Our results indicate that Wnt signalling may be involved in axis formation in Hydra and support the idea that it was central in the evolution of axial differentiation in early multicellular animals.
C1 Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Zool, Dept Mol Cell Biol, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
   IBDM, Lab Genet & Physiol Dev, F-13288 Marseille 9, France.
C3 Technical University of Darmstadt; Aix-Marseille Universite
RP Hobmayer, B (corresponding author), Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Zool, Dept Mol Cell Biol, Schnittspahnstr 10, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
EM hobmayer@bio.tu-darmstadt.de; holstein@bio.tu-darmstadt.de
NR 30
TC 462
Z9 540
U1 3
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 186
EP 189
DI 10.1038/35025063
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000048
PM 11001056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Benedetti-Cecchi, L
AF Benedetti-Cecchi, L
TI Variance in ecological consumer-resource interactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interaction strength; food-web; community organization; intertidal zone; succession; predation; size; variability; dynamics; algae
AB Food-web models use the effect size of trophic interactions to predict consumer-resource dynamics(1-3). These models anticipate that strong effects of consumers increase spatial and temporal variability in abundance of species, whereas weak effects dampen fluctuations(4-6). Empirical evidence indicates that opposite patterns may occur in natural assemblages(7). Here I show that spatial variance in the distribution of resource populations is sensitive to changes in the variance of the trophic interaction, in addition to the mean effect of consumers, relative to other causes of spatial variability. Simulations indicate that both strong and weak direct effects of consumers can promote spatial variability in abundance of resources, but only trophic interactions with a large mean effect size can reduce variation. Predictions of the model agree with the results of repeated field experiments and are consistent with data from published consumer-resource interactions, proving to be robust across widely varying environmental conditions and species' life histories. Thus, food-web models that embody variance in trophic interactions may have increased capacity to explain the wide range of effects of consumers documented in empirical studies.
C1 Dipartimento Sci Uomo Ambiente, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
RP Benedetti-Cecchi, L (corresponding author), Dipartimento Sci Uomo Ambiente, Via A Volta 6, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
NR 30
TC 58
Z9 62
U1 2
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 370
EP 374
DI 10.1038/35030089
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700045
PM 11014191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McKinsey, TA
   Zhang, CL
   Lu, JR
   Olson, EN
AF McKinsey, TA
   Zhang, CL
   Lu, JR
   Olson, EN
TI Signal-dependent nuclear export of a histone deacetylase regulates muscle differentiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor mef2c; protein-kinase; gene-expression; activation; phosphorylation; calcineurin; survival; domain; crm1
AB Members of the myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) family of transcription factors associate with myogenic basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors such as MyoD to activate skeletal myogenesis(1). MEF2 proteins also interact with the class II histone deacetylases HDAC4 and HDAC5, resulting in repression of MEF2-dependent genes(2-4). Execution of the muscle differentiation program requires release of MEF2 from repression by HDACs, which are expressed constitutively in myoblasts and myotubes(5). Here we show that HDAC5 shuttles from the nucleus to the cytoplasm when myoblasts are triggered to differentiate. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) signalling, which stimulates myogenesis(5) and prevents formation of MEF2-HDAC complexes(4), also induces nuclear export of HDAC4 and HDAC5 by phosphorylation of these transcriptional repressors. An HDAC5 mutant lacking two CaMK phosphorylation sites is resistant to CaMK-mediated nuclear export and acts as a dominant inhibitor of skeletal myogenesis, whereas a cytoplasmic HDAC5 mutant is unable to block efficiently the muscle differentiation program. Our results highlight a mechanism for transcriptional regulation through signal- and differentiation-dependent nuclear export of a chromatin-remodelling enzyme, and suggest that nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking of HDACs is involved in the control of cellular differentiation.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Olson, EN (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM eolson@hamon.swmed.edu
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL053351] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 885
Z9 1045
U1 1
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 106
EP 111
DI 10.1038/35040593
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400061
PM 11081517
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Drummond, SPA
   Brown, GG
   Gillin, JC
   Stricker, JL
   Wong, EC
   Buxton, RB
AF Drummond, SPA
   Brown, GG
   Gillin, JC
   Stricker, JL
   Wong, EC
   Buxton, RB
TI Altered brain response to verbal learning following sleep deprivation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID performance; memory; tomography; language; humans; fmri
AB The effects of sleep deprivation on the neural substrates of cognition are poorly understood. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure the effects of 35 hours of sleep deprivation on cerebral activation during verbal learning in normal young volunteers. On the basis of a previous hypothesis', we predicted that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) would be less responsive to cognitive demands following sleep deprivation. Contrary to our expectations, however, the PFC was more responsive after one night of sleep deprivation than after normal sleep. Increased subjective sleepiness in sleep-deprived subjects correlated significantly with activation of the PFC. The temporal lobe was activated after normal sleep but not after sleep deprivation; in contrast, the parietal lobes were not activated after normal sleep but were activated after sleep deprivation. Although sleep deprivation significantly impaired free recall compared with the rested state, better free recall in sleep-deprived subjects was associated with greater parietal lobe activation, These findings show that there are dynamic, compensatory changes in cerebral activation during verbal learning after sleep deprivation and implicate the PFC and parietal lobes in this compensation.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Radiol, San Diego, CA 92103 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego State Univ, Joint Doctoral Program Clin Psychol, San Diego, CA 92120 USA.
   Vet Adm San Diego Healthcare Syst, Psychiat Serv 116A, La Jolla, CA 92161 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; California State University System; San Diego State University
RP Gillin, JC (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM jgillin@ucsd.edu
NR 30
TC 421
Z9 493
U1 3
U2 86
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 655
EP 657
DI 10.1038/35001068
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200053
PM 10688201
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nishita, M
   Hashimoto, MK
   Ogata, S
   Laurent, MN
   Ueno, N
   Shibuya, H
   Cho, KWY
AF Nishita, M
   Hashimoto, MK
   Ogata, S
   Laurent, MN
   Ueno, N
   Shibuya, H
   Cho, KWY
TI Interaction between Wnt and TGF-β signalling pathways during formation of Spemann's organizer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID axis specification; signaling pathways; xenopus mesoderm; gene-expression; smad proteins; wingless; pattern; establishment; antagonism; induction
AB Members of the Wnt and TGF-beta superfamilies regulate both cell fate and proliferation during development and tissue maintenance(1-3). In the early amphibian embryo, the Wnt and TGF-beta superfamily signalling cascades are required for the establishment of a dorsal signalling centre, Spemann's organizer(4-8). Intracellular proteins of both pathways, upon activation, translocate to the nucleus to participate in transcription. Here we show that beta-catenin and Lef1/Tcf, which are downstream components of the Wnt signalling cascade, form a complex with Smad4, an essential mediator of signals initiated by members of the TGF-beta growth factor superfamily. In Xenopus, this interaction directly and synergistically affects expression of the twin (Xtwn) gene during formation of the organizer. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of a physical interaction between TGF-beta and Wnt signalling components in vivo.
C1 Natl Inst Basic Biol, Dept Dev Biol, Div Morphogenesis, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Dev & Cell Biol, Irvine, CA 92617 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB); University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Shibuya, H (corresponding author), Natl Inst Basic Biol, Dept Dev Biol, Div Morphogenesis, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
NR 29
TC 403
Z9 478
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 781
EP 785
DI 10.1038/35001602
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100055
PM 10693808
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fradin, C
   Braslau, A
   Luzet, D
   Smilgies, D
   Alba, M
   Boudet, N
   Mecke, K
   Daillant, J
AF Fradin, C
   Braslau, A
   Luzet, D
   Smilgies, D
   Alba, M
   Boudet, N
   Mecke, K
   Daillant, J
TI Reduction in the surface energy of liquid interfaces at short length scales
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray; capillary waves; scattering; fluctuations; reflectivity; tension; water; films
AB Liquid-vapour interfaces, particularly those involving water, are common in both natural and artificial environments. They were first described as regions of continuous variation of density(1), caused by density fluctuations within the bulk phases(2-4). In contrast, the more recent capillary-wave model(5,6) assumes a step-like local density profile across the liquid-vapour interface, whose width is the result of the propagation of thermally excited capillary waves. The model has been validated for length scales of tenths of micrometres and larger(7,8), but the structure of liquid surfaces on submicrometre length scales-where the capillary theory is expected to break down-remains poorly understood. Here we report grazing-incidence X-ray scattering experiments that allow for a complete determination of the free surface structure and surface energy for water and a range of organic liquids. We observe a large decrease of up to 75% in the surface energy of submicrometre waves that cannot be explained by capillary theory, but is in accord with the effects arising from the non-locality of attractive intermolecule interactions as predicted by a recent density functional theory(9), Our data, and the results of comparable measurements on liquid solutions, metallic alloys, surfactants, lipids and wetting films should thus provide a stringent test for any new theories that attempt to describe the structure of liquid interfaces with nanometre-scale resolution.
C1 CEA Saclay, Serv Phys Etat Condense, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
   Berg Univ Gesamthsch Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany.
   Ctr Univ Paris Sud, LURE, F-91898 Orsay, France.
C3 CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); University of Wuppertal
RP Daillant, J (corresponding author), CEA Saclay, Serv Phys Etat Condense, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
NR 28
TC 229
Z9 243
U1 2
U2 81
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 871
EP 874
DI 10.1038/35002533
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200050
PM 10706279
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Bernardis, P
   Ade, PAR
   Bock, JJ
   Bond, JR
   Borrill, J
   Boscaleri, A
   Coble, K
   Crill, BP
   De Gasperis, G
   Farese, PC
   Ferreira, PG
   Ganga, K
   Giacometti, M
   Hivon, E
   Hristov, VV
   Iacoangeli, A
   Jaffe, AH
   Lange, AE
   Martinis, L
   Masi, S
   Mason, PV
   Mauskopf, PD
   Melchiorri, A
   Miglio, L
   Montroy, T
   Netterfield, CB
   Pascale, E
   Piacentini, F
   Pogosyan, D
   Prunet, S
   Rao, S
   Romeo, G
   Ruhl, JE
   Scaramuzzi, F
   Sforna, D
   Vittorio, N
AF de Bernardis, P
   Ade, PAR
   Bock, JJ
   Bond, JR
   Borrill, J
   Boscaleri, A
   Coble, K
   Crill, BP
   De Gasperis, G
   Farese, PC
   Ferreira, PG
   Ganga, K
   Giacometti, M
   Hivon, E
   Hristov, VV
   Iacoangeli, A
   Jaffe, AH
   Lange, AE
   Martinis, L
   Masi, S
   Mason, PV
   Mauskopf, PD
   Melchiorri, A
   Miglio, L
   Montroy, T
   Netterfield, CB
   Pascale, E
   Piacentini, F
   Pogosyan, D
   Prunet, S
   Rao, S
   Romeo, G
   Ruhl, JE
   Scaramuzzi, F
   Sforna, D
   Vittorio, N
TI A flat Universe from high-resolution maps of the cosmic microwave background radiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anisotropy; supernovae; emission
AB The blackbody radiation left over from the Big Bang has been transformed by the expansion of the Universe into the nearly isotropic 2.73 K cosmic microwave background. Tiny inhomogeneities in the early Universe left their imprint on the microwave background in the form of small anisotropies in its temperature. These anisotropies contain information about basic cosmological parameters, particularly the total energy density and curvature of the Universe. Here we report the first images of resolved structure in the microwave background anisotropies over a significant part of the sky. Maps at four frequencies clearly distinguish the microwave background from foreground emission. We compute the angular power spectrum of the microwave background, and rnd a peak at Legendre multipole I-peak = (197 +/- 6), with an amplitude Delta T-200 = (69 +/- 8) mu K. This is consistent with that expected for cold dark matter models in a flat (euclidean) Universe, as favoured by standard inflationary models.
C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   Queen Mary Univ London, Dept Phys, London E1 4NS, England.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Univ Toronto, CITA, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada.
   LBNL, NERSC, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   CNR, IROE, I-50127 Florence, Italy.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento Fis, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, England.
   Coll France, PCC, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Particle Astrophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   ENEA, Ctr Ric Frascati, I-00044 Frascati, Italy.
   Cardiff Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF2 3YB, S Glam, Wales.
   Univ Massachusetts, Dept Phys & Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Phys & Astron, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada.
   Ist Nazl Geofis, I-00143 Rome, Italy.
C3 Sapienza University Rome; University of London; Queen Mary University London; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); University of Toronto; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; California Institute of Technology; University of Rome Tor Vergata; University of Oxford; Universite PSL; College de France; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Italian National Agency New Technical Energy & Sustainable Economics Development; Italian National Agency New Technical Energy & Sustainable Economics Development; Cardiff University; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; University of Toronto; Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
RP de Bernardis, P (corresponding author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, P A Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
EM debernardis@roma1.infn.it
NR 47
TC 2411
Z9 2499
U1 2
U2 170
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 955
EP 959
DI 10.1038/35010035
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000045
PM 10801117
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chu, K
   Vojtchovsky, J
   McMahon, BH
   Sweet, RM
   Berendzen, J
   Schlichting, I
AF Chu, K
   Vojtchovsky, J
   McMahon, BH
   Sweet, RM
   Berendzen, J
   Schlichting, I
TI Structure of a ligand-binding intermediate in wild-type carbonmonoxy myoglobin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics; proteins; relaxation; mutants; states; xenon; site
AB Small molecules such as NO, O-2, CO or H-2 are important biological ligands that bind to metalloproteins to function crucially in processes such as signal transduction, respiration and catalysis. A key issue for understanding the regulation of reaction mechanisms in these systems is whether ligands gain access to the binding sites through specific channels and docking sites, or by random diffusion through the protein matrix. A model system for studying this issue is myoglobin, a simple haem protein. Myoglobin has been studied extensively by spectroscopy, crystallography, computation and theory(1-11). It serves as an aid to oxygen diffusion but also binds carbon mono nide, a byproduct of endogenous haem catabolism. Molecular dynamics simulations(3-5), random mutagenesis(6) and flash photolysis studies(7-10) indicate that ligand migration occurs through a limited number of pathways involving docking sites. Here we report the 1.4 Angstrom resolution crystal structure of a ligand-binding intermediate in carbonmonoxy myoglobin that may have far-reaching implications for understanding the dynamics of ligand binding and catalysis.
C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biophys Grp P21, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Vermont, Dept Phys, Burlington, VT 05405 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
   Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University of Vermont; Max Planck Society; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory
RP Chu, K (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Biophys Grp P21, MS-D454, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
NR 30
TC 240
Z9 259
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 921
EP 923
DI 10.1038/35002641
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200065
PM 10706294
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abrahamsson, T
   Henney, A
   Camejo, H
   Dohlsten, M
AF Abrahamsson, T
   Henney, A
   Camejo, H
   Dohlsten, M
TI Vascular biology: a route to novel cardiovascular drugs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 AstraZeneca R&D, Res Area Cardiovasc & Gastrointestinal, Molndal, Sweden.
   AstraZeneca R&D, Res Area Cardiovasc & Gastrointestinal, Alderly Pk, England.
C3 AstraZeneca; AstraZeneca
RP Abrahamsson, T (corresponding author), AstraZeneca R&D, Res Area Cardiovasc & Gastrointestinal, Molndal, Sweden.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 270
EP 270
DI 10.1038/35025242
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000064
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Groisman, A
   Steinberg, V
AF Groisman, A
   Steinberg, V
TI Elastic turbulence in a polymer solution flow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID taylor-couette flow; instability; transition
AB Turbulence is a ubiquitous phenomenon that is not fully understood. It is known that the flow of a simple, newtonian fluid is likely to be turbulent when the Reynolds number is large (typically when the velocity is high, the viscosity is low and the size of the tank is large(1,2)). In contrast, viscoelastic fluids(3) such as solutions of flexible long-chain polymers have nonlinear mechanical properties and therefore may be expected to behave differently. Here we observe experimentally that the flow of a sufficiently elastic polymer solution can become irregular even at low velocity, high viscosity and in a small tank. The fluid motion is excited in a broad range of spatial and temporal scales, and we observe an increase in the flow resistance by a factor of about twenty. Although the Reynolds number may be arbitrarily low, the observed flow has all the main features of developed turbulence. A comparable state of turbulent flow for a newtonian fluid in a pipe would have a Reynolds number as high as 10(5) (refs 1, 2). The low Reynolds number or 'elastic' turbulence that we observe is accompanied by significant stretching of the polymer molecules, resulting in an increase in the elastic stresses of up to two orders of magnitude.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Phys Complex Syst, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Groisman, A (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Phys Complex Syst, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
NR 13
TC 714
Z9 794
U1 4
U2 168
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 53
EP 55
DI 10.1038/35011019
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600047
PM 10811214
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horton, B
AF Horton, B
TI Georgia realizes the commercial potential of science
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 794
EP 794
DI 10.1038/35008200
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600060
PM 10783897
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clark, EA
   Golub, TR
   Lander, ES
   Hynes, RO
AF Clark, EA
   Golub, TR
   Lander, ES
   Hynes, RO
TI Genomic analysis of metastasis reveals an essential role for RhoC
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID melanoma-cells; cancer; progression; expression; protein; growth; genes; overexpression; tumorigenicity; fibronectin
AB The most damaging change during cancer progression is the switch from a locally growing tumour to a metastatic killer. This switch is believed to involve numerous alterations that allow tumour cells to complete the complex series of events needed for metastasis(1). Relatively few genes have been implicated in these events(2-5.) Here we use an in vivo selection scheme to select highly metastatic melanoma cells. By analysing these cells on DNA arrays, we define a pattern of gene expression that correlates with progression to a metastatic phenotype. In particular, we show enhanced expression of several genes involved in extracellular matrix assembly and of a second set of genes that regulate, either directly or indirectly, the actin-based cytoskeleton. One of these, the small GTPase RhoC, enhances metastasis when overexpressed, whereas a dominant-negative Rho inhibits metastasis. Analysis of the phenotype of cells expressing dominant-negative Rho or RhoC indicates that RhoC is important in tumour cell invasion. The genomic approach allows us to identify families of genes involved in a process, not just single genes, and can indicate which molecular and cellular events might be important in complex biological processes such as metastasis.
C1 MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Whitehead Inst MIT Ctr Genome Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
RP Hynes, RO (corresponding author), MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 29
TC 1239
Z9 1465
U1 3
U2 81
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 532
EP 535
DI 10.1038/35020106
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000050
PM 10952316
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aitman, TJ
   Cooper, LD
   Norsworthy, PJ
   Wahid, FN
   Gray, JK
   Curtis, BR
   McKeigue, PM
   Kwiatkowski, D
   Greenwood, BM
   Snow, RW
   Hill, AV
   Scott, J
AF Aitman, TJ
   Cooper, LD
   Norsworthy, PJ
   Wahid, FN
   Gray, JK
   Curtis, BR
   McKeigue, PM
   Kwiatkowski, D
   Greenwood, BM
   Snow, RW
   Hill, AV
   Scott, J
TI Population genetics - Malaria susceptibility and CD36 mutation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID falciparum-infected erythrocytes; glycoprotein; antigens; asians
C1 MRC, Ctr Clin Sci, Mol Med Grp, London W12 0NN, England.
   Hammersmith Hosp, Imperial Coll Genet, London W12 0NN, England.
   Hammersmith Hosp, Genom Res Inst, London W12 0NN, England.
   Med Coll Wisconsin, Blood Ctr SE Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA.
   Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Epidemiol & Populat Sci, London WC1E 7HT, England.
   MRC Labs, Fajara, Gambia.
   KEMRI, Coastal Res Unit, Kilifi, Kenya.
   Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
C3 Imperial College London; Imperial College London; Medical College of Wisconsin; Versiti Blood Center of Wisconsin; University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics
RP Aitman, TJ (corresponding author), MRC, Ctr Clin Sci, Mol Med Grp, London W12 0NN, England.
EM t.aitman@csc.mrc.ac.uk
NR 11
TC 182
Z9 205
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1015
EP 1016
DI 10.1038/35016636
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700033
PM 10890433
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jeong, H
   Tombor, B
   Albert, R
   Oltvai, ZN
   Barabási, AL
AF Jeong, H
   Tombor, B
   Albert, R
   Oltvai, ZN
   Barabási, AL
TI The large-scale organization of metabolic networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small-world networks
AB In a cell or microorganism, the processes that generate mass, energy, information transfer and cell-fate specification are seamlessly integrated through a complex network of cellular constituents and reactions(1). However, despite the key role of these networks in sustaining cellular functions, their large-scale structure is essentially unknown. Here we present a systematic comparative mathematical analysis of the metabolic networks of 43 organisms representing all three domains of life. We show that, despite significant variation in their individual constituents and pathways, these metabolic networks have the same topological scaling properties and show striking similarities to the inherent organization of complex non-biological systems(2). This may indicate that metabolic organization is not only identical for all living organisms, but also complies with the design principles of robust and error-tolerant scale-free networks(2-5), and may represent a common blueprint for the large-scale organization of interactions among all cellular constituents.
C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
C3 University of Notre Dame; Northwestern University
RP Oltvai, ZN (corresponding author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
EM zno008@northwestern.edu; alb@nd.edu
NR 25
TC 3629
Z9 4248
U1 6
U2 507
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 651
EP 654
DI 10.1038/35036627
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800053
PM 11034217
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fischer, G
   James, SA
   Roberts, IN
   Oliver, SG
   Louis, EJ
AF Fischer, G
   James, SA
   Roberts, IN
   Oliver, SG
   Louis, EJ
TI Chromosomal evolution in Saccharomyces
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensu-stricto complex; mismatch repair; yeast genome; cerevisiae; populations; reorganization; recombination; translocation; duplication; elements
AB The chromosomal speciation model invokes chromosomal rearrangements as the primary cause of reproductive isolation(1). In a heterozygous carrier, chromosomes bearing reciprocal translocations mis-segregate at meiosis, resulting in reduced fertility or complete sterility. Thus, chromosomal rearrangements act as a post-zygotic isolating mechanism. Reproductive isolation in yeast is due to post-zygotic barriers, as many species mate successfully but the hybrids are sterile(2,3). Reciprocal translocations are thought to be the main form of large-scale rearrangement since the hypothesized duplication of the whole yeast genome 10(8) years ago(4,5). To test the chromosomal speciation model in yeast, we have characterized chromosomal translocations among the genomes of six closely related species in the Saccharomyces 'sensu stricto' complex(6). Here we show that rearrangements have occurred between closely related species, whereas more distant ones have colinear genomes. Thus, chromosomal rearrangements are not a prerequisite for speciation in yeast and the rate of formation of translocations is not constant. These rearrangements appear to result from ectopic recombination between Ty elements or other repeated sequences.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Biochem, Oxford OX1 3QU, England.
   Inst Food Res, Natl Collect Yeast Cultures, Norwich NR4 7UA, Norfolk, England.
   Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of East Anglia; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Quadram Institute; University of Manchester
RP Louis, EJ (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Biochem, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, England.
EM elouis@molbiol.ox.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 251
Z9 288
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 451
EP 454
DI 10.1038/35013058
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000047
PM 10839539
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ichimura, Y
   Kirisako, T
   Takao, T
   Satomi, Y
   Shimonishi, Y
   Ishihara, N
   Mizushima, N
   Tanida, I
   Kominami, E
   Ohsumi, M
   Noda, T
   Ohsumi, Y
AF Ichimura, Y
   Kirisako, T
   Takao, T
   Satomi, Y
   Shimonishi, Y
   Ishihara, N
   Mizushima, N
   Tanida, I
   Kominami, E
   Ohsumi, M
   Noda, T
   Ohsumi, Y
TI A ubiquitin-like system mediates protein lipidation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; autophagy; yeast; degradation; apg7p/cvt2p; peptides; vacuole
AB Autophagy is a dynamic membrane phenomenon for bulk protein degradation in the lysosome/vacuole(1,2). Apg8/Aut7 is an essential factor for autophagy in yeast(3-5). We previously found that the carboxy-terminal arginine of nascent Apg8 is removed by Apg4/Aut2 protease, leaving a glycine residue at the C terminus(6). Apg8 is then converted to a form (Apg8-X) that is tightly bound to the membrane(6). Here we report a new mode of protein lipidation. Apg8 is covalently conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine through an amide bond between the C-terminal glycine and the amino group of phosphatidylethanolamine. This lipidation is mediated by a ubiquitination-like system. Apg8 is a ubiquitin-like protein that is activated by an E1 protein, Apg7 (refs 7, 8), and is transferred subsequently to the E2 enzymes Apg3/Aut1 (ref. 9). Apg7 activates two different ubiquitin-like proteins, Apg12 (ref. 10) and Apg8, and assigns them to specific E2 enzymes, Apg10 (ref. 11) and Apg3, respectively. These reactions are necessary for the formation of Apg8-phosphatidylethanolamine. This lipidation has an essential role in membrane dynamics during autophagy(6).
C1 Natl Inst Basic Biol, Dept Cell Biol, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Grad Univ Adv Studies, Sch Life Sci, Dept Mol Biomech, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Inst Prot Res, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan.
   Teikyo Univ Sci & Technol, High Tech Res Ctr, Dept Biosci, Yamanashi 4090193, Japan.
   Juntendo Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Tokyo 1138421, Japan.
C3 National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB); Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Juntendo University
RP Ohsumi, Y (corresponding author), Natl Inst Basic Biol, Dept Cell Biol, 38 Nishigonaka, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
NR 28
TC 1707
Z9 2071
U1 2
U2 262
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 488
EP 492
DI 10.1038/35044114
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800052
PM 11100732
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rossi, DJ
   Oshima, T
   Attwell, D
AF Rossi, DJ
   Oshima, T
   Attwell, D
TI Glutamate release in severe brain ischaemia is mainly by reversed uptake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat hippocampal slices; methyl-d-aspartate; neuronal death; in-vitro; ischemia; activation; transport; calcium; anoxia; mechanisms
AB The release of glutamate during brain anoxia or ischaemia triggers the death of neurons', causing mental or physical handicap. The mechanism of glutamate release is controversial, however. Four release mechanisms have been postulated: vesicular release dependent on external calcium(2) or Ca(2+) released from intracellular stores(3); release through swelling-activated onion channels(4); an indomethacin-sensitive process in astrocytes(5-7); and reversed operation of glutamate transporters(8,9). Here we have mimicked severe ischaemia in hippocampal slices and monitored glutamate release as a receptor-gated current in the CA1 pyramidal cells that are killed preferentially in ischaemic hippocampus. Using blockers of the different release mechanisms, we demonstrate that glutamate release is largely by reversed operation of neuronal glutamate transporters, and that it plays a key role in generating the anoxic depolarization that abolishes information processing in the central nervous system a few minutes after the start of ischaemia. A mathematical model incorporating K(+) channels, reversible uptake carriers and NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor channels reproduces the main features of the response to ischaemia. Thus, transporter-mediated glutamate homeostasis fails dramatically in ischaemia: instead of removing extracellular glutamate to protect neurons, transporters release glutamate, triggering neuronal death.
C1 UCL, Dept Physiol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Shionogi & Co Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka 561, Japan.
C3 University of London; University College London; Shionogi & Company Limited
RP Attwell, D (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Physiol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM D.Attwell@ucl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 933
Z9 1092
U1 2
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6767
BP 316
EP 321
DI 10.1038/35002090
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 276VU
UT WOS:000084899700054
PM 10659851
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI US Congress encouraged to lay out the welcome mat for skilled foreigners
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 597
EP 598
DI 10.1038/35014685
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500057
PM 10850722
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, X
   Zhou, ZH
   Wang, XL
AF Xu, X
   Zhou, ZH
   Wang, XL
TI The smallest known non-avian theropod dinosaur
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID china
AB Non-avian dinosaurs are mostly medium to large-sized animals, and to date all known mature specimens are larger than the most primitive bird, Archaeopteryx(1). Here we report on a new dromaeosaurid dinosaur, Microraptor zhaoianus gen. et sp. nov., from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning, China(2). This is the first mature non-avian dinosaur to be found that is smaller than Archaeopteryx(1), and it eliminates the size disparity between the earliest birds and their closest non-avian theropod relatives. The more bird-like teeth, the Rahonavis-like ischium and the small number of caudal vertebrae of Microraptor are unique among dromaeosaurids and improve our understanding of the morphological transition to birds. The nearly completely articulated foot shows features, such as distally positioned digit I, slender and recurved pedal claws, and elongated penultimate phalanges, that are comparable to those of arboreal birds(3-6). The discovery of these in non-avian theropods provides new insights for studying the palaeoecology of some bird-like theropod dinosaurs.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   China Univ Geosci, Coll Earth Sci & Resources, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; China University of Geosciences
RP Xu, X (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, POB 643, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
EM xxu@midwest.com.cn
NR 30
TC 244
Z9 315
U1 10
U2 105
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 705
EP 708
DI 10.1038/35047056
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200045
PM 11130069
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huang, P
   Feng, L
   Oldham, EA
   Keating, MJ
   Plunkett, W
AF Huang, P
   Feng, L
   Oldham, EA
   Keating, MJ
   Plunkett, W
TI Superoxide dismutase as a target for the selective killing of cancer cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endogenous mammalian metabolite; inhibits tubulin polymerization; dependent formation; cytochrome-c; 2-methoxyestradiol; apoptosis; radicals; cytotoxicity; oxidase; tissue
AB Superoxide dismutases (SOD) are essential enzymes that eliminate superoxide radical (O-2(-)) and thus protect cells from damage induced by free radicals(1-3). The active O-2(-) production and low SOD activity in cancer cells(3-7) may render the malignant cells highly dependent on SOD for survival and sensitive to inhibition of SOD. Here we report that certain oestrogen derivatives selectively kill human leukaemia cells but not normal lymphocytes. Using complementary DNA microarray and biochemical approaches, we identify SOD as a target of this drug action and show that chemical modifications at the 2-carbon (2-OH, 2-OCH3) of the derivatives are essential for SOD inhibition and for apoptosis induction. Inhibition of SOD causes accumulation of cellular O-2(-) and leads to free-radical-mediated damage to mitochondrial membranes, the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and apoptosis of the cancer cells. Our results indicate that targeting SOD may be a promising approach to the selective killing of cancer cells, and that mechanism-based combinations of SOD inhibitors with free-radical-producing agents may have clinical applications.
C1 Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Expt Therapeut, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Leukaemia, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center
RP Huang, P (corresponding author), Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Expt Therapeut, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 27
TC 773
Z9 891
U1 2
U2 125
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 390
EP 395
DI 10.1038/35030140
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700050
PM 11014196
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koide, S
   Huang, XL
   Link, K
   Koide, A
   Bu, ZM
   Engelman, DM
AF Koide, S
   Huang, XL
   Link, K
   Koide, A
   Bu, ZM
   Engelman, DM
TI Design of single-layer β-sheets without a hydrophobic core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rotational diffusion anisotropy; heteronuclear nmr-spectroscopy; borrelia-burgdorferi ospa; protein design; structural characterization; backbone dynamics; relaxation; n-15; scattering; domain
AB The hydrophobic effect is the main thermodynamic driving force in the folding of water-soluble proteins(1,2), Exclusion of nonpolar moieties from aqueous solvent results in the formation of a hydrophobic core in a protein, which has been generally considered essential for specifying and stabilizing the folded structures of proteins(1-6). Outer surface protein A (OspA) from Borrelia burgdorferi contains a three-stranded beta-sheet segment which connects two globular domains(7). Although this single-layer beta- sheet segment is exposed to solvent on both faces and thus does not contain a hydrophobic core, the segment has a high conformational stability(8), Here we report the engineering of OspA variants that contain larger single-layer beta-sheets (comprising five and seven beta-strands) by duplicating a beta-hairpin unit within the beta-sheet, Nuclear magnetic resonance and small-angle X-ray scattering analyses reveal that these extended single-layer beta-sheets are formed as designed, and amide hydrogen-deuterium exchange and chemical denaturation show that they are stable. Thus, interactions within the beta-hairpin unit and those between adjacent units, which do not involve the formation of a hydrophobic core, are sufficient to specify and stabilize the single-layer beta-sheet structure. Our results provide an expanded view of protein folding, misfolding and design.
C1 Univ Rochester, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Rochester, NY 14642 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
C3 University of Rochester; Yale University
RP Koide, S (corresponding author), Univ Rochester, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Rochester, NY 14642 USA.
NR 30
TC 49
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6768
BP 456
EP 460
DI 10.1038/35000255
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 280UA
UT WOS:000085121100057
PM 10667801
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tumbula, DL
   Becker, HD
   Chang, W
   Söll, D
AF Tumbula, DL
   Becker, HD
   Chang, W
   Söll, D
TI Domain-specific recruitment of amide amino acids for protein synthesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transfer-rna-synthetase; escherichia-coli; evolution; gene; biosynthesis; bacteria; amidotransferase; translation; recognition; enzyme
AB The formation of aminoacyl-transfer RNA is a crucial step in ensuring the accuracy of protein synthesis. Despite the central importance of this process in all living organisms, it remains unknown how archaea and some bacteria synthesize Asn-tRNA and Gln-tRNA. These amide aminoacyl-tRNAs can be formed by the direct acylation of tRNA, catalysed by asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase and glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase, respectively. A separate, indirect pathway involves the formation of mis-acylated Asp-tRNA(Asn) or Glu-tRNA(Gln), and the subsequent amidation of these amino acids while they are bound to tRNA, which is catalysed by amidotransferases(1,2). Here we show that all archaea possess an archaea-specific heterodimeric amidotransferase (encoded by gatD and gatE) for Gln-tRNA formation. However, Asn-tRNA synthesis in archaea is divergent: some archaea use asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase, whereas others use a heterotrimeric amidotransferase (encoded by the gatA, gatB and gatC genes). Because bacteria primarily use transamidation(3), and the eukaryal cytoplasm uses glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase, it appears that the three domains use different mechanisms for Gln-tRNA synthesis; as such, this is the only known step in protein synthesis where all three domains have diverged. Closer inspection of the two amidotransferases reveals that each of them recruited a metabolic enzyme to aid its function; this provides direct evidence for a relationship between amino-acid metabolism and protein biosynthesis.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University
RP Söll, D (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 30
TC 138
Z9 164
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 106
EP 110
DI 10.1038/35024120
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000052
PM 10993083
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koskelainen, A
   Ala-Laurila, P
   Fyhrquist, N
   Donner, K
AF Koskelainen, A
   Ala-Laurila, P
   Fyhrquist, N
   Donner, K
TI Measurement of thermal contribution to photoreceptor sensitivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frog retina; noise; cone; pigments; vision
AB Activation of a visual pigment molecule to initiate phototransduction requires a minimum energy, E-a, that need not be wholly derived from a photon, but may be supplemented by heat(1), Theory(2,3) predicts that absorbance at very long wavelengths declines with the fraction of molecules that have a sufficient complement of thermal energy, and that E-a is inversely related to the wavelength of maximum absorbance (lambda(max)) of the pigment, Consistent with the first of these predictions, warming increases relative visual sensitivity to long wavelengths(4-8). Here we measure this effect in amphibian photoreceptors with different pigments to estimate E-a (refs 2, 5-7) and test experimentally the predictions of an inverse relation between E-a and lambda(max). For rods and 'red' cones in the adult frog retina, we find no significant difference in E-a between the two pigments involved, although their lambda(max) values are very different. We also determined E-a for the rhodopsin in toad retinal rods--spectrally similar to frog rhodopsin hut differing in amino-acid sequence-and found that it was significantly higher. In addition, we estimated E-a for two pigments whose lambda(max) difference was due only to a chromophore difference (A1 and A2 pigment, in adult and larval bag cones), Here E-a for A2 was lower than for Al. Our results refute the idea of a necessary relation between lambda(max) and E-a but show that the A1 --> A2 chromophore substitution decreases E-a.
C1 Aalto Univ, Biomed Engn Lab, FIN-02015 Espoo, Finland.
   Univ Helsinki, Dept Biosci, Div Anim Physiol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
C3 Aalto University; University of Helsinki
RP Koskelainen, A (corresponding author), Aalto Univ, Biomed Engn Lab, POB 2200, FIN-02015 Espoo, Finland.
EM ari.koskelainen@hut.fi
NR 30
TC 33
Z9 40
U1 1
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 220
EP 223
DI 10.1038/35003242
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300061
PM 10646610
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, J
   Childress, S
   Libchaber, A
   Shelley, M
AF Zhang, J
   Childress, S
   Libchaber, A
   Shelley, M
TI Flexible filaments in a flowing soap film as a model for one-dimensional flags in a two-dimensional wind
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shear flows; laminar; fluids; wakes
AB The dynamics of swimming fish and flapping flags involves a complicated interaction of their deformable shapes with the surrounding fluid flow. Even in the passive case of a flag, the flag exerts forces on the fluid through its own inertia and elastic responses, and is likewise acted on by hydrodynamic pressure and drag. But such couplings are not well understood. Here we study these interactions experimentally, using an analogous system of flexible filaments in flowing soap films. We rnd that, for a single filament (or 'flag') held at its upstream end and otherwise unconstrained, there are two distinct, stable dynamical states. The first is a stretched-straight state: the filament is immobile and aligned in the flow direction. The existence of this state seems to refute the common belief that a flag is always unstable and will flap(1,2). The second is a flapping state: the filament executes a sinuous motion in a manner akin to the flapping of a flag in the wind. We study further the hydrodynamically coupled interaction between two such filaments, and demonstrate the existence of four different dynamical states.
C1 NYU, Courant Inst, Appl Math Lab, New York, NY 10012 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Ctr Studies Phys & Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 New York University; Rockefeller University
RP Zhang, J (corresponding author), NYU, Courant Inst, Appl Math Lab, New York, NY 10012 USA.
NR 21
TC 428
Z9 490
U1 4
U2 132
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 835
EP 839
DI 10.1038/35048530
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300043
PM 11130717
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Orlove, BS
   Chiang, JCH
   Cane, MA
AF Orlove, BS
   Chiang, JCH
   Cane, MA
TI Forecasting Andean rainfall and crop yield from the influence of El Nino on Pleiades visibility
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern oscillation; sage-ii; cloud
AB Farmers in drought-prone regions of Andean South America have historically made observations of changes in the apparent brightness of stars in the Pleiades around the time of the southern winter solstice in order to forecast interannual variations in summer rainfall and in autumn harvests. They moderate the effect of reduced rainfall by adjusting the planting dates of potatoes, their most important crop(1). Here we use data on cloud cover and water vapour from satellite imagery, agronomic data from the Andean altiplano and an index of El Nino variability to analyse this forecasting method. We find that poor visibility of the Pleiades in June-caused by an increase in subvisual high cirrus clouds-is indicative of an El Nino year, which is usually linked to reduced rainfall during the growing season several months later. Our results suggest that this centuries-old method? of seasonal rainfall forecasting may be based on a simple indicator of El Nino variability.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; Columbia University
RP Orlove, BS (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
NR 30
TC 133
Z9 165
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 68
EP 71
DI 10.1038/47456
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400042
PM 10638752
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yeomans, D
AF Yeomans, D
TI Small bodies of the solar system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 253-mathilde; flyby
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology
RP Yeomans, D (corresponding author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
NR 23
TC 16
Z9 22
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 829
EP 832
DI 10.1038/35009193
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000030
PM 10786778
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Graps, AL
   Grün, E
   Svedhem, H
   Krüger, H
   Horányi, M
   Heck, A
   Lammers, S
AF Graps, AL
   Grün, E
   Svedhem, H
   Krüger, H
   Horányi, M
   Heck, A
   Lammers, S
TI Io as a source of the jovian dust streams
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID comet shoemaker-levy-9; gossamer ring; jupiter; magnetosphere; ejection
AB Streams of dust emerging from the direction of Jupiter were discovered in 1992 during the flyby of the Ulysses spacecraft(1,2), but their precise origin within the jovian system remained unclear(2). Further data(3-5) collected by the Galileo spacecraft, which has been orbiting Jupiter since December 1995, identified the possible sources of dust as Jupiter's main ring(6), its gossamer ring(7), comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (ref. 8) and Io. All but Jupiter's gossamer ring and Io have since been ruled out(4,9-14). Here we find that the dominant source of the jovian dust streams is Io, on the basis of periodicities in the dust impact signal. Io's volcanoes, rather than impact ejecta, are the dust sources.
C1 Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   European Space Res & Technol Ctr, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands.
   Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Graps, AL (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Kernphys, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 23
TC 86
Z9 92
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 48
EP 50
DI 10.1038/35011008
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600045
PM 10811212
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kirchner, JW
   Feng, XH
   Neal, C
AF Kirchner, JW
   Feng, XH
   Neal, C
TI Fractal stream chemistry and its implications for contaminant transport in catchments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dispersion-equation; water; groundwater; plynlimon; isotope; wales
AB The time;it takes for rainfall to travel through a catchment and reach the stream is a fundamental hydraulic parameter that controls the retention of soluble contaminants and thus the downstream consequences of pollution episodes(1,2). Catchments with short flushing times will deliver brief, intense contaminant pulses to downstream waters, whereas catchments with longer flushing times will deliver less intense but more sustained contaminant fluxes. Here we analyse detailed time series of chloride, a natural tracer, in both rainfall and runoff from headwater catchments at Plynlimon, Wales. We show that, although the chloride concentrations in rainfall have a white noise spectrum, the chloride concentrations in streamflow exhibit fractal 1/f scaling over three orders of magnitude. The fractal fluctuations in tracer concentrations indicate that these catchments do not have characteristic flushing times. Instead, their travel times follow an approximate power-law distribution implying that they will retain a long chemical memory of past inputs. Contaminants will initially be flushed rapidly, but then low-level contamination will be delivered to streams for a surprisingly long time.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geol & Geophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Dartmouth Coll, Dept Earth Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
   Inst Hydrol, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Dartmouth College; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH)
RP Kirchner, JW (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geol & Geophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM kirchner@scismo.berkeley.edu
NR 29
TC 824
Z9 908
U1 5
U2 207
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 524
EP 527
DI 10.1038/35000537
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300044
PM 10676956
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reysenbach, AL
   Banta, AB
   Boone, DR
   Cary, SC
   Luther, GW
AF Reysenbach, AL
   Banta, AB
   Boone, DR
   Cary, SC
   Luther, GW
TI Biogeochemistry - Microbial essentials at hydrothermal vents
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diversity
C1 Portland State Univ, Dept Environm Biol, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Univ Delaware, Coll Marine Studies, Lewes, DE 19958 USA.
C3 Portland State University; University of Delaware
RP Reysenbach, AL (corresponding author), Portland State Univ, Dept Environm Biol, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
NR 11
TC 88
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 835
EP 835
DI 10.1038/35009029
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000033
PM 10786781
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cousineau, B
   Lawrence, S
   Smith, D
   Belfort, M
AF Cousineau, B
   Lawrence, S
   Smith, D
   Belfort, M
TI Retrotransposition of a bacterial group II intron
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribosomal-rna; reverse-transcriptase; transposition; mobility; recombination; integration; evolution; invitro; pieces
AB Self-splicing group II introns may be the evolutionary progenitors of eukaryotic spliceosomal introns(1-7), but the route by which they invade new chromosomal sites is unknown. To address the mechanism by which group II introns are disseminated, we have studied the bacterial Ll.LtrB intron from Lactococcus lactis(8). The protein product of this intron, LtrA, possesses maturase, reverse transcriptase and endonuclease enzymatic activities(9-11). Together with the intron, LtrA forms a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex which mediates a process known as retrohoming(11). In retrohoming, the intron reverse splices into a cognate intronless DNA site. Integration of a DNA copy of the intron is recombinase independent but requires all three activities of LtrA(11). Here we report the first experimental demonstration of a group II intron invading ectopic chromosomal sites, which occurs by a distinct retrotransposition mechanism. This retrotransposition process is endonuclease-independent and recombinase-dependent, and is likely to involve reverse splicing of the intron RNA into cellular RNA targets. These retrotranspositions suggest a mechanism by which splicesomal introns may have become widely dispersed.
C1 New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Mol Genet Program, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
   SUNY Albany, Sch Publ Hlth, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
C3 Wadsworth Center; State University of New York (SUNY) System; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY
RP Belfort, M (corresponding author), New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Mol Genet Program, POB 22002, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
NR 29
TC 114
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 1018
EP 1021
DI 10.1038/35010029
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000062
PM 10801134
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI Laying a firm foundation for interdisciplinary research endeavours
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 5
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 107
EP 108
DI 10.1038/35017694
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200055
PM 10894552
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, JT
   Comans, RNJ
   Beresford, NA
   Wright, SM
   Howard, BJ
   Camplin, WC
AF Smith, JT
   Comans, RNJ
   Beresford, NA
   Wright, SM
   Howard, BJ
   Camplin, WC
TI Pollution - Chernobyl's legacy in food and water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radiocesium; cs-137; lakes; fish
C1 Winfrith Technol Ctr, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Dorchester DT2 8ZD, England.
   Netherlands Energy Res Fdn, NL-1755 ZG Petten, Netherlands.
   Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Grange Sands LA11 6JU, Cumbria, England.
   Ctr Environm Fisheries & Aquaculture Sci, Lowestoft NR33 OHT, Suffolk, England.
C3 UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); Centre for Environment Fisheries & Aquaculture Science
RP Smith, JT (corresponding author), Winfrith Technol Ctr, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Dorchester DT2 8ZD, England.
NR 10
TC 84
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 141
EP 141
DI 10.1038/35012139
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100038
PM 10821261
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Myers, N
   Mittermeier, RA
   Mittermeier, CG
   da Fonseca, GAB
   Kent, J
AF Myers, N
   Mittermeier, RA
   Mittermeier, CG
   da Fonseca, GAB
   Kent, J
TI Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extinction; diversity; richness; forest; birds; areas
AB Consenrationists are far from able to assist all species under threat, if only for lack of funding. This places a premium on priorities: how can we support the most species at the least cost? One way is to identify 'biodiversity hotspots' where exceptional concentrations of endemic species are undergoing exceptional loss of habitat. As many as 44% of all species of vascular plants and 35% of all species in four vertebrate groups are confined to 25 hotspots comprising only 1.4% of the land surface of the Earth. This opens the way for a 'silver bullet' strategy on the part of conservation planners, focusing on these hotspots in proportion to their share of the world's species at risk.
C1 Univ Oxford Green Coll, Oxford OX3 8SZ, England.
   Conservat Int, Ctr Appl Biodivers Sci, Washington, DC 20037 USA.
C3 University of Oxford; Conservation International
RP Myers, N (corresponding author), Univ Oxford Green Coll, Upper Meadow,Old Rd, Oxford OX3 8SZ, England.
EM myersln@aol.com
NR 48
TC 19708
Z9 24214
U1 103
U2 1743
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 853
EP 858
DI 10.1038/35002501
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200046
PM 10706275
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, GZ
   Fray, DJ
   Farthing, TW
AF Chen, GZ
   Fray, DJ
   Farthing, TW
TI Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cost titanium; powders
AB Many reactive metals are difficult to prepare in pure form without complicated and expensive procedures(1-18). Although titanium has many desirable properties (it is light, strong and corrosion-resistant(1)), its use has been restricted because of its high processing cost. In the current pyrometallurgical process-the Kroll process(4,5)-the titanium minerals rutile and ilmenite are carbochlorinated to remove oxygen, iron and other impurities, producing a TiCl4 vapour. This is then reduced to titanium metal by magnesium metal; the by-product MgCl2 is removed by vacuum distillation. The prediction that this process would be replaced by an electrochemical route(6-10) has not been fulfilled; attempts involving the electro-deposition of titanium from ionic solutions have been hampered by difficulties in eliminating the redox cycling of multivalent titanium ions and in handling very reactive dendritic products(6-10). Here we report an electrochemical method for the direct reduction of solid TiO2, in which the oxygen is ionized, dissolved in a molten salt and discharged at the anode, leaving pure titanium at the cathode. The simplicity and rapidity of this process compared to conventional routes should result in reduced production costs and the approach should be applicable to a wide range of metal oxides.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Met, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Fray, DJ (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci & Met, Pembroke St, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, England.
EM djf25@hermes.cam.ac.uk
NR 24
TC 1398
Z9 1611
U1 23
U2 634
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 361
EP 364
DI 10.1038/35030069
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700042
PM 11014188
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reichert, H
   Klein, O
   Dosch, H
   Denk, M
   Honkimäki, V
   Lippmann, T
   Reiter, G
AF Reichert, H
   Klein, O
   Dosch, H
   Denk, M
   Honkimäki, V
   Lippmann, T
   Reiter, G
TI Observation of five-fold local symmetry in liquid lead
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID energy synchrotron-radiation; x-ray reflectivity; surface; mercury; order
AB The local point symmetry of the short-range order in simple monatomic liquids remains a fundamental open question in condensed-matter science. For more than 40 years it has been conjectured(1-4) that liquids with centrosymmetric interactions may be composed of icosahedral building blocks. But these proposed mobile, randomly orientated structures have remained experimentally inaccessible owing to the unavoidable averaging involved in scattering experiments, which can therefore determine only the isotropic radial distribution function. Here we overcome this limitation by capturing liquid fragments at a solid-liquid interface, and observing the scattering of totally internally reflected (evanescent) X-rays, which are sensitive only to the liquid structure at the interface. Using this method, we observe five-fold local symmetry in liquid lead adjacent to a silicon wall, and obtain an experimental portrait of the icosahedral fragments that are predicted to occur in all close-packed monatomic liquids. By shedding new light on local bond order in disordered structures such as liquids and glasses, these results should lead to a better microscopic understanding of melting, freezing and supercooling.
C1 Max Planck Inst Met Res, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
   Hamburger Synchrontronstschlungslab HASYLAB, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Houston, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); University of Houston System; University of Houston
RP Reichert, H (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Met Res, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
EM reichert@dxray.mpi-stuttgart.mpg.de
NR 24
TC 292
Z9 316
U1 0
U2 109
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 839
EP 841
DI 10.1038/35048537
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300044
PM 11130718
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iddan, G
   Meron, G
   Glukhovsky, A
   Swain, P
AF Iddan, G
   Meron, G
   Glukhovsky, A
   Swain, P
TI Wireless capsule endoscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Given Imageing Ltd, Bldg 7,New Ind Pk, IL-20692 Yoqneam, Israel.
   Royal London Hosp, London E1 1BB, England.
C3 Barts Health NHS Trust; Royal London Hospital
RP Iddan, G (corresponding author), Given Imageing Ltd, Bldg 7,New Ind Pk, IL-20692 Yoqneam, Israel.
NR 5
TC 2364
Z9 2697
U1 11
U2 267
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 417
EP 417
DI 10.1038/35013140
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000035
PM 10839527
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Patel, AD
   Balaban, E
AF Patel, AD
   Balaban, E
TI Temporal patterns of human cortical activity reflect tone sequence structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID steady-state responses; tonotopic organization; music; perception; pitch
AB Despite growing interest in temporal aspects of auditory neural processing(1,2), little is known about large-scale timing patterns of brain activity during the perception of auditory sequences(3). This is partly because it has not been possible ro distinguish stimulus-related activity from other, endogenous brain signals recorded by electrical or magnetic sensors. Here we use amplitude modulation of unfamiliar, unfamiliar, similar to 1-minute-long tone sequences to label stimulus-related magnetoencephalographic neural activity in human subjects(4-9). We show that temporal patterns of activity recorded over particular brain regions track the pitch contour of tone sequences, with the accuracy of tracking increasing as tone sequences become more predictable in structure. In contrast, temporal synchronization between recording locations, particularly between sites over the left posterior hemisphere and the rest of the brain, is greatest when sequences have melody-like statistical properties(10,11) which may reflect the perceptual integration of local ant; global pitch patterns in melody-like sequences(12). This method is particularly well suited to studying temporal neural correlates of complex auditory sequences (such as speech or music) which engage multiple brain areas as perception unfolds in time.
C1 Inst Neurosci, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
RP Patel, AD (corresponding author), Inst Neurosci, 10640 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
EM apatel@nsi.edu; evan@nsi.edu
NR 23
TC 86
Z9 93
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 80
EP 84
DI 10.1038/35003577
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100049
PM 10716446
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, N
   Tang, ZK
   Li, GD
   Chen, JS
AF Wang, N
   Tang, ZK
   Li, GD
   Chen, JS
TI Materials science -: Single-walled 4 Å carbon nanotube arrays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID channels
C1 Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
C3 Hong Kong University of Science & Technology
RP Wang, N (corresponding author), Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
NR 11
TC 535
Z9 595
U1 2
U2 207
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 50
EP 51
DI 10.1038/35040702
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400045
PM 11081501
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pienitz, R
   Vincent, WF
AF Pienitz, R
   Vincent, WF
TI Effect of climate change relative to ozone depletion on UV exposure in subarctic lakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ultraviolet-radiation; northwest-territory; boreal forest; b penetration; vegetation; treeline; canada; acidification; yellowknife
AB The effect of stratospheric ozone depletion on increases in ambient levels of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation in high-latitude regions' has raised concerns about the response of northern ecosystems to environmental change. The concentration of coloured dissolved organic material, which is derived from terrestrial vegetation and acts as a screen for ultraviolet radiation, is low in high-latitude lakes(2). The underwater light environment in these lakes is therefore likely to be sensitive to small variations in the supply of this material, in addition to the effects of ozone depletion(2-5). Here we use fossil diatom assemblages in combination with bio-optical models to estimate the magnitude of past variations in the underwater light regime of a lake at the boreal tree line. We find large shifts in underwater UV-B, UV-A and photosynthetically available radiation associated with changes in the input of coloured dissolved organic material into subarctic lakes during the Holocene. The inferred changes in biological exposure to UV radiation were at least two orders of magnitude greater than those associated with moderate (30%) ozone depletion. Our findings indicate that freshwater ecosystems at present located across vegetation gradients will experience significant shifts in underwater spectral irradiance through the effects of climate change on catchment vegetation and the export of coloured dissolved organic material.
C1 Univ Laval, Ctr Etud Nord, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada.
C3 Laval University
RP Pienitz, R (corresponding author), Univ Laval, Ctr Etud Nord, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada.
EM reinhard.pienitz@cen.ulaval.ca; warwick.vincent@bio.ulaval.ca
NR 29
TC 168
Z9 190
U1 2
U2 84
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 484
EP 487
DI 10.1038/35006616
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700044
PM 10761913
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buckling, A
   Kassen, R
   Bell, G
   Rainey, PB
AF Buckling, A
   Kassen, R
   Bell, G
   Rainey, PB
TI Disturbance and diversity in experimental microcosms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID experimental evolution; maintenance; competition; selection; peaks
AB External agents of mortality (disturbances) occur over a wide range of scales of space and time, and are believed to have large effects on species diversity. The "intermediate disturbance hypothesis''(1-3), which proposes maximum diversity at intermediate frequencies of disturbance, has received support from both field(4,5) and laboratory(6,7) studies. Coexistence of species at intermediate frequencies of disturbance is thought to require trade-offs between competitive ability and disturbance tolerance(8), and a metapopulation structure, with disturbance affecting only a few patches at any given time(9-11). However, a unimodal relationship can also be generated by global disturbances that affect all patches simultaneously, provided that the environment contains spatial niches to which different species are adapted(12). Here we report the results of tests of this model using both isogenic and diverse populations of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. In both cases, a unimodal relationship between diversity and disturbance frequency was generated in heterogeneous, but not in homogeneous, environments. The cause of this relationship is competition among niche-specialist genotypes, which maintains diversity at intermediate disturbance, but not at high or low disturbance. Our results show that disturbance can modulate the effect of spatial heterogeneity on biological diversity in natural environments.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
   McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Redpath Museum, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada.
C3 University of Oxford; McGill University; McGill University
RP Buckling, A (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
EM angus.buckling@plant-sciences.ox.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 204
Z9 243
U1 1
U2 120
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 961
EP 964
DI 10.1038/35050080
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100046
PM 11140680
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dong, C
   Yang, DD
   Tournier, C
   Whitmarsh, AJ
   Xu, J
   Davis, RJ
   Flavell, RA
AF Dong, C
   Yang, DD
   Tournier, C
   Whitmarsh, AJ
   Xu, J
   Davis, RJ
   Flavell, RA
TI JNK is required for effector T-cell function but not for T-cell activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinase; differentiation
AB The hallmark of T-cell activation is the production of interleukin 2 (IL-2). c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK), a MAP kinase that phosphorylates c-Jun and other components of the AP-1 group of transcription factors(1,2), has been implicated in the activation of IL-2 expression(3,4). Previously, we found that T cells from mice deficient in the Jnk1 or Jnk2 gene can be activated and produce IL-2 normally, but are deficient in functional differentiation into Th1 or Th2 subsets(5,6). However, studies of mice with compound mutations indicate that JNK1 and JNK2 are redundant during mouse development(7). Here we use three new mouse models in which peripheral T cells completely lack JNK proteins or signalling, to test whether the JNK signalling pathway is crucial for IL-2 expression and T-cell activation. Unexpectedly, these T cells made more IL-2 and proliferated better than wild-type cells. However, production of effector T-cell cytokines did require JNK. Thus, JNK is necessary for T-cell differentiation but not for naive T-cell activation.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Immunobiol Sect, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Program Mol Med,Howard Hughes Med Inst, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Flavell, RA (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Immunobiol Sect, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 16
TC 287
Z9 334
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 91
EP 94
DI 10.1038/35011091
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600057
PM 10811224
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kleinberg, JM
AF Kleinberg, JM
TI Navigation in a small world - It is easier to find short chains between points in some networks than others.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Kleinberg, JM (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
NR 7
TC 1142
Z9 1238
U1 5
U2 128
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 845
EP 845
DI 10.1038/35022643
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600028
PM 10972276
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bianco, PR
   Kowalczykowski, SC
AF Bianco, PR
   Kowalczykowski, SC
TI Translocation step size and mechanism of theRecBC DNA helicase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coli recbcd enzyme; escherichia-coli; atp hydrolysis; crystal-structures; duplex dna; processivity; complexes; sequence; binding; strand
AB DNA helicases are ubiquitous enzymes that unwind double-stranded DNA(1-3). They are a diverse group of proteins that move in a linear fashion along a one-dimensional polymer lattice-DNA-by using a mechanism that couples nucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis to both translocation and double-stranded DNA unwinding to produce separate strands of DNA. The RecBC enzyme is a processive DNA helicase that functions in homologous recombination in Escherichia coli; it unwinds up to 6,250 base pairs per binding event and hydrolyses slightly more than one ATP molecule per base pair unwound. Here we show, by using a series of gapped oligonucleotide substrates, that this enzyme translocates along only one strand of duplex DNA in the 3' --> 5' direction. The translocating enzyme will traverse, or 'step' across, single-stranded DNA gaps in defined steps that are 23 (+/-2) nucleotides in length. This step is much larger than the amount of double-stranded DNA that can be unwound using the free energy derived from hydrolysis of one molecule of ATP, implying that translocation and DNA unwinding are separate events. We propose that the RecBC enzyme both translocates and unwinds by a quantized, two-step, inchworm-like mechanism that may have parallels for translocation by other linear motor proteins.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Microbiol Sect, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Kowalczykowski, SC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Microbiol Sect, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
NR 17
TC 91
Z9 106
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 368
EP 372
DI 10.1038/35012652
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700052
PM 10830968
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neutze, R
   Wouts, R
   van der Spoel, D
   Weckert, E
   Hajdu, J
AF Neutze, R
   Wouts, R
   van der Spoel, D
   Weckert, E
   Hajdu, J
TI Potential for biomolecular imaging with femtosecond X-ray pulses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron; resolution; crystallography; diffraction; microscopy; specimens; protein; virus; laser
AB Sample damage by X-rays and other radiation limits the resolution of structural studies on non-repetitive and non-reproducible structures such as individual biomolecules or cells(1). Cooling can slow sample deterioration, but cannot eliminate damage-induced sample movement during the time needed for conventional measurements(1,2). Analyses of the dynamics of damage formation(3-5) suggest that the conventional damage barrier (about 200 X-ray photons per Angstrom(2) with X-rays of 12 keV energy or 1 Angstrom wavelength 2) may be extended at very high dose rates and very short exposure times. Here we have used computer simulations to investigate the structural information that can be recovered from the scattering of intense femtosecond X-ray pulses by single protein molecules and small assemblies. Estimations of radiation damage as a function of photon energy, pulse length, integrated pulse intensity and sample size show that experiments using very high X-ray dose rates and ultrashort exposures may provide useful structural information before radiation damage destroys the sample. We predict that such ultrashort, high-intensity X-ray pulses from free-electron lasers(6,7) that are currently under development, in combination with container-free sample handling methods based on spraying techniques, will provide a new approach to structural determinations with X-rays.
C1 Uppsala Univ, Ctr Biomed, Dept Biochem, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Kristallog, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
C3 Uppsala University; Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
RP Hajdu, J (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, Ctr Biomed, Dept Biochem, Box 576, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
EM janos@xray.bmc.uu.se
NR 30
TC 1650
Z9 1881
U1 0
U2 349
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 752
EP 757
DI 10.1038/35021099
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700050
PM 10963603
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sims, DW
   Andrews, PLR
   Young, JZ
AF Sims, DW
   Andrews, PLR
   Young, JZ
TI Fish behaviour - Stomach rinsing in rays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
   St George Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, London SW17 0RE, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Expt Psychol, Oxford OX1 3UD, England.
C3 University of Aberdeen; City St Georges, University of London; University of Oxford
RP Sims, DW (corresponding author), Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
NR 10
TC 32
Z9 40
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 566
EP 566
DI 10.1038/35007149
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100042
PM 10766231
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hou, SB
   Larsen, RW
   Boudko, D
   Riley, CW
   Karatan, E
   Zimmer, M
   Ordal, GW
   Alam, M
AF Hou, SB
   Larsen, RW
   Boudko, D
   Riley, CW
   Karatan, E
   Zimmer, M
   Ordal, GW
   Alam, M
TI Myoglobin-like aerotaxis transducers in Archaea and Bacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amino-acid-sequences; bacillus-subtilis; escherichia-coli; halobacterium-salinarium; serine chemoreceptor; rhizobium-meliloti; gene-expression; proteins; oxygen; methylation
AB Haem-containing proteins such as haemoglobin and myoglobin play an essential role in oxygen transport and storage. Comparison of the amino-acid sequences of globins from Bacteria and Eukarya suggests that they share an early common ancestor, even though the proteins perform different functions in these two kingdoms(1-6). Until now, no members of the globin family have been found in the third kingdom, Archaea. Recent studies of biological signalling in the Bacteria and Eukarya have revealed a new class of haem-containing proteins that serve as sensors(7). Until now, no haem-based sensor has been described in the Archaea. Here we report the first myoglobin-like, haem-containing protein in the Archaea, and the first haem-based aerotactic transducer in the Bacteria (termed HemAT-Hs for the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum, and HemAT-Bs for Bacillus subtilis). These proteins exhibit spectral properties similar to those of myoglobin and trigger aerotactic responses.
C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Microbiol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Biochem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Dept Chem, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Hawaii System
RP Alam, M (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Microbiol, Snyder Hall 207,2538 Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
NR 28
TC 244
Z9 291
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 540
EP 544
DI 10.1038/35000570
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300049
PM 10676961
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU AbdAlla, S
   Lother, H
   Quitterer, U
AF AbdAlla, S
   Lother, H
   Quitterer, U
TI AT1-receptor heterodimers show enhanced G-protein activation and altered receptor sequestration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bradykinin b2 receptor; b-2 receptor; internalization; overexpression; dimerization; mechanisms; terminus; binding; system
AB The vasopressor angiotensin II regulates vascular contractility and blood pressure through binding to type 1 angiotensin II receptors (AT(1); refs 1, 2). Bradykinin, a vasodepressor, is a functional antagonist of angiotensin II (ref. 3). The two hormone systems are interconnected by the angiotensin-converting enzyme, which releases angiotensin II from its precursor and inactivates the vasodepressor bradykinin(4). Here we show that the AT(1) receptor and the bradykinin (B-2) receptor also communicate directly with each other. They form stable heterodimers, causing increased activation of G alpha(q) and G alpha(i) proteins, the two major signalling proteins triggered by AT(1). Furthermore, the endocytotic pathway of both receptors changed with heterodimerization. This is the first example of signal enhancement triggered by heterodimerization of two different vasoactive hormone receptors.
C1 Inst Pharmakol, D-97078 Wurzburg, Germany.
   Heinrich Pette Inst, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany.
   Genet Engn & Biotechnol Res Inst, Alexandria, Egypt.
C3 University of Wurzburg; Heinrich Pette Institute
RP Quitterer, U (corresponding author), Inst Pharmakol, Versbacher Str 9, D-97078 Wurzburg, Germany.
EM toph029@rzbox.uni-wuerzburg.de
NR 28
TC 413
Z9 483
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 94
EP 98
DI 10.1038/35024095
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000049
PM 10993080
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smaglik, P
AF Smaglik, P
TI For my next trick ...
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 11
Z9 12
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 828
EP 829
DI 10.1038/35038242
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900013
PM 11057636
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burch, CL
   Chao, L
AF Burch, CL
   Chao, L
TI Evolvability of an RNA virus is determined by its mutational neighbourhood
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; fitness; phi-6
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Burch, CL (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 19
TC 225
Z9 255
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 625
EP 628
DI 10.1038/35020564
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800047
PM 10949302
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Beek, JD
   Beaulieu, L
   Schäfer, H
   Demura, M
   Asakura, T
   Meier, BH
AF van Beek, JD
   Beaulieu, L
   Schäfer, H
   Demura, M
   Asakura, T
   Meier, BH
TI Solid-state NMR determination of the secondary structure of Samia cynthia ricini silk
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-13 chemical-shift; spider dragline silk; nuclear-magnetic-resonance; powder patterns; tensors; n-15; spectroscopy; conformation; peptides; fibers
AB Silks are fibrous proteins that form heterogeneous, semi-crystalline solids. Silk proteins have a variety of physical properties reflecting their range of functions. Spider dragline silk, for example, has high tensile strength and elasticity(1), whereas other silks(2) are better suited to making housing, egg sacs or the capture spiral of spiders' webs. The differing physical properties arise from variation in the protein's primary and secondary structure, and their packing in the solid phase. The high mechanical performance of spider dragline silk, for example, is probably due to a beta-sheet conformation of poly-alanine domains(3), embedded as small crystallites within the fibre. Only limited structural information can be obtained from diffraction of silks(3-6), so further characterization requires spectroscopic studies such as NMR7-11. However, the classical approach to NMR structure determination(12) fails because the high molecular weight(13), repetitive primary structure(13) and structural heterogeneity of solid silk means that signals from individual amino-acid residues cannot be resolved. Here we adapt a recently developed solid-state NMR technique(14,15) to determine torsion angle pairs (phi, Psi) in the protein backbone, and we study the distribution of conformations in silk from the Eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini. Although the most probable conformation in native fibres is an anti-parallel beta-sheet, film produced from liquid directly extracted from the silk glands appears to be primarily alpha-helical.
C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Phys Chem Lab, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Catholic Univ Nijmegen, Phys Chem Lab, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Biol Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan.
   Tokyo Univ Agr & Technol, Dept Biotechnol, Tokyo 1848588, Japan.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Radboud University Nijmegen; Hokkaido University; Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology
RP Meier, BH (corresponding author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Phys Chem Lab, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM beme@nmr.phys.chem.ethz.ch
NR 29
TC 162
Z9 172
U1 0
U2 74
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1077
EP 1079
DI 10.1038/35016625
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700052
PM 10890452
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ludwig, MZ
   Bergman, C
   Patel, NH
   Kreitman, M
AF Ludwig, MZ
   Bergman, C
   Patel, NH
   Kreitman, M
TI Evidence for stabilizing selection in a eukaryotic enhancer element
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID even-skipped promoter; drosophila embryo; expression; evolution; stripe; patterns; region; sites
AB Eukaryotic gene expression is mediated by compact cis-regulatory modules, or enhancers, which are bound by specific sets of transcription factors(1). The combinatorial interaction of these bound transcription factors determines time- and tissue-specific gene activation or repression. The even-skipped stripe 2 element controls the expression of the second transverse stripe of a even-skipped messenger RNA in Drosophila melanogaster embryos, and is one of the best characterized eukaryotic enhancers(2-4). Although even-skipped stripe 2 expression is strongly conserved in Drosophila, the stripe 2 element itself has undergone considerable evolutionary change in its binding-site sequences and the spacing between them. We have investigated this apparent contradiction, and here we show that two chimaeric enhancers, constructed by swapping the 5' and 3' halves of the native stripe 2 elements of two species, no longer drive expression of a reporter gene in the wildtype pattern. Sequence differences between species have functional consequences, therefore, but they are masked by other coevolved differences. On the basis of these results, we present a model for the evolution of eukaryotic regulatory sequences.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Chicago
RP Ludwig, MZ (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, 1101 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 19
TC 446
Z9 544
U1 2
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 564
EP 567
DI 10.1038/35000615
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300055
PM 10676967
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Åqvist, J
   Luzhkov, V
AF Åqvist, J
   Luzhkov, V
TI Ion permeation mechanism of the potassium channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID range electrostatic interactions; molecular-dynamics; simulations; selectivity; conduction
AB Ion-selective channels enable the specific permeation of ions through cell membranes and provide the basis of several important biological functions; for example, electric signalling in the nervous system(1). Although a large amount of electrophysiological data is available(1,2), the molecular mechanisms by which these channels can mediate ion transport remain a significant unsolved problem. With the recently determined crystal structure of the representative K+ channel (KcsA) from Streptomyces lividans(3), it becomes possible to examine ion conduction pathways on a microscopic level. K+ channels utilize multi-ion conduction mechanisms(1,2,4-6), and the three-dimensional structure also shows several ions present in the channel. Here we report results from molecular dynamics free energy perturbation calculations that both establish the nature of the multiple ion conduction mechanism and yield the correct ion selectivity of the channel. By evaluating the energetics of all relevant occupancy states of the selectivity filter, we rnd that the favoured conduction pathway involves transitions only between two main states with a free difference of about 5 kcal mol(-1). Other putative permeation pathways can be excluded because they would involve states that are too high in energy.
C1 Uppsala Univ, Biomed Ctr, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Chem Phys Problems, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia.
C3 Uppsala University; Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Åqvist, J (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, Biomed Ctr, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, Box 596, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
NR 23
TC 396
Z9 431
U1 0
U2 75
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 881
EP 884
DI 10.1038/35009114
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000047
PM 10786795
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Medema, RH
   Kops, GJPL
   Bos, JL
   Burgering, BMT
AF Medema, RH
   Kops, GJPL
   Bos, JL
   Burgering, BMT
TI AFX-like Forkhead transcription factors mediate cell-cycle regulation by Ras and PKB through p27kip1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; retinoblastoma protein; kinase; daf-16; signals
AB The Forkhead transcription factors AFX, FKHR and FKHR-L1 are orthologues of DAF-16, a Forkhead factor that regulates longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans(1-3). Here we show that overexpression of these Forkhead transcription factors causes growth suppression in a variety of cell lines, including a Ras-transformed cell line and a cell line lacking the tumour suppressor PTEN. Expression of AFX blocks cell-cycle progression at phase G(1), independent of functional retinoblastoma protein (pRb) but dependent on the cell-cycle inhibitor p27(kip1). Indeed, AFX transcriptionally activates p27(kip1), resulting in increased protein levels. We conclude that AFX-like proteins are involved in cell-cycle regulation and that inactivation of these proteins is an important step in oncogenic transformation.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Med Ctr, Dept Physiol Chem, NL-3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, Med Ctr, Ctr Biomed Genet, NL-3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, Med Ctr, Dept Hematol, Jordan Lab G03647, NL-3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Utrecht University; Utrecht University; Utrecht University
RP Burgering, BMT (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Med Ctr, Dept Physiol Chem, NL-3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
NR 22
TC 1244
Z9 1442
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 782
EP 787
DI 10.1038/35008115
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600057
PM 10783894
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alfè, D
   Gillan, MJ
   Price, GD
AF Alfè, D
   Gillan, MJ
   Price, GD
TI Constraints on the composition of the Earth's core from ab initio calculations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID order phase-transitions; inner-core; energy calculations; first-principles; iron; diamond; state
AB Knowledge of the composition of the Earth's core(1-3) is important for understanding its melting point and therefore the temperature at the inner-core boundary and the temperature profile of the core and mantle. In addition, the partitioning of light elements between solid and liquid, as the outer core freezes at the inner-core boundary, is believed to drive compositional convection(4), which in turn generates the Earth's magnetic field. It is generally accepted that the liquid outer core and the solid inner core consist mainly of iron(1). The outer core, however, is also thought to contain a significant fraction of light elements, because its density-as deduced from seismological data and other measurements-is 6-10 per cent less than that estimated for pure liquid iron(1-3). Similar evidence indicates a smaller but still appreciable fraction of light elements in the inner core(5,6). The leading candidates for the light elements present in the core are sulphur, oxygen and silicon(3). Here we obtain a constraint on core composition derived from ab initio calculation of the chemical potentials of light elements dissolved in solid and liquid iron. We present results for the case of sulphur, which provide strong evidence against the proposal that the outer core is close to being a binary iron-sulphur mixture(7).
C1 Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Res Sch Geol & Geophys Sci, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; Birkbeck University London; University of London; University College London
RP Alfè, D (corresponding author), Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Res Sch Geol & Geophys Sci, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM d.alfe@ucl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 94
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 172
EP 175
DI 10.1038/35012056
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100047
PM 10821270
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lubowich, DA
   Pasachoff, JM
   Balonek, TJ
   Millar, TJ
   Tremonti, C
   Roberts, H
   Galloway, RP
AF Lubowich, DA
   Pasachoff, JM
   Balonek, TJ
   Millar, TJ
   Tremonti, C
   Roberts, H
   Galloway, RP
TI Deuterium in the Galactic Centre as a result of recent infall of low-metallicity gas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hot molecular cores; gamma-ray emission; abundance; galaxy; cloud; nucleosynthesis; elements; regions; light
AB The Galactic Centre is the most active and heavily processed region of the Milky Way, so it can be used as a stringent test for the abundance of deuterium (a sensitive indicator of conditions in the first 1,000 seconds in the life of the Universe). As deuterium is destroyed in stellar interiors, chemical evolution models 1 predict that its Galactic Centre abundance relative to hydrogen is D/H = 5 x 10(-12), unless there is a continuous source of deuterium from relatively primordial (low-metallicity) gas. Here we report the detection of deuterium (in the molecule DCN) in a molecular cloud only 10 parsecs from the Galactic Centre. Our data, when combined with a model of molecular abundances, indicate that D/H = (1.7 +/- 0.3) x 10(-6), five orders of magnitude larger than the predictions of evolutionary models with no continuous source of deuterium. The most probable explanation is recent infall of relatively unprocessed metal-poor gas into the Galactic Centre (at the rate inferred by Wakker(2)). Our measured D/H is nine times less than the local interstellar value, and the lowest D/H observed in the Galaxy. We conclude that the observed Galactic Centre deuterium is cosmological, with an abundance reduced by stellar processing and mixing, and that there is no significant Galactic source of deuterium.
C1 Hofstra Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hempstead, NY 11550 USA.
   Amer Inst Phys, Melville, NY 11747 USA.
   Williams Coll, Hopkins Observ, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA.
   Colgate Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, NY 13346 USA.
   Univ Manchester, Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England.
C3 Hofstra University; Johns Hopkins University; Williams College; Colgate University; University of Manchester
RP Lubowich, DA (corresponding author), Hofstra Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hempstead, NY 11550 USA.
EM dlubowic@aip.org
NR 30
TC 60
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6790
BP 1025
EP 1027
DI 10.1038/35016506
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 328VN
UT WOS:000087871700036
PM 10890436
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van der Kooij, FM
   Kassapidou, K
   Lekkerkerker, HNW
AF van der Kooij, FM
   Kassapidou, K
   Lekkerkerker, HNW
TI Liquid crystal phase transitions in suspensions of polydisperse plate-like particles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematic-isotropic transition; hard-spheres; smectic phase; monte-carlo; behavior; crystallization; dispersions; systems; rods
AB Colloidal suspensions that form periodic self-assembling structures on sub-micrometre scales are of potential technological interest; for example, three-dimensional arrangements of spheres in colloidal crystals(1) might serve as photonic materials(2), intended to manipulate light. Colloidal particles with non-spherical shapes (such as rods and plates) are of particular interest because of their ability to form liquid crystals. Nematic liquid crystals possess orientational order; smectic and columnar liquid crystals additionally exhibit positional order (in one or two dimensions respectively). However, such positional ordering(3,4) may be inhibited in polydisperse colloidal suspensions. Here we describe a suspension of plate-like colloids that shows isotropic, nematic and columnar phases on increasing the particle concentration. We find that the columnar two-dimensional crystal persists for a polydispersity of up to 25%, with a cross-over to smectic-like ordering at very high particle concentrations. Our results imply that liquid crystalline order in synthetic mesoscopic materials may be easier to achieve than previously thought.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Debye Inst, Vant Hoff Lab Phys & Colloid Chem, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Utrecht University
RP Lekkerkerker, HNW (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Debye Inst, Vant Hoff Lab Phys & Colloid Chem, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
NR 28
TC 406
Z9 450
U1 2
U2 218
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 868
EP 871
DI 10.1038/35022535
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600037
PM 10972283
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vukmirovic, OG
   Tilghman, SM
AF Vukmirovic, OG
   Tilghman, SM
TI Exploring genome space
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID angstrom-resolution; crystal-structure; protein; genes
AB The completion of entire genome sequences of many experimental organisms, and the promise that the human genome will be completed in the next year, find biology suddenly awash in genome-based data. Scientists are scrambling to develop new technologies that exploit genome data to ask entirely new kinds of questions about the complex nature of living cells.
C1 Princeton Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Princeton University
RP Vukmirovic, OG (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 12
TC 71
Z9 82
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 820
EP 822
DI 10.1038/35015690
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600059
PM 10866207
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Farquhar, J
   Savarino, J
   Jackson, TL
   Thiemens, MH
AF Farquhar, J
   Savarino, J
   Jackson, TL
   Thiemens, MH
TI Evidence of atmospheric sulphur in the martian regolith from sulphur isotopes in meteorites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemical-composition; early earth; mars; sulfur; carbonates; alh84001; temperature; chondrites; sulfates; soil
AB Sulphur is abundant at the martian surface, yet its origin and evolution over time remain poorly constrained(1,2). This sulphur is likely to have originated in atmospheric chemical reactions, and so should provide records of the evolution of the martian atmosphere, the cycling of sulphur between the atmosphere and crust, and the mobility of sulphur in the martian regolith(3-6). Moreover, the atmospheric deposition of oxidized sulphur species could establish chemical potential gradients in the martian near-surface environment, and so provide a potential energy source for chemolithoautotrophic organisms', Here we present measurements of sulphur isotopes in oxidized and reduced phases from the SNC meteorites-the group of related achondrite meteorites believed to have originated on Mars-together with the results of laboratory photolysis studies of two important martian atmospheric sulphur species (SO2 and H2S). The photolysis experiments can account for the observed sulphur-isotope compositions in the SNC meteorites, and so identify a mechanism for producing large abiogenic S-34 fractionations in the surface sulphur reservoirs. We conclude that the sulphur data from the SNC meteorites reflects deposition of oxidized sulphur species produced by atmospheric chemical reactions, followed by incorporation, reaction and mobilization of the sulphur within the regolith.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem 0356, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Farquhar, J (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem 0356, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM jfarquha@ucsd.edu
NR 29
TC 240
Z9 268
U1 3
U2 105
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6773
BP 50
EP 52
DI 10.1038/35003517
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 292BW
UT WOS:000085775100039
PM 10716436
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tabata, S
   Kaneko, T
   Nakamura, Y
   Kotani, H
   Kato, T
   Asamizu, E
   Miyajima, N
   Sasamoto, S
   Kimura, T
   Hosouchi, T
   Kawashima, K
   Kohara, M
   Matsumoto, M
   Matsuno, A
   Muraki, A
   Nakayama, S
   Nakazaki, N
   Naruo, K
   Okumura, S
   Shinpo, S
   Takeuchi, C
   Wada, T
   Watanabe, A
   Yamada, M
   Yasuda, M
   Sato, S
   de la Bastide, M
   Huang, E
   Spiegel, L
   Gnoj, L
   O'Shaughnessy, A
   Preston, R
   Habermann, K
   Murray, J
   Johnson, D
   Rohlrng, T
   Nelson, J
   Stoneking, T
   Pepin, K
   Spieth, J
   Sekhon, M
   Armstrong, J
   Becker, M
   Belter, E
   Cordum, H
   Cordes, M
   Courtney, L
   Courtney, W
   Dante, M
   Du, H
   Edwards, J
   Fryman, J
   Haakensen, B
   Lamar, E
   Latreille, P
   Leonard, S
   Meyer, R
   Mulvaney, E
   Ozersky, P
   Riley, A
   Strowmatt, C
   Wagner-McPherson, C
   Wollam, A
   Yoakum, M
   Bell, M
   Dedhia, N
   Parnell, L
   Shah, R
   Rodriguez, M
   See, LH
   Vil, D
   Baker, J
   Kirchoff, K
   Toth, K
   King, L
   Bahret, A
   Miller, B
   Marra, M
   Martienssen, R
   McCombie, WR
   Wilson, RK
   Murphy, G
   Bancroft, I
   Volckaert, G
   Wambutt, R
   Düsterhöft, A
   Stiekema, W
   Pohl, T
   Entian, KD
   Terryn, N
   Hartley, N
   Bent, E
   Johnson, S
   Langham, SA
   McCullagh, B
   Robben, J
   Grymonprez, B
   Zimmermann, W
   Ramsperger, U
   Wedler, H
   Balke, K
   Wedler, E
   Peters, S
   van Staveren, M
   Dirkse, W
   Mooijman, P
   Lankhorst, RK
   Weitzenegger, T
   Bothe, G
   Rose, M
   Hauf, J
   Berneiser, S
   Hempel, S
   Feldpausch, M
   Lamberth, S
   Villarroel, R
   Gielen, J
   Ardiles, W
   Bents, O
   Lemcke, K
   Kolesov, G
   Mayer, K
   Rudd, S
   Schoof, H
   Schueller, C
   Zaccaria, P
   Mewes, HW
   Bevan, M
AF Tabata, S
   Kaneko, T
   Nakamura, Y
   Kotani, H
   Kato, T
   Asamizu, E
   Miyajima, N
   Sasamoto, S
   Kimura, T
   Hosouchi, T
   Kawashima, K
   Kohara, M
   Matsumoto, M
   Matsuno, A
   Muraki, A
   Nakayama, S
   Nakazaki, N
   Naruo, K
   Okumura, S
   Shinpo, S
   Takeuchi, C
   Wada, T
   Watanabe, A
   Yamada, M
   Yasuda, M
   Sato, S
   de la Bastide, M
   Huang, E
   Spiegel, L
   Gnoj, L
   O'Shaughnessy, A
   Preston, R
   Habermann, K
   Murray, J
   Johnson, D
   Rohlrng, T
   Nelson, J
   Stoneking, T
   Pepin, K
   Spieth, J
   Sekhon, M
   Armstrong, J
   Becker, M
   Belter, E
   Cordum, H
   Cordes, M
   Courtney, L
   Courtney, W
   Dante, M
   Du, H
   Edwards, J
   Fryman, J
   Haakensen, B
   Lamar, E
   Latreille, P
   Leonard, S
   Meyer, R
   Mulvaney, E
   Ozersky, P
   Riley, A
   Strowmatt, C
   Wagner-McPherson, C
   Wollam, A
   Yoakum, M
   Bell, M
   Dedhia, N
   Parnell, L
   Shah, R
   Rodriguez, M
   See, LH
   Vil, D
   Baker, J
   Kirchoff, K
   Toth, K
   King, L
   Bahret, A
   Miller, B
   Marra, M
   Martienssen, R
   McCombie, WR
   Wilson, RK
   Murphy, G
   Bancroft, I
   Volckaert, G
   Wambutt, R
   Düsterhöft, A
   Stiekema, W
   Pohl, T
   Entian, KD
   Terryn, N
   Hartley, N
   Bent, E
   Johnson, S
   Langham, SA
   McCullagh, B
   Robben, J
   Grymonprez, B
   Zimmermann, W
   Ramsperger, U
   Wedler, H
   Balke, K
   Wedler, E
   Peters, S
   van Staveren, M
   Dirkse, W
   Mooijman, P
   Lankhorst, RK
   Weitzenegger, T
   Bothe, G
   Rose, M
   Hauf, J
   Berneiser, S
   Hempel, S
   Feldpausch, M
   Lamberth, S
   Villarroel, R
   Gielen, J
   Ardiles, W
   Bents, O
   Lemcke, K
   Kolesov, G
   Mayer, K
   Rudd, S
   Schoof, H
   Schueller, C
   Zaccaria, P
   Mewes, HW
   Bevan, M
TI Sequence and analysis of chromosome 5 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID structural-analysis; genome analysis; dna; prediction; protein; region; knob
AB The genome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has been sequenced by an international collaboration, The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. Here we report the complete sequence of chromosome 5. This chromosome is 26 megabases long; it is the second largest Arabidopsis chromosome and represents 21% of the sequenced regions of the genome. The sequence of chromosomes 2 and 4 have been reported previously(1,2) and that of chromosomes 1 and 3, together with an analysis of the complete genome sequence, are reported in this issue(3-5). Analysis of the sequence of chromosome 5 yields further insights into centromere structure and the sequence determinants of heterochromatin condensation. The 5,874 genes encoded on chromosome 5 reveal several new functions in plants, and the patterns of gene organization provide insights into the mechanisms and extent of genome evolution in plants.
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Kazusa DNA Res Inst, Chiba 292, Japan.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Ctr, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Plant Biol Grp, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Gene Technol, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
   AGOWA GmbH, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   QIAGEN GmbH, D-40724 Hilden, Germany.
   Plant Res Int, Greenom, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
   GATC GmbH, D-78467 Constance, Germany.
   SRD GmbH, D-61440 Oberursel, Germany.
   Univ Ghent, Dept Plant Genet, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
   GSF Forschungszentrum Umwelt & Gesundheit, Munich Informat Ctr Prot Sequence, Max Planck Inst Biochem, D-82152 Munich, Germany.
   Inst Plant Genet & Crop Plant Res, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; Kazusa DNA Research Institute; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Washington University (WUSTL); Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; KU Leuven; QIAGEN GmbH; Ghent University; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health; Max Planck Society; Leibniz Institut fur Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung
RP Bevan, M (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
EM michael.bevan@bbsrc.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 147
Z9 1332
U1 7
U2 187
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 823
EP 826
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300040
PM 11130714
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Subramaniam, S
   Henderson, R
AF Subramaniam, S
   Henderson, R
TI Molecular mechanism of vectorial proton translocation by bacteriorhodopsin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; structural-changes; crystal-structure; photocycle; chromophore; intermediate; resolution; model; nmr
AB Bacteriorhodopsin, a membrane protein with a relative molecular mass of 27,000, is a light driven pump which transports protons across the cell membrane of the halophilic organism Halobacterium salinarum. The chromophore retinal is covalently attached to the protein via a protonated Schiff base. Upon illumination, retinal is isomerized. The Schiff base then releases a proton to the extracellular medium, and is subsequently reprotonated from the cytoplasm. An atomic model for bacteriorhodopsin was first determined by Henderson et al(1), and has been confirmed and extended by work in a number of laboratories in the last few years(2). Here we present an atomic model for structural changes involved in the vectorial, light-driven transport of protons by bacteriorhodopsin. A 'switch' mechanism ensures the vectorial nature of pumping. First, retinal unbends, triggered by loss of the Schiff base proton, and second, a protein conformational change occurs. This conformational change, which we have determined by electron crystallography at atomic (3.2 Angstrom in-plane and 3.6 Angstrom vertical) resolution, is largely localized to helices F and G, and provides an 'opening' of the protein to protons on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   NCI, Biochem Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Subramaniam, S (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
NR 28
TC 408
Z9 444
U1 0
U2 82
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 653
EP 657
DI 10.1038/35020614
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800054
PM 10949309
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, AG
   Rayson, MP
   Jubb, M
   World, M
   Woods, DR
   Hayward, M
   Martin, J
   Humphries, SE
   Montgomery, HE
AF Williams, AG
   Rayson, MP
   Jubb, M
   World, M
   Woods, DR
   Hayward, M
   Martin, J
   Humphries, SE
   Montgomery, HE
TI Physiology -: The ACE gene and muscle performance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID angiotensin-converting enzyme; muscular efficiency; human heart; polymorphism
C1 Optimal Preformance, Farnham GU9 7EB, Surrey, England.
   Rayne Inst, RFUCLMS, Ctr Cardiovasc Genet, British Heart Fdn, London WC1E 6JJ, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; King's College London
RP Williams, AG (corresponding author), Optimal Preformance, 93-94 West St, Farnham GU9 7EB, Surrey, England.
NR 16
TC 221
Z9 246
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 614
EP 614
DI 10.1038/35001141
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200038
PM 10688186
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsuda, T
   Bebenek, K
   Masutani, C
   Hanaoka, F
   Kunkel, TA
AF Matsuda, T
   Bebenek, K
   Masutani, C
   Hanaoka, F
   Kunkel, TA
TI Low fidelity DNA synthesis by human DNA polymerase-η
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pigmentosum variant cells; escherichia-coli; hypermutability; photoproducts; mutagenesis; replication; mutation
AB A superfamily of DNA polymerases that bypass lesions in DNA has been described(1-4). Some family members are described as error-prone because mutations that inactivate the polymerase reduce damage-induced mutagenesis. In contrast, mutations in the skin cancer susceptibility gene XPV5,6, which encodes DNA polymerase (pol)-eta, lead to increased ultraviolet-induced mutagenesis(7-11). This, and the fact that pol-eta primarily inserts adenines during efficient bypass of thymine-thymine dimers in vitro(8,12,13), has led to the description of pol-eta as error-free. However, here we show that human pol-eta copies undamaged DNA with much lower fidelity than any other template-dependent DNA polymerase studied. Pol-eta lacks an intrinsic proofreading exonuclease activity and, depending on the mismatch, makes one base substitution error for every 18 to 380 nucleotides synthesized. This very low fidelity indicates a relaxed requirement for correct base pairing geometry and indicates that the function of pol-eta may be tightly controlled to prevent potentially mutagenic DNA synthesis.
C1 NIEHS, Mol Genet Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
   NIEHS, Struct Biol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
   Osaka Univ, Inst Mol & Cellular Biol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); RIKEN
RP Kunkel, TA (corresponding author), NIEHS, Mol Genet Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
NR 28
TC 325
Z9 391
U1 1
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 1011
EP 1013
DI 10.1038/35010014
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000060
PM 10801132
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sondermann, P
   Huber, R
   Oosthuizen, V
   Jacob, U
AF Sondermann, P
   Huber, R
   Oosthuizen, V
   Jacob, U
TI The 3.2-Å crystal structure of the human IgG1 Fc fragment-FcγRIII complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyanogen-bromide fragments; binding-site; epsilon-ri; effector functions; receptor iib; amino-acid; human ige; immunoglobulin; antibody; region
AB The immune response depends on the binding of opsonized antigens to cellular Fc receptors and the subsequent initiation of various cellular effector functions of the immune system. Here we describe the crystal structures of a soluble Fc gamma receptor (sFc gamma RIII, CD16), an Fc fragment from human IgG1 (hFc1) and their complex. In the 1:1 complex the receptor binds to the two halves of the Fc fragment in contact with residues of the C gamma 2 domains and the hinge region. Upon complex formation the angle between the two sFcgRIII domains increases significantly and the Fc fragment opens asymmetrically. The high degree of amino acid conservation between sFC gamma RIII and other Fc receptors, and similarly between hFc1 and related immunoglobulins, suggest similar structures and modes of association. Thus the described structure is a model for immune complex recognition and helps to explain the vastly differing affinities of other Fc gamma R-IgG complexes and the Fc epsilon RI alpha-IgE complex.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biochem, Abt Strukturforsch, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
   Univ Port Elizabeth, Dept Biochem & Microbiol, ZA-6000 Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
C3 Max Planck Society; Nelson Mandela University
RP Sondermann, P (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biochem, Abt Strukturforsch, Klopferspitz 18A, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
EM sonderma@biochem.mpg.de
NR 48
TC 633
Z9 1036
U1 1
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 267
EP 273
DI 10.1038/35018508
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900039
PM 10917521
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brooks, R
AF Brooks, R
TI Negative genetic correlation between male sexual attractiveness and survival
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID poecilia-reticulata; selection; chromosome; evolution; guppy; population; viability; growth
AB Indirect selection of female mating preferences may result from a genetic association between male attractiveness and offspring fitness(1,2). The offspring of attractive males may have enhanced growth(3-5), fecundity(3,4), viability(5-8) or attractiveness(4,9-11). However, the extent to which attractive males bear genes that reduce other fitness components has remained unexplored. Here I show that sexual attractiveness in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) is heritable and genetically correlated with ornamentation. Like ornamentation(12-14), attractiveness may be substantially Y-linked. The benefit of mating with attractive males, and thus having attractive sons, is opposed by strong negative genetic correlation between attractiveness and both offspring survival and the number of sons maturing. Such correlations suggest either antagonistic pleiotropy between attractiveness and survival or linkage disequilibrium between attractive and deleterious alleles. The presence of many colour pattern genes on or near the nonrecombining section of the Y chromosome may facilitate the accumulation of deleterious mutations by genetic hitchhiking(15,16). These findings show that genes enhancing sexual attractiveness may be associated with pleiotropic costs or heavy mutational loads.
C1 James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Trop Biol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
C3 James Cook University
RP Brooks, R (corresponding author), James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Trop Biol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
EM rob.brooks@jcu.edu.au
NR 29
TC 208
Z9 241
U1 0
U2 87
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 67
EP 70
DI 10.1038/35017552
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200045
PM 10894542
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Humbles, AA
   Lu, B
   Nilsson, CA
   Lilly, C
   Israel, E
   Fujiwara, Y
   Gerard, NP
   Gerard, C
AF Humbles, AA
   Lu, B
   Nilsson, CA
   Lilly, C
   Israel, E
   Fujiwara, Y
   Gerard, NP
   Gerard, C
TI A role for the C3a anaphylatoxin receptor in the effector phase of asthma
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mast-cells; signal-transduction; c5a receptor; mouse; eosinophils; neutrophils; complement; expression; responses; pathway
AB Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways and lung mucosa with a strong correlation to atopy and acquired (IgE) immunity(1). However, many features of bronchial asthma, such as smooth muscle contraction, mucus secretion and recruitment of inflammatory cells, are consistent with the actions of complement anaphylatoxins, in particular C3a and C5a(2). Complement activation forms a central core of innate immune defence against mucosal bacteria, viruses, fungi, helminths and other pathogens. As a system of 'pattern-recognition molecules', foreign surface antigens and immune complexes lead to a proteolytic cascade culminating in a lytic membrane attack(2,3). The anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are liberated as activation byproducts and are potent pro-inflammatory mediators that bind to specific cell surface receptors and cause leukocyte activation, smooth muscle contraction and vascular permeability(2). Here we show that in a murine model of allergic airway disease, genetic deletion of the C3a receptor protects against the changes in lung physiology seen after allergen challenge. Furthermore, human asthmatics develop significant levels of ligand C3a following intra-pulmonary deposition of allergen, but not saline. We propose that, in addition to acquired immune responses, the innate immune system and complement (C3a in particular) are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma.
C1 Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Ina Sue Perlmutter Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Div Hematol & Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP Gerard, C (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Ina Sue Perlmutter Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM gerard_c@gonzo.tch.harvard.edu
NR 27
TC 311
Z9 348
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6799
BP 998
EP 1001
DI 10.1038/35023175
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 348ZW
UT WOS:000089020200046
PM 10984054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Noad, MJ
   Cato, DH
   Bryden, MM
   Jenner, MN
   Jenner, KCS
AF Noad, MJ
   Cato, DH
   Bryden, MM
   Jenner, MN
   Jenner, KCS
TI Cultural revolution in whale songs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID humpback whales; evolution
C1 Univ Sydney, Dept Vet Anat & Pathol, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Def Sci & Technol Org, Pyrmont, NSW 2009, Australia.
   Ctr Whale Res, Fremantle, WA 6959, Australia.
C3 University of Sydney; Defence Science & Technology
RP Noad, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Sydney, Dept Vet Anat & Pathol, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
NR 11
TC 307
Z9 350
U1 1
U2 111
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 537
EP 537
DI 10.1038/35046199
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600102
PM 11117730
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, SD
   Huxman, TE
   Zitzer, SF
   Charlet, TN
   Housman, DC
   Coleman, JS
   Fenstermaker, LK
   Seemann, JR
   Nowak, RS
AF Smith, SD
   Huxman, TE
   Zitzer, SF
   Charlet, TN
   Housman, DC
   Coleman, JS
   Fenstermaker, LK
   Seemann, JR
   Nowak, RS
TI Elevated CO2 increases productivity and invasive species success in an arid ecosystem
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID net primary production; performance; enrichment
AB Arid ecosystems, which occupy about 20% of the earth's terrestrial surface area, have been predicted to be one of the most responsive ecosystem types to elevated atmospheric CO2 and associated global climate change(1-3). Here we show, using free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem(4), that new shoot production of a dominant perennial shrub is doubled by a 50% increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration in a high rainfall year. However, elevated CO2 does not enhance production in a drought year. We also found that aboveground production and seed rain of an invasive annual grass increases more at elevated CO2 than in several species of native annuals. Consequently, elevated CO2 might enhance the longterm success and dominance of exotic annual grasses in the region. This shift in species composition in favour of exotic annual grasses, driven by global change, has the potential to accelerate the fire cycle, reduce biodiversity and alter ecosystem function in the deserts of western North America.
C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Biol Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA.
   Univ Nevada, Dept Biochem, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
   Desert Res Inst, Div Earth & Ecosyst Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA.
   Desert Res Inst, Div Earth & Ecosyst Sci, Reno, NV 89119 USA.
   Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
C3 Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Las Vegas; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); Desert Research Institute NSHE; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); Desert Research Institute NSHE; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno
RP Smith, SD (corresponding author), Univ Nevada, Dept Biol Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA.
NR 23
TC 443
Z9 547
U1 4
U2 333
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 79
EP 82
DI 10.1038/35040544
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400054
PM 11081510
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kopp, A
   Duncan, I
   Carroll, SB
AF Kopp, A
   Duncan, I
   Carroll, SB
TI Genetic control and evolution of sexually dimorphic characters in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID melanogaster species-group; molecular phylogeny; sex determination; hox genes; differentiation; protein; divergence; selection; mutations; courtship
AB Sexually dimorphic abdominal pigmentation and segment morphology evolved recently in the melanogaster species group of the fruitfly Drosophila. Here we show that these traits are controlled by the bric-a-brac (bab) gene, which integrates regulatory inputs from the homeotic and sex-determination pathways. bab expression is modulated segment- and sex-specifically in sexually dimorphic species, but is uniform in sexually monomorphic species. We suggest that bab has an ancestral homeotic function, and that regulatory changes at the bab locus played a key role in the evolution of sexual dimorphism. Pigmentation patterns specified by bab affect mating preferences, suggesting that sexual selection has contributed to the evolution of bab regulation.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Mol Biol Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Carroll, SB (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 1525 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM sbcarrol@facstaff.wisc.edu
NR 47
TC 306
Z9 373
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6812
BP 553
EP 559
DI 10.1038/35046017
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 377WE
UT WOS:000165548600109
PM 11117736
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Pomerai, D
   Daniells, C
   David, H
   Allan, J
   Duce, I
   Mutwakil, M
   Thomas, D
   Sewell, P
   Tattersall, J
   Jones, D
   Candido, P
AF de Pomerai, D
   Daniells, C
   David, H
   Allan, J
   Duce, I
   Mutwakil, M
   Thomas, D
   Sewell, P
   Tattersall, J
   Jones, D
   Candido, P
TI RETRACTED: Cell biology - Non-thermal heat-shock response to microwaves (Retracted Article. See vol 440, pg 437, 2006)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID nematode
C1 Univ Nottingham, Sch Biol Sci, Mol Toxicol Div, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
   Univ Nottingham, Sch Elect & Elect Engn, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
   Med Countermeasures, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, Wilts, England.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
C3 University of Nottingham; University of Nottingham; University of British Columbia
RP Univ Nottingham, Sch Biol Sci, Mol Toxicol Div, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
NR 10
TC 157
Z9 165
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 417
EP 418
DI 10.1038/35013144
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000036
PM 10839528
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iwasato, T
   Datwani, A
   Wolf, AM
   Nishiyama, H
   Taguchi, Y
   Tonegawa, S
   Knöpfel, T
   Erzurumlu, RS
   Itohara, S
AF Iwasato, T
   Datwani, A
   Wolf, AM
   Nishiyama, H
   Taguchi, Y
   Tonegawa, S
   Knöpfel, T
   Erzurumlu, RS
   Itohara, S
TI Cortex-restricted disruption of NMDAR1 impairs neuronal patterns in the barrel cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat somatosensory cortex; cerebral-cortex; critical period; mouse; plasticity; mice; organization; connections; afferents; blockade
AB In the rodent primary somatosensory cortex, the configuration of whiskers and sinus hairs on the snout and of receptor-dense zones on the paws is topographically represented as discrete modules of layer IV granule cells (barrels) and thalamocortical afferent terminals(1,2). The role of neural activity, particularly activity mediated by NMDARs (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), in patterning of the somatosensory cortex has been a subject of debate(3-6). We have generated mice in which deletion of the NMDAR1 (NR1) gene is restricted to excitatory cortical neurons, and here we show that sensory periphery-related patterns develop normally in the brainstem and thalamic somatosensory relay stations of these mice. In the somatosensory cortex, thalamocortical afferents corresponding to large whiskers form patterns and display critical period plasticity, but their patterning is not as distinct as that seen in the cortex of normal mice. Other thalamocortical patterns corresponding to sinus hairs and digits are mostly absent. The cellular aggregates known as barrels and barrel boundaries do not develop even at sites where thalamocortical afferents cluster. Our findings indicate that cortical NMDARs are essential for the aggregation of layer IV cells into barrels and for development of the full complement of thalamocortical patterns.
C1 RIKEN, Brain Sci Inst, Lab Behav Genet, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   LSUHSC, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA.
   LSUHSC, Ctr Neurosci, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA.
   RIKEN, Brain Sci Inst, Lab Neuronal Circuit Dynam, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Inst Virus Res, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
   MIT, RIKEN MIT Neurosci Res Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ctr Learning & Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 RIKEN; Louisiana State University System; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans; Louisiana State University System; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans; RIKEN; Kyoto University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); RIKEN
RP Itohara, S (corresponding author), RIKEN, Brain Sci Inst, Lab Behav Genet, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
EM sitohara@brain.riken.go.jp
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS039050] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 428
Z9 470
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 726
EP 731
DI 10.1038/35021059
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700044
PM 10963597
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Simpson, AA
   Tao, YZ
   Leiman, PG
   Badasso, MO
   He, YN
   Jardine, PJ
   Olson, NH
   Morais, MC
   Grimes, S
   Anderson, DL
   Baker, TS
   Rossmann, MG
AF Simpson, AA
   Tao, YZ
   Leiman, PG
   Badasso, MO
   He, YN
   Jardine, PJ
   Olson, NH
   Morais, MC
   Grimes, S
   Anderson, DL
   Baker, TS
   Rossmann, MG
TI Structure of the bacteriophage φ29 DNA packaging motor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vitro; rna; connector; resolution; symmetry; protein; prohead; machine; domain; atpase
AB Motors generating mechanical force, powered by the hydrolysis of ATP, translocate double-stranded DNA into preformed capsids (proheads) of bacterial viruses(1,2) and certain animal viruses(3). Here we describe the motor that packages the double-stranded DNA of the Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 29 into a precursor capsid. We determined the structure of the head-tail connector-the central component of the phi 29 DNA packaging motor-to 3.2 Angstrom resolution by means of X-ray crystallography. We then fitted the connector into the electron densities of the prohead and of the partially packaged prohead as determined using cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction analysis. Our results suggest that the prohead plus dodecameric connector, prohead RNA, viral ATPase and DNA comprise a rotary motor with the head-prohead RNA-ATPase complex acting as a stator, the DNA acting as a spindle, and the connector as a ball-race. The helical nature of the DNA converts the rotary action of the connector into translation of the DNA.
C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Biol Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Microbiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Oral Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ New Brunswick, Dept Biol, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada.
C3 Purdue University System; Purdue University; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of New Brunswick
RP Rossmann, MG (corresponding author), Purdue Univ, Dept Biol Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R37 GM033050] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 452
Z9 510
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 745
EP 750
DI 10.1038/35047129
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200055
PM 11130079
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stone, RA
   Maguire, MG
   Quinn, GE
AF Stone, RA
   Maguire, MG
   Quinn, GE
TI Vision - Myopia and ambient night-time lighting - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Scheie Eye Inst, Dept Ophthalmol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia
RP Stone, RA (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Scheie Eye Inst, Dept Ophthalmol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
NR 5
TC 4
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 144
EP 144
DI 10.1038/35004665
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hemmi, H
   Takeuchi, O
   Kawai, T
   Kaisho, T
   Sato, S
   Sanjo, H
   Matsumoto, M
   Hoshino, K
   Wagner, H
   Takeda, K
   Akira, S
AF Hemmi, H
   Takeuchi, O
   Kawai, T
   Kaisho, T
   Sato, S
   Sanjo, H
   Matsumoto, M
   Hoshino, K
   Wagner, H
   Takeda, K
   Akira, S
TI A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell wall components; dendritic cells; cutting edge; cpg-dna; drosophila toll; activation; maturation; motifs; mice; tlr4
AB DNA from bacteria has stimulatory effects on mammalian immune cells(1-3) which depend on the presence of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in the bacterial DNA. In contrast, mammalian DNA has a low frequency of CpG dinucleotides, and these are mostly methylated; therefore, mammalian DNA does not have immune-stimulatory activity. CpG DNA induces a strong T-helper-1-like inflammatory response(4-7). Accumulating evidence has revealed the therapeutic potential of CpG DNA as adjuvants for vaccination strategies for cancer, allergy and infectious diseasess(8-10). Despite its promising clinical use, the molecular mechanism by which CpG DNA activates immune cells remains unclear. Here we show that cellular response to CpG DNA is mediated by a Toll-like receptor, TLR9. TLR9-deficient (TLR9(-/-)) mice did not show any response to CpG DNA, including proliferation of splenocytes, inflammatory Cytokine production from macrophages and maturation of dendritic cells. TLR9(-/-) mice showed resistance to the lethal effect of CPG DNA without any elevation of serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. The in vivo CpG-DNA-mediated T-helper type-1 response was also abolished in TLR9(-/-) mice. Thus, vertebrate immune systems appear to have evolved a specific Toll-like receptor that distinguishes bacterial DNA from self-DNA.
C1 Osaka Univ, Microbial Dis Res Inst, Dept Host Def, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Core Res Evolut Sci & Technol, Osaka, Japan.
   Tech Univ Munich, Inst Med Microbiol Immunol & Hyg, D-81675 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Technical University of Munich
RP Akira, S (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Microbial Dis Res Inst, Dept Host Def, 3-1 Yamada Oka, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
NR 31
TC 5375
Z9 6411
U1 6
U2 600
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 740
EP 745
DI 10.1038/35047123
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200054
PM 11130078
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Donovan, A
   Brownlie, A
   Zhou, Y
   Shepard, J
   Pratt, SJ
   Moynihan, J
   Paw, BH
   Drejer, A
   Barut, B
   Zapata, A
   Law, TC
   Brugnara, C
   Kingsley, PD
   Palis, J
   Fleming, MD
   Andrews, NC
   Zon, LI
AF Donovan, A
   Brownlie, A
   Zhou, Y
   Shepard, J
   Pratt, SJ
   Moynihan, J
   Paw, BH
   Drejer, A
   Barut, B
   Zapata, A
   Law, TC
   Brugnara, C
   Kingsley, PD
   Palis, J
   Fleming, MD
   Andrews, NC
   Zon, LI
TI Positional cloning of zebrafish ferroportin1 identifies a conserved vertebrate iron exporter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID danio-rerio; gene; hematopoiesis; transporter; mutation; defects; anemia; map
AB Defects in iron absorption and utilization lead to iron deficiency and overload disorders. Adult mammals absorb iron through the duodenum, whereas embryos obtain iron through placental transport. Iron uptake from the intestinal lumen through the apical surface of polarized duodenal enterocytes is mediated by the divalent metal transporter, DMT1 (refs 1-3). A second transporter has been postulated to export iron across the basolateral surface to the circulation. Here we have used positional cloning to identify the gene responsible for the hypochromic anaemia of the zebrafish mutant weissherbst. The gene, ferroportin1, encodes a multiple-transmembrane domain protein, expressed in the yolk sac, that is a candidate for the elusive iron exporter. Zebrafish ferroportin1 is required for the transport of iron from maternally derived yolk stores to the circulation and functions as an iron exporter when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Human Ferroportin1 is found at the basal surface of placental syncytiotrophoblasts, suggesting that it also transports iron from mother to embryo. Mammalian Ferroportin1 is expressed at the basolateral surface of duodenal enterocytes and could export cellular iron into the circulation. We propose that Ferroportin1 function may be perturbed in mammalian disorders of iron deficiency or overload.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Dept Med, Div Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Univ Complutense, Fac Biol, Dept Cell Biol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
   Childrens Hosp, Dept Lab Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Rochester, NY 14642 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Med Ctr, Ctr Canc, Rochester, NY 14642 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Washington University (WUSTL); Complutense University of Madrid; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; University of Rochester; University of Rochester
RP Zon, LI (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Dept Med, Div Hematol Oncol, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM zon@rascal.med.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 1368
Z9 1612
U1 3
U2 107
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 776
EP 781
DI 10.1038/35001596
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100054
PM 10693807
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Endow, SA
   Higuchi, H
AF Endow, SA
   Higuchi, H
TI A mutant of the motor protein kinesin that moves in both directions on microtubules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vitro motility; crystal-structure; ncd; molecules; binding
AB Molecular motors move directionally to either the plus or the minus end of microtubules or actin filaments. Kinesin moves towards microtubule plus ends, whereas the kinesin-related Ncd motor moves to the minus ends. The 'neck'-the region between the stalk and motor domain-is required for Ncd to move to microtubule minus ends(1,2), but the mechanism underlying directional motor movement is not understood. Here we show that a single amino-acid change in the Ncd neck causes the motor to reverse directions and move with wild-type velocities towards the plus or minus end; thus, the neck is functional but directionality is defective. Mutation of a motor-core residue that touches the neck residue in crystal structures(2,3) also results in movement in both directions, indicating that directed movement to the minus end requires interactions of the neck and motor core. Low-density laser-trap assays show that a conformational change or working stroke of the Ncd motor is directional and biased towards the minus end, whereas that of the neck mutant occurs in either direction. We conclude that the directional bias of the working stroke is dependent on neck/motor core interactions. Absence of these interactions removes directional constraints and permits movement in either direction.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Tohoku Univ, Dept Met, Sendai, Miyagi 9808579, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Interdisciplinary Res Ctr, Sendai, Miyagi 9808579, Japan.
C3 Duke University; Tohoku University; Tohoku University
RP Endow, SA (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM endow@duke.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM046225] Funding Source: Medline
NR 18
TC 151
Z9 176
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 913
EP 916
DI 10.1038/35022617
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600050
PM 10972296
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dillon, RJ
   Vennard, CT
   Charnley, AK
AF Dillon, RJ
   Vennard, CT
   Charnley, AK
TI Pheromones - Exploitation of gut bacteria in the locust
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID desert locust; schistocerca-gregaria; metarhizium-anisopliae; inhibition; flora
C1 Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Microbial Pathogen Grp, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
C3 University of Bath
RP Dillon, RJ (corresponding author), Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Microbial Pathogen Grp, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
NR 12
TC 182
Z9 216
U1 1
U2 83
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 851
EP 851
DI 10.1038/35002669
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200044
PM 10706273
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Craig, CM
   Delay, D
   Grealy, MA
   Lee, DN
AF Craig, CM
   Delay, D
   Grealy, MA
   Lee, DN
TI Guiding the swing in golf putting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coordination; movement
C1 Univ Mediterranee, UMR Mouvement & Percept, F-13288 Marseille, France.
   Univ Grenoble 1, UFRAPS, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
   Univ Strathclyde, Dept Psychol, Glasgow G1 1XQ, Lanark, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Dept Psychol, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 Aix-Marseille Universite; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); University of Strathclyde; University of Edinburgh
RP Craig, CM (corresponding author), Univ Mediterranee, UMR Mouvement & Percept, 163 Ave Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, France.
NR 12
TC 86
Z9 92
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 295
EP 296
DI 10.1038/35012690
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700030
PM 10830947
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giardina, CP
   Ryan, MG
AF Giardina, CP
   Ryan, MG
TI Evidence that decomposition rates of organic carbon in mineral soil do not vary with temperature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural c-13 abundance; 5 hawaiian soils; matter dynamics; microbial respiration; forest; turnover; storage; fluxes; co2; sensitivity
AB It has been suggested that increases in temperature can accelerate the decomposition of organic carbon contained in forest mineral soil (C-s), and, therefore, that global warming should increase the release of soil organic carbon to the atmosphere(1-6). These predictions assume, however, that decay constants can be accurately derived from short-term laboratory incubations of soil or that in situ incubations of fresh litter accurately represent the temperature sensitivity of C-s decomposition. But our limited understanding of the biophysical factors that control C-s decomposition rates, and observations of only minor increases in C-s decomposition rate with temperature in longer-term forest soil heating experiments(7-12) and in latitudinal comparisons of C-s decomposition rates(13-15) bring these predictions into question. Here we have compiled C-s decomposition data from 82 sites on five continents. We found that C-s decomposition rates were remarkably constant across a global-scale gradient in mean annual temperature. These data suggest that C-s decomposition rates for forest soils are not controlled by temperature limitations to microbial activity, and that increased temperature alone will not stimulate the decomposition of forest-derived carbon in mineral soil.
C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Management, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA.
   Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins
RP Giardina, CP (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Management, 1910 East West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
NR 30
TC 824
Z9 1069
U1 8
U2 456
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 858
EP 861
DI 10.1038/35009076
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000041
PM 10786789
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hallett, M
AF Hallett, M
TI Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the human brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motor cortex excitability; visual-cortex; parkinsons-disease; cortical outputs; cerebral-cortex; reading hand; reorganization; depression; modulation; organization
AB Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is rapidly developing as a powerful, non-invasive tool for studying the human brain. A pulsed magnetic field creates current flow in the brain and can temporarily excite or inhibit specific areas. TMS of motor cortex can produce a muscle twitch or block movement; TMS of occipital cortex can produce visual phosphenes or scotomas. TMS can also alter the functioning of the brain beyond the time of stimulation, offering potential for therapy.
C1 NINDS, Human Motor Control Sect, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
RP Hallett, M (corresponding author), NINDS, Human Motor Control Sect, NIH, Bldg 10,Room 5N226,10 Ctr Dr,MSC 1428, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
FU National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [ZIANS002669] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 41
TC 1208
Z9 1421
U1 3
U2 240
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 147
EP 150
DI 10.1038/35018000
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100036
PM 10910346
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beebe, DJ
   Moore, JS
   Bauer, JM
   Yu, Q
   Liu, RH
   Devadoss, C
   Jo, BH
AF Beebe, DJ
   Moore, JS
   Bauer, JM
   Yu, Q
   Liu, RH
   Devadoss, C
   Jo, BH
TI Functional hydrogel structures for autonomous flow control inside microfluidic channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymer gels
AB Hydrogels have been developed to respond to a wide variety of stimuli(1-6), but their use in macroscopic systems has been hindered by slow response times (diffusion being the rate-limiting factor governing the swelling process). However, there are many natural examples of chemically driven actuation that rely on short diffusion paths to produce a rapid response(7). It is therefore expected that scaling down hydrogel objects to the micrometre scale should greatly improve response times. At these scales, stimuli-responsive hydrogels could enhance the capabilities of microfluidic systems by allowing self-regulated flow control. Here we report the fabrication of active hydrogel components inside microchannels via direct photopatterning of a liquid phase. Our approach greatly simplifies system construction and assembly as the functional components are fabricated in situ, and the stimuli-responsive hydrogel components perform both sensing and actuation functions. We demonstrate significantly improved response times (less than 10 seconds) in hydrogel valves capable of autonomous control of local flow.
C1 Univ Illinois, Beckman Inst Adv Sci & Technol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biomed Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Beebe, DJ (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Beckman Inst Adv Sci & Technol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
NR 15
TC 1716
Z9 2128
U1 13
U2 1326
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6778
BP 588
EP +
DI 10.1038/35007047
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 303BC
UT WOS:000086400100049
PM 10766238
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Griffin, TM
   Kram, R
AF Griffin, TM
   Kram, R
TI Biomechanics - Penguin waddling is not wasteful
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID locomotion; energetics; force; speed; cost
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Kinesiol & Appl Physiol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Griffin, TM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM tmgriff@uclink4.berkeley.edu
NR 11
TC 103
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 243
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 929
EP 929
DI 10.1038/35050167
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100036
PM 11140670
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kersten, S
   Desvergne, B
   Wahli, W
AF Kersten, S
   Desvergne, B
   Wahli, W
TI Roles of PPARs in health and disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated receptor-alpha; gene-expression; gamma; differentiation; ligand; troglitazone; metabolism; nuclear; obese; delta
AB In developed societies, chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis and cancer are responsible for most deaths. These ailments have complex causes involving genetic, environmental and nutritional factors. There is evidence that a group of closely related nuclear receptors, called peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), may be involved in these diseases. This, together with the fact that PPAR activity can be modulated by drugs such as thiazolidinediones and fibrates, has instigated a huge research effort into PPARs(1). Here we present the latest developments in the PPAR field, with particular emphasis on the physiological function of PPARs during various nutritional states, and the possible role of PPARs in several chronic diseases.
C1 Univ Lausanne, Inst Biol Anim, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
C3 University of Lausanne
RP Wahli, W (corresponding author), Univ Lausanne, Inst Biol Anim, Batiment Biol, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
EM walter.wahli@iba.unil.ch
NR 30
TC 1656
Z9 1907
U1 1
U2 170
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6785
BP 421
EP 424
DI 10.1038/35013000
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 317DX
UT WOS:000087212000038
PM 10839530
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baumann, CA
   Ribon, V
   Kanzaki, M
   Thurmond, DC
   Mora, S
   Shigematsu, S
   Bickel, PE
   Pessin, JE
   Saltiel, AR
AF Baumann, CA
   Ribon, V
   Kanzaki, M
   Thurmond, DC
   Mora, S
   Shigematsu, S
   Bickel, PE
   Pessin, JE
   Saltiel, AR
TI CAP defines a second signalling pathway required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated protein-kinase; glut4 translocation; tyrosine phosphorylation; 3t3-l1 adipocytes; plasma-membrane; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; adipose-cells; c-cbl; caveolae; receptor
AB Insulin stimulates the transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells. Although the precise molecular mechanisms involved in this process remain uncertain, insulin initiates its actions by binding to its tyrosine kinase receptor, leading to the phosphorylation of intracellular substrates. One such substrate is the Cbl protooncogene product(1). Cbl is recruited to the insulin receptor by interaction with the adapter protein CAP, through one of three adjacent SH3 domains in the carboxy terminus of CAP(2). Upon phosphorylation of Cbl, the CAP-Cbl complex dissociates from the insulin receptor and moves to a caveolin-enriched, triton-insoluble membrane fraction(3). Here, to identify a molecular mechanism underlying this subcellular redistribution, we screened a yeast two-hybrid library using the amino-terminal region of CAP and identified the caveolar protein flotillin. Flotillin forms a ternary complex with CAP and Cbl, directing the localization of the CAP-Cbl complex to a lipid raft subdomain of the plasma membrane. Expression of the N-terminal domain of CAP in 3T3-L1 adipocytes blocks the stimulation of glucose transport by insulin, without affecting signalling events that depend on phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase. Thus, localization of the Cbl-CAP complex to lipid rafts generates a pathway that is crucial in the regulation of glucose uptake.
C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Warner Lambert Co, Parke Davis Pharmaceut Res Div, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Physiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Pfizer; Pfizer USA; University of Iowa; Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Saltiel, AR (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
NR 30
TC 552
Z9 662
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 202
EP 207
DI 10.1038/35025089
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000052
PM 11001060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Calignano, A
   Kátona, I
   Désarnaud, F
   Giuffrida, A
   La Rana, G
   Mackie, K
   Freund, TF
   Piomelli, D
AF Calignano, A
   Kátona, I
   Désarnaud, F
   Giuffrida, A
   La Rana, G
   Mackie, K
   Freund, TF
   Piomelli, D
TI Bidirectional control of airway responsiveness by endogenous cannabinoids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat-brain microsm; guinea-pig; selective antagonist; cb1 receptors; release; cough; inhibition; anandamide; sr141716a; neurons
AB Smoking marijuana or administration of its main active constituent, Delta (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta (9)-THC), may exert potent dilating effects on human airways(1-4). But the physiological significance of this observation and its potential therapeutic value are obscured by the fact that some asthmatic patients respond to these compounds with a paradoxical bronchospasm(3,5). The mechanisms underlying these contrasting responses remain unresolved. Here we show that the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide exerts dual effects on bronchial responsiveness in rodents: it strongly inhibits bronchospasm and cough evoked by the chemical irritant, capsaicin, but causes bronchospasm when the constricting tone exerted by the vagus nerve is removed. Both effects are mediated through peripheral CB1 cannabinoid receptors found on axon terminals of airway nerves. Biochemical analyses indicate that anandamide is synthesized in lung tissue on calcium-ion stimulation, suggesting that locally generated anandamide participates in the intrinsic control of airway responsiveness. In support of this conclusion, the CB1 antagonist SR141716A enhances capsaicin-evoked bronchospasm and cough. Our results may account for the contrasting bronchial actions of cannabis-like drugs in humans, and provide a framework for the development of more selective cannabinoid-based agents for the treatment of respiratory pathologies.
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Pharmacol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Expt Med, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary.
   Univ Naples Federico II, Dept Pharmacol, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
   Univ Washington, Dept Anesthesiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; HUN-REN; HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Piomelli, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Pharmacol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
EM piomelli@uci.edu
NR 30
TC 155
Z9 178
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 96
EP 101
DI 10.1038/35040576
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400059
PM 11081515
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fagiolini, M
   Hensch, TK
AF Fagiolini, M
   Hensch, TK
TI Inhibitory threshold for critical-period activation in primary visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID experience-dependent plasticity; ocular dominance plasticity; long-term potentiation; orientation selectivity; monocular deprivation; rat; maturation; deficient; synapses; system
AB Neuronal circuits across several systems display remarkable plasticity to sensory input during postnatal development(1-10) Experience-dependent refinements are often restricted to well-defined critical periods in early life, but how these are established remains mostly unknown. A representative example is the loss of responsiveness in neocortex to an eye deprived of vision(2-6). Here we show that the potential for plasticity is retained throughout life until an inhibitory threshold is attained. In mice of all ages lacking an isoform of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) synthetic enzyme (GAD65), as well as in immature wild-type animals before the onset of their natural critical period, benzodiazepines selectively reduced a prolonged discharge phenotype to unmask plasticity. Enhancing GABA-mediated transmission early in life rendered mutant animals insensitive to monocular deprivation as adults, similar to normal wild-type mice. Short-term presynaptic dynamics reflected a synaptic reorganization in GAD65 knockout mice after chronic diazepam treatment. A threshold level of inhibition within the visual cortex may thus trigger, once in life, an experience-dependent critical period for circuit consolidation, which may otherwise lie dormant.
C1 RIKEN, Brain Sci Inst, Lab Neuronal Circuit Dev, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
C3 RIKEN
RP Hensch, TK (corresponding author), RIKEN, Brain Sci Inst, Lab Neuronal Circuit Dev, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
NR 30
TC 559
Z9 696
U1 1
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 183
EP 186
DI 10.1038/35004582
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900051
PM 10724170
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raman, V
   Martensen, SA
   Reisman, D
   Evron, E
   Odenwald, WF
   Jaffee, E
   Marks, J
   Sukumar, S
AF Raman, V
   Martensen, SA
   Reisman, D
   Evron, E
   Odenwald, WF
   Jaffee, E
   Marks, J
   Sukumar, S
TI Compromised HOXA5 function can limit p53 expression in human breast tumours
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regulatory regions; gene-expression; cancer; mutations; apoptosis; assay
AB Expression of the p53 gene protects cells against malignant transformation(1,2). Whereas control of p53 degradation has been a subject of intense scrutiny, little is known about the factors that regulate p53 synthesis(1,2). Here we show that p53 messenger RNA levels are low in a large proportion of breast tumours. Seeking potential regulators of p53 transcription, we found consensus HOX binding sites(3,4) in the p53 promoter(5). Transient transfection of Hox/HOXA5 activated the p53 promoter. Expression of HOXA5 in epithelial cancer cells expressing wild-type p53, but not in isogenic variants lacking the p53 gene(6), led to apoptotic cell death. Moreover, breast cancer cell lines and patient tumours display a coordinate loss of p53 and HOXA5 mRNA and protein expression. The HOXA5 promoter region was methylated in 16 out of 20 p53-negative breast tumour specimens. We conclude that loss of expression of p53 in human breast cancer may be primarily due to lack of expression of HOXA5.
C1 Johns Hopkins Oncol Ctr, Breast Canc Program, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Univ S Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
   NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; Duke University
RP Sukumar, S (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Oncol Ctr, Breast Canc Program, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
NR 28
TC 409
Z9 502
U1 1
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 974
EP 978
DI 10.1038/35016125
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700057
PM 10879542
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weber, T
   Giessen, H
   Weckenbrock, M
   Urbasch, G
   Staudte, A
   Spielberger, L
   Jagutzki, O
   Mergel, V
   Vollmer, M
   Dörner, R
AF Weber, T
   Giessen, H
   Weckenbrock, M
   Urbasch, G
   Staudte, A
   Spielberger, L
   Jagutzki, O
   Mergel, V
   Vollmer, M
   Dörner, R
TI Correlated electron emission in multiphoton double ionization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nonsequential double-ionization; threshold ionization; gas atoms; helium; field; dynamics; pulses; neon; he
AB Electronic correlations govern the dynamics of many phenomena in nature, such as chemical reactions and solid state effects, including superconductivity. Such correlation effects can be most clearly investigated in processes involving single atoms. In particular, the emission of two electrons from an atom-induced by the impact of a single photon(1), a charged particle(2) or by a short laser pulse(3)-has become the standard process for studies of dynamical electron correlations. Atoms and molecules exposed to laser fields that are comparable in intensity to the nuclear fields have extremely high probabilities for double ionization(4,5); this has been attributed to electron-electron interaction(3). Here we report a strong correlation between the magnitude and the direction of the momentum of two electrons that are emitted from an argon atom, driven by a femtosecond laser pulse (at 38 TW cm(-2)). Increasing the laser intensity causes the momentum correlation between the electrons to be lost, implying that a transition in the laser-atom coupling mechanism takes place.
C1 Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Kernphys, D-60486 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Univ Marburg, Fachbereich Phys, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
C3 Goethe University Frankfurt; Philipps University Marburg
RP Dörner, R (corresponding author), Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Kernphys, August Euler Str 6, D-60486 Frankfurt, Germany.
EM doerner@hsb.uni-frankfurt.de
NR 30
TC 489
Z9 546
U1 3
U2 110
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 658
EP 661
DI 10.1038/35015033
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800039
PM 10864317
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tellides, G
   Tereb, DA
   Kirkiles-Smith, NC
   Kim, RW
   Wilson, JH
   Schechner, JS
   Lorber, MI
   Pober, JS
AF Tellides, G
   Tereb, DA
   Kirkiles-Smith, NC
   Kim, RW
   Wilson, JH
   Schechner, JS
   Lorber, MI
   Pober, JS
TI Interferon-γ elicits arteriosclerosis in the absence of leukocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID smooth-muscle cells; transplanted mouse hearts; coronary arteriosclerosis; immune interferon; inhibits proliferation; gene-expression; growth-factors; atherosclerosis; invivo; injury
AB Atherosclerosis and post-transplant graft arteriosclerosis are both characterized by expansion of the arterial intima as a result of the infiltration of mononuclear leukocytes, the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and the accumulation of extracellular matrix(1-3). They are also associated with the presence of the immunomodulatory cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)(2,3). Moreover, in mouse models of atheroma formation or allogeneic transplantation, the serological neutralization(4) or genetic absence(5-8) of IFN-gamma markedly reduces the extent of intimal expansion. However, other studies have found that exogenous IFN-gamma inhibits Cultured VSMC proliferation(9-14) and matrix synthesis(15), and reduces intimal expansion in response to mechanical injury(16-18). This discrepancy is generally explained by the idea that IFN-gamma either directly activates macrophages, or, by increasing antigen presentation, indirectly activates T cells within the lesions of atherosclerosis and graft arteriosclerosis. These activated leukocytes are thought to express the VSMC-activating cytokines(1-3) and cell-surface molecules(19) that cause the observed arteriosclerotic responses. Here we have inserted pig and human arteries into the aorta of immunodeficient immunodeficient mice, and we show that IFN-gamma can induce arteriosclerotic changes in the absence of detectable immunocytes by acting on VSMCs to potentiate growth-factor-induced mitogenesis.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, Interdepartmental Program Vasc Biol & Transplanta, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Surg, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Immunobiol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University
RP Tellides, G (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, Interdepartmental Program Vasc Biol & Transplanta, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
NR 30
TC 342
Z9 379
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 207
EP 211
DI 10.1038/35003221
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300058
PM 10646607
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kirchner, JW
   Weil, A
AF Kirchner, JW
   Weil, A
TI Delayed biological recovery from extinctions throughout the fossil record
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID time-series analysis; unevenly spaced data; spectral-analysis; end
AB How quickly does biodiversity rebound after extinctions? Palaeobiologists have examined the temporal, taxonomic and geographic patterns of recovery following individual mass extinctions in detail(1-5), but have not analysed recoveries from extinctions throughout the fossil record as a whole. Here, we measure how fast biodiversity rebounds after extinctions in general, rather than after individual mass extinctions, by calculating the cross-correlation between extinction and origination rates across the entire Phanerozoic marine fossil record. Our results show that extinction rates are not significantly correlated with contemporaneous origination rates, but instead are correlated with origination rates roughly 10 million years later. This lagged correlation persists when we remove the 'Big Five' major mass extinctions, indicating that recovery times following mass extinctions and background extinctions are similar. Our results suggest that there are intrinsic limits to how quickly global biodiversity can recover after extinction events, regardless of their magnitude. They also imply that today's anthropogenic extinctions will diminish biodiversity for millions of years to come.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geol & Geophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Duke Univ, Dept Biol Anthropol & Anat, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Duke University
RP Kirchner, JW (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geol & Geophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 19
TC 130
Z9 147
U1 1
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 177
EP 180
DI 10.1038/35004564
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900049
PM 10724168
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gross, JA
   Johnston, J
   Mudri, S
   Enselman, R
   Dillon, SR
   Madden, K
   Xu, WF
   Parrish-Novak, J
   Foster, D
   Lofton-Day, C
   Moore, M
   Littau, A
   Grossman, A
   Haugen, H
   Foley, K
   Blumberg, H
   Harrison, K
   Kindsvogel, W
   Clegg, CH
AF Gross, JA
   Johnston, J
   Mudri, S
   Enselman, R
   Dillon, SR
   Madden, K
   Xu, WF
   Parrish-Novak, J
   Foster, D
   Lofton-Day, C
   Moore, M
   Littau, A
   Grossman, A
   Haugen, H
   Foley, K
   Blumberg, H
   Harrison, K
   Kindsvogel, W
   Clegg, CH
TI TACI and BCMA are receptors for a TNF homologue implicated in B-cell autoimmune disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; expression
AB B cells are important in the development of autoimmune disorders by mechanisms involving disregulated polyclonal B-cell activation, production of pathogenic antibodies, and co-stimulation of autoreactive T cells. zTNF4 (BLyS, BAFF, TALL-1, THANK)(1-5) is a member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family that is a potent co-activator of B cells in vitro and in vivo(1,2,5). Here we identify two receptors for zTNF4 and demonstrate a relationship between zTNF4 and autoimmune disease. Transgenic animals overexpressing zTNF4 in lymphoid cells develop symptoms characteristic of systemic lupus erythaematosus (SLE) and expand a rare population of splenic B-1a lymphocytes. In addition, circulating zTNF4 is more abundant in NZBWF1 and MRL-lpr/lpr mice during the onset and progression of SLE. We have identified two TNF receptor family members, TACI(6) and BCMA(7,8), that bind zTNF4. Treatment of NZBWF1 mice with soluble TACI-Ig fusion protein inhibits the development of proteinuria and prolongs survival of the animals. These findings demonstrate the involvement of zTNF4 and its receptors in the development of SLE and identify TACI-Ig as a promising treatment of autoimmune disease in humans.
C1 Zymogenet Inc, Dept Immunol, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
   Zymogenet Inc, Dept Funct Cloning, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
   Zymogenet Inc, Dept In Vivo Biol, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
   Zymogenet Inc, Dept Genet, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
C3 Zymogenet Inc.; Zymogenet Inc.; Zymogenet Inc.; Zymogenet Inc.
RP Gross, JA (corresponding author), Zymogenet Inc, Dept Immunol, 1201 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
EM grossj@zgi.com
NR 21
TC 982
Z9 1207
U1 1
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6781
BP 995
EP 999
DI 10.1038/35010115
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 309HG
UT WOS:000086762000056
PM 10801128
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bai, T
   Pollard, DD
   Gao, H
AF Bai, T
   Pollard, DD
   Gao, H
TI Explanation far fracture spacing in layered materials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brittle films; thin-films; cracking
AB The spacing of opening-mode fractures in layered materials-such as certain sedimentary rocks and laminated engineering materials-is often proportional to the thickness of the fractured layer(1-4). Experimental studies of this phenomenon(1,5) show that the spacing initially decreases as extensional strain increases in the direction perpendicular to the fractures. But at a certain ratio of spacing to layer thickness, no new fractures form and the additional strain is accommodated by further opening of existing fractures: the spacing then simply scales with layer thickness, which is called fracture saturation(5,6), This is in marked contrast to existing theories of fracture, such as the stress-transfer theory(7,8), which predict that spacing should decrease with increasing strain ad infinitum. Recently(9,10), two of us (T.B. and D.D,P.) have used a combination of numerical simulations and laboratory experiments to show that, with increasing applied stress, the normal stress acting between such fractures undergoes a transition from tensile to compressive, suggesting a cause for fracture saturation. Here we investigate the full stress distribution between such fractures, from which we derive an intuitive physical model of the process of fracture saturation. Such a model should find wide applicability, from geosciences(11-13,14) to engineering(1,2,6,15,16).
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Bai, T (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM bai@panges.stanford.edu
NR 22
TC 244
Z9 277
U1 6
U2 147
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 753
EP 756
DI 10.1038/35001550
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100047
PM 10693800
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wickware, P
AF Wickware, P
TI Postdocs reject academic research
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 429
EP 430
DI 10.1038/35030316
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700061
PM 11014203
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lay, AJ
   Jiang, XM
   Kisker, O
   Flynn, E
   Underwood, A
   Condron, R
   Hogg, PJ
AF Lay, AJ
   Jiang, XM
   Kisker, O
   Flynn, E
   Underwood, A
   Condron, R
   Hogg, PJ
TI Phosphoglycerate kinase acts in tumour angiogenesis as a disulphide reductase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein disulfide-isomerase; lewis-lung-carcinoma; 3-phosphoglycerate kinase; glycolytic enzyme; angiostatin; inhibitor; suppression; proteolysis; plasmin; matrix
AB Disulphide bonds in secreted proteins are considered to be inert because of the oxidizing nature of the extracellular milieu. An exception to this rule is a reductase secreted by tumour cells that reduces disulphide bonds in the serine proteinase plasmin(1,2). Reduction of plasmin initiates proteolytic cleavage in the kringle 5 domain and release of the tumour blood vessel inhibitor angiostatin(3). New blood vessel formation or angiogenesis is critical for tumour expansion and metastasis(4,5). Here we show that the plasmin reductase isolated from conditioned medium of fibrosarcoma cells is the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase(6). Recombinant phosphoglycerate kinase had the same specific activity as the fibrosarcoma-derived protein. Plasma of mice bearing fibrosarcoma tumours contained several-fold more phosphoglycerate kinase, as compared with mice without tumours. Administration of phosphoglycerate kinase to tumour-bearing mice caused an increase in plasma levels of angiostatin, and a decrease in tumour vascularity and rate of tumour growth. Our findings indicate that phosphoglycerate kinase not only functions in glycolysis but is secreted by tumour cells and participates in the angiogenic process as a disulphide reductase.
C1 Univ New S Wales, Sch Pathol, Ctr Thrombosis & Vasc Res, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
   Univ New S Wales, Prince Wales Hosp, Dept Haematol, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
   Childrens Hosp, Dept Surg Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   CSIRO Mol Sci, N Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia.
   La Trobe Univ, Dept Biochem, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia.
C3 University of New South Wales Sydney; University of New South Wales Sydney; Prince of Wales Hospital (POWH); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); La Trobe University
RP Hogg, PJ (corresponding author), Univ New S Wales, Sch Pathol, Ctr Thrombosis & Vasc Res, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
NR 23
TC 240
Z9 270
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 869
EP 873
DI 10.1038/35048596
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300053
PM 11130727
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cande, SC
   Stock, JM
   Müller, RD
   Ishihara, T
AF Cande, SC
   Stock, JM
   Müller, RD
   Ishihara, T
TI Cenozoic motion between East and West Antarctica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern victoria-land; marie-byrd-land; transantarctic mountains; australian plates; relative motions; ross sea; pacific; constraints; tectonics; boundary
AB The West Antarctic rift system is the result of late Mesozoic and Cenozoic extension between East and West Antarctica, and represents one of the largest active continental rift systems on Earth. But the timing and magnitude of the plate motions leading to Be development of this rift system remain poorly known, because of a lack of magnetic anomaly and fracture zone constraints on seafloor spreading. Here we report on magnetic data, gravity data and swath bathymetry collected in several areas of the south Tasman Sea and northern Boss Sea. These results enable us to calculate mid-Cenozoic rotation parameters for East and West Antarctica. These rotations show that there was roughly 180 km of separation in the western Ross Sea embayment in Eocene and Oligocene time. This episode of extension provides a tectonic setting for several significant Genozoic tectonic events in the Ross Sea embayment including the uplift of the Transantarctic Mountains and the deposition of large thicknesses of Oligocene sediments. Inclusion of this East-West Antarctic motion in the plate circuit linking the Australia, Antarctic and Pacific plates removes a puzzling gap between the Lord Howe rise and Campbell plateau found in previous early Tertiary reconstructions of the New Zealand region. Determination of this East-West Antarctic motion also resolves a long standing controversy regarding the contribution of deformation in this region to the global plate circuit linking the Pacific to the rest of the world.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Sydney, Sch Geosci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Geol Survey Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; California Institute of Technology; University of Sydney
RP Cande, SC (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 37
TC 247
Z9 275
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 145
EP 150
DI 10.1038/35004501
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900040
PM 10724159
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Higuchi, M
   Stefan, M
   Single, FN
   Hartner, J
   Rozov, A
   Burnashev, N
   Feldmeyer, D
   Sprengel, R
   Seeburg, PH
AF Higuchi, M
   Stefan, M
   Single, FN
   Hartner, J
   Rozov, A
   Burnashev, N
   Feldmeyer, D
   Sprengel, R
   Seeburg, PH
TI Point mutation in an AMPA receptor gene rescues lethality in mice deficient in the RNA-editing enzyme ADAR2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subunit glur-b; pre-messenger-rnas; adenosine-deaminase; genomic organization; channels; location
AB RNA editing by site-selective deamination of adenosine to inosine(1,2) alters codons(3,4) and splicing(5) in nuclear transcripts(6), and therefore protein function. ADAR2 (refs 7, 8) is a candidate mammalian editing enzyme that is widely expressed in brain and other tissues(7), but its RNA substrates are unknown. Here we have studied ADAR2-mediated RNA editing by generating mice that are homozygous for a targeted functional null allele. Editing in ADAR2(-/-) mice was substantially reduced at most of 25 positions in diverse transcripts(3-6); the mutant mice became prone to seizures and died young. The impaired phenotype appeared to result entirely from a single underedited position, as it reverted to normal when both alleles for the underedited transcript were substituted with alleles encoding the edited version exonically(9). The critical position specifies an ion channel determinant(10), the Q/R site(3,6), in AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate) receptor(10) GluR-B pre-messenger RNA. We conclude that this transcript is the physiologically most important substrate of ADAR2.
C1 Max Planck Inst Med Res, Dept Mol Neurobiol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Med Res, Dept Cell Physiol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
RP Seeburg, PH (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Med Res, Dept Mol Neurobiol, Jahnstr 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 27
TC 816
Z9 945
U1 1
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 78
EP 81
DI 10.1038/35017558
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200048
PM 10894545
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pearson, M
   Carbone, R
   Sebastiani, C
   Cioce, M
   Fagioli, M
   Saito, S
   Higashimoto, Y
   Appella, E
   Minucci, S
   Pandolfi, PP
   Pelicci, PG
AF Pearson, M
   Carbone, R
   Sebastiani, C
   Cioce, M
   Fagioli, M
   Saito, S
   Higashimoto, Y
   Appella, E
   Minucci, S
   Pandolfi, PP
   Pelicci, PG
TI PML regulates p53 acetylation and premature senescence induced by oncogenic Ras
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID creb binding-protein; wild-type p53; promyelocytic leukemia; gene amplification; dna-damage; in-vitro; cells; modulation; growth; transformation
AB The tumour suppressor p53 induces cellular senescence in response to oncogenic signals(1). p53 activity is modulated by protein stability and post-translational modification, including phosphorylation and acetylation(2). The mechanism of p53 activation by oncogenes remains largely unknown. Here we report that the tumour suppressor PML regulates the p53 response to oncogenic signals. We found that oncogenic pas upregulates PML expression, and overexpression of PML induces senescence in a p53-dependent manner. p53 is acetylated at lysine 382 upon Ras expression, an event that is essential for its biological function. pas induces re-localization of p53 and the CBP acetyltransferase within the PML nuclear bodies and induces the formation of a trimeric p53-PML-CBP complex. Lastly, Ras-induced p53 acetylation, p53-CBP complex stabilization and senescence are lost in PML-/- fibroblasts. Our data establish a link between PML and p53 and indicate that integrity of the PML bodies is required for p53 acetylation and senescence upon oncogene expression.
C1 European Inst Oncol, Dept Expt Oncol, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Perugia, Ist Med Interna & Sci Oncol, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
   NCI, Cell Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Human Genet, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 IRCCS European Institute of Oncology (IEO); University of Perugia; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Cornell University; Cornell University; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Pelicci, PG (corresponding author), European Inst Oncol, Dept Expt Oncol, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
EM pgpelicci@ieo.it
FU National Cancer Institute [ZIABC005599] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 714
Z9 829
U1 1
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 207
EP 210
DI 10.1038/35018127
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100054
PM 10910364
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ritchie, KB
   Nagelkerken, I
   James, S
   Smith, GW
AF Ritchie, KB
   Nagelkerken, I
   James, S
   Smith, GW
TI Environmental microbiology - A tetrodotoxin-producing marine pathogen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mass
C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Carmabi Fdn, Curacao, Neth Antilles.
   Clemson Univ, Dept Microbiol & Mol Med, Clemson, SC 29634 USA.
   Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol, Aiken, SC 29801 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Clemson University; University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia
RP Ritchie, KB (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
EM Smithres@aiken.ac.edu
NR 12
TC 42
Z9 47
U1 1
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 354
EP 354
DI 10.1038/35006168
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000039
PM 10746714
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nir, E
   Kleinermanns, K
   de Vries, MS
AF Nir, E
   Kleinermanns, K
   de Vries, MS
TI Pairing of isolated nucleic-acid bases in the absence of the DNA backbone
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vibrational-modes; free nucleobases; spectroscopy; cytosine; guanine; thymine; mononucleosides; ultraviolet; spectra; adenine
AB The two intertwined strands of DNA are held together through base pairing-the formation of hydrogen bonds between bases located opposite each other on the two strands. DNA replication and transcription involve the breaking and re-forming of these hydrogen bonds, but it is difficult to probe these processes directly. For example, conventional DNA spectroscopy(1-3) is dominated by solvent interactions, crystal modes and collective modes of the DNA backbone; gas-phase studies, in contrast, can in principle measure interactions between individual molecules in the absence of external effects, but require the vaporization of the interacting species without thermal degradation(4-9). Here we report the generation of gas-phase complexes comprising paired bases, and the spectroscopic characterization of the hydrogen bonding in isolated guanine-cytosine (G-C) and guanine-guanine (G-G) base pairs. We rnd that the gas-phase G-C base pair adopts a single configuration, which may be Watson-Crick, whereas G-G exists in two different configurations, and we see evidence for proton transfer in the G-C pair, an important step in radiation-induced DNA damage pathways(10). Interactions between different bases and between bases and water molecules can also be characterized by our approach, providing stringent tests for high-level ab initio computations that aim to elucidate the fundamental aspects of nucleotide interactions(11-13).
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Chem, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Phys Chem & Elektrochem, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP de Vries, MS (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Chem, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
EM devries@chem.ucsb.edu
NR 21
TC 245
Z9 256
U1 1
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 949
EP 951
DI 10.1038/35050053
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100042
PM 11140676
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Greer, JM
   Puetz, J
   Thomas, KR
   Capecchi, MR
AF Greer, JM
   Puetz, J
   Thomas, KR
   Capecchi, MR
TI Maintenance of functional equivalence during paralogous Hox gene evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stem-cells; targeted disruption; mice; transformations; vertebrae; hindbrain; reveal; rescue; thymus
AB Biological diversity is driven mainly by gene duplication followed by mutation and selection. This divergence in either regulatory or protein-coding sequences can result in quite different biological functions for even closely related genes. This concept is exemplified by the mammalian Hox gene complex, a group of 39 genes which are located on 4 linkage groups, dispersed on 4 chromosomes(1-4). The evolution of this complex bee;an with amplification in cis of a primordial Hox gene to produce 13 members, followed by duplications in tuans of much of the entire unit. As a consequence, Hox genes that occupy the same relative position along the 5' to 3' chromosomal coordinate (trans-paralogous genes) share more similarity in sequence and expression pattern than do adjacent Hox genes on the same chromosome. Studies in mice indicate that although individual family members may have unique biological roles, they also share overlapping functions with their paralogues(5-12). Here we show that the proteins encoded by the paralogous genes, Hoxa3 and Hoxd3, can carry out identical biological functions, and that the different roles attributed to these genes are the result of quantitative modulations in gene expression.
C1 Univ Utah, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Capecchi, MR (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
EM mario.capecchi@genetics.utah.edu
NR 30
TC 212
Z9 242
U1 1
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 661
EP 665
DI 10.1038/35001077
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200055
PM 10688203
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gamlin, PD
   Yoon, K
AF Gamlin, PD
   Yoon, K
TI An area for vergence eye movement in primate frontal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocular accommodation; smooth-pursuit; macaque; field; neurons; monkey; nucleus; responses; pathways; cells
AB To view objects at different distances, humans rely on vergence eye movements to appropriately converge or diverge the eyes and on ocular accommodation to focus the object(1,2). Despite the importance of these coordinated eye movements (the 'near response') very little is known about the role of the cerebral cortex in their control. As near-response neurons exist within the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis(3), which receives input from the frontal eye field region of frontal cortex(4-6), and this cortical region is known to be involved in saccadic(7-9) and smooth-pursuit eye movements(10-12), we propose that a nearby region might play a role in vergence and ocular accommodation. Here we provide evidence from rhesus monkeys that a region of frontal cortex located immediately anterior to the saccade-related frontal eye field region is involved in vergence and ocular accommodation, and in the sensorimotor transformations required for these eye movements. We conclude that the macaque frontal cortex is involved in the control of all voluntary eye movements, and suggest that the definition of the frontal eye fields should be expanded to include this region.
C1 Univ Alabama, Vis Sci Res Ctr, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham
RP Gamlin, PD (corresponding author), Univ Alabama, Vis Sci Res Ctr, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
NR 28
TC 161
Z9 184
U1 1
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6807
BP 1003
EP 1007
DI 10.1038/35039506
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 366XX
UT WOS:000090032500043
PM 11069179
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chien, KR
AF Chien, KR
TI Genomic circuits and the integrative biology of cardiac diseases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID congenital heart-disease; neural crest defects; transcription factor; dilated cardiomyopathy; targeted disruption; muscular-dystrophy; signaling pathway; deficient mice; gene leads; mouse
AB Human cardiac disease is the result of complex interactions between genetic susceptibility and environmental stress. The challenge is to identify modifiers of disease, and to design new therapeutic strategies to interrupt the underlying disease pathways. The availability of genomic databases for many species is uncovering networks of conserved cardiac-specific genes within given physiological pathways. A new classification of human cardiac diseases can be envisaged based on the disruption of integrated genomic circuits that control heart morphogenesis, myocyte survival, biomechanical stress responses, cardiac contractility and electrical conduction.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Salk Program Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Chien, KR (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Salk Program Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM kchien@ucsd.edu
NR 54
TC 151
Z9 163
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 227
EP 232
DI 10.1038/35025196
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000058
PM 11001065
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hellemans, A
AF Hellemans, A
TI Does size matter? Large telescopes are starting to dominate astronomy, putting their smaller predecessors under pressure to close.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 9
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 12
EP 15
DI 10.1038/35040743
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400012
PM 11081482
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schubert, U
   Antón, LC
   Gibbs, J
   Norbury, CC
   Yewdell, JW
   Bennink, JR
AF Schubert, U
   Antón, LC
   Gibbs, J
   Norbury, CC
   Yewdell, JW
   Bennink, JR
TI Rapid degradation of a large fraction of newly synthesized proteins by proteasomes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mhc class-i; chymotrypsin-like activity; molecules; peptides; inhibition; chains; cells
AB MHC class I molecules function to present peptides eight to ten residues long to the immune system. These peptides originate primarily from a cytosolic pool of proteins through the actions of proteasomes(1), and are transported into the endoplasmic reticulum, where they assemble with nascent class I molecules(2). Most peptides are generated from proteins that are apparently metabolically stable. To explain this, we previously proposed that peptides arise from proteasomal degradation of defective ribosomal products (DRiPs). DRiPs are polypeptides that never attain native structure owing to errors in translation or post-translational processes necessary for proper protein folding(3). Here we show, first, that DRiPs constitute upwards of 30% of newly synthesized proteins as determined in a variety of cell types; second, that at least some DRiPs represent ubiquitinated proteins; and last, that ubiquitinated DRiPs are formed from human immunodeficiency virus Gag polyprotein, a long-lived viral protein that serves as a source of antigenic peptides.
C1 NIAID, Viral Dis Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Hamburg, Heinrich Pette Inst, Hamburg, Germany.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); University of Hamburg; Heinrich Pette Institute
RP Yewdell, JW (corresponding author), NIAID, Viral Dis Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 18
TC 1274
Z9 1554
U1 0
U2 73
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 770
EP 774
DI 10.1038/35008096
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600054
PM 10783891
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sarbu, T
   Styranec, T
   Beckman, EJ
AF Sarbu, T
   Styranec, T
   Beckman, EJ
TI Non-fluorous polymers with very high solubility in supercritical CO2 down to low pressures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fluoroether-functional amphiphiles; carbon-dioxide microemulsions; dispersion polymerization; methyl-methacrylate; equilibrium; extraction; copolymers; fluids; water
AB Liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide have attracted much interest as environmentally benign solvents(1), but their practical use has been limited by the need for high CO2 pressures to dissolve even small amounts of polar, amphiphilic, organometallic, or high-molecular-mass compounds(2-4). So-called 'CO2-philes' efficiently transport insoluble or poorly soluble materials into CO2 solvent, resulting in the development of a broad range of CO2 based processes, including homogeneous and heterogeneous polymerization, extraction of proteins and metals, and homogeneous catalysis(5-11). But as the most effective CO2-philes are expensive fluorocarbons, such as poly(perfluoroether), the commercialization of otherwise promising CO2-based processes has met with only limited success. Here we show that copolymers can act as efficient, non-fluorous CO2-philes if their constituent monomers are chosen to optimize the balance between the enthalpy and entropy of solute-copolymer and copolymer-copolymer interactions. Guided by heuristic rules regarding these interactions, we have used inexpensive propylene and CO2 to synthesize a series of poly(ether-carbonate) copolymers that readily dissolve in CO2 at low pressures. Even though non-fluorous polymers are generally assumed to be CO2-phobic, we expect that our design principles can be used to create a wide range of non-fluorous CO2-philes from low-cost raw materials, thus rendering a variety of CO2-based processes economically favourable, particularly in cases where recycling of CO2-philes is difficult.
C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Chem Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
RP Beckman, EJ (corresponding author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Chem Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA.
NR 23
TC 423
Z9 501
U1 3
U2 194
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 165
EP 168
DI 10.1038/35012040
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100045
PM 10821268
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ghani, AC
   Ferguson, NM
   Donnelly, CA
   Anderson, RM
AF Ghani, AC
   Ferguson, NM
   Donnelly, CA
   Anderson, RM
TI Predicted vCJD mortality in Great Britain - Modelling the latest data puts a ceiling on the likely number of vCJD cases.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Epidemiol Infect Dis, Oxford OX1 3FY, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Ghani, AC (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Epidemiol Infect Dis, Oxford OX1 3FY, England.
NR 6
TC 157
Z9 167
U1 2
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6796
BP 583
EP 584
DI 10.1038/35020688
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 342PF
UT WOS:000088653800033
PM 10949288
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Geim, AK
   Dubonos, SV
   Grigorieva, IV
   Novoselov, KS
   Peeters, FM
   Schweigert, VA
AF Geim, AK
   Dubonos, SV
   Grigorieva, IV
   Novoselov, KS
   Peeters, FM
   Schweigert, VA
TI Non-quantized penetration of magnetic field in the vortex state of superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB As first pointed out by Bardeen and Ginzburg in the early sixties(1,2), the amount of magnetic flux carried by vortices in superconducting materials depends on their distance from the sample edge, and can be smaller than one flux quantum, phi(0) = h/2e (where h is Planck's constant and e is the electronic charge). In bulk superconductors, this reduction of flux becomes negligible at submicrometre distances from the edge, but in thin films the effect may survive much farther into the material(3,4). But the effect has not been observed experimentally, and it is often assumed that magnetic field enters type II superconductors in units of f0. Here we measure the amount of flux introduced by individual vortices in a superconducting film, finding that the flux always differs substantially from f0. We have observed vortices that carry as little as 0.001 phi(0), as well as 'negative vortices', whose penetration leads to the expulsion of magnetic field. We distinguish two phenomena responsible for non-quantized flux penetration: the finite-size effect(1-4) and a nonlinear screening of the magnetic field due to the presence of a surface barrier. The latter effect has not been considered previously, but is likely to cause non-quantized penetration in most cases.
C1 Catholic Univ Nijmegen, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Univ Manchester, Dept Phys, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Microelect Technol, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
   Univ Instelling Antwerp, Dept Phys, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Theoret & Appl Mech, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen; University of Manchester; Russian Academy of Sciences; University of Antwerp; Russian Academy of Sciences; Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical & Applied Mechanics SB RAS
RP Geim, AK (corresponding author), Catholic Univ Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
NR 11
TC 162
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 55
EP 57
DI 10.1038/35024025
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000037
PM 10993068
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, L
   Chetkovich, DM
   Petralia, RS
   Sweeney, NT
   Kawasaki, Y
   Wenthold, RJ
   Bredt, DS
   Nicoll, RA
AF Chen, L
   Chetkovich, DM
   Petralia, RS
   Sweeney, NT
   Kawasaki, Y
   Wenthold, RJ
   Bredt, DS
   Nicoll, RA
TI Stargazin regulates synaptic targeting of AMPA receptors by two distinct mechanisms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mutant mouse; glutamate receptors; synapses; family; organization; expression; proteins; subunits; reveals; waggler
AB Stargazer, an ataxic and epileptic mutant mouse, lacks functional AMPA (alpha -amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate) receptors on cerebellar granule cells. Stargazin, the mutated protein, interacts with both AMPA receptor subunits and synaptic PDZ proteins, such as PSD-95. The interaction of stargazin with AMPA receptor subunits is essential for delivering functional receptors to the surface membrane of granule cells, whereas its binding with PSD-95 and related PDZ proteins through a carboxy-terminal PDZ-binding domain is required for targeting the AMPA receptor to synapses. Expression of a mutant stargazin lacking the PDZ-binding domain in hippocampal pyramidal cells disrupts synaptic AMPA receptors, indicating that stargazin-like mechanisms for targeting AMPA receptors may be widespread in the central nervous system.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   NIDCD, Neurochem Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Deafness & Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)
RP Nicoll, RA (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM nicoll@phy.ucsf.edu
NR 37
TC 901
Z9 1157
U1 0
U2 61
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6815
BP 936
EP 943
DI 10.1038/35050030
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 384NE
UT WOS:000165951100039
PM 11140673
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murtra, P
   Sheasby, AM
   Hunt, SP
   De Felipe, C
AF Murtra, P
   Sheasby, AM
   Hunt, SP
   De Felipe, C
TI Rewarding effects of opiates are absent in mice lacking the receptor for substance P
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mu-opioid-receptor; immunohistochemical localization; cholinergic neurons; brain; rat; withdrawal; expression; addiction; analgesia; striatum
AB Modulation of substance P activity offers a radical new approach to the management of depression, anxiety and stress(1-3). The substance P receptor is highly expressed in areas of the brain that are implicated in these behaviours, but also in other areas such as the nucleus accumbens which mediate the motivational properties of both natural rewards such as food and of drugs of abuse such as opiates(4-7). Here we show a loss of the rewarding properties of morphine in mice with a genetic disruption of the substance P receptor. The loss was specific to morphine, as both groups of mice responded when cocaine or food were used as rewards. The physical response to opiate withdrawal was also reduced in substance P receptor knockout mice. We conclude that substance P has an important and specific role in mediating the motivational aspects of opiates and may represent a new pharmacological route for the control of drug abuse.
C1 UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Univ Miguel Hernandez, Inst Neurosci, Alicante 03550, Spain.
C3 University of London; University College London; Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche
RP Hunt, SP (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, Medawar Bldg,Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM hunt@ucl.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 184
Z9 213
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 180
EP 183
DI 10.1038/35012069
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100050
PM 10821273
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saint-Ruf, C
   Panigada, M
   Azogui, O
   Debey, P
   von Boehmer, H
   Grassi, F
AF Saint-Ruf, C
   Panigada, M
   Azogui, O
   Debey, P
   von Boehmer, H
   Grassi, F
TI Different initiation of pre-TCR and γδTCR signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell-receptor; protein-tyrosine kinase; alpha-beta; lineage commitment; antigen receptor; lipid rafts; sh2 domains; activation; expression; membranes
AB Lineage choice is of great interest in developmental biology. In the immune system, the alpha beta and gamma delta lineages of T lymphocytes diverge during the course of the beta-, gamma- and delta-chain rearrangement of T-cell receptor (TCR) genes that takes place within the same precursor cell and which results in the formation of the gamma delta TCR or pre-TCR proteins(1-3). The pre-TCR consists of the TCR beta chain covalently linked to the pre-TCR alpha protein, which is present in immature but not in mature T cells which instead express the TCR alpha chain(4,5). Animals deficient in pre-TCR alpha have few alpha beta lineage cells but an increased number of gamma delta T cells. These gamma delta T cells exhibit more extensive TCR beta rearrangement than gamma delta T cells from wild-type mice(6,7). These observations are consistent with the idea that different signals emanating from the gamma delta TCR and pre-TCR instruct lineage commitment(8). Here we show, by using confocal microscopy and biochemistry to analyse the initiation of signalling, that the pre-TCR but not the gamma delta TCR colocalizes with the p56(lck) Src kinase into glycolipid-enriched membrane domains (rafts) apparently without any need for ligation. This results in the phosphorylation of CD3 epsilon and Zap-70 signal transducing molecules. The results indicate clear differences between pre-TCR and gamma delta TCR signalling.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Fac Med Necker, INSERM, U373, Inst Necker, F-75730 Paris 15, France.
   Inst Biol Physicochim, Museum Natl Hist Nat, INRA, Unite 806, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Univ Milan, Dipartimento Biol & Genet Sci Med, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Paris Cite; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); INRAE; University of Milan
RP von Boehmer, H (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, 44 Binney St,Smith 736, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 29
TC 139
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6795
BP 524
EP 527
DI 10.1038/35020093
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 340ML
UT WOS:000088538000048
PM 10952314
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ruiz, GM
   Rawlings, TK
   Dobbs, FC
   Drake, LA
   Mullady, T
   Huq, A
   Colwell, RR
AF Ruiz, GM
   Rawlings, TK
   Dobbs, FC
   Drake, LA
   Mullady, T
   Huq, A
   Colwell, RR
TI Global spread of microorganisms by ships - Ballast water discharged from vessels harbours a cocktail of potential pathogens.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marine organisms; transport; climate; disease; ecology
AB Ballast water discharged from vessels harbours a cocktail of potential pathogens.
C1 Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Ctr Marine Biotechnol, Inst Biotechnol, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Old Dominion Univ, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Old Dominion University
RP Ruiz, GM (corresponding author), Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, POB 28, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA.
NR 14
TC 487
Z9 573
U1 1
U2 168
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 49
EP 50
DI 10.1038/35040695
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400043
PM 11081499
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parkes, RJ
AF Parkes, RJ
TI Microbiology - A case of bacterial immortality?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID halobacteria
C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
C3 University of Bristol
RP Parkes, RJ (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Wills Mem Bldg, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
NR 15
TC 16
Z9 19
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6806
BP 844
EP 845
DI 10.1038/35038181
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 364PZ
UT WOS:000089901900029
PM 11057647
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Perou, CM
   Sorlie, T
   Eisen, MB
   van de Rijn, M
   Jeffrey, SS
   Rees, CA
   Pollack, JR
   Ross, DT
   Johnsen, H
   Akslen, LA
   Fluge, O
   Pergamenschikov, A
   Williams, C
   Zhu, SX
   Lonning, PE
   Borresen-Dale, AL
   Brown, PO
   Botstein, D
AF Perou, CM
   Sorlie, T
   Eisen, MB
   van de Rijn, M
   Jeffrey, SS
   Rees, CA
   Pollack, JR
   Ross, DT
   Johnsen, H
   Akslen, LA
   Fluge, O
   Pergamenschikov, A
   Williams, C
   Zhu, SX
   Lonning, PE
   Borresen-Dale, AL
   Brown, PO
   Botstein, D
TI Molecular portraits of human breast tumours
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammary epithelial-cells; gene-expression; malignant breast; cdna microarrays; cancer; amplification; carcinomas; patterns; benign
AB Human breast tumours are diverse in their natural history and in their responsiveness to treatments(1). Variation in transcriptional programs accounts for much of the biological diversity of human cells and tumours. In each cell, signal transduction and regulatory systems transduce information from the cell's identity to its environmental status, thereby controlling the level of expression of every gene in the genome. Here we have characterized variation in gene expression patterns in a set of 65 surgical specimens of human breast tumours from 42 different individuals, using complementary DNA microarrays representing 8,102 human genes. These patterns provided a distinctive molecular portrait of each tumour. Twenty of the tumours were sampled twice, before and after a 16-week course of doxorubicin chemotherapy, and two tumours were paired with a lymph node metastasis from the same patient. Gene expression patterns in two tumour samples from the same individual were almost always more similar to each other than either was to any other sample. Sets of co-expressed genes were identified for which variation in messenger RNA levels could be related to specific features of physiological variation. The tumours could be classified into subtypes distinguished by pervasive differences in their gene expression patterns.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Norwegian Radium Hosp, Dept Genet, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Haukeland Univ Hosp, Gade Inst, Dept Pathol, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
   Univ Bergen, Dept Mol Biol, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
   Haukeland Univ Hosp, Dept Oncol, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; University of Oslo; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; University of Bergen; Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen; University of Bergen; Haukeland University Hospital; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Botstein, D (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM pbrown@cmgm.stanford.edu; botstein@genome.stanford.edu
FU National Cancer Institute [P50CA058223] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NCI NIH HHS [P50 CA058223] Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 12277
Z9 14998
U1 20
U2 1473
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 747
EP 752
DI 10.1038/35021093
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700049
PM 10963602
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whitby, FG
   Masters, EI
   Kramer, L
   Knowlton, JR
   Yao, Y
   Wang, CC
   Hill, CP
AF Whitby, FG
   Masters, EI
   Kramer, L
   Knowlton, JR
   Yao, Y
   Wang, CC
   Hill, CP
TI Structural basis for the activation of 20S proteasomes by 11S regulators
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reg-alpha; antigen presentation; class-i; protein; pa28; identification; subunit; beta; purification; pa28-alpha
AB Most of the non-lysosomal proteolysis that occurs in eukaryotic cells is performed by a nonspecific and abundant barrel-shaped complex called the 20S proteasome(1). Substrates access the active sites, which are sequestered in an internal chamber, by traversing a narrow opening(2) (alpha -annulus) that is blocked in the unliganded 20S proteasome by amino-terminal sequences of alpha -subunits(3). Peptide products probably exit the 20S proteasome through the same opening. 11S regulators (also called PA26 (ref. 4), PA28 (ref. 5) and REG(6,7)) are heptamers(4,8,9) that stimulate 20S proteasome peptidase activity in vitro and may facilitate product release in vivo. Here we report the co-crystal structure of yeast 20S proteasome with the 11S regulator from Trypanosoma brucei 4 (PA26). PA26 carboxy-terminal tails provide binding affinity by inserting into pockets on the 20S proteasome, and PA26 activation loops induce conformational changes in alpha -subunits that open the gate separating the proteasome interior from the intracellular environment. The reduction in processivity expected for an open conformation of the exit gate may explain the role of 11S regulators in the production of ligands for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules(10,11).
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Biochem, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pharmaceut Chem, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Hill, CP (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Biochem, 50 N Med Dr, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA.
EM chris@biochem.utah.edu
NR 30
TC 412
Z9 503
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 115
EP 120
DI 10.1038/35040607
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400063
PM 11081519
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Noda, S
   Chutinan, A
   Imada, M
AF Noda, S
   Chutinan, A
   Imada, M
TI Trapping and emission of photons by a single defect in a photonic bandgap structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB By introducing artificial defects and/or light-emitters into photonic bandgap structures(1,2), it should be possible to manipulate photons. For example, it has been predicted 2 that strong localization (or trapping) of photons should occur in structures with single defects, and that the propagation(3,4) of photons should be controllable using arrays of defects. But there has been little experimental progress in this regard, with the exception of a laser(5) based on a single-defect photonic crystal. Here we demonstrate photon trapping by a single defect that has been created artificially inside a two-dimensional photonic bandgap structure. Photons propagating through a linear waveguide are trapped by the defect, which then emits them to free space. We envisage that this phenomenon may be used in ultra-small optical devices whose function is to selectively drop (or add) photons with various energies from (or to) optical communication traffic. More generally, our work should facilitate the development of all-optical circuits incorporating photonic bandgap waveguides and resonators.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Dept Elect Sci & Engn, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University
RP Noda, S (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Dept Elect Sci & Engn, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
NR 9
TC 1007
Z9 1115
U1 4
U2 247
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 608
EP 610
DI 10.1038/35036532
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800040
PM 11034204
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Root-Bernstein, RS
AF Root-Bernstein, RS
TI Art advances in science
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Med Humanities, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
C3 Michigan State University
RP Root-Bernstein, RS (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Med Humanities, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
NR 0
TC 21
Z9 26
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6801
BP 134
EP 134
DI 10.1038/35025133
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 352VX
UT WOS:000089241000022
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kupperman, E
   An, SZ
   Osborne, N
   Waldron, S
   Stainier, DYR
AF Kupperman, E
   An, SZ
   Osborne, N
   Waldron, S
   Stainier, DYR
TI A sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor regulates cell migration during vertebrate heart development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-coupled receptors; sphingosine 1-phosphate; cardiovascular-system; endoderm formation; zebrafish; drosophila; expression; cloning; genes; acid
AB Coordinated cell migration is essential in many fundamental biological processes including embryonic development, organogenesis, wound healing and the immune response. During organogenesis, groups of cells are directed to specific locations within the embryo. Here we show that the zebrafish miles apart (mil) mutation(1,2) specifically affects the migration of the heart precursors to the midline. We found that mutant cells transplanted into a wild-type embryo migrate normally and that wild-type cells in a mutant embryo fail to migrate, suggesting that mil may be involved in generating an environment permissive for migration. We isolated mil by positional cloning and show that it encodes a member of the lysosphingolipid G-protein-coupled receptor family. We also show that sphingosine-1-phosphate is a ligand for Mil, and that it activates several downstream signalling events that are not activated by the mutant alleles. These data reveal a new role for lysosphingolipids in regulating cell migration during vertebrate development and provide the first molecular clues into the fusion of the bilateral heart primordia during organogenesis of the heart.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Program Dev Biol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Genet Program, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Program Human Genet, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Stainier, DYR (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 28
TC 331
Z9 380
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 192
EP 195
DI 10.1038/35018092
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100050
PM 10910360
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bonabeau, E
   Dorigo, M
   Theraulaz, G
AF Bonabeau, E
   Dorigo, M
   Theraulaz, G
TI Inspiration for optimization from social insect behaviour
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quadratic assignment problem; traveling salesman problem; ant colony; robotics
AB Research in social insect behaviour has provided computer scientists with powerful methods for designing distributed control and optimization algorithms. These techniques are being applied successfully to a variety of scientific and engineering problems. In addition to achieving good performance on a wide spectrum of 'static' problems, such techniques tend to exhibit a high degree of flexibility and robustness in a dynamic environment.
C1 Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
   Eurobios Tour Ernst & Young, F-92037 La Defense, France.
   Free Univ Brussels, IRIDIA, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
   Univ Toulouse 3, Lab Ethol & Cognit Anim, CNRS FRE 2041, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
C3 The Santa Fe Institute; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier
RP Bonabeau, E (corresponding author), Santa Fe Inst, 1399 Hyde Pk Rd, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
EM eric.bonabeau@eurobios.com; mdorigo@ulb.ac.be
NR 41
TC 662
Z9 850
U1 3
U2 201
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 39
EP 42
DI 10.1038/35017500
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200035
PM 10894532
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harms, KE
   Wright, SJ
   Calderón, O
   Hernández, A
   Herre, EA
AF Harms, KE
   Wright, SJ
   Calderón, O
   Hernández, A
   Herre, EA
TI Pervasive density-dependent recruitment enhances seedling diversity in a tropical forest
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID janzen-connell model; neotropical forest; tree; specificity; herbivory; survival; distance
AB Negative density-dependent recruitment of seedlings, that is, seeds of a given species are less likely to become established seedlings if the density of that species is high, has been proposed to be an important mechanism contributing to the extraordinary diversity of tropical tree communities(1-3) because it can potentially prevent any particular species from usurping all available space, either in close proximity to seed sources or at relatively larger spatial scales(1-18). However, density-dependent recruitment does not necessarily enhance community diversity(14). Furthermore, although density-dependent effects have been found at some life stages in some species(3-13), no study has shown that density-dependent recruitment affects community diversity(14,15). Here we report the results of observations in a lowland, moist forest in the Republic of Panama in which the species identities of 386,027 seeds that arrived at 200 seed traps were compared with the species identities of 13,068 seedlings that recruited into adjacent plots over a 4-year period. Across the 200 sites, recruit seedling diversity was significantly higher than seed diversity. Part of this difference was explained by interspecies differences in average recruitment success. Even after accounting for these differences, however, negative density-dependent recruitment contributes significantly to the increase in diversity from Seeds to seedling recruits.
C1 Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
RP Wright, SJ (corresponding author), Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Panama.
EM wrightj@tivoli.si.edu
NR 27
TC 790
Z9 976
U1 5
U2 325
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6777
BP 493
EP 495
DI 10.1038/35006630
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 300MX
UT WOS:000086257700047
PM 10761916
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hudson, JJ
   Taylor, WD
   Schindler, DW
AF Hudson, JJ
   Taylor, WD
   Schindler, DW
TI Phosphate concentrations in lakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphorus; plankton; waters; regeneration; limitation; pacific; release
AB Phosphate is an important nutrient that restricts microbial production in many freshwater(1-3) and marine environments(4-6). The actual concentration of phosphate in phosphorus-limited waters is largely unknown because commonly used chemical and radiochemical techniques overestimate the concentration(7,8). Here, using a new steady-state radiobioassay to survey a diverse set of lakes, we report phosphate concentrations in lakes that are orders of magnitude lower than estimates made spectrophotometrically or with the frequently used Rigler radiobioassay. Our results, combined with those from the literature, indicate that microbes can achieve rapid turnover rates at picomolar nutrient concentrations. This occurs even though these concentrations are about two orders of magnitude below the level where phosphate uptake is estimated to be half the saturation level for the picoplankton community. Also, while phosphate concentration increased with the concentration of total phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus in the lakes we sampled, the proportion of phosphate in the total phosphorus pool decreased from oligotrophic to eutrophic lakes. Such information, as revealed by the phosphate assay that we use here, should allow us to address hypotheses concerning the concentration of phosphate available to planktonic microorganisms in aquatic systems.
C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
   Univ Waterloo, Dept Biol, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
C3 University of Alberta; University of Waterloo
RP Hudson, JJ (corresponding author), Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
NR 29
TC 227
Z9 274
U1 3
U2 171
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 54
EP 56
DI 10.1038/35017531
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200040
PM 10894537
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kawasaki, H
   Schiltz, L
   Chiu, R
   Itakura, K
   Taira, K
   Nakatani, Y
   Yokoyama, KK
AF Kawasaki, H
   Schiltz, L
   Chiu, R
   Itakura, K
   Taira, K
   Nakatani, Y
   Yokoyama, KK
TI ATF-2 has intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity which is modulated by phosphorylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amp response element; coactivators p300; transcriptional activation; genotoxic agents; retinoic-acid; dna-binding; acetylation; protein; cbp; nuclear
AB Transcription factors carry functional domains, which are often physically distinct, for sequence-specific DNA binding, transcriptional activation and regulatory functions. The transcription factor ATF-2 is a DNA-binding protein that binds to cyclic AMP-response elements (CREs), forms a homodimer or heterodimer with c-Jun, and stimulates CRE-dependent transcription(1-3). Here we report that ATF-2 is a histone acetyltransferase (HAT), which specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro. Motif A, which is located in the HAT domain, is responsible for the stimulation of CRE-dependent transcription; moreover, in response to ultraviolet irradiation, phosphorylation of ATF-2 is accompanied by enhanced HAT activity of ATF-2 and CRE-dependent transcription. These results indicate that phosphorylation of ATF-2 controls its intrinsic HAT activity and its action on CRE-dependent transcription. ATF-2 may represent a new class of sequence-specific factors, which are able to activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components.
C1 RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Tsukuba Life Sci Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050074, Japan.
   AIST, Agcy Ind Sci & Technol, Natl Inst Adv Interdisciplianry Res, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050006, Japan.
   AIST, Agcy Ind Sci & Technol, Natl Inst Biosci & Human Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050006, Japan.
   NICHHD, Lab Mol Growth Regulat, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Sch Dent Surg Oncol Oral Biol & Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   City Hope Natl Med Ctr, Beckman Res Inst, Dept Mol Genet, Duarte, CA 91010 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Chem & Biotechnol, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
C3 RIKEN; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD); University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; City of Hope; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope; University of Tokyo
RP Yokoyama, KK (corresponding author), RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Tsukuba Life Sci Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050074, Japan.
EM kazunari@rtc.riken.go.jp
NR 29
TC 231
Z9 274
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 195
EP 200
DI 10.1038/35012097
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100054
PM 10821277
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, HC
   Kim, SJ
   Kim, KS
   Shin, HC
   Yoon, JW
AF Lee, HC
   Kim, SJ
   Kim, KS
   Shin, HC
   Yoon, JW
TI RETRACTED: Remission in models of type 1 diabetes by gene therapy using a single-chain insulin analogue (Retracted Article. See vol 458, pg 660, 2009)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID pyruvate-kinase gene; adenoassociated virus; expression; integration; mellitus; promoter; glucose; cells; site; dna
AB A cure for diabetes has long been sought using several different approaches, including islet transplantation, regeneration of beta cells and insulin gene therapy(1). However, permanent remission of type 1 diabetes has not yet been satisfactorily achieved. The development of type 1 diabetes results from the almost total destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells by autoimmune responses specific to beta cells(2-6). Standard insulin therapy may not maintain blood glucose concentrations within the relatively narrow range that occurs in the presence of normal pancreatic beta cells(7). We used a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) that expresses a single-chain insulin analogue (SIA), which possesses biologically active insulin activity without enzymatic conversion, under the control of hepatocyte-specific L-type pyruvate kinase (LPK) promoter, which regulates SIA expression in response to blood glucose levels. Here we show that SIA produced from the gene construct rAAV-LPK-SIA caused remission of diabetes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and autoimmune diabetic mice for a prolonged time without any apparent side effects. This new SIA gene therapy may have potential therapeutic value for the cure of autoimmune diabetes in humans.
C1 Yonsei Univ, Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Div Endocrinol, Seoul 120752, South Korea.
   Yonsei Univ, Coll Med, Inst Genet Sci, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Seoul 120752, South Korea.
   Univ Calgary, Fac Med,Lab Viral & Immunopathogenesis Diabet, Dept Microbiol & Infect Dis, Julia McFarlane Diabet Res Ctr, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
C3 Yonsei University; Yonsei University Health System; Yonsei University; Yonsei University Health System; University of Calgary
RP Lee, HC (corresponding author), Yonsei Univ, Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Div Endocrinol, Seoul 120752, South Korea.
EM endohclee@yumc.yonsei.ac.kr
NR 28
TC 188
Z9 244
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 483
EP 488
DI 10.1038/35044106
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800051
PM 11100731
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pondaven, P
   Ragueneau, O
   Tréguer, P
   Hauvespre, A
   Dezileau, L
   Reyss, JL
AF Pondaven, P
   Ragueneau, O
   Tréguer, P
   Hauvespre, A
   Dezileau, L
   Reyss, JL
TI Resolving the 'opal paradox' in the Southern Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interglacial changes; indian sector; high nutrient; diatoms; waters; atlantic; growth; iron; sedimentation; productivity
AB In the Southern Ocean, high accumulation rates of opal-which forms by precipitation from silica-bearing solutions-have been found in the sediment in spite of low production rates of biogenic silica and carbon in the overlying surface waters. This so-called 'opal paradox' is generally attributed to a higher efficiency of opal preservation in the Southern Ocean than elsewhere(1,2). Here we report biogenic silica production rates, opal rain rates in the water column and opal sediment burial rates for the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean, which show that the assumed opal paradox is a result of underestimated opal production rates and overestimated opal accumulation rates. Our data thus demonstrate that the overall preservation efficiency of biogenic opal in this region is substantially lower than previously thought(2), and that it lies within a factor of two of the global mean(3). The comparison of our revised opal preservation efficiencies for the Southern Ocean with existing values from the equatorial Pacific Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean shows that spatial differences in preservation efficiencies are not the primary reason for the differences in sedimentary opal accumulation. The reconciliation of surface production rates and sedimentary accumulation rates may enable the use of biogenic opal in the reconstruction of palaeo-productivity when the factors that affect the Si/C ratio are better understood.
C1 Univ Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, UMR 6539, Inst Univ Europeen Mer,Technopole Brest Iroise, F-29280 Plouzane, France.
   CEA, CNRS, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Ifremer; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite de Bretagne Occidentale; Institut Universitaire Europeen de la Mer (IUEM); Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Pondaven, P (corresponding author), Univ Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, UMR 6539, Inst Univ Europeen Mer,Technopole Brest Iroise, Pl Copernic, F-29280 Plouzane, France.
NR 30
TC 203
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 168
EP 172
DI 10.1038/35012046
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100046
PM 10821269
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baker, D
AF Baker, D
TI A surprising simplicity to protein folding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-domain proteins; transition-state; lattice models; contact order; dynamics; simulations; landscape; sequences; pathways; kinetics
AB The polypeptide chains that make up proteins have thousands of atoms and hence millions of possible inter-atomic interactions. It might be supposed that the resulting complexity would make prediction of protein structure and protein-folding mechanisms nearly impossible. But the fundamental physics underlying folding may be much simpler than this complexity would lead us to expect: folding rates and mechanisms appear to be largely determined by the topology of the native (folded) state, and new methods have shown great promise in predicting protein-folding mechanisms and the three-dimensional structures of proteins.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Biochem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Baker, D (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Biochem, J567 Hlth Sci Bldg,Box 357350, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 44
TC 624
Z9 723
U1 6
U2 117
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6782
BP 39
EP 42
DI 10.1038/35011000
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 311TK
UT WOS:000086901600043
PM 10811210
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pizzari, T
   Birkhead, TR
AF Pizzari, T
   Birkhead, TR
TI Female feral fowl eject sperm of subdominant males
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mating-behavior; competition; choice; polyandry
AB Paternity is often determined by competition between the ejaculates of different males(1). Males can also use particular behaviours or structures to manipulate how females use sperm(2-5). However, the ability of females to bias sperm utilization in favour of preferred males independently of male manipulation has not been demonstrated(6). Females are predicted to respond differentially to the sperm of different males when the reproductive interests of the sexes differ and when females are coerced into copulating(4,6). Here we show that in female feral fowl most copulations are coerced, and that females consistently bias sperm retention in favour of the preferred male phenotype. Females prefer to copulate with dominant males, but when sexually coerced by subordinate males, they manipulate the behaviour of dominant males to reduce the likelihood of insemination. If this fails, females differentially eject ejaculates according to male status in the absence of any male manipulation and preferentially retain the sperm of dominant males.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Sheffield
RP Pizzari, T (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
NR 30
TC 302
Z9 329
U1 0
U2 87
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 787
EP 789
DI 10.1038/35015558
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600049
PM 10866198
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kreiman, G
   Koch, C
   Fried, I
AF Kreiman, G
   Koch, C
   Fried, I
TI Imagery neurons in the human brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inferior temporal cortex; visual-imagery; object recognition; prefrontal cortex; mental-imagery; memory; perception; representation; dissociation; organization
AB Vivid visual images can be voluntarily generated in our minds in the absence of simultaneous visual input. While trying to count the number of flowers in Van Gogh's Sunflowers, understanding a description or recalling a path, subjects report forming an image in their "mind's eye''(1). Whether this process is accomplished by the same neuronal mechanisms as visual perception has long been a matter of debate(1-3). Evidence from functional imaging(1.4-8), psychophysics(1.9), neurological studies(2) and monkey electrophysiology(10-12) suggests a common process, yet there are patients with deficits in one but not the other(3,13). Here we directly investigated the neuronal substrates of visual recall by recording from single neurons in the human medial temporal lobe(14,15) while the subjects were asked to imagine previously viewed images. We found single neurons in the hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus that selectively altered their firing rates depending on the stimulus the subjects were imagining. Of the neurons that fired selectively during both vision and imagery, the majority (88%) had identical selectivity. Our study reveals single neuron correlates of volitional visual imagery in humans and suggests a common substrate for the processing of incoming visual information and visual recall.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Div Neurosurg, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Biobehav Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   CALTECH, Computat & Neural Syst Program, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; California Institute of Technology
RP Fried, I (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Div Neurosurg, 740 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 30
TC 247
Z9 275
U1 0
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 357
EP 361
DI 10.1038/35042575
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000045
PM 11099042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU May, C
   Rivella, S
   Callegari, J
   Heller, G
   Gaensler, KML
   Luzzatto, L
   Sadelain, M
AF May, C
   Rivella, S
   Callegari, J
   Heller, G
   Gaensler, KML
   Luzzatto, L
   Sadelain, M
TI Therapeutic haemoglobin synthesis in β-thalassaemic mice expressing lentivirus-encoded human β-globin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID locus activation region; genetic treatment; transgenic mice; mouse model; vectors; cells; derivatives; mediate
AB The stable introduction of a functional beta-globin gene in haematopoietic stem cells could be a powerful approach to treat beta-thalassaemia(1) and sickle-cell disease(2). Genetic approaches aiming to increase normal beta-globin expression in the progeny of autologous haematopoietic stem cells(3) might circumvent the limitations and risks of allogeneic cell transplants(4). However, low-level expression, position effects and transcriptional silencing hampered the effectiveness of viral transduction of the human beta-globin gene when it was linked to minimal regulatory sequences(5). Here we show that the use of recombinant lentiviruses enables efficient transfer and faithful integration of the human beta-globin gene together with large segments of its locus control region. In long-term recipients of unselected transduced bone marrow cells, tetramers of two murine alpha-globin and two human beta(A)-globin molecules account for up to 13% of total haemoglobin in mature red cells of normal mice. In beta-thalassaemic heterozygous mice higher percentages are obtained (17% to 24%), which are sufficient to ameliorate anaemia and red cell morphology. Such levels should be of therapeutic benefit in patients with severe defects in haemoglobin production.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Human Genet, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Program Immunol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Pediat, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Grad Sch Med Sci, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Cornell University; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Sadelain, M (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Human Genet, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 480
Z9 562
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 82
EP 86
DI 10.1038/35017565
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200049
PM 10894546
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murata, K
   Mitsuoka, K
   Hirai, T
   Walz, T
   Agre, P
   Heymann, JB
   Engel, A
   Fujiyoshi, Y
AF Murata, K
   Mitsuoka, K
   Hirai, T
   Walz, T
   Agre, P
   Heymann, JB
   Engel, A
   Fujiyoshi, Y
TI Structural determinants of water permeation through aquaporin-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID integral membrane-protein; cell chip28 protein; electron crystallography; channel proteins; 3-dimensional structure; resolution; permeability; selectivity; microscopy; inhibition
AB Human red cell AQP1 is the first functionally defined member of the aquaporin family of membrane water channels. Here we describe an atomic model of AQP1 at 3.8 Angstrom resolution from electron crystallographic data. Multiple highly conserved amino-acid residues stabilize the novel fold of AQP1. The aqueous pathway is lined with conserved hydrophobic residues that permit rapid water transport, whereas the water selectivity is due to a constriction of the pore diameter to about 3 Angstrom over a span of one residue. The atomic model provides a possible molecular explanation to a longstanding puzzle in physiology-how membranes can be freely permeable to water but impermeable to protons.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biophys, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Natl Inst Physiol Sci, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Univ Basel, Bioctr, ME Muller Inst Microscopy, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 Kyoto University; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; University of Basel
RP Fujiyoshi, Y (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biophys, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
EM yoshi@em.biophys.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 47
TC 1448
Z9 1675
U1 14
U2 468
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6804
BP 599
EP 605
DI 10.1038/35036519
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 362HP
UT WOS:000089772800038
PM 11034202
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bunge, HP
   Grand, SP
AF Bunge, HP
   Grand, SP
TI Mesozoic plate-motion history below the northeast Pacific Ocean from seismic images of the subducted Farallon slab
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mantle convection; models; tomography; tectonics; laramide; dynamics; earth
AB The high-resolution seismic imaging of subducted oceanic slabs(1,2) has become a powerful tool for reconstructing palaeogeography(3). The images can now be interpreted quantitatively by comparison with models of the general circulation of the Earth's mantle(4). Here we use a three-dimensional spherical computer model of mantle convection(5,6) to show that seismic images of the subducted Far-allon plate provide strong evidence for a Mesozoic period of low-angle subduction under North America. Such a period of low-angle subduction has been invoked independently to explain Rocky Mountain uplift far inland from the plate boundary during the Laramide orogeny(7). The computer simulations also allow us to locate the largely unknown Kula-Farallon spreading plate boundary, the location of which is important for inferring the trajectories of 'suspect' terrain across the Pacific basin(8).
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 Princeton University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Bunge, HP (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 32
TC 157
Z9 186
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 337
EP 340
DI 10.1038/35012586
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700044
PM 10830960
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Körtner, G
   Brigham, RM
   Geiser, F
AF Körtner, G
   Brigham, RM
   Geiser, F
TI Metabolism -: Winter torpor in a large bird
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hibernation
C1 Univ New England, Sch Biol Sci, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
   Univ Regina, Dept Biol, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada.
C3 University of New England; University of Regina
RP Körtner, G (corresponding author), Univ New England, Sch Biol Sci, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
NR 7
TC 61
Z9 69
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6802
BP 318
EP 318
DI 10.1038/35030297
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 355NA
UT WOS:000089390700032
PM 11014178
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gönczy, P
   Echeverri, C
   Oegema, K
   Coulson, A
   Jones, SJM
   Copley, RR
   Duperon, J
   Oegema, J
   Brehm, M
   Cassin, E
   Hannak, E
   Kirkham, M
   Pichler, S
   Flohrs, K
   Goessen, A
   Leidel, S
   Alleaume, AM
   Martin, C
   Özlü, N
   Bork, P
   Hyman, AA
AF Gönczy, P
   Echeverri, C
   Oegema, K
   Coulson, A
   Jones, SJM
   Copley, RR
   Duperon, J
   Oegema, J
   Brehm, M
   Cassin, E
   Hannak, E
   Kirkham, M
   Pichler, S
   Flohrs, K
   Goessen, A
   Leidel, S
   Alleaume, AM
   Martin, C
   Özlü, N
   Bork, P
   Hyman, AA
TI Functional genomic analysis of cell division in C-elegans using RNAi of genes on chromosome III
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; microtubule organization; cytoplasmic dynein; spindle formation; germ-line; protein; embryos; polarity; ran; cytokinesis
AB Genome sequencing projects generate a wealth of information; however, the ultimate goal of such projects is to accelerate the identification of the biological function of genes. This creates a need for comprehensive studies to fill the gap between sequence and function. Here we report the results of a functional genomic screen to identify genes required for cell division in Caenorhabditis elegans. We inhibited the expression of similar to 96% of the similar to2,300 predicted open reading frames on chromosome III using RNA-mediated interference (RNAi). By using an in vivo time-lapse differential interference contrast microscopy assay, we identified 133 genes (similar to6%) necessary for distinct cellular processes in early embryos. Our results indicate that these genes represent most of the genes on chromosome III that are required for proper cell division in C. elegans embryos. The complete data set, including sample time-lapse recordings, has been deposited in an open access database. We found that similar to 47% of the genes associated with a differential interference contrast phenotype have clear orthologues in other eukaryotes, indicating that this screen provides putative gene functions for other species as well.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Sanger Ctr, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   British Columbia Canc Res Ctr, Genome Sequence Ctr, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada.
   Max Planck Inst Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; British Columbia Cancer Agency; Max Planck Society
RP Gönczy, P (corresponding author), Swiss Inst Expt Canc Res, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
EM Pierre.Gonczy@isrec.unil.ch; hyman@EMBL-Heidelberg.de
NR 44
TC 701
Z9 877
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6810
BP 331
EP 336
DI 10.1038/35042526
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 373NR
UT WOS:000165296000037
PM 11099034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koronakis, V
   Sharff, A
   Koronakis, E
   Luisi, B
   Hughes, C
AF Koronakis, V
   Sharff, A
   Koronakis, E
   Luisi, B
   Hughes, C
TI Crystal structure of the bacterial membrane protein TolC central to multidrug efflux and protein export
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; secretion; channel; system; translocation; receptor; fhua
AB Diverse molecules, from small antibacterial drugs to large protein toxins, are exported directly across both cell membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. This export is brought about by the reversible interaction of substrate-specific inner-membrane proteins with an outer-membrane protein of the TolC family, thus bypassing the intervening periplasm. Here we report the 2.1-Angstrom crystal structure of TolC from Escherichia coli, revealing a distinctive and previously unknown fold. Three TolC protomers assemble to form a continuous, solvent-accessible conduit-a 'channel-tunnel' over 140 Angstrom long that spans both the outer membrane and periplasmic space. The periplasmic or proximal end of the tunnel is sealed by sets of coiled helices. We suggest these could be untwisted by an allosteric mechanism, mediated by protein-protein interactions, to open the tunnel. The structure provides an explanation of how the cell cytosol is connected to the external environment during export, and suggests a general mechanism for the action of bacterial efflux pumps.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Pathol, Cambridge CB2 1QP, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Crystallog & Biocomp Unit, Cambridge CB2 1QP, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP Koronakis, V (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Pathol, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QP, England.
EM vk103@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk
NR 40
TC 893
Z9 1075
U1 0
U2 95
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 914
EP 919
DI 10.1038/35016007
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700040
PM 10879525
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Amrani, A
   Verdaguer, J
   Serra, P
   Tafuro, S
   Tan, RS
   Santamaria, P
AF Amrani, A
   Verdaguer, J
   Serra, P
   Tafuro, S
   Tan, RS
   Santamaria, P
TI Progression of autoimmune diabetes driven by avidity maturation of a T-cell population
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glutamic-acid decarboxylase; immune-response; mice; insulitis; complex; ligands; tcr; affinity; molecules; kinetics
AB For unknown reasons, autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes develop after prolonged periods of inflammation of mononuclear cells in target tissues 1. Here we show that progression of pancreatic islet inflammation to overt diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice is driven by the 'avidity maturation' of a prevailing, pancreatic beta-cell-specirc T-lymphocyte population carrying the CD8 antigen. This T-lymphocyte population recognizes two related peptides (NRP and NRP-A7)(2) in the context of H-2K(d) class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). As pre-diabetic NOD mice age, their islet-associated CD8(+) T lymphocytes contain increasing numbers of NRP-A7-reactive cells, and these cells bind NRP-A7/H-2K(d) tetramers with increased specificity, increased avidity and longer half-lives. Repeated treatment of pre-diabetic NOD mice with soluble NRP-A7 peptide blunts the avidity maturation of the NRP-A7-reactive CD8(+) T-cell population by selectively deleting those clonotypes expressing T-cell receptors with the highest affinity and lowest dissociation rates for peptide-MHC binding. This inhibits the local production of T cells that are cytotoxic to beta cells, and halts the progression from severe insulitis to diabetes. We conclude that avidity maturation of pathogenic T-cell populations may be the key event in the progression of benign inflammation to overt disease in autoimmunity.
C1 Univ Calgary, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Infect Dis, Fac Med, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
   John Radcliffe Hosp, Inst Mol Med, MRC, Human Immunol Unit, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
   British Columbia Childrens Hosp, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada.
C3 University of Calgary; University Calgary Hospital; University of Oxford; University of British Columbia; BC Children's Hospital; University of British Columbia
RP Santamaria, P (corresponding author), Univ Calgary, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Infect Dis, Fac Med, 3330 Hosp Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
NR 24
TC 291
Z9 335
U1 1
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6797
BP 739
EP 742
DI 10.1038/35021081
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 344PH
UT WOS:000088767700047
PM 10963600
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Más, P
   Devlin, PF
   Panda, S
   Kay, SA
AF Más, P
   Devlin, PF
   Panda, S
   Kay, SA
TI Functional interaction of phytochrome B and cryptochrome 2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light receptor cryptochrome-2; signal-transduction; arabidopsis; protein; photoreceptors; translocation; nucleus
AB Light is a crucial environmental signal that controls many photomorphogenic and circadian responses in plants(1). Perception and transduction of light is achieved by at least two principal groups of photoreceptors, phytochromes and cryptochromes(2,3). Phytochromes are red/far-red light-absorbing receptors encoded by a gene family of five members (phyA to phyE)(2,4) in Arabidopsis. Cryptochrome 1 (cry1), cryptochrome 2 (cry2) and phototropin are the blue/ultraviolet-A light receptors that have been characterized in Arabidopsis(5). Previous studies showed that modulation of many physiological responses in plants is achieved by genetic interactions between different photoreceptors(6); however, little is known about the nature of these interactions and their roles in the signal transduction pathway. Here we show the genetic interaction that occurs between the Arabidopsis photoreceptors phyB and cry2 in the control of flowering time, hypocotyl elongation and circadian period by the clock. PhyB interacts directly with cry2 as observed in co-immunoprecipitation experiments with transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing cry2. Using fluorescent resonance energy transfer microscopy, we show that phyB and cry2 interact in nuclear speckles that are formed in a light-dependent fashion.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Natl Sci Fdn, Ctr Biol Timing, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; National Science Foundation (NSF); NSF - Center for Biological Timing
RP Kay, SA (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM stevek@scripps.edu
NR 30
TC 361
Z9 421
U1 3
U2 87
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 207
EP 211
DI 10.1038/35041583
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400047
PM 11089975
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sun, ZM
   Arendt, CW
   Ellmeier, W
   Schaeffer, EM
   Sunshine, MJ
   Gandhi, L
   Annes, J
   Petrzilka, D
   Kupfer, A
   Schwartzberg, PL
   Littman, DR
AF Sun, ZM
   Arendt, CW
   Ellmeier, W
   Schaeffer, EM
   Sunshine, MJ
   Gandhi, L
   Annes, J
   Petrzilka, D
   Kupfer, A
   Schwartzberg, PL
   Littman, DR
TI PKC-θ is required for TCR-induced NF-κB activation in mature but not immature T lymphocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-kinase-c; cell activation; signal-transduction; transgenic mice; il-2 promoter; receptor; interleukin-2; vav; thymocytes; epsilon
AB Productive interaction of a T lymphocyte with an antigen-presenting cell results in the clustering of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) and the recruitment of a large signalling complex to the site of cell-cell contact(1,2). Subsequent signal transduction resulting in cytokine gene expression requires the activation of one or more of the multiple isoenzymes of serine/threonine-specific protein kinase C (PKC)(3). Among the several PKC isoenzymes expressed in T cells, PKC-theta is unique in being rapidly recruited to the site of TCR clustering(4). Here we show that PKC-theta is essential for TCR-mediated T-cell activation, but is dispensable during TCR-dependent thymocyte development. TCR-initiated NF-kappa B activation was absent from PKC-theta(-/-) mature T lymphocytes, but was intact in thymocytes. Activation of NF-kappa B by tumour-necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 was unaffected in the mutant mice. Although studies in T-cell lines had suggested that PKC-B regulates activation of the JNK signalling pathway(5,6), induction of JNK was normal in T cells from mutant mice. These results indicate that PKC-theta functions in a unique pathway that links the TCR signalling, complex to the activation of NF-kappa B in mature T lymphocytes.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Mol Pathogenesis Program, Sjirball Inst Biomol Med, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Natl Human Genome Res Inst, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Natl Jewish Med & Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Div Basic Sci, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
C3 New York University; New York University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); University of Chicago; National Jewish Health
RP Littman, DR (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Mol Pathogenesis Program, Sjirball Inst Biomol Med, New York, NY 10016 USA.
NR 28
TC 790
Z9 909
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6776
BP 402
EP 407
DI 10.1038/35006090
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 298BG
UT WOS:000086119000054
PM 10746729
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giardina, CP
   Ryan, MG
AF Giardina, CP
   Ryan, MG
TI Biogeochemistry - Soil warming and organic carbon content - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature; matter
C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Management, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   USDA ARS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA.
   Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins
RP Giardina, CP (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Management, 1910 East West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
NR 9
TC 16
Z9 21
U1 1
U2 83
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 790
EP 790
DI 10.1038/35048675
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mi, S
   Lee, X
   Li, XP
   Veldman, GM
   Finnerty, H
   Racie, L
   LaVallie, E
   Tang, XY
   Edouard, P
   Howes, S
   Keith, JC
   McCoy, JM
AF Mi, S
   Lee, X
   Li, XP
   Veldman, GM
   Finnerty, H
   Racie, L
   LaVallie, E
   Tang, XY
   Edouard, P
   Howes, S
   Keith, JC
   McCoy, JM
TI Syncytin is a captive retroviral envelope protein involved in human placental morphogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; cells; virus; gene; sequence; growth; erv3
AB Many mammalian viruses have acquired genes from their hosts during their evolution(1). The rationale for these acquisitions is usually quite clear: the captured genes are subverted to provide a selective advantage to the virus. Here we describe the opposite situation, where a viral gene has been sequestered to serve an important function in the physiology of a mammalian host. This gene, encoding a protein that we have called syncytin, is the envelope gene of a recently identified human endogenous defective retrovirus, HERV-W-2. We find that the major sites of syncytin expression are placental syncytiotrophoblasts, multinucleated cells that originate from fetal trophoblasts. We show that expression of recombinant syncytin in a wide variety of cell types induces the formation of giant syncytia, and that fusion of a human trophoblastic cell line expressing endogenous syncytin can be inhibited by an anti-syncytin antiserum. Our data indicate that syncytin may mediate placental cytotrophoblast fusion in vivo, and thus may be important in human placental morphogenesis.
C1 Genet Inst, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA.
RP McCoy, JM (corresponding author), Biogen Inc, 14 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
NR 30
TC 1307
Z9 1531
U1 9
U2 127
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 785
EP 789
DI 10.1038/35001608
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100056
PM 10693809
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neyt, C
   Jagla, K
   Thisse, C
   Thisse, B
   Haines, L
   Currie, PD
AF Neyt, C
   Jagla, K
   Thisse, C
   Thisse, B
   Haines, L
   Currie, PD
TI Evolutionary origins of vertebrate appendicular muscle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID precursor cells; zebrafish; specification; musculature; induction; hedgehog; embryos; slow
AB The evolution of terrestrial tetrapod species heralded a transition in locomotor strategies. While most fish species use the undulating contractions of the axial musculature to generate propulsive force, tetrapods also rely on the appendicular muscles of the limbs to generate movement(1,2). Despite the fossil record generating an understanding of the way in which the appendicular skeleton has evolved to provide the scaffold for tetrapod limb musculature(3), there is, by contrast, almost no information as to how this musculature arose. Here we examine fin muscle formation within two extant classes of fish. We find that in the teleost, zebrafish, fin muscles arise from migratory mesenchymal precursor cells that possess molecular and morphogenetic identity with the limb muscle precursors of tetrapod species. Chondrichthyan dogfish embryos, however, use the primitive mechanism of direct epithelial somitic extensions to derive the muscles of the fin. We conclude that the genetic mechanism controlling formation of tetrapod limb muscles evolved before the Sarcopterygian radiation.
C1 Western Gen Hosp, MRC, Human Genet Unit, Comparat & Dev Genet Sect, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Midlothian, Scotland.
   INSERM, U384, F-63001 Clermont Ferrand, France.
   ULP, CNRS, INSERM, Inst Genet Mol & Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
C3 University of Edinburgh; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP Currie, PD (corresponding author), Western Gen Hosp, MRC, Human Genet Unit, Comparat & Dev Genet Sect, Crewe Rd, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM petec@hgu.mrc.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 144
Z9 157
U1 2
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6808
BP 82
EP 86
DI 10.1038/35040549
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 369DH
UT WOS:000165050400055
PM 11081511
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Freire-de-Lima, CG
   Nascimento, DO
   Soares, MBP
   Bozza, PT
   Castro-Faria-Neto, HC
   de Mello, FG
   DosReis, GA
   Lopes, MF
AF Freire-de-Lima, CG
   Nascimento, DO
   Soares, MBP
   Bozza, PT
   Castro-Faria-Neto, HC
   de Mello, FG
   DosReis, GA
   Lopes, MF
TI Uptake of apoptotic cells drives the growth of a pathogenic trypanosome in macrophages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID factor-beta; tgf-beta; vitronectin receptor; cruzi; activation; decarboxylase; identification; involvement; lymphocytes; inhibition
AB After apoptosis, phagocytes prevent inflammation and tissue damage by the uptake and removal of dead cells(1). In addition, apoptotic cells evoke an anti-inflammatory response through macrophages(2,3). We have previously shown that there is intense lymphocyte apoptosis in an experimental model of Chagas' disease(4), a debilitating cardiac illness caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Here we show that the interaction of apoptotic, but not necrotic T lymphocytes with macrophages infected with I: cruzi fuels parasite growth in a manner dependent on prostaglandins, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and polyamine biosynthesis. We show that the vitronectin receptor is critical, in both apoptotic-cell cytoadherence and the induction of prostaglandin E-2/TGF-beta release and ornithine decarboxylase activity in macrophages. A single injection of apoptotic cells in infected mice increases parasitaemia, whereas treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors almost completely ablates it in vivo. These results suggest that continual lymphocyte apoptosis and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages have a role in parasite persistence in the host, and that cyclooxygenase inhibitors have potential therapeutic application in the control of parasite replication and spread in Chagas' disease.
C1 Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Biofis Carlos Chagas Filho, BR-21944970 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   Fiocruz MS, Ctr Pesquisas Goncalo Moniz, BR-40295001 Salvador, BA, Brazil.
   Fiocruz MS, Inst Oswaldo Cruz, BR-21045900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
C3 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz; Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz
RP DosReis, GA (corresponding author), Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Biofis Carlos Chagas Filho, BR-21944970 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
EM gdosreis@biof.ufrj.br; mlopes@niaid.nih.gov
NR 29
TC 365
Z9 398
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6766
BP 199
EP 203
DI 10.1038/35003208
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 275TB
UT WOS:000084835300056
PM 10646605
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Polejaeva, IA
   Chen, SH
   Vaught, TD
   Page, RL
   Mullins, J
   Ball, S
   Dai, YF
   Boone, J
   Walker, S
   Ayares, DL
   Colman, A
   Campbell, KHS
AF Polejaeva, IA
   Chen, SH
   Vaught, TD
   Page, RL
   Mullins, J
   Ball, S
   Dai, YF
   Boone, J
   Walker, S
   Ayares, DL
   Colman, A
   Campbell, KHS
TI Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryos; oocytes; fetal; mice; transplantation; line
AB Since the first report of live mammals produced by nuclear transfer from a cultured differentiated cell population in 1995 (ref. 1), successful development has been obtained in sheep(2,3), cattle(4), mice(5) and goats(6) using a variety of somatic cell types as nuclear donors. The methodology used for embryo reconstruction in each of these species is essentially similar: diploid donor nuclei have been transplanted into enucleated MII oocytes that are activated on, or after transfer. In sheep(2) and goat(6) preactivated oocytes have also proved successful as cytoplast recipients. The reconstructed embryos are then cultured and selected embryos transferred to surrogate recipients for development to term. In pigs, nuclear transfer has been significantly less successful; a single piglet was reported after transfer of a blastomere nucleus from a four-cell embryo to an enucleated oocyte(7); however, no live offspring were obtained in studies using somatic cells such as diploid or mitotic fetal fibroblasts as nuclear donors(8,9). The development of embryos reconstructed by nuclear transfer is dependent upon a range of factors. Here we investigate some of these factors and report the successful production of cloned piglets from a cultured adult somatic cell population using a new nuclear transfer procedure.
C1 PPL Therapeut Inc, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA.
   PPL Therapeut Inc, Roslin EH25 9PP, Midlothian, Scotland.
RP Polejaeva, IA (corresponding author), PPL Therapeut Inc, 1700 Kraft Dr, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA.
EM ipolejaeva@ppl-therapeutics.com
NR 22
TC 938
Z9 1232
U1 0
U2 133
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 86
EP 90
DI 10.1038/35024082
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000047
PM 10993078
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hannon, JB
   Hibino, H
   Bartelt, NC
   Swartzentruber, BS
   Ogino, T
   Kellogg, GL
AF Hannon, JB
   Hibino, H
   Bartelt, NC
   Swartzentruber, BS
   Ogino, T
   Kellogg, GL
TI Dynamics of the silicon (111) surface phase transition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-microscopy; si(111); reconstructions
AB The manner in which phase transformations occur in solids determines important structural and physical properties of many materials. The main problem in characterizing the kinetic processes that occur during phase transformations is the difficulty of observing directly, in real time, the growth of one phase at the expense of another. Here we use low-energy electron microscopy to study the real-time kinetics of a phase transformation confined to the silicon (111) surface. We show that the transformation is governed by the rate at which material is exchanged between the first layer of the crystal and the surface. In bulk phase transformations. the dynamics are usually governed either by the rate of diffusion of material to the phase boundaries or by the structural rearrangement of atoms at the phase boundary(1). The kinetic process that we have identified here has no bulk analogue and leads to domain dynamics that are qualitatively different from these expected for bulk systems.
C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Phys, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
   NTT, Basic Res Labs, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
   Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
   Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA.
C3 Carnegie Mellon University; NTT, Inc; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories
RP Hannon, JB (corresponding author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Phys, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
NR 13
TC 49
Z9 56
U1 1
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 552
EP 554
DI 10.1038/35014569
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500045
PM 10850710
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rossi, A
   Kapahi, P
   Natoli, G
   Takahashi, T
   Chen, Y
   Karin, M
   Santoro, MG
AF Rossi, A
   Kapahi, P
   Natoli, G
   Takahashi, T
   Chen, Y
   Karin, M
   Santoro, MG
TI Anti-inflammatory cyclopentenone prostaglandins are direct inhibitors of IκB kinase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor; antiviral activity; human-cells; activation; gamma; ikk; mechanisms; expression; complex; alpha
AB NF-kappa B is a critical activator of genes involved in inflammation and immunity(1,2). Pro-inflammatory cytokines activate the I kappa B kinase (IKK) complex that phosphorylates the NF-kappa B inhibitors, triggering their conjugation with ubiquitin and subsequent degradation(3,4). Freed NF-kappa B dimers translocate to the nucleus and induce target genes, including the one for cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX2), which catalyses the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins, in particular pGE(5,6). At late stages of inflammatory episodes, however, COX2 directs the synthesis of anti-inflammatory cyclopentenone prostaglandins, suggesting a role for these molecules in the resolution of inflammation(7). Cyclopentenone prostaglandins have been suggested to exert anti-inflammatory activity through the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (refs 8, 9). Here we demonstrate a novel mechanism of antiinflammatory activity which is based on the direct inhibition and modification of the IKK beta subunit of IKK, As IKK beta is responsible for the activation of NF-kappa B by pro-inflammatory stimuli(10,11), our findings explain how cyclopentenone prostaglandins function and can be used to improve the utility of COX2 inhibitors.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, Lab Gene Regulat & Signal Transduct, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dept Biol, Virol Lab, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Italian Natl Council Res, Inst Expt Med, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Karin, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, Lab Gene Regulat & Signal Transduct, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM karinoffice@ucsd.edu
NR 30
TC 1176
Z9 1345
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 103
EP 108
DI 10.1038/47520
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400052
PM 10638762
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Perrimon, N
   Bernfield, M
AF Perrimon, N
   Bernfield, M
TI Specificities of heparan sulphate proteoglycans in developmental processes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID behmel overgrowth syndrome; sulfate proteoglycans; fine-structure; cell-division; drosophila; gene; syndecan-1; biosynthesis; expression; glypican
AB Heparan sulphate proteoglycans are abundant cell-surface molecules that consist of a protein core to which heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycan chains are attached. The functions of these molecules have remained mostly underappreciated by developmental biologists; however, the actions of important signalling molecules, for example Wnt and Hedgehog, depend on them. To understand both the mechanisms by which ligands involved in development interact with their receptors and how morphogens pattern tissues, biologists need to consider the functions of heparan sulphate proteoglycans in signalling and developmental patterning.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP Perrimon, N (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 39
TC 635
Z9 735
U1 1
U2 75
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 725
EP 728
DI 10.1038/35008000
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600040
PM 10783877
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heath, RJ
   Rock, CO
AF Heath, RJ
   Rock, CO
TI Microbiology - A triclosan-resistant bacterial enzyme
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acyl carrier protein; fatty-acid elongation; pseudomonas-aeruginosa; escherichia-coli; reductase fabi; target; biosynthesis
C1 St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Biochem, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   Univ Tennessee, Dept Biochem, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
C3 St Jude Children's Research Hospital; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center
RP Heath, RJ (corresponding author), St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Biochem, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
NR 12
TC 259
Z9 325
U1 1
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6792
BP 145
EP 146
DI 10.1038/35018162
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335BA
UT WOS:000088221100034
PM 10910344
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mullikin, JC
   Hunt, SE
   Cole, CG
   Mortimore, BJ
   Rice, CM
   Burton, J
   Matthews, LH
   Pavitt, R
   Plumb, RW
   Sims, SK
   Ainscough, RMR
   Attwood, J
   Bailey, JM
   Barlow, K
   Bruskiewich, RMM
   Butcher, PN
   Carter, NP
   Chen, Y
   Clee, CM
   Coggill, PC
   Davies, J
   Davies, RM
   Dawson, E
   Francis, MD
   Joy, AA
   Lamble, RG
   Langford, CF
   Macarthy, J
   Mall, V
   Moreland, A
   Overton-Larty, EK
   Ross, MT
   Smith, LC
   Steward, CA
   Sulston, JE
   Tinsley, EJ
   Turney, KJ
   Willey, DL
   Wilson, GD
   McMurray, AA
   Dunham, I
   Rogers, J
   Bentley, DR
AF Mullikin, JC
   Hunt, SE
   Cole, CG
   Mortimore, BJ
   Rice, CM
   Burton, J
   Matthews, LH
   Pavitt, R
   Plumb, RW
   Sims, SK
   Ainscough, RMR
   Attwood, J
   Bailey, JM
   Barlow, K
   Bruskiewich, RMM
   Butcher, PN
   Carter, NP
   Chen, Y
   Clee, CM
   Coggill, PC
   Davies, J
   Davies, RM
   Dawson, E
   Francis, MD
   Joy, AA
   Lamble, RG
   Langford, CF
   Macarthy, J
   Mall, V
   Moreland, A
   Overton-Larty, EK
   Ross, MT
   Smith, LC
   Steward, CA
   Sulston, JE
   Tinsley, EJ
   Turney, KJ
   Willey, DL
   Wilson, GD
   McMurray, AA
   Dunham, I
   Rogers, J
   Bentley, DR
TI An SNP map of human chromosome 22
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-nucleotide polymorphisms; dna-sequence; gel-electrophoresis; human genome; genes; identification; mutation; quality
AB The human genome sequence will provide a reference for measuring DNA sequence variation in human populations. Sequence variants are responsible for the genetic component of individuality, including complex characteristics such as disease susceptibility and drug response. Most sequence variants are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), where two alternate bases occur at one position (1-3). Comparison of any two genomes reveals around 1 SNP per kilobase(1,3). A sufficiently dense map of SNPs would allow the detection of sequence variants responsible for particular characteristics on the basis that they are associated with a specific SNP allele(4-6). Here we have evaluated large-scale sequencing approaches to obtaining SNPs, and have constructed a map of 2,730 SNPs on human chromosome 22. Most of the SNPs are within 25 kilobases of a transcribed exon, and are valuable for association studies. We have scaled up the process, detecting over 65,000 SNPs in the genome as part of The SNP Consortium programme, which is on target to build a map of 1 SNP every 5 kilobases that is integrated with the human genome sequence and that is freely available in the public domain.
C1 Sanger Ctr, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
RP Bentley, DR (corresponding author), Sanger Ctr, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
NR 25
TC 105
Z9 139
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 516
EP 520
DI 10.1038/35035089
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400051
PM 11029003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kunishima, N
   Shimada, Y
   Tsuji, Y
   Sato, T
   Yamamoto, M
   Kumasaka, T
   Nakanishi, S
   Jingami, H
   Morikawa, K
AF Kunishima, N
   Shimada, Y
   Tsuji, Y
   Sato, T
   Yamamoto, M
   Kumasaka, T
   Nakanishi, S
   Jingami, H
   Morikawa, K
TI Structural basis of glutamate recognition by a dimeric metabotropic glutamate receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID putative pheromone receptors; ligand-binding domain; functional expression; molecular-cloning; erythropoietin receptor; extracellular domain; crystal-structure; calcium receptor; escherichia-coli; mglur4 subtype
AB The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are key receptors in the modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Here we have determined three different crystal structures of the extracellular ligand-binding region of mGluR1-in a complex with glutamate and in two unliganded forms. They all showed disulphide-linked homodimers, whose 'active' and 'resting' conformations are modulated through the dimeric interface by a packed alpha -helical structure. The bi-lobed protomer architectures flexibly change their domain arrangements to form an 'open' or 'closed' conformation. The structures imply that glutamate binding stabilizes both the 'active' dimer and the 'closed' protomer in dynamic equilibrium. Movements of the four domains in the dimer are likely to affect the separation of the transmembrane and intracellular regions, and thereby activate the receptor. This scheme in the initial receptor activation could be applied generally to G-protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors that possess extracellular ligand-binding sites.
C1 Biomol Engn Res Inst, Dept Biol Struct, Osaka 5650874, Japan.
   Biomol Engn Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, Osaka 5650874, Japan.
   RIKEN, Harima Inst, Struct Biophys Lab, Sayo, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Dept Biol Sci, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
C3 RIKEN; Kyoto University
RP Morikawa, K (corresponding author), Biomol Engn Res Inst, Dept Biol Struct, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Osaka 5650874, Japan.
NR 46
TC 1076
Z9 1241
U1 1
U2 156
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6807
BP 971
EP 977
DI 10.1038/35039564
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 366XX
UT WOS:000090032500034
PM 11069170
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ingersoll, AP
   Gierasch, PJ
   Banfield, D
   Vasavada, AR
AF Ingersoll, AP
   Gierasch, PJ
   Banfield, D
   Vasavada, AR
TI Moist convection as an energy source for the large-scale motions in Jupiter's atmosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID great red spot; jovian atmosphere; zonal jets; beta-plane; cloud; turbulence; generation; vortices; model
AB lJupiter's dominant large-scale weather patterns (dimensions similar to 10,000 km) are zonal jets and long-lived ovals. The jets have been flowing east and west at constant speeds of up to 180 m s(-1) for over 100 years(1-3). These jets receive energy from small-scale eddies, which pump(1) eastward momentum into the eastward jets and westward momentum into the westward jets. This momentum transfer was predicted by numerical models(4) before it was observed on Jupiter(1). The large ovals roll between the jets in an anticyclonic direction(5)-clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere-where they regularly assimilate small anticyclonic eddies(5,6). But from where the eddies receive their; energy has been an open question. Here we argue that the eddies, which ultimately drive both the jets and the ovals, receive their energy from moist convection. This hypothesis is consistent with observations of jovian lightning(7-9), which is an indicator of moist convection(10,11) It also explains the anticyclonic rotation and poleward drift of the eddies', and suggests patterns of upwelling and downwelling that resemble the patterns of large-scale axisymmetric overturning in the Earth's atmosphere.
C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Cornell University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Ingersoll, AP (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM api@gps.caltech.edu
NR 27
TC 152
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 630
EP 632
DI 10.1038/35001021
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200044
PM 10688192
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baldo, MA
   Thompson, ME
   Forrest, SR
AF Baldo, MA
   Thompson, ME
   Forrest, SR
TI High-efficiency fluorescent organic light-emitting devices using a phosphorescent sensitizer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin-films
AB To obtain the maximum luminous efficiency from an organic material, it is necessary to harness both the spin-symmetric and anti-symmetric molecular excitations (bound electron-hole pairs, or excitons) that result from electrical pumping. This is possible if the material is phosphorescent, and high efficiencies have been observed in phosphorescent(1,2) organic light-emitting devices(3), However, phosphorescence in organic molecules is rare at room temperature. The alternative radiative process of fluorescence is more common, but it is approximately 75% less efficient, due to the requirement of spin-symmetry conservation(4) Here, we demonstrate that this deficiency can be overcome by using a phosphorescent sensitizer to excite a fluorescent dye. The mechanism for energetic coupling between phosphorescent and fluorescent molecular species is a long-range, non-radiative energy transfer: the internal efficiency of fluorescence can be as high as 100%. As an example, we use this approach to nearly quadruple the efficiency of a fluorescent red organic light-emitting device.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Ctr Photon & Optoelectron Mat, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University; University of Southern California
RP Forrest, SR (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Ctr Photon & Optoelectron Mat, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 18
TC 2155
Z9 2579
U1 20
U2 619
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6771
BP 750
EP 753
DI 10.1038/35001541
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 286BE
UT WOS:000085423100046
PM 10693799
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cocheo, V
   Sacco, P
   Boaretto, C
   De Saeger, E
   Ballesta, PP
   Skov, H
   Goelen, E
   Gonzalez, N
   Caracena, AB
AF Cocheo, V
   Sacco, P
   Boaretto, C
   De Saeger, E
   Ballesta, PP
   Skov, H
   Goelen, E
   Gonzalez, N
   Caracena, AB
TI Urban benzene and population exposure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 IRCCS, Fdn Salvatore Maugeri, I-35127 Padua, Italy.
   Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, I-21020 Ispra, Italy.
   Natl Environm Res Inst, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
   Vlaamse Instelling Technol Onderzoek, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
   Inst Natl Environm Ind & Risques, F-60550 Verneuil En Halatte, France.
   Univ Murcia, Dept Ingn Quim Murcia, E-30071 Murcia, Spain.
C3 Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS; European Commission Joint Research Centre; EC JRC ISPRA Site; Aarhus University; Danish National Environmental Research Institute; VITO; Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS); University of Murcia
RP Cocheo, V (corresponding author), IRCCS, Fdn Salvatore Maugeri, Via Svizzera 16, I-35127 Padua, Italy.
NR 8
TC 106
Z9 113
U1 2
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6774
BP 141
EP 142
DI 10.1038/35004651
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 293UC
UT WOS:000085870900034
PM 10724154
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Michaelis, J
   Hettich, C
   Mlynek, J
   Sandoghdar, V
AF Michaelis, J
   Hettich, C
   Mlynek, J
   Sandoghdar, V
TI Optical microscopy using a single-molecule light source
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID para-terphenyl crystal; p-terphenyl; fluorescence excitation; pentacene molecules; room-temperature; spectroscopy; terrylene; force; tip
AB Rapid progress in science on nanoscopic scales has promoted increasing interest in techniques of ultrahigh-resolution optical microscopy. The diffraction limit can be surpassed by illuminating an object in the near field through a sub-wavelength aperture at the end of a sharp metallic probe(1,2). Proposed modifications(3,4) of this technique involve replacing the physical aperture by a nanoscopic active light source. Advances in the spatial(5) and spectral(6) detection of individual fluorescent molecules, using near-field and far-field methods(7), suggest the possibility of using a single molecule(8,9) as the illumination source. Here we present optical images taken with a single molecule as a point-like source of illumination, by combining fluorescence excitation spectroscopy(10) with shear-force microscopy(11). Our single-molecule probe has potential for achieving molecular resolution in optical microscopy; it should also facilitate controlled studies of nanometre-scale phenomena (such as resonant energy transfer) with improved lateral and axial spatial resolution.
C1 Univ Konstanz, Fachbereich Phys, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
   Univ Konstanz, Opt Zentrum Konstanz, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
C3 University of Konstanz; University of Konstanz
RP Sandoghdar, V (corresponding author), Univ Konstanz, Fachbereich Phys, Fach M696, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
NR 29
TC 262
Z9 280
U1 0
U2 105
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6784
BP 325
EP 328
DI 10.1038/35012545
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314YT
UT WOS:000087085700040
PM 10830956
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sikes, EL
   Samson, CR
   Guilderson, TP
   Howard, WR
AF Sikes, EL
   Samson, CR
   Guilderson, TP
   Howard, WR
TI Old radiocarbon ages in the southwest Pacific Ocean during the last glacial period and deglaciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deep-water; southern-ocean; younger dryas; new-zealand; circulation; climate; records; tephra; event
AB Marine radiocarbon (C-14) dates are widely used for dating oceanic events and as tracers of ocean circulation, essential components for understanding ocean-climate interactions. Past ocean ventilation rates have been determined by the difference between radiocarbon ages of deep-water and surface-water reservoirs, but the apparent age of surface waters (currently similar to 400 years in the tropics and similar to 1,200 years in Antarctic waters(1)) might not be constant through time(2), as has been assumed in radiocarbon chronologies(3,4) and palaeoclimate studies(5). Here we present independent estimates of surface-water and deep-water reservoir ages in the New Zealand region since the last glacial period, using volcanic ejecta (tephras) deposited in both marine and terrestrial sediments as stratigraphic markers. Compared to present-day values, surface-reservoir ages from 11,900 C-14 years ago were twice as large (800 years) and during glacial times were five times as large (2,000 years), contradicting the assumption of constant surface age. Furthermore, the ages of glacial deepwater reservoirs were much older (3,000-5,000 years). The increase in surface-to-deep water age differences in the glacial Southern Ocean suggests that there was decreased ocean ventilation during this period.
C1 Univ Auckland, Sch Environm & Marine Sci, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
   Univ Auckland, Dept Geol, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
   Antarctic Cooperat Res Ctr, Hobart, Tas, Australia.
   Univ Tasmania, Inst Antarctic & So Ocean Studies, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 University of Auckland; University of Auckland; University of Tasmania; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Harvard University
RP Sikes, EL (corresponding author), Univ Auckland, Sch Environm & Marine Sci, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
EM e.sikes@auckland.ac.nz
NR 31
TC 251
Z9 277
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 555
EP 559
DI 10.1038/35014581
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500046
PM 10850711
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Godoy, R
   Wilkie, D
   Overman, H
   Cubas, A
   Cubas, G
   Demmer, J
   McSweeney, K
   Brokaw, N
AF Godoy, R
   Wilkie, D
   Overman, H
   Cubas, A
   Cubas, G
   Demmer, J
   McSweeney, K
   Brokaw, N
TI Valuation of consumption and sale of forest goods from a Central American rain forest
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Researchers recognize that society needs accurate and comprehensive estimates of the economic value of rain forests to assess conservation and management options(1-7). Valuation of forests can help us to decide whether to implement policies that reconcile the value different groups attach to forests. Here we have measured the value of the rain forest to local populations by monitoring the foods, construction and craft materials, and medicines consumed or sold from the forest by 32 Indian households in two villages in Honduras over 2.5 years. We have directly measured the detailed, comprehensive consumption patterns of rain forest products by an indigenous population and the value of that consumption in local markets(8,9). The combined value of consumption and sale of forest goods ranged from US$17.79 to US$23.72 per hectare per year, at the lower end of previous estimates (between US$49 and US$1,089 (mean US$347) per hectare per year)(4). Although outsiders value the rain forest for its high-use and non-use values(10), local people receive a small share of the total value. Unless rural people are paid for the non-local values of rain forests, they may be easily persuaded to deforest.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Dept Anthropol, Waltham, MA 02254 USA.
   Associates Forest Res & Dev, Waltham, MA 02154 USA.
   Honduras Coral Reef Fund, La Ceiba, Atlantida, Honduras.
   Univ Pedag Nacl, Tegucigalpa, MDC, Honduras.
   Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam Res Inst Global Issues & Dev Studies, NL-1018 VZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada.
   Manomet Ctr Conservat Sci, Manomet, MA 02345 USA.
C3 Brandeis University; University of Amsterdam; McGill University
RP Godoy, R (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Dept Anthropol, Waltham, MA 02254 USA.
NR 14
TC 118
Z9 131
U1 1
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 62
EP 63
DI 10.1038/35017647
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200043
PM 10894540
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lewis, AC
   Carslaw, N
   Marriott, PJ
   Kinghorn, RM
   Morrison, P
   Lee, AL
   Bartle, KD
   Pilling, MJ
AF Lewis, AC
   Carslaw, N
   Marriott, PJ
   Kinghorn, RM
   Morrison, P
   Lee, AL
   Bartle, KD
   Pilling, MJ
TI A larger pool of ozone-forming carbon compounds in urban atmospheres
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 2-dimensional gas-chromatography; organic-compounds; mechanism
AB Volatile organic compounds play a central role in the processes that generate both urban photochemical smog and tropospheric ozone(1,2). For successful and accurate prediction of these pollution episodes, identification of the dominant reactive species within the volatile organic carbon pool is needed(3). At present, lack of resolution inherent in single-column chromatographic analysis(4) limits such a detailed chemical characterization of the complex urban atmosphere. Here we present an improved method of peak deconvolution from double-column (orthogonal) gas chromatography(5,6). This has enabled us to isolate and classify more than 500 chemical species of volatile organic compounds in urban air, including over 100 multi-substituted monoaromatic and volatile oxygenated hydrocarbons. We suggest that previous assessments of reactive carbon species may therefore have underestimated the contribution made by volatile organic compounds to urban pollution, particularly for compounds with more than six carbon atoms. Incorporating these species in predictive models should greatly improve our understanding of photochemical ozone yields and the formation of harmful secondary organic aerosols(7,8).
C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Chem, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Leeds, Sch Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   RMIT Univ, Dept Appl Chem, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia.
C3 University of Leeds; University of Leeds; Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT)
RP Lewis, AC (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Sch Chem, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
EM alyl@chem.leeds.ac.uk
NR 21
TC 294
Z9 328
U1 3
U2 178
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 778
EP 781
DI 10.1038/35015540
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600046
PM 10866195
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Allman, BE
   McMahon, PJ
   Nugent, KA
   Paganin, D
   Jacobson, DL
   Arif, M
   Werner, SA
AF Allman, BE
   McMahon, PJ
   Nugent, KA
   Paganin, D
   Jacobson, DL
   Arif, M
   Werner, SA
TI Imaging - Phase radiography with neutrons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Melbourne, Sch Phys, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
   Univ Missouri, Dept Phys & Astron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.
C3 University of Melbourne; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia
RP Allman, BE (corresponding author), Univ Melbourne, Sch Phys, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
EM k.nugent@physics.unimelb.edu.au
NR 10
TC 165
Z9 186
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6809
BP 158
EP 159
DI 10.1038/35041626
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 371LL
UT WOS:000165180400031
PM 11089960
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hermosura, MC
   Takeuchi, H
   Fleig, A
   Riley, AM
   Potter, BVL
   Hirata, M
   Penner, R
AF Hermosura, MC
   Takeuchi, H
   Fleig, A
   Riley, AM
   Potter, BVL
   Hirata, M
   Penner, R
TI InsP4 facilitates store-operated calcium influx by inhibition of InsP3 5-phosphatase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor; current i-crac; acinar-cells; protein-kinase; trisphosphate; 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate; activation; depletion; lymphocytes; metabolism
AB Receptor-mediated generation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP(3)) initiates Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and the subsequent activation of store-operated calcium influx(1). InsP(3) is metabolized within seconds by 5-phosphatase and 3-kinase(2), yielding Ins(1,4)P-2 and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (InsP(4)), respectively. Some studies have suggested that InsP(4) controls Ca2+ influx in combination with InsP(3) (refs 3 and 4), but another study did not find the same result(5). Some of the apparent conflicts between these previous studies have been resolved(6); however, the physiological function of InsP(4) remains elusive(7,8). Here we have investigated the function of InsP(4) in Ca2+ influx in the mast cell line RBL-2H3, and we show that InsP(4) inhibits InsP(3) metabolism through InsP(3) 5-phosphatase, thereby facilitating the activation of the store-operated Ca2+ current I-CRAC (ref. 9). Physiologically, this mechanism opens a discriminatory time window for coincidence detection that enables selective facilitation of Ca2+ influx by appropriately timed low-level receptor stimulation. At higher concentrations, InsP(4) acts as an inhibitor of InsP(3) receptors, enabling InsP(4) to act as a potent bi-modal regulator of cellular sensitivity to InsP(3), which provides both facilitatory and inhibitory feedback on Ca2+ signalling.
C1 Univ Hawaii, Queens Med Ctr, Ctr Biomed Res, Lab Cell & Mol Signaling, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, John A Burns Sch Med, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
   Kyushu Univ, Grad Sch Dent Sci, Lab Mol & Cellular Biochem, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
   Kyushu Univ, Stn Collaborat Res, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
   Univ Bath, Dept Pharm & Pharmacol, Wolfson Lab Med Chem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
C3 University of Hawaii System; The Queen's Medical Center; University of Hawaii System; Kyushu University; Kyushu University; University of Bath
RP Potter, BVL (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Queens Med Ctr, Ctr Biomed Res, Lab Cell & Mol Signaling, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
EM prsbvlp@bath.ac.uk; rpenner@hawaii.edu
NR 29
TC 92
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6813
BP 735
EP 740
DI 10.1038/35047115
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382GU
UT WOS:000165815200053
PM 11130077
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rinberg, D
   Davidowitz, H
AF Rinberg, D
   Davidowitz, H
TI Insect perception - Do cockroaches 'know' about fluid dynamics?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 NEC Res Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
C3 NEC Corporation
RP Rinberg, D (corresponding author), NEC Res Inst, 4 Independence Way, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
NR 7
TC 12
Z9 16
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 756
EP 756
DI 10.1038/35015677
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600038
PM 10866188
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ahissar, E
   Sosnik, R
   Haidarliu, S
AF Ahissar, E
   Sosnik, R
   Haidarliu, S
TI Transformation from temporal to rate coding in a somatosensory thalamocortical pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID posterior medial nucleus; somatic sensory responses; barrel cortex; anterograde tracer; rostral sector; group pom; thalamus; neurons; organization; field
AB The anatomical connections from the whiskers to the rodent somatosensory (barrel) cortex form two parallel (lemniscal and paralemniscal) pathways(1,2). It is unclear whether the paralemniscal pathway is directly involved in tactile processing, because paralemniscal neuronal responses show poor spatial resolution, labile latencies and strong dependence on cortical feedback(3-5). Here we show that the paralemniscal system can transform temporally encoded vibrissal information into a rate code. We recorded the representations of the frequency of whisker movement along the two pathways in anaesthetized rats. In response to varying stimulus frequencies, the lemniscal neurons exhibited amplitude modulations and constant latencies. In contrast, paralemniscal neurons in both thalamus and cortex coded the input frequency as changes in latency. Because the onset latencies increased and the offset latencies remained constant, the latency increments were translated into a rate code: increasing onset latencies led to lower spike counts. A thalamocortical loop that includes cortical oscillations and thalamic gating can account for these results. Thus, variable latencies and effective cortical feedback in the paralemniscal system can serve the processing of temporal sensory cues, such as those that encode object location during whisking. In contrast, fixed time locking in the lemniscal system is crucial for reliable spatial processing.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Neurobiol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Ahissar, E (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Neurobiol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM Ehud.Ahissar@weizmann.ac.il
NR 30
TC 303
Z9 373
U1 2
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6793
BP 302
EP 306
DI 10.1038/35018568
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 335PM
UT WOS:000088251900049
PM 10917531
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nishino, I
   Fu, J
   Tanji, K
   Yamada, T
   Shimojo, S
   Koori, T
   Mora, M
   Riggs, JE
   Oh, SJ
   Koga, Y
   Sue, CM
   Yamamoto, A
   Murakami, N
   Shanske, S
   Byrne, E
   Bonilla, E
   Nonaka, I
   DiMauro, S
   Hirano, M
AF Nishino, I
   Fu, J
   Tanji, K
   Yamada, T
   Shimojo, S
   Koori, T
   Mora, M
   Riggs, JE
   Oh, SJ
   Koga, Y
   Sue, CM
   Yamamoto, A
   Murakami, N
   Shanske, S
   Byrne, E
   Bonilla, E
   Nonaka, I
   DiMauro, S
   Hirano, M
TI Primary LAMP-2 deficiency causes X-linked vacuolar cardiomyopathy and myopathy (Danon disease)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lysosomal glycogen-storage; normal acid maltase; cell-surface expression; membrane attack complex; mental-retardation; gene; glycoproteins; form
AB "Lysosomal glycogen storage disease with normal acid maltase'', which was originally described by Danon et al.(1), is characterized clinically by cardiomyopathy, myopathy and variable mental retardation. The pathological hallmark of the disease is intracytoplasmic vacuoles containing autophagic material and glycogen in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Sarcolemmal proteins and basal lamina are associated with the vacuolar membranes(2,3). Here we report ten unrelated patients, including one of the patients from the original case report(1), who have primary deficiencies of LAMP-2, a principal lysosomal membrane protein. From these results and the finding that LAMP-2-deficient mice manifest a similar vacuolar cardioskeletal myopathy, we conclude that primary LAMP-2 deficiency is the cause of Danon disease(4). To our knowledge this is the first example of human cardiopathymyopathy that is caused by mutations in a lysosomal structural protein rather than an enzymatic protein.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Neurol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Genet & Dev, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Natl Inst Neurosci, Dept Ultrastruct Res, Tokyo 1878502, Japan.
   Kyushu Univ, Dept Neurol, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
   St Marianna Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Miyamae Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 2168512, Japan.
   Yokohama Rosai Hosp, Dept Pediat, Kouhoku Ku, Kanagawa 2220036, Japan.
   Natl Neurol Inst C Besta, Dept Neuromuscular Dis, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
   W Virginia Univ, Dept Neurol, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Neurol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Kurume Univ, Dept Pediat & Child Hlth, Fukuoka 8300011, Japan.
   St Vincents Hosp, Dept Clin Neurosci, Fitzroy, Vic 3065, Australia.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; National Center for Neurology & Psychiatry - Japan; Kyushu University; St Marianna University; Yokohama Rosai Hospital; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; West Virginia University; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; Kurume University; NSW Health; St Vincents Hospital Sydney; St Vincent's Health; St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne
RP Nishino, I (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Neurol, 630 W 168th St,P&S 4-443, New York, NY 10032 USA.
NR 29
TC 673
Z9 798
U1 2
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6798
BP 906
EP 910
DI 10.1038/35022604
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 347AG
UT WOS:000088903600048
PM 10972294
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nakagaki, T
   Yamada, H
   Tóth, A
AF Nakagaki, T
   Yamada, H
   Tóth, A
TI Maze-solving by an amoeboid organism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID physarum plasmodium; pattern-formation; polycephalum; waves
C1 RIKEN, Biomimet Control Res Ctr, Nagoya, Aichi 4630003, Japan.
   RIKEN, Local Spatiotemporal Funct Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   Hokkaido Univ, Res Inst Elect Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600812, Japan.
   Univ Szeged, Dept Phys Chem, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
C3 RIKEN; RIKEN; Hokkaido University; Szeged University
RP Nakagaki, T (corresponding author), RIKEN, Biomimet Control Res Ctr, Nagoya, Aichi 4630003, Japan.
NR 10
TC 731
Z9 818
U1 8
U2 294
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6803
BP 470
EP 470
DI 10.1038/35035159
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 361MT
UT WOS:000089727400038
PM 11028990
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Slotow, R
   van Dyk, G
   Poole, J
   Page, B
   Klocke, A
AF Slotow, R
   van Dyk, G
   Poole, J
   Page, B
   Klocke, A
TI Older bull elephants control young males
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID loxodonta-africana; musth; behavior
C1 Univ KwaZulu Natal, Sch Life & Environm Sci, ZA-4041 Durban, South Africa.
   North West Parks & Tourism Board, Mogwase, South Africa.
C3 University of Kwazulu Natal
RP Slotow, R (corresponding author), Univ KwaZulu Natal, Sch Life & Environm Sci, George Campbell Bldg, ZA-4041 Durban, South Africa.
EM slotow@biology.und.ac.za
NR 7
TC 130
Z9 155
U1 2
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 425
EP 426
DI 10.1038/35044191
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800032
PM 11100713
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gura, T
AF Gura, T
TI A silence that speaks volumes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; transgenic plants; gene; suppression; rna
NR 27
TC 65
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6780
BP 804
EP 808
DI 10.1038/35009245
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 306XY
UT WOS:000086625000017
PM 10786767
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI The importance of experience
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2000
VL 404
IS 6779
BP 794
EP 794
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 305DF
UT WOS:000086523600061
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mao, GM
   Perea, RF
   Howells, WS
   Price, DL
   Saboungi, ML
AF Mao, GM
   Perea, RF
   Howells, WS
   Price, DL
   Saboungi, ML
TI Relaxation in polymer electrolytes on the nanosecond timescale
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID poly(ethylene oxide); conductivity
AB The relation between mechanical and electrical relaxation in polymer/lithium-salt complexes is a fascinating and still unresolved problem in condensed-matter physics(1), yet has an important bearing on the viability of such materials for use as electrolytes in lithium batteries. At room temperature, these materials are biphasic: they consist of both fluid amorphous regions and salt-enriched crystalline regions. Ionic conduction is known to occur predominantly in the amorphous fluid regions. Although the conduction mechanisms are not yet fully understood(2), it is widely accepted that lithium ions, coordinated with groups of ether oxygen atoms on single or perhaps double polymer chains, move through re-coordination with other oxygen-bearing groups(3,4). The formation and disruption of these coordination bonds must be accompanied by strong relaxation of the local chain structure. Here we probe the relaxation on a nanosecond timescale using quasielastic neutron scattering, and we show that at least two processes are involved: a slow process with a translational character and one or two fast processes with a rotational character. Whereas the former reflects the slowing-down of the translational relaxation commonly observed in polyethylene oxide and other polymer melts, the latter appears to be unique to the polymer electrolytes and has not (to our knowledge) been observed before. A clear picture emerges of the lithium cations forming crosslinks between chain segments and thereby profoundly altering the dynamics of the polymer network.
C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
RP Saboungi, ML (corresponding author), Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
NR 16
TC 148
Z9 168
U1 1
U2 107
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6783
BP 163
EP 165
DI 10.1038/35012032
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 314WG
UT WOS:000087080100044
PM 10821267
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Karels, TJ
   Boonstra, R
AF Karels, TJ
   Boonstra, R
TI Concurrent density dependence and independence in populations of arctic ground squirrels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID snowshoe hare cycle; boreal forest; predation; food; size
AB No population increases without limit. The processes that prevent this can operate in either a density-dependent way (acting with increasing severity to increase mortality rates or decrease reproductive rates as density increases), a density-independent way, or in both ways simultaneously(1-3). However, ecologists disagree for two main reasons about the relative roles and influences that density-dependent and density-independent processes have in determining population size(4,5). First, empirical studies showing both processes operating simultaneously are rare(6). Second, time-series analyses of long-term census data sometimes overestimate dependence(7,8). By using a density-perturbation experiment(9-12) on arctic ground squirrels, we show concurrent density-dependent and density-independent declines in weaning rates, followed by density-dependent declines in overwinter survival during hibernation. These two processes result in strong, density-dependent convergence of experimentally increased populations to those of control populations that had been at low, stable levels.
C1 Univ Toronto, Div Life Sci, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; University Toronto Scarborough
RP Boonstra, R (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Div Life Sci, 1265 Mil Trail, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
NR 28
TC 57
Z9 74
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6811
BP 460
EP 463
DI 10.1038/35044064
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 375YD
UT WOS:000165429800045
PM 11100725
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Merz, AJ
   So, M
   Sheetz, MP
AF Merz, AJ
   So, M
   Sheetz, MP
TI Pilus retraction powers bacterial twitching motility
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neisseria-gonorrhoeae; epithelial-cells; iv pili; escherichia-coli; protein; gene; transformation; resolution; biogenesis; virulence
AB Twitching and social gliding motility allow many Gram negative bacteria to crawl along surfaces, and are implicated in a wide range of biological functions(1). Type IV pili (Tfp) are required for twitching and social gliding, but the mechanism by which these filaments promote motility has remained enigmatic(1-4). Here we use laser tweezers(5) to show that Tfp forcefully retract. Neisseria gonorrhoeae cells that produce Tfp actively crawl on a glass surface and form adherent microcolonies. When laser tweezers are used to place and hold cells near a microcolony, retractile forces pull the cells toward the microcolony. In quantitative experiments, the Tfp of immobilized bacteria bind to latex beads and retract, pulling beads from the tweezers at forces that can exceed 80 pN. Episodes of retraction terminate with release or breakage of the Tfp tether. Both motility and retraction mediated by Tfp occur at about 1 mu m s(-1) and require protein synthesis and function of the PilT protein. Our experiments establish that Tfp filaments retract, generate substantial force and directly mediate cell movement.
C1 Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Duke Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Durham, NC 27705 USA.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Duke University
RP Sheetz, MP (corresponding author), Dartmouth Med Sch, Dept Biochem, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
NR 30
TC 656
Z9 787
U1 1
U2 80
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2000
VL 407
IS 6800
BP 98
EP 102
DI 10.1038/35024105
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 350WE
UT WOS:000089124000050
PM 10993081
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stuphorn, V
   Taylor, TL
   Schall, JD
AF Stuphorn, V
   Taylor, TL
   Schall, JD
TI Performance monitoring by the supplementary eye field
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anterior cingulate cortex; neuronal-activity; error-detection; countermanding saccades; neural system; movements; macaque; thought
AB Intelligent behaviour requires self-control based on the consequences of actions. The countermanding task is designed to study self-control; it requires subjects to withhold planned movements in response to an imperative stop signal, which they can do with varying success. In humans, the medial frontal cortex has been implicated in the supervisory control of action(1-3). In monkeys, the supplementary eye field in the dorsomedial frontal cortex is involved in producing eye movements, but its precise function has not been clarified(4). To investigate the role of the supplementary eye field in the control of eye movements, we recorded neural activity in macaque monkeys trained to perform an eye movement countermanding task. Distinct groups of neurons were active after errors, after successful withholding of a partially prepared movement, or in association with reinforcement. These three forms of activation could not be explained by sensory or motor factors. Our results lead us to put forward the hypothesis that the supplementary eye field contributes to monitoring the context and consequences of eye movements.
C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Psychol, Vanderbilt Vis Res Ctr, Nashville, TN 37240 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University
RP Schall, JD (corresponding author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Psychol, Vanderbilt Vis Res Ctr, Nashville, TN 37240 USA.
NR 30
TC 316
Z9 345
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2000
VL 408
IS 6814
BP 857
EP 860
DI 10.1038/35048576
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 382PK
UT WOS:000165831300050
PM 11130724
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davidson, K
   Smith, N
AF Davidson, K
   Smith, N
TI Astronomy -: A massive cool dust torus around η Carinae?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Davidson, K (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Astron, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
NR 9
TC 10
Z9 10
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6786
BP 532
EP 532
DI 10.1038/35014740
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321HF
UT WOS:000087449500039
PM 10850704
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cruz, A
   Green, BG
AF Cruz, A
   Green, BG
TI Thermal stimulation of taste
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature-dependence; responses; hamster; nerve
AB The first electrophysiological recordings from animal(1) and human(2) taste nerves gave clear evidence of thermal sensitivity, and studies have shown that as many as half of the neurons in mammalian taste pathways respond to temperature(3-6). Because temperature has never been shown to induce sensations of taste, it has been assumed that thermal stimulation in the gustatory system is somehow nulled(6). Here we show that heating or cooling small areas of the tongue can in fact cause sensations of taste: warming the anterior edge of the tongue (chorda tympani nerve) from a cold temperature can evoke sweetness, whereas cooling can evoke sourness and/or saltiness. Thermal taste also occurs on the rear of the tongue (glossopharyngeal nerve), but the relationship between temperature and taste is different there than on the front of the tongue. These observations indicate the human gustatory system contains several different types of thermally sensitive neurons that normally contribute to the sensory code for taste.
C1 John B Pierce Fdn Lab, New Haven, CT 06519 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Surg Otolaryngol, New Haven, CT 06519 USA.
C3 Yale University; The John B Pierce Laboratory, Inc; Yale University
RP Green, BG (corresponding author), John B Pierce Fdn Lab, 290 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06519 USA.
EM green@jbpierce.org
NR 16
TC 191
Z9 216
U1 1
U2 67
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6772
BP 889
EP 892
DI 10.1038/35002581
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 288JG
UT WOS:000085559200056
PM 10706285
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kishida, H
   Matsuzaki, H
   Okamoto, H
   Manabe, T
   Yamashita, M
   Taguchi, Y
   Tokura, Y
AF Kishida, H
   Matsuzaki, H
   Okamoto, H
   Manabe, T
   Yamashita, M
   Taguchi, Y
   Tokura, Y
TI Gigantic optical nonlinearity in one-dimensional Mott-Hubbard insulators
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conjugated polymers; complexes; susceptibility; polyacetylene; spectroscopy; crystals; spectra; films
AB The realization of all-optical switching, modulating and computing devices is an important goal in modern optical technology. Nonlinear optical materials with large third-order nonlinear susceptibilities (chi((3))) are indispensable for such devices, because the magnitude of this quantity dominates the device performance. A key strategy in the development of new materials with large nonlinear susceptibilities is the exploration of quasi-one-dimensional systems(1,2), or 'quantum wires'-the quantum confinement of electron-hole motion in one-dimensional space can enhance chi((3)). Two types of chemically synthesized quantum wires have been extensively studied: the band insulators of silicon polymers, and Peierls insulators of pi-conjugated polymers and platinum halides. In these systems, chi((3)) values of 10(-12) to 10(-7) e.s.u. (electrostatic system of units) have been reported(3-7). Here we demonstrate an anomalous enhancement of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility in a different category of quantum wires: one-dimensional Mott insulators of 3d transition-metal oxides and halides. By analysing the electroreflectance spectra of these compounds, we measure chi((3)) values in the range 10(-8) to 10(-5) e.s.u. The anomalous enhancement results from a large dipole moment between the lowest two excited states of these systems.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Dept Adv Mat Sci, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   PRESTO, Struct & Transformat Grp, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Human Informat, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Chem, Hachioji, Tokyo 1920397, Japan.
   PRESTO, Struct & Transformat Grp, Hachioji, Tokyo 1920397, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Joint Res Ctr Atom Technol JRCAT, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Nagoya University; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Tokyo; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST)
RP Okamoto, H (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Dept Adv Mat Sci, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
EM okamotoh@ap.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 25
TC 342
Z9 348
U1 0
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6789
BP 929
EP 932
DI 10.1038/35016036
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 326JT
UT WOS:000087732700044
PM 10879529
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baxter, S
AF Baxter, S
TI From Caribbean to Clementine - The road to the stars begins in the ocean depths.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6769
BP 485
EP 485
DI 10.1038/35000671
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 282PM
UT WOS:000085227300024
PM 10676939
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keeling, PJ
   Palmer, JD
AF Keeling, PJ
   Palmer, JD
TI Phylogeny - Parabasalian flagellates are ancient eukaryotes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; hydrogenosm
C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP Keeling, PJ (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Canadian Inst Adv Res, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
NR 11
TC 62
Z9 64
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6787
BP 635
EP 637
DI 10.1038/35015167
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 321QH
UT WOS:000087465800034
PM 10864312
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Porath, D
   Bezryadin, A
   de Vries, S
   Dekker, C
AF Porath, D
   Bezryadin, A
   de Vries, S
   Dekker, C
TI Direct measurement of electrical transport through DNA molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID distance
AB Attempts to infer DNA electron transfer from fluorescence quenching measurements(1-9) on DNA strands doped with donor and acceptor molecules have spurred intense debate(10,11) over the question of whether or not this important biomolecule is able to conduct electrical charges. More recently, first electrical transport measurements on micrometre-long DNA 'ropes'(12), and also on large numbers of DNA molecules in films(13), have indicated that DNA behaves as a good linear conductor. Here we present measurements of electrical transport through individual 10.4-nm-long, double-stranded poly(G)-poly(C) DNA molecules connected to two metal nanoelectrodes, that indicate, by contrast, large-bandgap semiconducting behaviour. We obtain nonlinear current-voltage curves that exhibit a voltage gap at low applied bias. This is observed in air as well as in vacuum down to cryogenic temperatures. The voltage dependence of the differential conductance exhibits a peak structure, which is suggestive of the charge carrier transport being mediated by the molecular energy bands of DNA.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Sci, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
C3 Delft University of Technology
RP Dekker, C (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Sci, POB 5046, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
EM dekker@qt.tn.tudelft.nl
NR 22
TC 1595
Z9 1770
U1 0
U2 325
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6770
BP 635
EP 638
DI 10.1038/35001029
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 283RD
UT WOS:000085288200046
PM 10688194
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oelgeschläger, M
   Larraín, J
   Geissert, D
   De Robertis, EM
AF Oelgeschläger, M
   Larraín, J
   Geissert, D
   De Robertis, EM
TI The evolutionarily conserved BMP-binding protein Twisted gastrulation promotes BMP signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dorsal-ventral pattern; drosophila embryo; activity gradient; zebrafish embryo; family member; growth-factor; xenopus; dpp; organizer; receptor
AB Dorsal-ventral patterning in vertebrate and Drosophila embryos requires a conserved system of extracellular proteins to generate a positional information gradient. The components involved include bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP/Dpp), a BMP antagonist (Chordin/Short gastrulation; Chd/Sog) and a secreted metalloproteinase (Xolloid/Tolloid) that cleaves Chd/Sog. Here we describe Xenopus Twisted gastrulation (xTsg), another member of this signalling pathway. xTsg is expressed ventrally as part of the BMP-4 synexpression group and encodes a secreted BMP-binding protein that is a BMP signalling agonist. The data suggest a molecular mechanism by which xTsg dislodges latent BMPs bound to Chordin BMP-binding fragments generated by Xolloid cleavage, providing a permissive signal that allows high BMP signalling in the embryo. Drosophila Tsg also binds BMPs and is expressed dorsally, supporting the proposal that the dorsal-ventral axis was inverted in the course of animal evolution.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Biol Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP De Robertis, EM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM derobert@hhmi.ucla.edu
FU NICHD NIH HHS [R37 HD021502] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 234
Z9 326
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2000
VL 405
IS 6788
BP 757
EP 763
DI 10.1038/35015500
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 324KJ
UT WOS:000087620600040
PM 10866189
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, KA
AF Williams, KA
TI Three-dimensional structure of the ion-coupled transport protein NhaA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron crystallography; 3-dimensional structure; na+/h+ antiporter; escherichia-coli; water channel; resolution; bacteriorhodopsin; cryomicroscopy; conformation; aquaporin-1
AB Ion-coupled membrane-transport proteins, or secondary transporters, comprise a diverse and abundant group of membrane proteins that are found in all organisms. These proteins facilitate solute accumulation and toxin removal against concentration gradients using energy supplied by ion gradients across membranes. NhaA is a Na+/H+ antiporter of relative molecular mass 42,000, which is found in the inner membrane of Escherichia coli, and which has been cloned and characterized(1,2). NhaA uses the H+ electrochemical gradient to expel Na+ from the cytoplasm, and functions primarily in the adaptation to high salinity at alkaline pH(1,2). Most secondary transporters, including NhaA(3), are predicted to have 12 transmembrane helices. Here we report the structure of NhaA, at 7 Angstrom resolution in the membrane plane and at 14 Angstrom vertical resolution, determined from two-dimensional crystals(4) using electron cryo-microscopy. The three-dimensional map of NhaA reveals 12 tilted, bilayer-spanning helices. A roughly linear arrangement of six helices is adjacent to a compact bundle of six helices, with the density for one helix in the bundle not continuous through the membrane. The molecular organization of NhaA represents a new membrane-protein structural motif and offers the first insights into the architecture of an ion-coupled transport protein.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biophys, Dept Biol Struct, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Williams, KA (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biophys, Dept Biol Struct, Heinrich Hoffmann Str 7, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
NR 30
TC 195
Z9 218
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2000
VL 403
IS 6765
BP 112
EP 115
DI 10.1038/47534
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 273BM
UT WOS:000084687400054
PM 10638764
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Streit, A
   Berliner, AJ
   Papanayotou, C
   Sirulnik, A
   Stern, CD
AF Streit, A
   Berliner, AJ
   Papanayotou, C
   Sirulnik, A
   Stern, CD
TI Initiation of neural induction by FGF signalling before gastrulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fibroblast growth-factor; chick-embryo; avian embryos; organizer; receptor; chordin; noggin; inhibitors; epiblast; inducers
AB During neural induction, the 'organizer' of the vertebrate embryo instructs neighbouring ectodermal cells to become nervous system rather than epidermis. This process is generally thought to occur around the mid-gastrula stage of embryogenesis(1). Here we report the isolation of ERNI, an early response gene to signals from the organizer (Hensen's node). Using ERNI as a marker, we present evidence that neural induction begins before gastrulation - much earlier in development than previously thought. We show that the organizer and some of its precursor cells produce a fibroblast growth factor signal, which can initiate, and is required for, neural induction.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Genet & Dev, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Stern, CD (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Genet & Dev, 701 W 168th St 1602, New York, NY 10032 USA.
NR 30
TC 407
Z9 489
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2000
VL 406
IS 6791
BP 74
EP 78
DI 10.1038/35017617
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 330ZE
UT WOS:000087991200047
PM 10894544
DA 2026-03-09
ER

